PHENANTHRENE AMPK ACTIVATOR COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS,

METHODS AND USES THEREOF

INTRODUCTION

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved master regulator of energy homeostasis that coordinates metabolic pathways in order to balance nutrient supply with energy demand. AMPK is considered a key drug target to combat the growing epidemic of metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease.

AMPK activity is found in all tissues, including liver, kidney, muscle, lung, and brain (PMID: 10698692). In terms of structure, AMPK is a heterotrimeric complex consisting of a catalytic subunit (a) and two regulatory subunits (b and g). The AMPK complex is evolutionarily conserved and also can be found in yeast and plants. Mammalian AMPK is composed of different isoforms of subunits: al, a2, bΐ, b2, gΐ, g2, and g3 (PMID: 11746230) leading to 12 possible heterotrimeric combinations. The a2 isoform is predominately found in skeletal and cardiac muscle AMPK; both the al and a2 isoforms are found in hepatic AMPK; while for example in adipose and T cells the al isoform AMPK predominates (PMID: 16818670, PMID 15878856).

Type 2 diabetes is a complex and heterogeneous disorder. There is no ubiquitously applicable single solution to treat the disease, and a combination of pharmaceutical and lifestyle interventions are recommended. Finding natural molecules that moderately activate AMPK especially in muscle and liver with defined mechanism of action are likely to provide exercise- mimetic effects and help maintain/improve metabolic health.

There is no direct AMPK-activating drug available to treat metabolic disorders despite intensive efforts continuously made by the pharmaceutical industry. There is not thought to be any clinical trials registered to test the effects of AMPK-activating drug. Several synthetic AMPK activators have been identified/developed. However, they either have no/poor oral availability (PMID: 16753576, PMID: 24900234) or there are concerns about their adverse effects, since chronic and strong AMPK activation may cause increases in cardiac glycogen content and hypertrophy (PMID: 11827995).

There are numerous natural compounds/extracts known to bring about some metabolic health benefits that are shown to indirectly stimulate AMPK most likely through inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. However, whether those metabolic effects are mediated by AMPK is largely elusive, and moreover there are concerns regarding side/toxic effects (cellular/mitochondrial poisoning).

There is a clear unmet need for new natural compounds which directly activate AMPK.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a compound having the general formula I,

wherein Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O- glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge. In one embodiment R1 and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C- glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C- glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R2 and R7 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen; a secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R3, R4, R5, and R6 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C- glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C- glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment R1 and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C- glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C- glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R2 and R7 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-gly coside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen; a secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R3 and R6 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R4 and R5 are each independently H; OH; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O- glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl;, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge. In one embodiment Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a halogen; an aldehyde; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment Rl, R2, R3, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O- glycoside; a halogen; an aldehyde; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R4 and R5 are each independently H; OH; O-glycoside; a halogen; an aldehyde; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2- COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-CH3; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3- CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-

CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, R1 and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)- OC2H5; CH(CH3 )-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -

CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-

(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3 )-CO-CH3 ; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl,; R2 and R7 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2- CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2;

CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2;

(CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2- N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO- CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2- bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R3, R4, R5, and R6, are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3 )-OCH3 ; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-

C(OCH3 )-(CH2)4-CH3 ; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, R1 and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)- OC2H5; CH(CH3 )-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -

CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-

(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3 )-CO-CH3 ; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl,; R2 and R7 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2- CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2;

CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2;

(CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2- N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO- CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2- bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R4 and R5 are each independently H; CH3; OH; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3 )-OC2H5 ; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)-

(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3;

CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2;

(CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2- N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R3 and R6, are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)- 0-CH2-CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )2; (CH2)8- CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2- NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3 ; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3- methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3 )-OCH3 ; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-

C(OCH3 )-(CH2)4-CH3 ; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3;

CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, Rl and R8 are each independently are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3 )-OCH3 ; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-

C(OCH3 )-(CH2)4-CH3 ; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3;

CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl,; R2 and R7 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2- CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)- OC2H5; CH(CH3 )-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -

CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-

(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3 )-CO-CH3 ; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R3, R4, R5, and R6, are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2- CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)- OC2H5; CH(CH3 )-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -

CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-

(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3 )-CO-CH3 ; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, R1 and R8 are each independently are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3 )-OCH3 ; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-

C(OCH3 )-(CH2)4-CH3 ; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3;

CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl,; R2 and R7 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2- CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)- OC2H5; CH(CH3 )-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -

CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-

(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3 )-CO-CH3 ; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R4 and R5 are each independently H; CH3; OH; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH- CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2- CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO- CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N (CH3 )2=0 ; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH- CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo- 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R3 and R6, are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3 )-OC2H5 ; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3;

CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2- N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, Rl, R2, R3, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; R4 and R5 are each independently H; CH3; OH; O-glycoside; a sulfate; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2 or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment Rl and R3 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; or 4-hydroxy-3- methoxybenzyl; R2, R4 and R7 are each independently OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; or a sulfate; R5 is H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; or a sulfate; R6 and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge. In one embodiment R1 and R3 are H; R2 and R4 are each independently OH; OCH3; O- CH=CH2; O-glycoside; or a sulfate; R5, R6, R7; and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; or a sulfate, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one preferred embodiment, said compound is compound 1 (Lusianthrin, 7- Methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 7-Methoxy-2,5-phenanthrenediol, 2,5-Phenanthrenediol, 7- methoxy, CAS number 126767-85-9).

