PHASE TRACKING REFERENCE SIGNAL (PT-RS) PATTERN DETERMINATION

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/170,949, which was filed April 5, 2021.

FIELD

Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications. For example, some embodiments may relate to determining phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) patterns, particularly for systems operating above a carrier frequency of 52.6GHz.

BACKGROUND

Mobile communication has evolved significantly from early voice systems to today’s highly sophisticated integrated communication platform. The next generation wireless communication system, 5G, or new radio (NR) will provide access to information and sharing of data anywhere, anytime by various users and applications. NR is expected to be a unified network/system that target to meet vastly different and sometime conflicting performance dimensions and services. Such diverse multi-dimensional requirements are driven by different services and applications. In general, NR will evolve based on 3GPP LTE-Advanced with additional potential new Radio Access Technologies (RATs) to enrich people lives with better, simple, and seamless wireless connectivity solutions. NR will enable everything connected by wireless and deliver fast, rich content and services.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings.

Figure 1 illustrates an example of a PT-RS pattern for PUSCH with DFT-s-OFDM waveform in NR in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 2 illustrates an example of mixed initial transmission and retransmission for PDSCH and PUSCH in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 3 illustrates an example of separate PT-RS patterns for retransmission and initial transmission of a TB in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 4 illustrates an example of separate PT-RS patterns for UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 5 illustrates an example where the same PT-RS pattern is used for retransmission and initial transmission in accordance with various embodiments. Figure 6 illustrates an example where the same PT-RS pattern is used for UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission in PUSCH in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 7 schematically illustrates a wireless network in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 8 schematically illustrates components of a wireless network in accordance with various embodiments.

Figure 9 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

Figures 10, 11, and 12 depict examples of procedures for practicing the various embodiments discussed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrases “A or B” and “A/B” mean (A), (B), or (A and B).

In NR Release 15, system design is based on carrier frequencies up to 52.6GHz with a waveform choice of cyclic prefix - orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) for DL and UL, and additionally, Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) for UL. However, for carrier frequency above 52.6GHz, it is envisioned that single carrier based waveform is needed in order to handle issues including low power amplifier (PA) efficiency and large phase noise.

Further, in NR Rel-15, a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) is inserted in the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), which can be used for phase shift compensation in each symbol caused by phase noise and frequency offset. The PT-RS pattern in time and frequency can be determined in accordance with the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and data transmission bandwidth. For PT-RS associated with PUSCH using DFT-s-OFDM waveform, PT-RS is inserted in the data prior to DFT operation. Further, group based PT-RS pattern is employed for DFT-s- OFDM waveform. In this case, multiple groups of PT-RS samples are distributed within symbol, where each group has 2 or 4 samples for PT-RS. Further, the selection of PT-RS pattern is determined based on the allocated bandwidth or the number of PRBs for PUSCH transmission.

Figure 1 illustrates an example of a PT-RS pattern for PUSCH with DFT-s-OFDM waveform in NR in accordance with various embodiments. As shown in Figure 1, a PT-RS pattern with N X K is shown, where N and K are the number of PT-RS groups and the number of samples per group, respectively. Note that in NR, 5 PT-RS patterns are defined for PUSCH with a DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

For systems operating above 52.6GHz carrier frequency or 6G communication systems, it is envisioned that a relatively large number of transport blocks (TB) may be scheduled by a single downlink control information (DCI) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). If some of the TBs are not received successfully at the receiver, the transmitter may need to retransmit the failed TBs. Meanwhile, if the transmitter has some new packets that need to be transmitted, the transmitted may combine the initial transmission of some TBs and retransmission of failed TBs in a single PDSCH or PUSCH.

For the mixed initial transmission and retransmission in a PDSCH or PUSCH, gNB may schedule different modulation orders for initial transmission and retransmission of TBs. In this case, certain mechanism may need to be defined to determine the PT-RS pattern for initial transmission and retransmission of the TB within a PDSCH or PUSCH.

Among other things, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to determining PT-RS patterns for system operating above a 52.6GHz carrier frequency.

Determination of PT-RS pattern for higher carrier frequency

For systems operating above a 52.6GHz carrier frequency or for 6G communication systems, it is envisioned that a relatively large number of transport blocks (TB) may be scheduled by a single downlink control information (DCI) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). If some of the TBs are not received successfully at the receiver, the transmitter may need to retransmit the failed TBs. Meanwhile, if the transmitter has some new packets that need to be transmitted, the transmitted may combine the initial transmission of some TBs and retransmission of failed TBs in a single PDSCH or PUSCH.

Figure 2 illustrates an example of mixed initial transmission and retransmission for PDSCH and PUSCH in accordance with various embodiments. Note that while this example depicts the retransmission of TBs located before initial transmission of TBs, in alternate embodiments the initial transmission may be located before retransmission of the TBs.

For the mixed initial transmission and retransmission in a PDSCH or PUSCH, a gNB may schedule different modulation orders for initial transmission and retransmission of TBs. In this case, certain mechanism may need to be defined to determine the PT-RS pattern for initial transmission and retransmission of the TB within a PDSCH or PUSCH.

The present disclosure proceeds by providing embodiments for the determination of PT- RS patterns for systems operating above 52.6GHz carrier frequency as described below.

In one embodiment, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) can be used to determine a PT-RS pattern for the initial and retransmission of the TB within a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) with DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

Table 1 illustrates one example of PT-RS pattern determination based on scheduled MCS. In the table, ptrs-MCSi (1 < i < 4) are the MCS thresholds, which can be configured by higher layers via minimum system information (MSI), remaining minimum system information (RMSI), other system information (OSI) or dedicated radio resource control (RRC) signalling. Note that although 3 PT-RS patterns with different densities are listed in the Table, the example can be straightforwardly extended to more than 3 PT-RS patterns.

Table 1: PT-RS pattern determination based on scheduled MCS

Note that the above options can also be extended to the case when different PT-RS densities on a OFDM symbol basis are used. For instance, PT-RS may be inserted in every M OFDM symbol, where M can be 1, 2, or 4. In this case, scheduled MCS and/or allocated resource in frequency can also be used to determine the PT-RS pattern.

In another embodiment a separate PT-RS pattern in time can be used for the initial and retransmission of a TB within a PDSCH and PUSCH, respectively. Note that PT-RS pattern in time may include PT-RS pattern within a OFDM symbol and/or PT-RS pattern across different symbols as mentioned above. Further, a PT-RS pattern for an initial transmission of a TB in a PDSCH and PUSCH can be determined in accordance with the modulation, or MCS and/or number of PRBs used for the initial transmission of the TB, while PT-RS for a retransmission of a TB in a PDSCH and PUSCH can be determined in accordance with the MCS and/or number of PRBs used for the retransmission of the TB in the PDSCH and PUSCH.

Note that this can also be extended to the case when UCI, retransmission and initial transmission of TBs are transmitted in a PUSCH. In this case, separate PT-RS patterns can be applied for UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission, which are determined in accordance with the modulation, or MCS and/or number of PRBs used for the UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission, respectively.

Figure 3 illustrates an example of separate PT-RS patterns for retransmission and initial transmission of a TB (e.g., in a PDSCH) in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, PT-RS pattern 1 is associated with retransmission while PT-RS pattern 2 is associated with initial transmission of the TB. Further, PT-RS pattern 1 is determined using the MCS for retransmission while PT-RS pattern 2 is determined using the MCS for initial transmission.

Figure 4 illustrates an example of separate PT-RS patterns for UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission (e.g., in a PUSCH) in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, given that lower modulation is used for UCI transmission, e.g., pi/2 BPSK, no PT-RS is associated with UCI transmission. In addition, PT-RS pattern 1 is associated with retransmission while PT-RS pattern 2 is associated with initial transmission of the TB. Further, PT-RS pattern 1 is determined using the MCS for retransmission while PT-RS pattern 2 is determined using the MCS for initial transmission. Note that although in Figure 4 UCI is transmitted before retransmission and then followed by initial transmission, alternate embodiments can utilize any other suitable permutation of transmission order.

In another embodiment, a same/common PT-RS pattern can be used for the initial and retransmission of a TB within a PDSCH and PUSCH, respectively. Note that PT-RS pattern in time may include PT-RS pattern within a OFDM symbol and/or PT-RS pattern across different symbols as mentioned above.

Further, the PT-RS pattern for an initial transmission and retransmission of a TB in a PDSCH and PUSCH can be determined in accordance with the largest modulation order or largest MCS and/or largest number of PRBs used for the initial transmission and retransmission of the TB.

Note that this can also be extended to the case when UCI, retransmission and initial transmission of TBs are transmitted in a PUSCH. In this case, same PT-RS pattern can be applied for UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission, which are determined in accordance with the largest modulation order or largest MCS and/or largest number of PRBs used for the UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission.

Figure 5 illustrates an example where the same PT-RS pattern is used for retransmission and initial transmission in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, it is assumed that MCS for initial transmission is larger than that for retransmission. In this case, same PT-RS pattern (e ., PT-RS pattern 2) is used for the retransmission and initial transmission of the TB within a PDSCH or PUSCH, where the PT-RS pattern is determined in accordance with the larger MCS or the MCS for initial transmission.

Figure 6 illustrates an example where the same PT-RS pattern is used for UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission in PUSCH in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, it is assumed that MCS for initial transmission is larger than that for retransmission and UCI. In this case, same PT-RS pattern (e.g., PT-RS pattern 2) is used for the UCI, retransmission and initial transmission of the TB within the PUSCH, where the PT-RS pattern is determined in accordance with the larger MCS or the MCS for initial transmission.

SYSTEMS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS

Figures 7-9 illustrate various systems, devices, and components that may implement aspects of disclosed embodiments.

Figure 7 illustrates an example network architecture 700 according to various embodiments. The network 700 may operate in a manner consistent with 3GPP technical specifications for LTE or 5G/NR systems. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems, or the like.

The network 700 includes a UE 702, which is any mobile or non-mobile computing device designed to communicate with a RAN 704 via an over-the-air connection. The UE 702 is communicatively coupled with the RAN 704 by a Uu interface, which may be applicable to both LTE and NR systems. Examples of the UE 702 include, but are not limited to, a smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer, desktop computer, laptop computer, in-vehicle infotainment system, in-car entertainment system, instrument cluster, head-up display (HUD) device, onboard diagnostic device, dashtop mobile equipment, mobile data terminal, electronic engine management system, electronic/engine control unit, electronic/engine control module, embedded system, sensor, microcontroller, control module, engine management system, networked appliance, machine-type communication device, machine-to-machine (M2M), device-to-device (D2D), machine-type communication (MTC) device, Internet of Things (IoT) device, and/or the like. The network 700 may include a plurality of UEs 702 coupled directly with one another via a D2D, ProSe, PC5, and/or sidelink (SL) interface. These UEs 702 may be M2M/D2D/MTC/IoT devices and/or vehicular systems that communicate using physical sidelink channels such as, but not limited to, PSBCH, PSDCH, PSSCH, PSCCH, PSFCH, etc. The UE 702 may perform blind decoding attempts of SL channels/links according to the various embodiments herein.