In another preferred embodiment, said compound is compound 2 (2-Methoxyphenanthrene- 4,5-diol, 4,5-Phenanthrenediol, 2-methoxy, CAS 874659-27-5).

In one embodiment, the compounds are obtained from a plant or plant extract.

In another embodiment, the compounds are obtained by chemical synthesis.

In one embodiment, the activation of AMPK treats or prevents a condition, disorder, or disease in a subject.

In one embodiment, the subject is a human or companion animal.

In one embodiment, the subject is a human. In one embodiment, the subject is an older human. In one embodiment, the subject is an elderly human. In one embodiment, the subject is a companion animal.

In one embodiment, the condition, disorder, or disease relates to cardiometabolic health, obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and/or cancer.

In one embodiment, the condition, disorder, or disease relates to type 2 diabetes and/or non alcoholic fatty liver disease.

In one embodiment, the activation of AMPK is a direct activation mechanism.

In one embodiment, the activation of AMPK is in muscle and liver tissues.

In one embodiment, the AMPK comprises an oc2 subunit, a bΐ subunit, and a gΐ subunit.

In one embodiment, the AMPK comprises an al subunit, a bΐ subunit, and a gΐ subunit.

In one embodiment, said compound is obtained from a plant or plant extract.

In one embodiment, said compound is obtained by chemical synthesis.

The present invention also provides a compound of general formula I as described herein for use in the preparation of a medicament for, treating or preventing a condition, disorder, or disease responsive to AMPK activation.

In one preferred embodiment, the compound of general formula I is Lusianthrin also known as 7-Methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 7-Methoxy-2,5-phenanthrenediol, 2,5-Phenanthrenediol, 7- methoxy, CAS number 126767-85-9 for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing type 2 diabetes.

In one preferred embodiment, the compound of general formula I is 2-Methoxyphenanthrene- 4,5-diol, 4,5-Phenanthrenediol, 2-methoxy, CAS 874659-27-5 for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing type 2 diabetes.

In one preferred embodiment, the compound of general formula I is Lusianthrin also known as 7-Methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 7-Methoxy-2,5-phenanthrenediol, 2,5-Phenanthrenediol, 7- methoxy, CAS number 126767-85-9for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In one preferred embodiment, the compound of general formula I is 2-Methoxyphenanthrene- 4,5-diol, 4,5-Phenanthrenediol, 2-methoxy, CAS 874659-27-5 for use in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The present invention also provides a composition comprising a compound of general formula I as described herein, or a derivative or an analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In one embodiment, the composition is a food, beverage, or dietary supplement.

In one embodiment, the composition is a nutraceutical.

In one preferred embodiment, the food, beverage, dietary supplement or nutraceutical composition comprises a compound of general formula I which is Lusianthrin also known as 7-Methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 7-Methoxy-2,5-phenanthrenediol, 2,5-Phenanthrenediol, 7- methoxy, CAS number 126767-85-9..

In one preferred embodiment, the food, beverage, dietary supplement or nutraceutical composition comprises a compound of general formula I which is 2-Methoxyphenanthrene- 4,5-diol, 4,5-Phenanthrenediol, 2-methoxy, CAS 874659-27-5.

In one embodiment, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of general formula I as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, as active ingredient, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In one preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of general formula I which isLusianthrin also known as 7-Methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 7- Methoxy-2,5-phenanthrenediol, 2,5-Phenanthrenediol, 7-methoxy, CAS number 126767-85- 9..

In one preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of general formula I which is 2-Methoxyphenanthrene-4,5-diol, 4,5-Phenanthrenediol, 2- methoxy, CAS 874659-27-5.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is an oral dosage form. The present invention also provides a method of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of general formula I as described herein for treating or preventing a condition, disorder, or disease responsive to AMPK activation.

In one preferred embodiment, the compound of general formula I isLusianthrin also known as 7-Methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 7-Methoxy-2,5-phenanthrenediol, 2,5-Phenanthrenediol, 7- methoxy, CAS number 126767-85-9..

In one preferred embodiment, the compound of general formula I is 2-Methoxyphenanthrene- 4,5-diol, 4,5-Phenanthrenediol, 2-methoxy, CAS 874659-27-5.

In one embodiment, the disorder responsive to AMPK activation is a metabolic disorder.

In one embodiment, the metabolic disorder is pre-diabetes or diabetes.

In one embodiment, the metabolic disorder of diabetes is accompanied by conditions which may be responsive to AMPK activation, for example, diabetic nephropathy or diabetic neuropathy.

In one embodiment, the metabolic disorder is dyslipidemia.

The present invention also provides a method for activating AMPK in a subject in need thereof, said method comprising administering to the subject in need a composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of general formula I as described herein.

In one preferred embodiment, the compound of general formula I isLusianthrin also known as 7-Methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 7-Methoxy-2,5-phenanthrenediol, 2,5-Phenanthrenediol, 7- methoxy, CAS number 126767-85-9.

In one preferred embodiment, the compound of general formula I is 2-Methoxyphenanthrene- 4,5-diol, 4,5-Phenanthrenediol, 2-methoxy, CAS 874659-27-5.

The present invention also provides an in vitro method of activating AMPK, comprising contacting a compound of general formula I as described herein, or a derivative or an analogue thereof, with AMPK.

In one embodiment, the in vitro method is cell free. In one embodiment, the in vitro method is cell based.

In one preferred embodiment, the compound of general formula I is Lusianthrin also known as 7-Methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 7-Methoxy-2,5-phenanthrenediol, 2,5-Phenanthrenediol, 7- methoxy, CAS number 126767-85-9. In one preferred embodiment, the compound of general formula I is2-Methoxyphenanthrene- 4,5-diol, 4,5-Phenanthrenediol, 2-methoxy, CAS 874659-27-5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Compound having the general formula I

A compound having the general formula I as described herein has a structure as shown below

(I)

wherein Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O- glycoside; C-gly coside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment R1 and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C- glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C- glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R2 and R7 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen; a secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R3, R4, R5, and R6 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C- glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C- glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK. In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment R1 and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C- glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C- glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R2 and R7 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen; a secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R3 and R6 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O-glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R4 and R5 are each independently H; OH; O-glycoside; C-glycoside; acylated O- glycoside; acylated C-glycoside; sulfated O-glycoside; sulfated C-glycoside; a halogen; a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol; a ketone; an aldehyde; a carboxylic acid; an ester; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl;,or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a halogen; an aldehyde; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment Rl, R2, R3, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O- glycoside; a halogen; an aldehyde; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl; R4 and R5 are each independently H; OH; O-glycoside; a halogen; an aldehyde; a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine; a primary or secondary amide; a cyano; a nitro; a sulfonate; a sulfate; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched Cl to C20 alkyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C2 to C20 alkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched, C4 to C20 polyalkenyl; an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C2 to C20 alkynyl, or an optionally substituted and/or optionally branched C4 to C20 polyalkynyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK. In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2- COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO;

CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-CH3; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3- CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-

CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, Rl and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)- OC2H5; CH(CH3 )-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -

CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-

(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3 )-CO-CH3 ; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl,; R2 and R7 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2- CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2;

CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2;

(CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2- N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO- CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2- bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R3, R4, R5, and R6, are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3 )-OCH3 ; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2- C(OCH3 )-(CH2)4-CH3 ; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3;

CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, R1 and R8 are each independently are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3 )-OCH3 ; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-

C(OCH3 )-(CH2)4-CH3 ; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3;

CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl,; R2 and R7 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)- OC2H5; CH(CH3 )-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -

CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-

(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3 )-CO-CH3 ; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R4 and R5 are each independently H; CH3; OH; O-glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2- CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2;

CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2;

(CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3 ; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2- N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO- CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2- bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R3 and R6, are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O- glycoside; a sulfate; a halogen; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3 )-OCH3 ; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-

C(OCH3 )-(CH2)4-CH3 ; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3;

CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3 )-OCH3 ; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-

C(OCH3 )-(CH2)4-CH3 ; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3;

CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge. In one embodiment, R1 and R8 are each independently are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3 )-OCH3 ; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-

C(OCH3 )-(CH2)4-CH3 ; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3;

CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl,; R2 and R7 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2- CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)- OC2H5; CH(CH3 )-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -

CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-

(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3 )-CO-CH3 ; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R3, R4, R5, and R6, are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2- CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)- OC2H5; CH(CH3 )-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -

CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-

(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3 )-CO-CH3 ; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge. In one embodiment, R1 and R8 are each independently are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3 )-OCH3 ; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-

C(OCH3 )-(CH2)4-CH3 ; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3;

CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4- hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4- dihydroxybenzyl,; R2 and R7 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2- CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)- OC2H5; CH(CH3 )-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -CH(CH3 )-(CH2)3 -

CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-

(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2- N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3 )-CO-CH3 ; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R4 and R5 are each independently H; CH3; OH; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH- CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3)-OC2H5; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2- CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3; CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO- CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N (CH3 )2=0 ; (CH2)2-N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH- CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo- 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; R3 and R6, are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; Br; CHO; CH20H; COOH, CONH2, COCH3; CH2-COOH; CH2COOCH3; CH=CH2; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; CH(CH3)2; CH=CH-CHO; CH(CH3)-OH; CH(CH3)-OCH3; CH(CH3 )-OC2H5 ; CH(CH3)-0-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)- (CH2)3-CH(CH3)2; (CH2)8-CH=CH2; CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH2-C(OCH3)-(CH2)4-CH3;

CºC-(CH2)2-CO-CH3 ; (CH2)2-NH2; (CH2)2-NH-CO-CH3; CHOH-CH2-N(CH3)2;

(CH2)2-N(CH3)2; (CH2)2-NH-CH3; (CH2)2-N(OH)-CH3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)2=0; (CH2)2- N+(CH3)3; (CH2)2-N(CH3)-CO-CH3; NH-CO-CH3; NH-CH=CH2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl; 2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment, Rl, R2, R3, R6, R7, and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; R4 and R5 are each independently H; CH3; OH; O-glycoside; a sulfate; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2 or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one embodiment Rl and R3 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl; or 4-hydroxy-3- methoxybenzyl; R2, R4 and R7 are each independently OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; or a sulfate; R5 is H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; or a sulfate; R6 and R8 are each independently H; CH3; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; a sulfate; CH2-CH=C(CH3)2; 4-hydroxybenzyl; 3,4- dihydroxybenzyl; or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge. In one embodiment R1 and R3 are H; R2 and R4 are each independently OH; OCH3; O- CH=CH2; O-glycoside; or a sulfate; R5, R6, R7; and R8 are each independently H; OH; OCH3; O-glycoside; or a sulfate, or a derivative or analogue thereof, for use in the activation of AMPK.