In some embodiments, the UE 702 may additionally communicate with an AP 706 via an over-the-air (OTA) connection. The AP 706 manages a WLAN connection, which may serve to offload some/all network traffic from the RAN 704. The connection between the UE 702 and the AP 706 may be consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol. Additionally, the UE 702, RAN 704, and AP 706 may utilize cellular- WLAN aggregation/integration (e.g., LWA/LWIP). Cellular- WLAN aggregation may involve the UE 702 being configured by the RAN 704 to utilize both cellular radio resources and WLAN resources.

The RAN 704 includes one or more access network nodes (ANs) 708. The ANs 708 terminate air-interface(s) for the UE 702 by providing access stratum protocols including RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY Ll protocols. In this manner, the AN 708 enables data/voice connectivity between CN 720 and the UE 702. The ANs 708 may be a macrocell base station or a low power base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells; or some combination thereof. In these implementations, an AN 708 be referred to as a BS, gNB, RAN node, eNB, ng-eNB, NodeB, RSU, TRxP, etc.

One example implementation is a “CU/DU split” architecture where the ANs 708 are embodied as a gNB-Central Unit (CU) that is communicatively coupled with one or more gNB- Distributed Units (DUs), where each DU may be communicatively coupled with one or more Radio Units (RUs) (also referred to as RRHs, RRUs, or the like) (see e g., 3GPP TS 38.401 vl6.1.0 (2020-03)). In some implementations, the one or more RUs may be individual RSUs. In some implementations, the CU/DU split may include an ng-eNB-CU and one or more ng-eNB- DUs instead of, or in addition to, the gNB-CU and gNB-DUs, respectively. The ANs 708 employed as the CU may be implemented in a discrete device or as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of, for example, a virtual network including a virtual Base Band Unit (BBU) or BBU pool, cloud RAN (CRAN), Radio Equipment Controller (REC),

Radio Cloud Center (RCC), centralized RAN (C-RAN), virtualized RAN (vRAN), and/or the like (although these terms may refer to different implementation concepts). Any other type of architectures, arrangements, and/or configurations can be used.

The plurality of ANs may be coupled with one another via an X2 interface (if the RAN 704 is an LTE RAN or Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) 710) or an Xn interface (if the RAN 704 is a NG-RAN 714). The X2/Xn interfaces, which may be separated into control/user plane interfaces in some embodiments, may allow the ANs to communicate information related to handovers, data/context transfers, mobility, load management, interference coordination, etc.

The ANs of the RAN 704 may each manage one or more cells, cell groups, component carriers, etc to provide the UE 702 with an air interface for network access. The UE 702 may be simultaneously connected with a plurality of cells provided by the same or different ANs 708 of the RAN 704. For example, the UE 702 and RAN 704 may use carrier aggregation to allow the UE 702 to connect with a plurality of component carriers, each corresponding to a Pcell or Scell. In dual connectivity scenarios, a first AN 708 may be a master node that provides an MCG and a second AN 708 may be secondary node that provides an SCG. The first/second ANs 708 may be any combination of eNB, gNB, ng-eNB, etc.

The RAN 704 may provide the air interface over a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may use LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms based on CA technology with PCells/Scells. Prior to accessing the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may perform medium/carrier-sensing operations based on, for example, a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol.

In V2X scenarios the UE 702 or AN 708 may be or act as a roadside unit (RSU), which may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable AN or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE. An RSU implemented in or by: a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU”; an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU”; a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU”; and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs. The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may provide other cellular/WLAN communications services. The components of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller or a backhaul network.

In some embodiments, the RAN 704 may be an E-UTRAN 710 with one or more eNBs 712. The an E-UTRAN 710 provides an LTE air interface (Uu) with the following characteristics: SCS of 15 kHz; CP-OFDM waveform for DL and SC-FDMA waveform for UL; turbo codes for data and TBCC for control; etc. The LTE air interface may rely on CSI-RS for CSI acquisition and beam management; PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS for PDSCH/PDCCH demodulation; and CRS for cell search and initial acquisition, channel quality measurements, and channel estimation for coherent demodulation/detection at the UE. The LTE air interface may operating on sub-6 GHz bands.

In some embodiments, the RAN 704 may be an next generation (NG)-RAN 714 with one or more gNB 716 and/or on or more ng-eNB 718. The gNB 716 connects with 5G-enabled UEs 702 using a 5G NR interface. The gNB 716 connects with a 5GC 740 through an NG interface, which includes an N2 interface or an N3 interface. The ng-eNB 718 also connects with the 5GC 740 through an NG interface, but may connect with a UE 702 via the Uu interface. The gNB 716 and the ng-eNB 718 may connect with each other over an Xn interface.

In some embodiments, the NG interface may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the nodes of the NG-RAN 714 and a UPF 748 (e.g., N3 interface), and an NG control plane (NG-C) interface, which is a signaling interface between the nodes of the NG-RAN 714 and an AMF 744 (e.g., N2 interface).

The NG-RAN 714 may provide a 5G-NR air interface (which may also be referred to as a Uu interface) with the following characteristics: variable SCS; CP-OFDM for DL, CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM for UL; polar, repetition, simplex, and Reed-Muller codes for control and LDPC for data. The 5G-NR air interface may rely on CSI-RS, PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS similar to the LTE air interface. The 5G-NR air interface may not use a CRS, but may use PBCH DMRS for PBCH demodulation; PTRS for phase tracking for PDSCH; and tracking reference signal for time tracking. The 5G-NR air interface may operating on FR1 bands that include sub- 6 GHz bands or FR2 bands that include bands from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. The 5G-NR air interface may include an SSB that is an area of a downlink resource grid that includes PSS/SSS/PBCH.

The 5G-NR air interface may utilize BWPs for various purposes. For example, BWP can be used for dynamic adaptation of the SCS. For example, the UE 702 can be configured with multiple BWPs where each BWP configuration has a different SCS. When a BWP change is indicated to the UE 702, the SCS of the transmission is changed as well. Another use case example of BWP is related to power saving. In particular, multiple BWPs can be configured for the UE 702 with different amount of frequency resources (e.g., PRBs) to support data transmission under different traffic loading scenarios. A BWP containing a smaller number of PRBs can be used for data transmission with small traffic load while allowing power saving at the UE 702 and in some cases at the gNB 716. A BWP containing a larger number of PRBs can be used for scenarios with higher traffic load. The RAN 704 is communicatively coupled to CN 720 that includes network elements and/or network functions (NFs) to provide various functions to support data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (e g., UE 702). The components of the CN 720 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes. In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the functions provided by the network elements of the CN 720 onto physical compute/storage resources in servers, switches, etc. A logical instantiation of the CN 720 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 720 may be referred to as a network sub-slice.

The CN 720 may be an LTE CN 722 (also referred to as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 722). The EPC 722 may include MME 724, SGW 726, SGSN 728, HSS 730, PGW 732, and PCRF 734 coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. The NFs in the EPC 722 are briefly introduced as follows.

The MME 724 implements mobility management functions to track a current location of the UE 702 to facilitate paging, bearer activation/deactivation, handovers, gateway selection, authentication, etc.

The SGW 726 terminates an SI interface toward the RAN 710 and routes data packets between the RAN 710 and the EPC 722. The SGW 726 may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement.

The SGSN 728 tracks a location of the UE 702 and performs security functions and access control. The SGSN 728 also performs inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between different RAT networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by MME 724; MME 724 selection for handovers; etc. The S3 reference point between the MME 724 and the SGSN 728 enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3 GPP access network mobility in idle/active states.

The HSS 730 includes a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities’ handling of communication sessions. The HSS 730 can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS 730 and the MME 724 may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the EPC 720.

The PGW 732 may terminate an SGi interface toward a data network (DN) 736 that may include an application (app)/content server 738. The PGW 732 routes data packets between the EPC 722 and the data network 736. The PGW 732 is communicatively coupled with the SGW 726 by an S5 reference point to facilitate user plane tunneling and tunnel management. The PGW 732 may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (e.g., PCEF). Additionally, the SGi reference point may communicatively couple the PGW 732 with the same or different data network 736. The PGW 732 may be communicatively coupled with a PCRF 734 via a Gx reference point.

The PCRF 734 is the policy and charging control element of the EPC 722. The PCRF 734 is communicatively coupled to the app/content server 738 to determine appropriate QoS and charging parameters for service flows. The PCRF 732 also provisions associated rules into a PCEF (via Gx reference point) with appropriate TFT and QCI.

The CN 720 may be a 5GC 740 including an AUSF 742, AMF 744, SMF 746, UPF 748, NSSF 750, NEF 752, NRF 754, PCF 756, UDM 758, and AF 760 coupled with one another over various interfaces as shown. The NFs in the 5GC 740 are briefly introduced as follows.

The AUSF 742 stores data for authentication of UE 702 and handle authentication- related functionality. The AUSF 742 may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types..

The AMF 744 allows other functions of the 5GC 740 to communicate with the UE 702 and the RAN 704 and to subscribe to notifications about mobility events with respect to the UE 702. The AMF 744 is also responsible for registration management (e g., for registering UE 702), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 744 provides transport for SM messages between the UE 702 and the SMF 746, and acts as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF 744 also provides transport for SMS messages between UE 702 and an SMSF. AMF 744 interacts with the AUSF 742 and the UE 702 to perform various security anchor and context management functions. Furthermore, AMF 744 is a termination point of a RAN-CP interface, which includes the N2 reference point between the RAN 704 and the AMF 744. The AMF 744 is also a termination point of NAS (Nl) signaling, and performs NAS ciphering and integrity protection.

AMF 74 also supports NAS signaling with the UE 702 over an N3IWF interface. The N3IWF provides access to untrusted entities. N3IWF may be a termination point for the N2 interface between the (R)AN 704 and the AMF 744 for the control plane, and may be a termination point for the N3 reference point between the (R)AN 714 and the 748 for the user plane. As such, the AMF 744 handles N2 signalling from the SMF 746 and the AMF 744 for PDU sessions and QoS, encapsulate/de-encapsulate packets for IPSec and N3 tunnelling, marks N3 user-plane packets in the uplink, and enforces QoS corresponding to N3 packet marking taking into account QoS requirements associated with such marking received over N2. N3IWF may also relay UL and DL control-plane NAS signalling between the UE 702 and AMF 744 via an N1 reference point between the UE 702and the AMF 744, and relay uplink and downlink user-plane packets between the UE 702 and UPF 748. The N3IWF also provides mechanisms for IPsec tunnel establishment with the UE 702. The AMF 744 may exhibit an Namf service- based interface, and may be a termination point for an N 14 reference point between two AMFs 744 and an N17 reference point between the AMF 744 and a 5G-EIR (not shown by Figure 7).