In some embodiments, a OCH3 group can cyclize with a neighboring OH group to form a methylene dioxy bridge.

In one preferred embodiment, said compound is compound 1 (Lusianthrin, 7- Methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 7-Methoxy-2,5-phenanthrenediol, 2,5-Phenanthrenediol, 7- methoxy, CAS number 126767-85-9).

In another preferred embodiment, said compound is compound 2 (2-Methoxyphenanthrene- 4,5-diol, 4,5-Phenanthrenediol, 2-methoxy, CAS 874659-27-5).

In one embodiment, the compounds are obtained from a plant or plant extract.

In another embodiment, the compounds are obtained by chemical synthesis. Definitions

General chemistry terminology

The term "alkyl" refers to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon chain having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl, n-hexyl, n-decyl, tetradecyl, and the like.

The term "substituted alkyl" refers to:

1) an alkyl chain as defined above, having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents, (in some embodiments, 1, 2 or 3 substituents) selected from the group consisting of alkyl; alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkenyloxy, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, -S(0)-alkyl, -S(O)- cycloalkyl, -S(0)-heterocyclyl, -S(0)-aryl,-S(0)-heteroaryl, -S(0)2 -alkyl, -S(0)2 -cycloalkyl, -S(0)2 -heterocyclyl, -S(0)2 -aryl and -S(0)2 -heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF3, amino, substituted amino, cyano, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and -S(0)n R<a> , in which R<a> is alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2; or

2) an alkyl chain as defined above that is interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) independently chosen from oxygen, sulfur and NR<a> , where R<a> is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl. All substituents may be optionally further substituted by alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF3, amino, substituted amino, cyano, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and -S(0)n R<a> , in which R<a> is alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2; or

3) an alkyl chain as defined above that has both 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents as defined above and is also interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) as defined above.

4) an alkyl chain as defined above in which one of the methylene group is replaced by a carbonyl group to give an oxo group. Non limiting examples include -CH2-CH2-CO-CH2- CH3, -CH2-CO-(CH2)n-CH3 in which n = 2, 4, or 6. 5) an alkyl chain as defined above in which one of the methylene group is replaced by a carbonyl group to give an oxo group, and has 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents as defined above, or is interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) as defined above or has both 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents as defined above and is also interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) as defined above.

The term "alkenyl" refers to a type of alkyl chain in which two atoms of the alkyl chain form a double bond that is not part of an aromatic group. That is, an alkenyl chain contains the pattern R-C(R)=C(R)-R, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkenyl chain, which may be the same or different. Non-limiting examples of an alkenyl chain include -C(CH3)=CH- CH3, -CH=CH2, -C(CH3)=CH2, -CH=CH-CH3, -C(CH3)=CH-CH3, -CH2-CH=C(CH3)2, and -C(CH3)2-CH=CH2. The alkenyl moiety may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic (in which case, it would also be known as a "cycloalkenyl" group). Alkenyl chains can be optionally substituted.

The alkenyl chain as defined above can be interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) independently chosen from oxygen, sulfur and NR<a> , where R<a> is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl. All substituents may be optionally further substituted by alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF3, amino, substituted amino, cyano, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and -S(0)n R<a> , in which R<a> is alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The alkenyl chain as defined above can be interrupted by an oxo group.

One of the methylene of the alkenyl chain as defined above can be replaced by an oxo group, and the chain can either have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents as defined above, or be interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) as defined above, or can have both 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents as defined above and be also interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) as defined above.

The term "alkynyl" refers to a type of alkyl chain in which two atoms of the alkyl chain form a triple bond. That is, an alkynyl chain contains the pattern R-C º C-R, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl chain, which may be the same or different. Non-limiting examples of an alkynyl chain include -C º CH, -C º C-CH3 and -C º C-CH2-CH3. The "R" portion of the alkynyl moiety may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic. Alkynyl chains can be optionally substituted.

The alkynyl chain as defined above can be interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) independently chosen from oxygen, sulfur and NR<a> , where R<a> is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl. All substituents may be optionally further substituted by alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF3, amino, substituted amino, cyano, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and -S(0)n R<a> , in which R<a> is alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2

The alkynyl chain as defined above can be interrupted by an oxo group.

One of the methylene of the alkynyl chain as defined above can be replaced by an oxo group, and the chain can either have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents as defined above, or be interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) as defined above, or can have both 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents as defined above and be also interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) as defined above.

The term "polyunsaturated" refers to

1) A chain known as poly alkenyl in which more than one pair of atoms of the alkyl chain form a double bond that is not part of an aromatic group. That is, a polyalkenyl chain contains from 2 to 8 R-C(R)=C(R)-R patterns, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkenyl chain, which may be the same or different. The polyalkenyl moiety may be branched, or straight chain. Non-limiting examples of a polyalkenyl chain include -CH=CH-CH=CH-CH3, -(CH2)2- CH=CH-CH=CH-(CH2)2-CH3 , -CH2-CH=C(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH=C(CH3)2, and -CH2- CH=C(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH=C(CH3)2. The polyalkenyl moiety containing two double bonds may be cyclic (in which case, it would also be known as a "cyclodialkenyl" group). Non limiting example of cyclodialkenyl groups include cyclopentadiene and cyclohexadiene groups. Polyalkenyl chains can be optionally substituted.

2) A chain known as polyalkynyl in which more than one pair of atoms of the alkyl chain form a triple bond. That is, a polyalkynyl chain contains from 2 to 8 R-C º C-R patterns, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl chain, which may be the same or different. Non- limiting example of a polyalkynyl chain include -CH2-CH2-C = C-C = CH. The "R" portion of the polyalkynyl moiety may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic. Alkynyl chains can be optionally substituted.

3) A type of alkyl chain in which at least one pair of atoms of the alkyl chain form a double bond and one pair of atoms of the alkyl chain form a triple bond. That is, a polyunsaturated chain contains both R-C(R)=C(R)-R and R-C º C-R patterns, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the polyunsaturated chain, which may be the same or different and the total number of unsaturated bonds may vary from 2 to 8. Non-limiting examples this type of polyunsaturated chain include -CH2-CH=CH-C º CH. The "R" portion of the polyunsaturated moiety may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic. Polyunsaturated chains can be optionally substituted.

4) A polyunsaturated chain as defined above in paragraphs 1-3, that is interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) independently chosen from oxygen, sulfur and NR<a> , where R<a> is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl.

5) A polyunsaturated chain as defined above in paragraphs 1-3, in which one of the methylene group is replaced by a carbonyl group to give an oxo group.

6) A polyunsaturated chain as defined above in paragraphs 1-3, in which one of the methylene group is replaced by a carbonyl group to give an oxo group, and is interrupted by 1-5 atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 atoms) independently chosen from oxygen, sulfur and NR<a> , where R<a> is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl.

As used herein, the term "ring" refers to any covalently closed structure. Rings include, for example, carbocycles (e.g., aryls and cycloalkyls), heterocycles (e.g., heteroaryls and non aromatic heterocycles), aromatics (e.g. aryls and heteroaryls), and non-aromatics (e.g., cycloalkyls and non-aromatic heterocycles). Rings can be optionally substituted. Rings can form part of a ring system. As used herein, the term "ring system" refers to two or more rings, wherein two or more of the rings are fused. The term "fused" refers to structures in which two or more rings share one or more bonds. The term "halogen " may refer to a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom or an iodine atom.

The term“glycoside” refers to a compound in which at least one sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Typically the glycosidic chain can comprise 1 to 4 sugar units.

The term“glycosidic bond” refers to a bond formed between the hemiacetal or hemiketal group of a sugar and the chemical group of a compound. The chemical group can be -OH (O- glycoside), or -CR1R2R3 (C-glycoside).

The terms“acylated O-glycoside” and“acylated C-glycoside” refer to a compound in which at least one hydroxyl of the glycosidic chain is esterified by an organic acid. Typical examples or organic acid may comprise acetic, substituted benzoic, cinnamic (caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric), and/or phenylpropanoic (dihydrocaffeic) acids.

The terms“sulfated O-glycoside” and“sulfated C-glycoside” refer to a compound in which at least one hydroxyl of the glycosidic chain is esterified by sulfuric acid.

The term“methylene dioxy” may refer to functional group with the structural formula R-O- CH2-0-R, connected to the rest of a molecule by two chemical bonds.

The term“analogue” as used herein is understood to refer to a compound having a structure similar to that of another one, but differing from it in respect of a certain component. A “derivative” is a compound that can be imagined to arise or is actually be synthesized from a parent compound by replacement of one or more atoms with another atom or group of atoms.

Compound or composition thereof

It is understood that according to certain embodiments, the compound of the invention or composition thereof may be a nutraceutical composition, pharmaceutical composition, functional food, functional nutrition product, medical food, medical nutrition product, or a dietary supplement.

The terms "nutraceutical" combines the words "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical". It is a food or food product that provides health and medical benefits, including the prevention and treatment of a condition, disorder, or disease. A nutraceutical is a product isolated or purified from foods that is generally sold in medicinal forms not usually associated with food. A nutraceutical is demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or provide protection against a condition, disorder, or disease. Such products may range from isolated nutrients, dietary supplements and specific diets to genetically engineered foods, herbal products, and processed foods such as cereals, soups, and beverages.

The term "nutraceutical" as used herein denotes usefulness in both nutritional and pharmaceutical fields of application. Thus, novel nutraceutical compositions can be used as supplements to food and beverages and as pharmaceutical formulations for enteral or parenteral application which may be solid formulations, such as capsules or tablets, or liquid formulations, such as solutions or suspensions.