The SMF 746 is responsible for SM (e g., session establishment, tunnel management between UPF 748 and AN 708); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF 748 to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement, charging, and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF 744 over N2 to AN 708; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM refers to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” refers to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between the UE 702 and the DN 736.

The UPF 748 acts as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to data network 736, and a branching point to support multi homed PDU session. The UPF 748 also performs packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, enforces user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), performs traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), performs uplink traffic verification (e.g., SDF-to-QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and performs downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 748 may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network.

The NSSF 750 selects a set of network slice instances serving the UE 702. The NSSF 750 also determines allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF 750 also determines an AMF set to be used to serve the UE 702, or a list of candidate AMFs 744 based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 754. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 702 may be triggered by the AMF 744 with which the UE 702 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 750; this may lead to a change of AMF 744. The NSSF 750 interacts with the AMF 744 via an N22 reference point; and may communicate with another NSSF in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown).

The NEF 752 securely exposes services and capabilities provided by 3GPP NFs for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, AFs 760, edge computing or fog computing systems (e.g., edge compute node, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF 752 may authenticate, authorize, or throttle the AFs. NEF 752 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 760 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 752 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF 752 may also receive information from other NFs based on exposed capabilities of other NFs. This information may be stored at the NEF 752 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF 752 to other NFs and AFs, or used for other purposes such as analytics.

The NRF 754 supports service discovery functions, receives NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provides information of the discovered NF instances to the requesting NF instances. NRF 754 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. The NRF 754 also supports service discovery functions, wherein the NRF 754 receives NF Discovery Request from NF instance or an SCP (not shown), and provides information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instance or SCP.

The PCF 756 provides policy rules to control plane functions to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF 756 may also implement a front end to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM 758. In addition to communicating with functions over reference points as shown, the PCF 756 exhibit an Npcf service-based interface.

The UDM 758 handles subscription-related information to support the network entities’ handling of communication sessions, and stores subscription data of UE 702. For example, subscription data may be communicated via an N8 reference point between the UDM 758 and the AMF 744. The UDM 758 may include two parts, an application front end and a UDR. The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 758 and the PCF 756, and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 702) for the NEF 752. The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR 221 to allow the UDM 758, PCF 756, and NEF 752 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. In addition to communicating with other NFs over reference points as shown, the UDM 758 may exhibit the Nudm service- based interface. AF 760 provides application influence on traffic routing, provide access to NEF 752, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. The AF 760 may influence UPF 748 (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 760 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 760 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 760 may be used for edge computing implementations,

The 5GC 740 may enable edge computing by selecting operator/3 rd party services to be geographically close to a point that the UE 702 is attached to the network. This may reduce latency and load on the network. In edge computing implementations, the 5GC 740 may select a UPF 748 close to the UE 702 and execute traffic steering from the UPF 748 to DN 736 via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 760, which allows the AF 760 to influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing.

The data network (DN) 736 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services that may be provided by one or more servers including, for example, application (app)/content server 738. The DN 736 may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra-operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. In this embodiment, the app server 738 can be coupled to an IMS via an S-CSCF or the I-CSCF. In some implementations, the DN 736 may represent one or more local area DNs (LADNs), which are DNs 736 (or DN names (DNNs)) that is/are accessible by a UE 702 in one or more specific areas. Outside of these specific areas, the UE 702 is not able to access the LADN DN 736.

Additionally or alternatively, the DN 736 may be an Edge DN 736, which is a (local) Data Network that supports the architecture for enabling edge applications. In these embodiments, the app server 738 may represent the physical hardware systems/devices providing app server functionality and/or the application software resident in the cloud or at an edge compute node that performs server function(s). In some embodiments, the app/content server 738 provides an edge hosting environment that provides support required for Edge Application Server's execution.

In some embodiments, the 5GS can use one or more edge compute nodes to provide an interface and offload processing of wireless communication traffic. In these embodiments, the edge compute nodes may be included in, or co-located with one or more RAN 710, 714. For example, the edge compute nodes can provide a connection between the RAN 714 and UPF 748 in the 5GC 740. The edge compute nodes can use one or more NFV instances instantiated on virtualization infrastructure within the edge compute nodes to process wireless connections to and from the RAN 714 and UPF 748. The interfaces of the 5GC 740 include reference points and service-based itnterfaces.

The reference points include: N 1 (between the UE 702 and the AMF 744), N2 (between RAN 714 and AMF 744), N3 (between RAN 714 and UPF 748), N4 (between the SMF 746 and UPF 748), N5 (between PCF 756 and AF 760), N6 (between UPF 748 and DN 736), N7 (between SMF 746 and PCF 756), N8 (between UDM 758 and AMF 744), N9 (between two UPFs 748), N10 (between the UDM 758 and the SMF 746), Ni l (between the AMF 744 and the SMF 746), N12 (between AUSF 742 and AMF 744), N13 (between AUSF 742 and UDM 758), N14 (between two AMFs 744; not shown), N15 (between PCF 756 and AMF 744 in case of a non roaming scenario, or between the PCF 756 in a visited network and AMF 744 in case of a roaming scenario), N16 (between two SMFs 746; not shown), and N22 (between AMF 744 and NSSF 750). Other reference point representations not shown in Figure 7 can also be used. The service-based representation of Figure 7 represents NFs within the control plane that enable other authorized NFs to access their services. The service-based interfaces (SBIs) include: Namf (SBI exhibited by AMF 744), Nsmf (SBI exhibited by SMF 746), Nnef (SBI exhibited by NEF 752), Npcf (SBI exhibited by PCF 756), Nudm (SBI exhibited by the UDM 758), Naf (SBI exhibited by AF 760), Nnrf (SBI exhibited by NRF 754), Nnssf (SBI exhibited by NSSF 750), Nausf (SBI exhibited by AUSF 742). Other service-based interfaces (e.g., Nudr, N5g-eir, and Nudsf) not shown in Figure 7 can also be used. In some embodiments, the NEF 752 can provide an interface to edge compute nodes 736x, which can be used to process wireless connections with the RAN 714.

In some implementations, the system 700 may include an SMSF, which is responsible for SMS subscription checking and verification, and relaying SM messages to/from the UE 702 to/from other entities, such as an SMS-GMSC/IWMSC/SMS-router. The SMS may also interact with AMF 742 and UDM 758 for a notification procedure that the UE 702 is available for SMS transfer (e.g., set a UE not reachable flag, and notifying UDM 758 when UE 702 is available for SMS).

The 5GS may also include an SCP (or individual instances of the SCP) that supports indirect communication (see e.g., 3GPP TS 23.501 section 7.1.1); delegated discovery (see e.g., 3GPP TS 23.501 section 7.1.1); message forwarding and routing to destination NF/NF service(s), communication security (e.g., authorization of theNF Service Consumer to access theNF Service Producer API) (see e.g., 3GPP TS 33.501), load balancing, monitoring, overload control, etc.; and discovery and selection functionality for UDM(s), AUSF(s), UDR(s), PCF(s) with access to subscription data stored in the UDR based on UE's SUPI, SUCI or GPSI (see e.g., 3GPP TS 23.501 section 6.3). Load balancing, monitoring, overload control functionality provided by the SCP may be implementation specific. The SCP may be deployed in a distributed manner. More than one SCP can be present in the communication path between various NF Services. The SCP, although not an NF instance, can also be deployed distributed, redundant, and scalable.

Figure 8 schematically illustrates a wireless network 800 in accordance with various embodiments. The wireless network 800 may include a UE 802 in wireless communication with an AN 804. The UE 802 and AN 804 may be similar to, and substantially interchangeable with, like-named components described with respect to Figure7.

The UE 802 may be communicatively coupled with the AN 804 via connection 806. The connection 806 is illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols such as an LTE protocol or a 5G NR protocol operating at mmWave or sub-6GHz frequencies.

The UE 802 may include a host platform 808 coupled with a modem platform 810. The host platform 808 may include application processing circuitry 812, which may be coupled with protocol processing circuitry 814 of the modem platform 810. The application processing circuitry 812 may run various applications for the UE 802 that source/sink application data. The application processing circuitry 812 may further implement one or more layer operations to transmit/receive application data to/from a data network. These layer operations may include transport (for example UDP) and Internet (for example, IP) operations

The protocol processing circuitry 814 may implement one or more of layer operations to facilitate transmission or reception of data over the connection 806. The layer operations implemented by the protocol processing circuitry 814 may include, for example, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC and NAS operations.

The modem platform 810 may further include digital baseband circuitry 816 that may implement one or more layer operations that are “below” layer operations performed by the protocol processing circuitry 814 in a network protocol stack. These operations may include, for example, PHY operations including one or more of HARQ acknowledgement (ACK) functions, scrambling/descrambling, encoding/decoding, layer mapping/de-mapping, modulation symbol mapping, received symbol/bit metric determination, multi-antenna port precoding/decoding, which may include one or more of space-time, space-frequency or spatial coding, reference signal generation/detection, preamble sequence generation and/or decoding, synchronization sequence generation/detection, control channel signal blind decoding, and other related functions.

The modem platform 810 may further include transmit circuitry 818, receive circuitry 820, RF circuitry 822, and RF front end (RFFE) 824, which may include or connect to one or more antenna panels 826. Briefly, the transmit circuitry 818 may include a digital -to-analog converter, mixer, intermediate frequency (IF) components, etc.; the receive circuitry 820 may include an analog-to-digital converter, mixer, IF components, etc.; the RF circuitry 822 may include a low-noise amplifier, a power amplifier, power tracking components, etc.; RFFE 824 may include filters (for example, surface/bulk acoustic wave filters), switches, antenna tuners, beamforming components (for example, phase-array antenna components), etc. The selection and arrangement of the components of the transmit circuitry 818, receive circuitry 820, RF circuitry 822, RFFE 824, and antenna panels 826 (referred generically as “transmit/receive components”) may be specific to details of a specific implementation such as, for example, whether communication is TDM or FDM, in mmWave or sub-6 gHz frequencies, etc. In some embodiments, the transmit/receive components may be arranged in multiple parallel transmit/receive chains, may be disposed in the same or different chips/modules, etc.

In some embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry 814 may include one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the transmit/receive components.

A UE 802 reception may be established by and via the antenna panels 826, RFFE 824,

RF circuitry 822, receive circuitry 820, digital baseband circuitry 816, and protocol processing circuitry 814. In some embodiments, the antenna panels 826 may receive a transmission from the AN 804 by receive-beamforming signals received by a plurality of antennas/antenna elements of the one or more antenna panels 826.

A UE 802 transmission may be established by and via the protocol processing circuitry 814, digital baseband circuitry 816, transmit circuitry 818, RF circuitry 822, RFFE 824, and antenna panels 826. In some embodiments, the transmit components of the UE 804 may apply a spatial filter to the data to be transmitted to form a transmit beam emitted by the antenna elements of the antenna panels 826.

Similar to the UE 802, the AN 804 may include a host platform 828 coupled with a modem platform 830. The host platform 828 may include application processing circuitry 832 coupled with protocol processing circuitry 834 of the modem platform 830. The modem platform may further include digital baseband circuitry 836, transmit circuitry 838, receive circuitry 840, RF circuitry 842, RFFE circuitry 844, and antenna panels 846. The components of the AN 804 may be similar to and substantially interchangeable with like-named components of the UE 802. In addition to performing data transmission/reception as described above, the components of the AN 808 may perform various logical functions that include, for example, RNC functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management, and data packet scheduling. Figure 9 illustrates components of a computing device 900 according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, Figure 9 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 900 including one or more processors (or processor cores) 910, one or more memory/storage devices 920, and one or more communication resources 930, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 940 or other interface circuitry. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 902 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources 900.

The processors 910 include, for example, processor 912 and processor 914. The processors 910 include circuitry such as, but not limited to one or more processor cores and one or more of cache memory, low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I2C or universal programmable serial interface circuit, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as secure digital/multi-media card (SD/MMC) or similar, interfaces, mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. The processors 910 may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processors, complex instruction set computing (CISC) processors, graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) such as a baseband processor, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), an Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), one or more microprocessors or controllers, another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof. In some implementations, the processor circuitry 910 may include one or more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices (e.g., FPGA, complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), etc.), or the like.

The memory/storage devices 920 may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices 920 may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile, non-volatile, or semi-volatile memory such as random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, phase change RAM (PRAM), resistive memory such as magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc., and may incorporate three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. The memory/storage devices 920 may also comprise persistent storage devices, which may be temporal and/or persistent storage of any type, including, but not limited to, non-volatile memory, optical, magnetic, and/or solid state mass storage, and so forth.

The communication resources 930 may include interconnection or network interface controllers, components, or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 904 or one or more databases 906 or other network elements via a network 908. For example, the communication resources 930 may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB, Ethernet, Ethernet, Ethernet over GRE Tunnels, Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), Ethernet over USB, Controller Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN), DeviceNet, ControlNet, Data Highway+, PROFIBUS, or PROFINET, among many others), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, WiFi® components, and other communication components. Network connectivity may be provided to/from the computing device 900 via the communication resources 930 using a physical connection, which may be electrical (e g., a “copper interconnect”) or optical. The physical connection also includes suitable input connectors (e.g., ports, receptacles, sockets, etc.) and output connectors (e.g., plugs, pins, etc.). The communication resources 930 may include one or more dedicated processors and/or FPGAs to communicate using one or more of the aforementioned network interface protocols.

Instructions 950 may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors 910 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 950 may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors 910 (e.g., within the processor’s cache memory), the memory/storage devices 920, or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 950 may be transferred to the hardware resources 900 from any combination of the peripheral devices 904 or the databases 906. Accordingly, the memory of processors 910, the memory/storage devices 920, the peripheral devices 904, and the databases 906 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media.

EXAMPLE PROCEDURES

In some embodiments, the electronic device(s), network(s), system(s), chip(s) or component(s), or portions or implementations thereof, of Figures 7-9, or some other figure herein, may be configured to perform one or more processes, techniques, or methods as described herein, or portions thereof. One such process is depicted in Figure 10. For example, the process may include, at 1005 retrieving, from a memory, phase tracking-reference signal (PT-RS) information for initial transmission and retransmission of a transport block (TB) within a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The process further includes, at 1010, encoding a PUSCH containing the TB for initial transmission or retransmission based on the PT-RS information.

Figure 11 illustrates another process in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, process 1100 includes, at 1105, determining phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) information for initial transmission and retransmission of a transport block (TB) within a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCF1), wherein the PT-RS information includes a first PT-RS pattern to be used for the initial transmission of the TB and a second PT-RS pattern to be used for retransmission of the TB, and wherein the PT-RS information is based on one or more of: a modulation associated with the TB, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), and a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs). The process further includes, at 1110, Encoding a PUSCH containing the TB for initial transmission or retransmission based on the PT-RS information.

Figure 12 illustrates another process in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, process 1200 includes, at 1205, determining phase tracking-reference signal (PT-RS) information for initial transmission and retransmission of a transport block (TB) within a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). The process further includes, at 1210, encoding a PDSCH containing the TB for initial transmission or retransmission based on the PT-RS information.

For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section.

EXAMPLES

Additional examples of the presently described embodiments include the following, non limiting implementations. Each of the following non-limiting examples may stand on its own or may be combined in any permutation or combination with any one or more of the other examples provided below or throughout the present disclosure. Example A01 includes a method of wireless communication for a fifth generation (5G) or new radio (NR) system, the method comprising: determining, by a UE, a set of phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) patterns for an initial transmission and retransmission of a transport block (TB) for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH); and transmitting, by the UE, the PT- RS in accordance with the determined PT-RS patterns.

Example A02 includes the method of example A01 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein modulation and coding scheme (MCS) can be used to determine PT-RS pattern for the initial and retransmission of the TB within a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) with DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

Example A03 includes the method of example A01 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein a separate PT-RS pattern in time can be used for the initial and retransmission of a TB within a PDSCH and PUSCH, respectively.

Example A04 includes the method of example A01 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein PT-RS pattern in time may include PT-RS pattern within a OFDM symbol and/or PT- RS pattern across different symbols.

Example A05 includes the method of example A01 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein PT-RS pattern for an initial transmission of a TB in a PDSCH and PUSCH can be determined in accordance with the modulation, or MCS and/or number of PRBs used for the initial transmission of the TB, while PT-RS for a retransmission of a TB in a PDSCH and PUSCH can be determined in accordance with the MCS and/or number of PRBs used for the initial transmission of the TB in the PDSCH and PUSCH.

Example A06 includes the method of example A01 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein separate PT-RS patterns can be applied for UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission, which are determined in accordance with the modulation, or MCS and/or number of PRBs used for the UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission, respectively.

Example A07 includes the method of example A01 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein a same PT-RS pattern can be used for the initial and retransmission of a TB within a PDSCH and PUSCH, respectively.

Example A08 includes the method of example A01 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein the PT-RS pattern for an initial transmission and retransmission of a TB in a PDSCH and PUSCH can be determined in accordance with the largest modulation order or largest MCS and/or largest number of PRBs used for the initial transmission and retransmission of the TB.

Example A09 includes the method of example A01 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein same PT-RS pattern can be applied for UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission, which are determined in accordance with the largest modulation order or largest MCS and/or largest number of PRBs used for the UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission.

Example B01 includes a method comprising: determining a set of phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) patterns for an initial transmission (Tx) and re-transmission (re-Tx) of a transport block (TB) for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH); and transmitting the PT- RS based on the determined PT-RS patterns.

Example B02 includes the method of example B01 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein determining the set of PT-RS patterns includes determining the set of PT-RS patterns for the initial Tx and re-Tx of the TB based on a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) within a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)

Example B03 includes the method of examples B01-B02 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein determining the set of PT-RS patterns includes determining the set of PT-RS patterns for the initial Tx and re-Tx of the TB based on an MCS of a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) with DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

Example B04 includes the method of examples B01-B03 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein a separate PT-RS pattern in time is used for the initial Tx and re-Tx of the TB within a PDSCH and PUSCH, respectively.

Example B05 includes the method of examples B01-B04 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein a PT-RS pattern in time includes PT-RS pattern within a OFDM symbol and/or PT-RS pattern across different symbols.

Example B06 includes the method of examples B01-B05 and/or some other example(s) herein, determining the set of PT-RS patterns includes determining the set of PT-RS patterns for the initial Tx in a PDSCH and PUSCH based on a modulation, MCS and/or a number of PRBs used for the initial Tx of the TB,

Example B07 includes the method of examples B01-B06 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein determining the set of PT-RS patterns includes determining the set of PT-RS patterns for the re-Tx of a TB in a PDSCH and PUSCH based on the MCS and/or a number of PRBs used for the initial Tx of the TB in the PDSCH and PUSCH.

Example B08 includes the method of examples B01-B07 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein separate PT-RS patterns can be applied for UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission, which are determined in accordance with the modulation, or MCS and/or number of PRBs used for the UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission, respectively.

Example B09 includes the method of examples B01-B08 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein a same PT-RS pattern can be used for the initial Tx and the re-Tx of the TB within a PDSCH and PUSCH, respectively. Example BIO includes the method of examples B01-B09 and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein determining the set of PT-RS patterns includes determining the set of PT-RS patterns for the Tx and the re-Tx of the TB in a PDSCH and PUSCH based on a largest modulation order, a largest MCS, and/or a largest number of PRBs used for the initial Tx and re- Tx of the TB.

Example Bll includes the method of examples BO 1 -BIO and/or some other example(s) herein, wherein same PT-RS pattern can be applied for UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission, which are determined in accordance with the largest modulation order or largest MCS and/or largest number of PRBs used for the UCI, retransmission, and initial transmission.

Example XI includes an apparatus comprising: memory to store phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) information for initial transmission and retransmission of a transport block (TB) within a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH); and processing circuitry, coupled with the memory, to: retrieve the PT-RS information from the memory; and encode a PUSCH containing the TB for initial transmission or retransmission based on the PT-RS information.

Example X2 includes the apparatus of example XI or some other example herein, wherein the PT-RS information includes a PT-RS pattern that is based on a modulation and coding scheme (MCS).

Example X3 includes the apparatus of example X2 or some other example herein, wherein the MCS includes an MCS threshold configured via minimum system information (MSI), remaining minimum system information (RMSI), other system information (OSI) or dedicated radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

Example X4 includes the apparatus of example XI or some other example herein, wherein the PT-RS information includes a first PT-RS pattern to be used for initial transmission of the TB, and a second PT-RS pattern to be used for retransmission of the TB.

Example X5 includes the apparatus of example X4 or some other example herein, wherein the first PT-RS pattern is based on one or more of the following associated with the initial transmission of the TB: a modulation associated with the TB, an MCS, and a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs).

Example X6 includes the apparatus of example X5 or some other example herein, wherein the second PT-RS pattern is based on one or more of the following associated with the initial transmission of the TB: the MCS, and the number of PRBs. Example X7 includes the apparatus of example XI or some other example herein, wherein the PUSCH includes uplink control information (UCI).

Example X8 includes the apparatus of example X7 or some other example herein, wherein the PT-RS information includes: a first PT-RS pattern to be used for initial transmission of the TB, a second PT-RS pattern to be used for retransmission of the TB, and a third PT-RS pattern to be used for transmission of the UCI.

Example X9 includes the apparatus of example XI or some other example herein, wherein the PT-RS information includes a PT-RS pattern to be used for both the initial transmission of the TB and retransmission of the TB.

Example X10. The apparatus of any of examples X1-X9, wherein the apparatus includes a user equipment (UE) or portion thereof.

Example XI 1 includes one or more computer-readable media storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause a user equipment (UE) to: determine phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) information for initial transmission and retransmission of a transport block (TB) within a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), wherein the PT-RS information includes a PT-RS pattern to be used for the initial transmission of the TB that is based on one or more of: a modulation associated with the TB, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), and a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs); and encode a PUSCH containing the TB for initial transmission or retransmission based on the PT-RS information.