The nutraceutical compositions according to the present invention may further contain protective hydrocolloids (such as gums, proteins, modified starches), binders, film-forming agents, encapsulating agents/materials, wall/shell materials, matrix compounds, coatings, emulsifiers, surface active agents, solubilising agents (oils, fats, waxes, lecithins etc.), adsorbents, carriers, fillers, co-compounds, dispersing agents, wetting agents, processing aids (solvents), flowing agents, taste-masking agents, weighting agents, jellifying agents, gel forming agents, antioxidants and antimicrobials.

Moreover, a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement may be added to nutraceutical compositions of the invention to obtain an adequate amount of an essential nutrient, which is missing in some diets. The multi-vitamin and mineral supplement may also be useful for disease prevention and protection against nutritional losses and deficiencies due to lifestyle patterns.

The nutraceutical compositions of the invention may be in any galenic form that is suitable for administering to the body, especially in any form that is conventional for oral administration, e.g. in solid forms such as food or feed, food or feed premix, fortified food or feed, tablets, pills, granules, dragees, capsules and effervescent formulations such as powders and tablets, or in liquid forms, such as solutions, emulsions or suspensions as e.g. beverages, pastes and oily suspensions. The pastes may be incorporated in hard or soft shell capsules, whereby the capsules feature e.g. a matrix of (fish, swine, poultry, cow) gelatine, plant proteins or lignin sulfonate. Examples for other application forms are those for transdermal, parenteral or injectable administration. The dietary and pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of controlled (delayed) release formulations.

Beverages encompass non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks as well as liquid preparations to be added to drinking water and liquid food. Non-alcoholic drinks are e.g. soft drinks, sports drinks, fruit juices, teas and milk-based drinks. Liquid foods are e.g. soups and dairy products. The nutraceutical composition comprising the compound of the invention may be added to a soft drink, an energy bar, or a candy.

If the nutraceutical composition is a pharmaceutical formulation and the composition further contains pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents or adjuvants then standard techniques may be used for their formulation, as e.g. disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th edition Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA. For oral administration, tablets and capsules are preferably used which contain a suitable binding agent, e.g. gelatine or polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a suitable filler, e.g. lactose or starch, a suitable lubricant, e.g. magnesium stearate, and optionally further additives.

“Functional food", "functional nutrition product", "medical food" and "medical nutrition product" relate to any healthy food claimed to have a health-promoting or disease-preventing property beyond the basic function of supplying nutrients. The general category of functional foods includes processed food or foods fortified with health-promoting additives, like "vitamin- enriched" products.

The terms“food,”“food product” and“food composition” or“diet product” mean a product or composition that is intended for ingestion by an individual such as a human and provides at least one nutrient to the individual. The compositions of the present disclosure, including the many embodiments described herein, can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the elements disclosed herein, as well as any additional or optional ingredients, components, or elements described herein or otherwise useful in a diet.

A dietary supplement, also known as food supplement or nutritional supplement, is a preparation intended to supplement the diet and provide nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, fibre, fatty acids, or amino acids that may be missing or may not be consumed in sufficient quantities in a person's diet. Some countries define dietary supplements as foods, while in others they are defined as drugs or natural health products. Supplements containing vitamins or dietary minerals are included as a category of food in the Codex Alimentarius, a collection of internationally recognized standards, codes of practice, guidelines and other recommendations relating to foods, food production and food safety. These texts are drawn up by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, an organization that is sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

Compositions intended for an animal, include food compositions to supply the necessary dietary requirements for an animal, animal treats (e.g., biscuits), and/or dietary supplements. The compositions may be a dry composition (e.g., kibble), semi-moist composition, wet composition, or any mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the composition is a dietary supplement such as a gravy, drinking water, beverage, yogurt, powder, granule, paste, suspension, chew, morsel, treat, snack, pellet, pill, capsule, tablet, or any other suitable delivery form. The dietary supplement can comprise a high concentration of the UFA and NORC, and B vitamins and antioxidants. This permits the supplement to be administered to the animal in small amounts, or in the alternative, can be diluted before administration to an animal. The dietary supplement may require admixing, or can be admixed with water or other diluent prior to administration to the animal.

“Pet food” or“pet treat compositions” comprise from about 15% to about 50% crude protein. The crude protein material may comprise vegetable proteins such as soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, com gluten meal, wheat gluten, cottonseed, and peanut meal, or animal proteins such as casein, albumin, and meat protein. Examples of meat protein useful herein include pork, lamb, equine, poultry, fish, and mixtures thereof. The compositions may further comprise from about 5% to about 40% fat. The compositions may further comprise a source of carbohydrate. The compositions may comprise from about 15% to about 60% carbohydrate. Examples of such carbohydrates include grains or cereals such as rice, corn, milo, sorghum, alfalfa, barley, soybeans, canola, oats, wheat, and mixtures thereof. The compositions may also optionally comprise other materials such as dried whey and other dairy by-products.

In some embodiments, the ash content of the pet food composition ranges from less than 1% to about 15%, and in one aspect, from about 5% to about 10%.

The moisture content can vary depending on the nature of the pet food composition. In a one embodiment, the composition can be a complete and nutritionally balanced pet food. In this embodiment, the pet food may be a“wet food”,“dry food”, or food of intermediate moisture content.“Wet food” describes pet food that is typically sold in cans or foil bags, and has a moisture content typically in the range of about 70% to about 90%. “Dry food” describes pet food which is of a similar composition to wet food, but contains a limited moisture content, typically in the range of about 5% to about 15% or 20%, and therefore is presented, for example, as small biscuit-like kibbles. In one embodiment, the compositions have moisture content from about 5% to about 20%. Dry food products include a variety of foods of various moisture contents, such that they are relatively shelf-stable and resistant to microbial or fungal deterioration or contamination. Also included are dry food compositions which are extruded food products, such as pet foods, or snack foods for companion animals.

Methods of administration of compound or composition thereof

The compound of the invention or composition thereof is preferably administered by oral administration. In some embodiments, the compound of the invention or composition thereof may be administered by intravenous administration, topical administration, parenteral administration, intrap eritoneal administration, intramuscular administration, intrathecal administration, intralesional administration, intracranial administration, intranasal administration, intraocular administration, intracardiac administration, intravitreal administration, intraosseous administration, intracerebral administration, intraarterial administration, intraarticular administration, intradermal administration, transdermal administration, transmucosal administration, sublingual administration, enteral administration, sublabial administration, insufflation administration, suppository administration, inhaled administration, or subcutaneous administration.

The composition of the invention can have an acute effect that can be seen in less than one month. Additionally or alternatively, the composition can have a longterm effect, and thus various embodiments comprise administration of the composition to the individual (e.g., orally) for a time period of at least one month; preferably at least two months, more preferably at least three, four, five or six months; most preferably for at least one year. During the time period, the composition can be administered to the individual at least one day per week; preferably at least two days per week, more preferably at least three, four, five or six days per week; most preferably seven days per week. The composition can be administered in a single dose per day or in multiple separate doses per day. In one embodiment, a single dose is not less than about lOOmg. In one embodiment, a single dose is not more than about lOOOmg. In one embodiment, a single dose is between about lOOmg and about lOOOmg.

AMPK activation terminology

As used herein, an "AMPK activator" refers to a compound that either increases the phosphorylation of downstream substrates of (phosphorylated or not) AMPK, and/or that increases the phosphorylation of AMPK.

As used herein, a "direct AMPK activator" refers to a compound that activates AMPK via direct interaction with at least one of its subunits.

In one preferred embodiment, the direct AMPK activator activates AMRKa.2b 1g 1 .As used herein, a condition, disorder, or disease“responsive to AMPK activation" refers to one in which the symptoms would be alleviated, or the course of which would be beneficially modified, through activation of AMPK, including without limitation, a metabolic disorder, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, being overweight, and obesity. For example, the metabolic disorder of diabetes is accompanied by conditions such as diabetic nephropathy or diabetic neuropathy which may be responsive to AMPK activation.

Medical terminology

As used herein, the term "diabetes" includes insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (i.e. IDDM, also known as type 1 diabetes) non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (i.e. NIDDM, also known as type 2 diabetes), and prediabetes. Type 1 diabetes is the result of an absolute deficiency of insulin, the hormone which regulates glucose utilization. Type 2 diabetes often occurs in the face of normal, or even elevated levels of insulin and appears to be the result of the inability of tissues to respond appropriately to insulin. This is termed“insulin resistance”. Most type 2 diabetic patients are also overweight or obese. One of the criteria for diagnosing diabetes is the fasting plasma glucose level. A diabetic subject has a fasting plasma glucose level of greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl. A prediabetic subject is someone suffering from prediabetes. A prediabetic subject is a subject with impaired fasting glucose (a fasting plasma glucose level of greater than or equal to 100 mg/dl and less than 126 mg/dl); or impaired glucose tolerance (a 2-hour plasma glucose level of >140 mg/dl and <200 mg/dl); or insulin resistance, resulting in an increased risk of developing diabetes. Prevention of type 2 diabetes includes treatment of prediabetes.

As used herein, the term "dyslipidemia" encompasses abnormal levels of any lipid fractions as well as specific lipoprotein abnormalities. For example, it refers to elevation of plasma cholesterol and/or elevation of triglycerides and/or elevation of free fatty acids and/or low high- density lipoprotein (HDL) level and/or high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level and/or high very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) level. Dyslipidemia may for example contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and ultimately symptomatic vascular disease including coronary heart disease. Dyslipidemia may or may not be associated with diabetes.

As used herein, the term "metabolic disorder" encompasses any abnormal chemical and enzymatic reactions disrupting normal metabolism due to environmental and genetic factors (environmental factors include physical activity, nutrition), leading to excessive levels or deficiency of certain substances and dysfunction of energy homeostasis. Non-limiting examples of metabolic disorders include diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, being overweight, obesity, and any combination thereof.

As used herein, "AMPK-related diseases" includes pathologic or pathogenomic conditions in which the activation of AMPK provides a salutary effect. Examples of such diseases or conditions include obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, acute inflammatory lung injury, heart disease, reperfusion ischemia, cancer, aging, retinal degeneration, cardiac hypertrophy, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, albuminuria, sporadic Alzheimer's disease, muscular dystrophy, and osteoarthritis. In addition, “AMPK-related conditions” include conditions where the activation of AMPK improves the condition associated with the primary “AMPK-related disease”. For example, diabetic nephropathy (Salotto et al. (2017) J.Pharma and Expt Thera. 361 :303-311) or diabetic neuropathy are“AMPK-related conditions” which may be associated with the“AMPK-related disease” of diabetes.