Example X12 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example XI 1 or some other example herein, wherein the PT-RS pattern is based at least in part on an MCS that includes an MCS threshold configured via minimum system information (MSI), remaining minimum system information (RMSI), other system information (OSI) or dedicated radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

Example XI 3 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example XI 1 or some other example herein, wherein the PT-RS pattern is a first PT-RS pattern and the PT-RS information further includes a second PT-RS pattern to be used for retransmission of the TB.

Example X14 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example X13 or some other example herein, wherein the second PT-RS pattern is based on one or more of the following associated with the initial transmission of the TB: the MCS, and the number of PRBs.

Example XI 5 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example XI 1 or some other example herein, wherein the PUSCH includes uplink control information (UCI). Example XI 6 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example XI 5 or some other example herein, wherein the PT-RS pattern is a first PT-RS pattern, and wherein the PT-RS information includes: a second PT-RS pattern to be used for retransmission of the TB, and a third PT-RS pattern to be used for transmission of the UCI.

Example XI 7 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example XI 1 or some other example herein, wherein the PT-RS pattern is to be used for both the initial transmission of the TB and retransmission of the TB.

Example XI 8 includes one or more computer-readable media storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause a next-generation NodeB (gNB) to: determine phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) information for initial transmission and retransmission of a transport block (TB) within a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH); and encode a PDSCH containing the TB for initial transmission or retransmission based on the PT-RS information.

Example XI 9 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example XI 8 or some other example herein, wherein the PT-RS information includes a PT-RS pattern that is based on a modulation and coding scheme (MCS).

Example X20 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example XI 9 or some other example herein, wherein the MCS includes an MCS threshold, wherein the media further stores instructions to cause the gNB to encode a message for transmission to a UE that includes the MCS threshold, and wherein the message is encoded for transmission via minimum system information (MSI), remaining minimum system information (RMSI), other system information (OSI) or dedicated radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

Example X21 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example XI 8 or some other example herein, wherein the PT-RS information includes a first PT-RS pattern to be used for initial transmission of the TB, and a second PT-RS pattern to be used for retransmission of the TB.

Example X22 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example X21 or some other example herein, wherein the first PT-RS pattern is based on one or more of the following associated with the initial transmission of the TB: a modulation associated with the TB, an MCS, and a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs).

Example X23 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example X22 or some other example herein, wherein the second PT-RS pattern is based on one or more of the following associated with the initial transmission of the TB: the MCS, and the number of PRBs. Example X24 includes the one or more computer-readable media of example XI 8 or some other example herein, wherein the PT-RS information includes a PT-RS pattern to be used for both the initial transmission of the TB and retransmission of the TB.

Example Z01 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples A01-A09, B01-B11, X1-X24, or any other method or process described herein.

Example Z02 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples A01-A09, B01-B11, X1-X24, or any other method or process described herein.

Example Z03 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples A01-A09, B01-B11, X1-X24, or any other method or process described herein.

Example Z04 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples A01-A09, B01-B11, X1-X24, or portions or parts thereof.

Example Z05 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples A01-A09, B01-B11, X1-X24, or portions thereof.

Example Z06 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples A01- A09, B01-B11, or portions or parts thereof.

Example Z07 may include a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples A01-A09, B01-B11, X1-X24, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

Example Z08 may include a signal encoded with data as described in or related to any of examples A01-A09, B01-B11, X1-X24, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

Example Z09 may include a signal encoded with a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples A01-A09, B01-B11, X1-X24, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure.

Example Z10 may include an electromagnetic signal carrying computer-readable instructions, wherein execution of the computer-readable instructions by one or more processors is to cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples A01-A09, B01-B11, X1-X24, or portions thereof. Example Z11 may include a computer program comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples A01-A09, B01- B11, X1-X24, or portions thereof.

Example Z12 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example Z13 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example Z14 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Example Z15 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

TERMINOLOGY

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specific the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operation, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “A and/or B” means (A), (B), or (A and B). For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “A, B, and/or C” means (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), or (A, B and C). The description may use the phrases “in an embodiment,” or “In some embodiments,” which may each refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments. Furthermore, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like, as used with respect to embodiments of the present disclosure, are synonymous.

The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or ink, and/or the like.

The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry.

The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. Processing circuitry may include one or more processing cores to execute instructions and one or more memory structures to store program and data information. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer- executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. Processing circuitry may include more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.”

The term “memory” and/or “memory circuitry” as used herein refers to one or more hardware devices for storing data, including RAM, MRAM, PRAM, DRAM, and/or SDRAM, core memory, ROM, magnetic disk storage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memory devices or other machine readable mediums for storing data. The term “computer-readable medium” may include, but is not limited to, memory, portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing or carrying instructions or data.

The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like.

The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface.

The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like.

The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources.

The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource. The term “element” refers to a unit that is indivisible at a given level of abstraction and has a clearly defined boundary, wherein an element may be any type of entity including, for example, one or more devices, systems, controllers, network elements, modules, etc., or combinations thereof. The term “device” refers to a physical entity embedded inside, or attached to, another physical entity in its vicinity, with capabilities to convey digital information from or to that physical entity. The term “entity” refers to a distinct component of an architecture or device, or information transferred as a payload. The term “controller” refers to an element or entity that has the capability to affect a physical entity, such as by changing its state or causing the physical entity to move.

The term “cloud computing” or “cloud” refers to a paradigm for enabling network access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable computing resources with self-service provisioning and administration on-demand and without active management by users. Cloud computing provides cloud computing services (or cloud services), which are one or more capabilities offered via cloud computing that are invoked using a defined interface (e.g., an API or the like). The term “computing resource” or simply “resource” refers to any physical or virtual component, or usage of such components, of limited availability within a computer system or network. Examples of computing resources include usage/access to, for a period of time, servers, processor(s), storage equipment, memory devices, memory areas, networks, electrical power, input/output (peripheral) devices, mechanical devices, network connections (e.g., channel s/links, ports, network sockets, etc.), operating systems, virtual machines (VMs), software/applications, computer files, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable. As used herein, the term “cloud service provider” (or CSP) indicates an organization which operates typically large-scale “cloud” resources comprised of centralized, regional, and edge data centers (e.g., as used in the context of the public cloud). In other examples, a CSP may also be referred to as a Cloud Service Operator (CSO). References to “cloud computing” generally refer to computing resources and services offered by a CSP or a CSO, at remote locations with at least some increased latency, distance, or constraints relative to edge computing. As used herein, the term “data center” refers to a purpose-designed structure that is intended to house multiple high-performance compute and data storage nodes such that a large amount of compute, data storage and network resources are present at a single location. This often entails specialized rack and enclosure systems, suitable heating, cooling, ventilation, security, fire suppression, and power delivery systems. The term may also refer to a compute and data storage node in some contexts. A data center may vary in scale between a centralized or cloud data center (e g., largest), regional data center, and edge data center (e.g., smallest).

As used herein, the term “edge computing” refers to the implementation, coordination, and use of computing and resources at locations closer to the “edge” or collection of “edges” of a network. Deploying computing resources at the network’s edge may reduce application and network latency, reduce network backhaul traffic and associated energy consumption, improve service capabilities, improve compliance with security or data privacy requirements (especially as compared to conventional cloud computing), and improve total cost of ownership). As used herein, the term “edge compute node” refers to a real-world, logical, or virtualized implementation of a compute-capable element in the form of a device, gateway, bridge, system or subsystem, component, whether operating in a server, client, endpoint, or peer mode, and whether located at an “edge” of an network or at a connected location further within the network. References to a “node” used herein are generally interchangeable with a “device”, “component”, and “sub-system”; however, references to an “edge computing system” or “edge computing network” generally refer to a distributed architecture, organization, or collection of multiple nodes and devices, and which is organized to accomplish or offer some aspect of services or resources in an edge computing setting.

Additionally or alternatively, the term “Edge Computing” refers to a concept, as described in [6], that enables operator and 3rd party services to be hosted close to the UE's access point of attachment, to achieve an efficient service delivery through the reduced end-to- end latency and load on the transport network. As used herein, the term “Edge Computing Service Provider” refers to a mobile network operator or a 3rd party service provider offering Edge Computing service. As used herein, the term “Edge Data Network” refers to a local Data Network (DN) that supports the architecture for enabling edge applications. As used herein, the term “Edge Hosting Environment” refers to an environment providing support required for Edge Application Server's execution. As used herein, the term “Application Server” refers to application software resident in the cloud performing the server function.

The term “Internet of Things” or “IoT” refers to a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines capable of transferring data with little or no human interaction, and may involve technologies such as real-time analytics, machine learning and/or AI, embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (e.g., smarthome, smart building and/or smart city technologies), and the like. IoT devices are usually low-power devices without heavy compute or storage capabilities. “Edge IoT devices” may be any kind of IoT devices deployed at a network’s edge.

As used herein, the term “cluster” refers to a set or grouping of entities as part of an edge computing system (or systems), in the form of physical entities (e g., different computing systems, networks or network groups), logical entities (e.g., applications, functions, security constructs, containers), and the like. In some locations, a “cluster” is also referred to as a “group” or a “domain”. The membership of cluster may be modified or affected based on conditions or functions, including from dynamic or property-based membership, from network or system management scenarios, or from various example techniques discussed below which may add, modify, or remove an entity in a cluster. Clusters may also include or be associated with multiple layers, levels, or properties, including variations in security features and results based on such layers, levels, or properties.

The term “application” may refer to a complete and deployable package, environment to achieve a certain function in an operational environment. The term “AI/ML application” or the like may be an application that contains some AI ML models and application-level descriptions. The term “machine learning” or “ML” refers to the use of computer systems implementing algorithms and/or statistical models to perform specific task(s) without using explicit instructions, but instead relying on patterns and inferences. ML algorithms build or estimate mathematical model(s) (referred to as “ML models” or the like) based on sample data (referred to as “training data,” “model training information,” or the like) in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to perform such tasks. Generally, an ML algorithm is a computer program that learns from experience with respect to some task and some performance measure, and an ML model may be any object or data structure created after an ML algorithm is trained with one or more training datasets. After training, an ML model may be used to make predictions on new datasets. Although the term “ML algorithm” refers to different concepts than the term “ML model,” these terms as discussed herein may be used interchangeably for the purposes of the present disclosure.

The term “machine learning model,” “ML model,” or the like may also refer to ML methods and concepts used by an ML-assisted solution. An “ML-assisted solution” is a solution that addresses a specific use case using ML algorithms during operation. ML models include supervised learning (e.g., linear regression, k-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree algorithms, support machine vectors, Bayesian algorithm, ensemble algorithms, etc.) unsupervised learning (e.g., K-means clustering, principle component analysis (PCA), etc.), reinforcement learning (e.g., Q-leaming, multi-armed bandit learning, deep RL, etc.), neural networks, and the like. Depending on the implementation a specific ML model could have many sub-models as components and the ML model may train all sub-models together. Separately trained ML models can also be chained together in an ML pipeline during inference. An “ML pipeline” is a set of functionalities, functions, or functional entities specific for an ML-assisted solution; an ML pipeline may include one or several data sources in a data pipeline, a model training pipeline, a model evaluation pipeline, and an actor. The “actor” is an entity that hosts an ML assisted solution using the output of the ML model inference). The term “ML training host” refers to an entity, such as a network function, that hosts the training of the model The term “ML inference host” refers to an entity, such as a network function, that hosts model during inference mode (which includes both the model execution as well as any online learning if applicable). The ML-host informs the actor about the output of the ML algorithm, and the actor takes a decision for an action (an “action” is performed by an actor as a result of the output of an ML assisted solution). The term “model inference information” refers to information used as an input to the ML model for determining inference(s); the data used to train an ML model and the data used to determine inferences may overlap, however, “training data” and “inference data” refer to different concepts.

The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content. As used herein, a “database object”, “data structure”, or the like may refer to any representation of information that is in the form of an object, attribute-value pair (A VP), key -value pair (KVP), tuple, etc., and may include variables, data structures, functions, methods, classes, database records, database fields, database entities, associations between data and/or database entities (also referred to as a “relation”), blocks and links between blocks in block chain implementations, and/or the like.

An “information object,” as used herein, refers to a collection of structured data and/or any representation of information, and may include, for example electronic documents (or “documents”), database objects, data structures, files, audio data, video data, raw data, archive files, application packages, and/or any other like representation of information. The terms “electronic document” or “document,” may refer to a data structure, computer file, or resource used to record data, and includes various file types and/or data formats such as word processing documents, spreadsheets, slide presentations, multimedia items, webpage and/or source code documents, and/or the like. As examples, the information objects may include markup and/or source code documents such as HTML, XML, JSON, Apex®, CSS, JSP, MessagePack™, Apache® Thrift™, ASN.l, Google® Protocol Buffers (protobuf), or some other document(s)/format(s) such as those discussed herein. An information object may have both a logical and a physical structure. Physically, an information object comprises one or more units called entities. An entity is a unit of storage that contains content and is identified by a name. An entity may refer to other entities to cause their inclusion in the information object. An information object begins in a document entity, which is also referred to as a root element (or "root"). Logically, an information object comprises one or more declarations, elements, comments, character references, and processing instructions, all of which are indicated in the information object (e.g., using markup).

The term “data item” as used herein refers to an atomic state of a particular object with at least one specific property at a certain point in time. Such an object is usually identified by an object name or object identifier, and properties of such an object are usually defined as database objects (e g., fields, records, etc ), object instances, or data elements (e.g., mark-up language elements/tags, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the term “data item” as used herein may refer to data elements and/or content items, although these terms may refer to difference concepts.

The term “data element” or “element” as used herein refers to a unit that is indivisible at a given level of abstraction and has a clearly defined boundary. A data element is a logical component of an information object (e.g., electronic document) that may begin with a start tag (e.g., “<element>”) and end with a matching end tag (e.g., “</element>”), or only has an empty element tag (e.g., “<element />”). Any characters between the start tag and end tag, if any, are the element’s content (referred to herein as “content items” or the like).

The content of an entity may include one or more content items, each of which has an associated datatype representation. A content item may include, for example, attribute values, character values, URTs, qualified names (qnames), parameters, and the like. A qname is a fully qualified name of an element, attribute, or identifier in an information object. A qname associates a URI of a namespace with a local name of an element, attribute, or identifier in that namespace. To make this association, the qname assigns a prefix to the local name that corresponds to its namespace. The qname comprises a URI of the namespace, the prefix, and the local name. Namespaces are used to provide uniquely named elements and attributes in information objects. Content items may include text content (e.g., “<element>content item</element>”), attributes (e.g., “<element attribute=" attribute Value ">”), and other elements referred to as “child elements” (e.g., “<elementl><element2>content item</element2></elementl>”). An “attribute” may refer to a markup construct including a name-value pair that exists within a start tag or empty element tag. Attributes contain data related to its element and/or control the element’s behavior.

The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information. As used herein, the term “radio technology” refers to technology for wireless transmission and/or reception of electromagnetic radiation for information transfer. The term “radio access technology” or “RAT” refers to the technology used for the underlying physical connection to a radio based communication network. As used herein, the term “communication protocol” (either wired or wireless) refers to a set of standardized rules or instructions implemented by a communication device and/or system to communicate with other devices and/or systems, including instructions for packetizing/depacketizing data, modulating/demodulating signals, implementation of protocols stacks, and/or the like.

As used herein, the term “radio technology” refers to technology for wireless transmission and/or reception of electromagnetic radiation for information transfer. The term “radio access technology” or “RAT” refers to the technology used for the underlying physical connection to a radio based communication network. As used herein, the term “communication protocol” (either wired or wireless) refers to a set of standardized rules or instructions implemented by a communication device and/or system to communicate with other devices and/or systems, including instructions for packetizing/depacketizing data, modulating/demodulating signals, implementation of protocols stacks, and/or the like. Examples of wireless communications protocols may be used in various embodiments include a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) radio communication technology, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) radio communication technology, an Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) radio communication technology, and/or a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) radio communication technology including, for example, 3GPP Fifth Generation (5G) or New Radio (NR), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Freedom of Multimedia Access (FOMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE Advanced), LTE Extra, LTE-A Pro, cdmaOne (2G), Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA 2000), Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), Mobitex, Circuit Switched Data (CSD), High-Speed CSD (HSCSD), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDM), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), HSPA Plus (HSPA+), Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA), Time Division- Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), LTE LAA, MuLTEfire, UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data Only (EV-DO), Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), Total Access Communication System/Extended Total Access Communication System (TACS/ETACS), Push- to-talk (PTT), Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), DataTAC, Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN), Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), Personal Handy- phone System (PHS), Wideband Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (WiDEN), iBurst, Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA), also referred to as also referred to as 3GPP Generic Access Network, or GAN standard), Bluetooth®, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), IEEE 802.15.4 based protocols (e.g., IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6L0WPAN), WirelessHART, MiWi, Thread, 802.11a, etc.) WiFi-direct, ANT/ANT+, ZigBee, Z-Wave, 3 GPP device-to-device (D2D) or Proximity Services (ProSe), Universal Plug and Play (UPnP), Low- Power Wide- Area-Network (LPWAN), Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRA) or LoRaWAN™ developed by Semtech and the LoRa Alliance, Sigfox, Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig) standard, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), mmWave standards in general (e.g., wireless systems operating at 10-300 GHz and above such as WiGig, IEEE 802.1 lad, IEEE 802.1 lay, etc.), V2X communication technologies (including 3GPP C- V2X), Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) communication systems such as Intelligent-Transport-Systems (ITS) including the European ITS-G5, ITS-G5B, ITS-G5C, etc. In addition to the standards listed above, any number of satellite uplink technologies may be used for purposes of the present disclosure including, for example, radios compliant with standards issued by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), or the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), among others. The examples provided herein are thus understood as being applicable to various other communication technologies, both existing and not yet formulated.

The term “access network” refers to any network, using any combination of radio technologies, RATs, and/or communication protocols, used to connect user devices and service providers. In the context of WLANs, an “access network” is an IEEE 802 local area network (LAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN) between terminals and access routers connecting to provider services. The term “access router” refers to router that terminates a medium access control (MAC) service from terminals and forwards user traffic to information servers according to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.

The term “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration. The term “SSB” refers to a synchronization signal/Physical Broadcast Channel (SS/PBCH) block, which includes a Primary Syncrhonization Signal (PSS), a Secondary Syncrhonization Signal (SSS), and a PBCH. The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re establishment procedure. The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation. The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA. The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC. The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell. The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC CONNECTED configured with CA. The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the Pcell.

Furthermore, any of the disclosed embodiments and example implementations can be embodied in the form of various types of hardware, software, firmware, middleware, or combinations thereof, including in the form of control logic, and using such hardware or software in a modular or integrated manner. Additionally, any of the software components or functions described herein can be implemented as software, program code, script, instructions, etc., operable to be executed by processor circuitry. These components, functions, programs, etc., can be developed using any suitable computer language such as, for example, Python, PyTorch, NumPy, Ruby, Ruby on Rails, Scala, Smalltalk, Java™, C++, C#, “C”, Kotlin, Swift, Rust, Go (or “Golang”), EMCAScript, JavaScript, TypeScript, Jscript, ActionScript, Server-Side JavaScript (SSJS), PHP, Pearl, Lua, Torch/Lua with Just-In Time compiler (LuaJIT),

Accelerated Mobile Pages Script (AMPscript), VBScript, JavaServer Pages (JSP), Active Server Pages (ASP), Node.js, ASP.NET, JAMscript, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), extensible HTML (XHTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), XML User Interface Language (XUL), Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), RESTful API Modeling Language (RAML), wiki markup or Wikitext, Wireless Markup Language (WML), Java Script Object Notion (JSON), Apache® MessagePack™, Cascading Stylesheets (CSS), extensible stylesheet language (XSL), Mustache template language, Handlebars template language, Guide Template Language (GTL), Apache® Thrift, Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), Google® Protocol Buffers (protobuf), Bitcoin Script, EVM® bytecode, Solidity™, Vyper (Python derived), Bamboo, Lisp Like Language (LLL), Simplicity provided by Blockstream™, Rholang, Michelson, Counterfactual, Plasma, Plutus, Sophia, Salesforce® Apex®, and/or any other programming language or development tools including proprietary programming languages and/or development tools. The software code can be stored as a computer- or processor-executable instructions or commands on a physical non-transitory computer-readable medium. Examples of suitable media include RAM, ROM, magnetic media such as a hard-drive or a floppy disk, or an optical medium such as a compact disk (CD) or DVD (digital versatile disk), flash memory, and the like, or any combination of such storage or transmission devices.

ABBREVIATIONS

Unless used differently herein, terms, definitions, and abbreviations may be consistent with terms, definitions, and abbreviations defined in 3GPP TR 21.905 vl6.0.0 (2019-06). For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein.

3 GPP Third Generation ASN.l Abstract Syntax CAPEX CAPital Partnership Notation One Expenditure

Project AUSF Authentication CBRA Contention Based 4G Fourth Server Function Random Access Generation 40 AWGN Additive 75 CC Component

5G Fifth Generation White Gaussian Carrier, Country 5 GC 5 G C ore network Noise Code, Cryptographic ACK BAP Backhaul Checksum

Acknowledgemen Adaptation Protocol CCA Clear Channel t 45 BCH Broadcast 80 Assessment

AF Application Channel CCE Control Channel Function BER Bit Error Ratio Element

AM Acknowledged BFD Beam CCCH Common Control Mode Failure Detection Channel

AMBRAggregate 50 BLER Block Error Rate 85 CE Coverage Maximum Bit Rate BPSK Binary Phase Enhancement AMF Access and Shift Keying CDM Content Delivery Mobility BRAS Broadband Network

Management Remote Access CDMA Code-

Function 55 Server 90 Division Multiple

AN Access Network BSS Business Support Access ANR Automatic System CFRA Contention Free Neighbour Relation BS Base Station Random Access AP Application BSR Buffer Status CG Cell Group Protocol, Antenna 60 Report 95 Cl Cell Identity

Port, Access Point BW Bandwidth CID Cell-ID (e.g., API Application BWP Bandwidth Part positioning method) Programming Interface C-RNTI Cell Radio Cl VI Common APN Access Point Network Information Model Name 65 Temporary 100 CIR Carrier to

ARP Allocation and Identity Interference Ratio Retention Priority CA Carrier CK Cipher Key

ARQ Automatic Repeat Aggregation, CM Connection Request Certification Management,

AS Access Stratum 70 Authority Conditional CRAN Cloud Radio CSMA/CA CSMA Mandatory 35 Access Network, with collision avoidance CMAS Commercial Cloud RAN 70 CSS Common Search Mobile Alert Service CRB Common Space, Cell- specific CMD Command Resource Block Search Space CMS Cloud CRC Cyclic CTS Clear-to-Send Management System 40 Redundancy Check CW Codeword CO Conditional CRI Channel -State 75 CWS Contention Optional Information Resource Window Size CoMP Coordinated Indicator, CSI-RS D2D Device-to-Device Multi-Point Resource DC Dual CORESET Control 45 Indicator Connectivity, Direct Resource Set C-RNTI Cell RNTI 80 Current COTS Commercial Off- CS Circuit Switched DCI Downlink Control The-Shelf CSAR Cloud Service Information

CP Control Plane, Archive DF Deployment Cyclic Prefix, 50 CSI Channel-State Flavour

Connection Point Information 85 DL Downlink CPD Connection Point CSI-IM CSI DMTF Distributed Descriptor Interference Management Task

CPE Customer Measurement Force Premise 55 CSI-RS CSI DPDK Data Plane

Equipment Reference Signal 90 Development Kit

CPICHCommon Pilot CSI-RSRP CSI DM-RS, DMRS Channel reference signal Demodulation

CQI Channel Quality received power Reference Signal Indicator 60 CSI-RSRQ CSI DN Data network

CPU CSI processing reference signal 95 DRB Data Radio unit, Central received quality Bearer Processing Unit CSI-SINR CSI DRS Discovery

C/R signal-to-noise and Reference Signal

Command/Respo 65 interference ratio DRX Discontinuous nse field bit CSMA Carrier Sense 100 Reception Multiple Access DSL Domain Specific eMBB Enhanced Mobile 70 E-UTRA Evolved Language. Digital Broadband UTRA

Subscriber Line EMS Element E-UTRAN Evolved DSLAM DSL Management System UTRAN

Access Multiplexer 40 eNB evolved NodeB, EV2X Enhanced V2X DwPTS Downlink E-UTRAN Node B 75 FIAP FI Application

Pilot Time Slot EN-DC E-UTRA- Protocol E-LAN Ethernet NR Dual Fl-C FI Control plane

Local Area Network Connectivity interface

E2E End-to-End 45 EPC Evolved Packet Fl-U FI User plane ECCA extended clear Core 80 interface channel EPDCCH enhanced FACCH Fast assessment, PDCCH, enhanced Associated Control extended CCA Physical CHannel ECCE Enhanced Control 50 Downlink Control FACCH/F Fast Channel Element, Cannel 85 Associated Control

Enhanced CCE EPRE Energy per Channel/Full rate ED Energy Detection resource element FACCH/H Fast EDGE Enhanced EPS Evolved Packet Associated Control Datarates for GSM 55 System Channel/Half rate

Evolution (GSM EREG enhanced REG, 90 FACH Forward Access Evolution) enhanced resource Channel

EGMF Exposure element groups FAUSCH Fast Governance ETSI European Uplink Signalling

Management 60 Telecommunicati Channel

Function ons Standards 95 FB Functional Block

EGPRS Enhanced Institute FBI Feedback

GPRS ETWS Earthquake and Information

EIR Equipment Tsunami Warning FCC Federal Identity Register 65 System Communications eLAA enhanced eUICC embedded UICC, 100 Commission Licensed Assisted embedded Universal FCCH Frequency

Access, enhanced Integrated Circuit Correction CHannel

LAA Card FDD Frequency

EM Element Manager Division Duplex FDM Frequency Si sterna (Engl.: GUTI Globally Unique Division Multiplex Global Navigation Temporary UE

FDMA Frequency Satellite System) Identity Division Multiple gNB Next Generation HARQ Hybrid ARQ,

Access 40 NodeB 75 Hybrid Automatic

FE Front End gNB-CU gNB- Repeat Request FEC Forward Error centralized unit, Next HANDO Handover Correction Generation HFN HyperFrame

FFS For Further Study NodeB Number FFT Fast Fourier 45 centralized unit 80 HHO Hard Handover

Transformation gNB -DU gNB- HLR Home Location feLAA further enhanced distributed unit, Next Register Licensed Assisted Generation HN Home Network

Access, further NodeB distributed HO Handover enhanced LAA 50 unit 85 HPLMN Home FN Frame Number GNSS Global Public Land Mobile FPGA Field- Navigation Satellite Network Programmable Gate System HSDPA High Array GPRS General Packet Speed Downlink

FR Frequency Range 55 Radio Service 90 Packet Access G-RNTI GERAN GSM Global System HSN Hopping

Radio Network for Mobile Sequence Number

Temporary Communications, HSPA High Speed

Identity Groupe Special Packet Access

GERAN 60 Mobile 95 HSS Home Subscriber

GSM EDGE GTP GPRS Tunneling Server RAN, GSM EDGE Protocol HSUPA High Radio Access GTP-UGPRS Tunnelling Speed Uplink Packet Network Protocol for User Access

GGSN Gateway GPRS 65 Plane 100 HTTP Hyper Text Support Node GTS Go To Sleep Transfer Protocol

GLONASS Signal (related to HTTPS Hyper

GLObal'naya WUS) Text Transfer Protocol

NAvigatsionnaya GUMMEI Globally Secure (https is

Sputnikovaya 70 Unique MME Identifier http/ 1.1 over SSL, 35 Intermodulation, 70 ISDN Integrated i.e. port 443) IP Multimedia Services Digital

I-Block IMC IMS Credentials Network

Information IMEI International ISIM IM Services Block Mobile Identity Module

ICCID Integrated Circuit 40 Equipment 75 ISO International Card Identification Identity Organisation for IAB Integrated Access IMGI International Standardisation and Backhaul mobile group identity ISP Internet Service ICIC Inter-Cell IMPI IP Multimedia Provider Interference 45 Private Identity 80 IWF Interworking-

Coordination IMPU IP Multimedia Function ID Identity, identifier PUblic identity I-WLAN

IDFT Inverse Discrete IMS IP Multimedia Interworking Fourier Transform Subsystem WLAN

IE Information 50 IMSI International 85 Constraint length element Mobile Subscriber of the convolutional

P3E In-Band Emission Identity code, USIM Individual

IoT Internet of Things key IEEE Institute of IP Internet Protocol kB Kilobyte (1000 Electrical and 55 Ipsec IP Security, 90 bytes)

Electronics Internet Protocol kbps kilo-bits per Engineers Security second IEI Information IP-CAN IP- Kc Ciphering key Element Identifier Connectivity Access Ki Individual

IEIDL Information 60 Network 95 subscriber Element Identifier IP-M IP Multicast authentication

Data Length IPv4 Internet Protocol key IETF Internet Version 4 KPI Key Performance Engineering Task IPv6 Internet Protocol Indicator Force 65 Version 6 100 KQI Key Quality

IF Infrastructure IR Infrared Indicator

IM Interference IS In Sync KSI Key Set Identifier

Measurement, IRP Integration ksps kilo-symbols per Reference Point second KVM Kernel Virtual LWA LTE- WLAN Broadcast multicast Machine aggregation service Single Frequency

LI Layer 1 (physical LWIP LTE/WLAN Network layer) Radio Level MCC Mobile Country

Ll-RSRP Layer 1 40 Integration with 75 Code reference signal IPsec Tunnel MCG Master Cell received power LTE Long Term Group L2 Layer 2 (data link Evolution MCOT Maximum layer) M2M Machine-to- Channel

L3 Layer 3 (network 45 Machine 80 Occupancy Time layer) MAC Medium Access MCS Modulation and

LAA Licensed Assisted Control (protocol coding scheme Access layering context) MD AF Management

LAN Local Area MAC Message Data Analytics Network 50 authentication code 85 Function

LBT Listen Before (security /encryption MDAS Management Talk context) Data Analytics

LCM LifeCycle MAC -A MAC Service Management used for MDT Minimization of LCR Low Chip Rate 55 authentication 90 Drive Tests LCS Location Services and key agreement ME Mobile LCID Logical (TSG T WG3 context) Equipment

Channel ID MAC-IMAC used for MeNB master eNB

LI Layer Indicator data integrity of MER Message Error LLC Logical Link 60 signalling messages 95 Ratio Control, Low Layer (TSG T WG3 context) MGL Measurement Compatibility MANO Gap Length LPLMN Local Management and MGRP Measurement PLMN Orchestration Gap Repetition Period

LPP LTE Positioning 65 MBMS 100 MTB Master Protocol Multimedia Information Block,

LSB Least Significant Broadcast and Multicast Management Bit Service Information Base

LTE Long Term MBSFN MIMO Multiple Input Evolution 70 Multimedia 105 Multiple Output MLC Mobile Location 35 MSI Minimum System NC-JT Non Centre Information, 70 coherent Joint

MM Mobility MCH Scheduling Transmission Management Information NEC Network MME Mobility MSID Mobile Station Capability Exposure Management Entity 40 Identifier NE-DC NR-E- MN Master Node MSIN Mobile Station 75 UTRA Dual MnS Management Identification Connectivity Service Number NEF Network MO Measurement MSISDN Mobile Exposure Function Object, Mobile 45 Subscriber ISDN NF Network Function

Originated Number 80 NFP Network MPBCH MTC MT Mobile Forwarding Path

Physical Broadcast Terminated, Mobile NFPD Network CHannel Termination Forwarding Path

MPDCCH MTC 50 MTC Machine-Type Descriptor

Physical Downlink Communications 85 NFV Network

Control CHannel mMTCmassive MTC, Functions MPDSCH MTC massive Machine- Virtualization Physical Downlink Type Communications NF VI NFV

Shared CHannel 55 MU-MIMO Multi Infrastructure MPRACH MTC User MIMO 90 NFVO NFV Orchestrator

Physical Random MWUS MTC NG Next Generation,

Access CHannel wake-up signal, MTC Next Gen MPUSCH MTC wus NGEN-DC NG-RAN

Physical Uplink Shared 60 NACK Negative E-UTRA-NR Dual Channel Acknowl edgement 95 Connectivity

MPLS Multiprotocol NAI Network Access NM Network Manager Label Switching Identifier NMS Network MS Mobile Station NAS Non-Access Management System MSB Most Significant 65 Stratum, Non- Access N-PoP Network Point of Bit Stratum layer 100 Presence

MSC Mobile Switching NCT Network NMIB, N-MIB Centre Connectivity Topology Narrowband MIB NPBCH NSA Non-Standalone OSS Operations

Narrowband operation mode Support System

Physical Broadcast NSD Network Service OTA over-the-air

CHannel Descriptor PAPR Peak-to-Average

NPDCCH 40 NSR Network Service 75 Power Ratio

Narrowband Record PAR Peak to Average Physical Downlink NSSAINetwork Slice Ratio

Control CHannel Selection Assistance PBCH Physical NPDSCH Information Broadcast Channel

Narrowband 45 S-NNSAI Single- 80 PC Power Control, Physical Downlink NSSAI Personal Computer

Shared CHannel NSSF Network Slice PCC Primary NPRACH Selection Function Component Carrier,

Narrowband NW Network Primary CC Physical Random 50 NWU SNarrowband 85 PCell Primary Cell

Access CHannel wake-up signal, PCI Physical Cell ID, NPUSCH Narrowband WUS Physical Cell

Narrowband NZP Non-Zero Power Identity Physical Uplink O&M Operation and PCEF Policy and

Shared CHannel 55 Maintenance 90 Charging NPSS Narrowband ODU2 Optical channel Enforcement Primary Data Unit - type 2 Function

Synchronization OFDM Orthogonal PCF Policy Control

Signal Frequency Division Function

NSSS Narrowband 60 Multiplexing 95 PCRF Policy Control Secondary OFDMA and Charging Rules

Synchronization Orthogonal Function

Signal Frequency Division PDCP Packet Data

NR New Radio, Multiple Access Convergence Protocol, Neighbour Relation 65 OOB Out-of-band 100 Packet Data NRF NF Repository OO S Out of Sync Convergence Function OPEX OPerating Protocol layer

NRS Narrowband EXpense PDCCH Physical Reference Signal OSI Other System Downlink Control NS Network Service 70 Information 105 Channel PDCP Packet Data 35 PP, PTP Point-to- 70 PSS Primary Convergence Protocol Point Synchronization PDN Packet Data PPP Point-to-Point Signal Network, Public Protocol PSTN Public Switched Data Network PRACH Physical Telephone Network

PDSCH Physical 40 RACH 75 PT-RS Phase-tracking

Downlink Shared PRB Physical resource reference signal Channel block PTT Push-to-Talk

PDU Protocol Data PRG Physical resource PUCCH Physical Unit block group Uplink Control

PEI Permanent 45 ProSe Proximity 80 Channel Equipment Identifiers Services, PUSCH Physical PFD Packet Flow Proximity -Based Uplink Shared Description Service Channel P-GW PDN Gateway PRS Positioning QAM Quadrature PHICH Physical 50 Reference Signal 85 Amplitude hybrid-ARQ indicator PRR Packet Reception Modulation channel Radio QCI QoS class of

PHY Physical layer PS Packet Services identifier PLMN Public Land PSBCH Physical QCL Quasi co-location Mobile Network 55 Sidelink Broadcast 90 QFI QoS Flow ID,

PIN Personal Channel QoS Flow Identifier Identification Number PSDCH Physical QoS Quality of PM Performance Sidelink Downlink Service Measurement Channel QPSK Quadrature

PMI Precoding Matrix 60 PSCCH Physical 95 (Quaternary) Phase Indicator Sidelink Control Shift Keying

PNF Physical Network Channel QZSS Quasi-Zenith Function PSFCH Physical Satellite System PNFD Physical Network Sidelink Feedback RA-RNTI Random Function Descriptor 65 Channel 100 Access RNTI

PNFR Physical Network PSSCH Physical RAB Radio Access Function Record Sidelink Shared Bearer, Random

POC PTT over Cellular Channel Access Burst

PSCell Primary SCell RACH Random Access RLC UM RLC 70 RSRQ Reference Signal Channel Unacknowledged Mode Received Quality

RADIUS Remote RLF Radio Link RSSI Received Signal Authentication Dial In Failure Strength Indicator User Service 40 RLM Radio Link RSU Road Side Unit RAN Radio Access Monitoring 75 RSTD Reference Signal Network RLM-RS Reference Time difference

RANDRANDom Signal for RLM RTP Real Time number (used for RM Registration Protocol authentication) 45 Management RTS Ready-To-Send RAR Random Access RMC Reference 80 RTT Round Trip Time Response Measurement Channel Rx Reception,

RAT Radio Access RMSI Remaining MSI, Receiving, Receiver Technology Remaining Minimum SIAP SI Application RAU Routing Area 50 System Protocol Update Information 85 Sl-MME SI for the

RB Resource block, RN Relay Node control plane Radio Bearer RNC Radio Network Sl-U SI for the user RBG Resource block Controller plane group 55 RNL Radio Network S-GW Serving Gateway

REG Resource Element Layer 90 S-RNTI SRNC Group RNTI Radio Network Radio Network

Rel Release Temporary Identifier Temporary REQ REQuest ROHC RObust Header Identity RF Radio Frequency 60 Compression S-TMSI SAE RI Rank Indicator RRC Radio Resource 95 Temporary Mobile RIV Resource Control, Radio Station Identifier indicator value Resource Control SA Standalone RL Radio Link layer operation mode RLC Radio Link 65 RRM Radio Resource SAE System Control, Radio Management 100 Architecture Evolution

Link Control RS Reference Signal SAP Service Access layer RSRP Reference Signal Point

RLC AM RLC Received Power SAPD Service Access Acknowledged Mode Point Descriptor SAPI Service Access 35 SEAF Security Anchor SM Session Point Identifier Function 70 Management SCC Secondary SeNB secondary eNB SMF Session Component Carrier, SEPP Security Edge Management Function Secondary CC Protection Proxy SMS Short Message

SCell Secondary Cell 40 SFI Slot format Service SC-FDMA Single indication 75 SMSF SMS Function Carrier Frequency SFTD Space-Frequency SMTC SSB-based

Division Multiple Time Diversity, SFN Measurement Timing Access and frame timing Configuration

SCG Secondary Cell 45 difference SN Secondary Node, Group SFN System Frame 80 Sequence Number

SCM Security Context Number or SoC System on Chip Management Single Frequency SON Self-Organizing SCS Subcarrier Network Network Spacing 50 SgNB Secondary gNB SpCell Special Cell

SCTP Stream Control SGSN Serving GPRS 85 SP-CSI-RNTISemi- Transmission Support Node Persistent CSI RNTI Protocol S-GW Serving Gateway SPS Semi-Persistent SDAP Service Data SI System Scheduling Adaptation Protocol, 55 Information SQN Sequence number Service Data SI-RNTI System 90 SR Scheduling

Adaptation Information RNTI Request Protocol layer SIB System SRB Signalling Radio SDL Supplementary Information Block Bearer Downlink 60 SIM Subscriber SRS Sounding

SDNF Structured Data Identity Module 95 Reference Signal Storage Network SIP Session Initiated S S Sy nchronizati on

Function Protocol Signal SDP Session SiP System in SSB SS Block

Description Protocol 65 Package SSBRI SSB Resource SDSF Structured Data SL Sidelink 100 Indicator Storage Function SLA Service Level SSC Session and

SDU Service Data Unit Agreement Service Continuity SS-RSRP 35 TAU Tracking Area TRP, TRxP

Synchronization Update 70 Transmission Signal based Reference TB Transport Block Reception Point Signal Received TBS Transport Block TRS Tracking Power Size Reference Signal

SS-RSRQ 40 TBD To Be Defined TRx Transceiver

Synchronization TCI Transmission 75 TS Technical Signal based Reference Configuration Indicator Specifications, Signal Received TCP Transmission Technical Quality Communication Standard

SS-SINR 45 Protocol TTI Transmission

Synchronization TDD Time Division 80 Time Interval Signal based Signal to Duplex Tx Transmission, Noise and Interference TDM Time Division Transmitting, Ratio Multiplexing Transmitter

SSS Secondary 50 TDMATime Division U-RNTI UTRAN Synchronization Multiple Access 85 Radio Network Signal TE Terminal Temporary

SSSG Search Space Set Equipment Identity Group TEID Tunnel End Point UART Universal

SSSIF Search Space Set 55 Identifier Asynchronous Indicator TFT Traffic Flow 90 Receiver and

SST Slice/Service Template Transmitter Types TMSI Temporary UCI Uplink Control SU-MIMO Single Mobile Subscriber Information

User MIMO 60 Identity UE User Equipment SUL Supplementary TNL Transport 95 UDM Unified Data Uplink Network Layer Management

TA Timing Advance, TPC Transmit Power UDP User Datagram Tracking Area Control Protocol

TAC Tracking Area 65 TPMI Transmitted UDR Unified Data Code Precoding Matrix 100 Repository

TAG Timing Advance Indicator UDSF Unstructured Group TR Technical Report Data Storage Network

Function UICC Universal V2I Vehicle-to- Interoperability for Integrated Circuit Infrastruction Microwave Access Card V2P Vehicle-to- WLANWireless Local

UL Uplink Pedestrian Area Network

UM Unacknowledged 40 V2V Vehicle-to- 75 WMAN Wireless

Mode Vehicle Metropolitan Area

UML Unified V2X Vehicle-to- Network Modelling Language everything WPANWireless Personal UMTS Universal Mobile VIM Virtualized Area Network Telecommunicati 45 Infrastructure Manager 80 X2-C X2-Control plane ons System VL Virtual Link, X2-U X2-User plane UP User Plane VLAN Virtual LAN, XML extensible UPF User Plane Virtual Local Area Markup Language Function Network XRES EXpected user URI Uniform 50 VM Virtual Machine 85 RESponse Resource Identifier VNF Virtualized XOR exclusive OR URL Uniform Network Function ZC Zadoff-Chu Resource Locator VNFFG VNF ZP Zero Power URLLC Ultra- Forwarding Graph Reliable and Low 55 VNFFGD VNF Latency Forwarding Graph

USB Universal Serial Descriptor Bus VNFMVNF Manager

USIM Universal VoIP Voice-over-IP, Subscriber Identity 60 Voice-over- Internet Module Protocol

USS UE-specific VPLMN Visited search space Public Land Mobile

UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Network Radio Access 65 VPN Virtual Private UTRAN Universal Network

Terrestrial Radio VRB Virtual Resource

Access Network Block UwPTS Uplink WiMAX

Pilot Time Slot 70 Worldwide The foregoing description provides illustration and description of various example embodiments, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. Where specific details are set forth in order to describe example embodiments of the disclosure, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the disclosure can be practiced without, or with variation of, these specific details. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the concepts of the present disclosure to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives consistent with the present disclosure and the appended claims.