“Prevention” or“preventing” includes reduction of risk and/or severity of a condition, disorder, or disease.

The terms “treatment,” “treating,”, “treat”, “attenuate” and “alleviate” include both prophylactic or preventive treatment (that prevent and/or slow the development of a targeted pathologic condition or disorder) and curative, therapeutic or disease-modifying treatment, including therapeutic measures that cure, slow down, lessen symptoms of, and/or halt progression of a diagnosed pathologic condition or disorder, and include treatment of patients at risk of contracting a disease or suspected to have contracted a disease, as well as patients who are ill or have been diagnosed as suffering from a disease or medical condition. The term does not necessarily imply that a subject is treated until total recovery. These terms also refer to the maintenance and/or promotion of health in a subject not suffering from a disease but who may be susceptible to the development of an unhealthy condition. These terms are also intended to include the potentiation or otherwise enhancement of one or more primary prophylactic or therapeutic measure. The terms“treatment,”“treat,”“attenuate” and“alleviate” are further intended to include the dietary management of a disease or condition or the dietary management for prophylaxis or prevention a disease or condition. A treatment can be patient- or doctor- related.

Obesity, which is an excess of body fat relative to lean body mass, is a chronic disease that is highly prevalent in modem society. It is associated not only with a social stigma, but also with decreased life span and numerous medical problems, including adverse psychological development, coronary artery disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and some cancers, (see, e.g., Nishina, et ah, Metab. 43 :554-558, 1994; Grundy and Barnett, Dis. Mon. 36:641-731, 1990; Rissanen, et ak, British Medical Journal, 301 :835-837, 1990).

"Obesity related disorders" refers to those diseases or conditions where excessive body weight or high "body mass index (BMI)" has been implicated in the progression or suppression of the disease or condition. Representative examples of obesity related disorders include, without limitation diabetes, diabetic complications, insulin sensitivity, polycystic ovary disease, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, obesity, body weight gain, inflammatory diseases, diseases of the digestive organs, stenocardia, myocardial infarction, sequelae of stenocardia or myocardial infarction, senile dementia, and cerebrovascular dementia. See, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th Ed., McGraw Hill Companies Inc., New York (1994). Examples, without limitation, of inflammatory conditions include diseases of the digestive organs (such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, pancreatitis, gastritis, benign tumor of the digestive organs, digestive polyps, hereditary polyposis syndrome, colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer and ulcerous diseases of the digestive organs), stenocardia, myocardial infarction, sequelae of stenocardia or myocardial infarction, senile dementia, cerebrovascular dementia, immunological diseases and cancer in general.

The term“subject” or“individual” means any animal, including a human, that could benefit from one or more of the compounds, compositions or methods disclosed herein. Generally, the subject is a human or an avian, bovine, canine, equine, feline, hircine, lupine, murine, ovine or porcine animal. A "companion animal" is any domesticated animal, and includes, without limitation, cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, ferrets, hamsters, mice, gerbils, horses, cows, goats, sheep, donkeys, pigs, and the like. Preferably, the subject is a human or a companion animal such as a dog or cat. The term“elderly” in the context of a human means an age from birth of at least 60 years, preferably above 63 years, more preferably above 65 years, and most preferably above 70 years. The term“older adult” in the context of a human means an age from birth of at least 45 years, preferably above 50 years, more preferably above 55 years, and includes elderly subjects. For other animals, an“older adult” has exceeded 50% of the average lifespan for its particular species and/or breed within a species. An animal is considered “elderly” if it has surpassed 66% of the average expected lifespan, preferably if it has surpassed the 75% of the average expected lifespan, more preferably if it has surpassed 80% of the average expected lifespan. An elderly cat or dog has an age from birth of at least about 7 years.

As used herein, an“effective amount” is an amount that prevents a deficiency, treats a disorder, condition, or disease in a subject or, more generally, reduces symptoms, manages progression of the diseases or provides a nutritional, physiological, or medical benefit to the subject. The relative terms“improved,”“increased,”“enhanced” and the like refer to the effects of the composition disclosed herein relative to a composition lacking one or more ingredients and/or having a different amount of one or more ingredients, but otherwise identical.

General terminology

As used herein, the singular forms“a,”“an” and“the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to“a component” or“the component” includes two or more components.

Technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the present invention pertains, unless otherwise defined. Reference is made herein to various methodologies and materials known to those of skill in the art. Standard reference works setting forth the general principles of recombinant DNA technology include Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1989); Kaufman et al, Eds., Handbook of Molecular and Cellular Methods in Biology in Medicine, CRC Press, Boca Raton (1995); McPherson, Ed., Directed Mutagenesis: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford (1991). Standard reference works setting forth the general principles of pharmacology include Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th Ed., McGraw Hill Companies Inc., New York (2001). Standard medical terminology used herein has the meaning defined in Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 27th Edition, with veterinary medicine insert.

All percentages expressed herein are by weight of the total weight of the composition unless expressed otherwise. As used herein, “about,” “approximately” and“substantially” are understood to refer to numbers in a range of numerals, for example the range of -10% to +10% of the referenced number, preferably -5% to +5% of the referenced number, more preferably - 1% to +1% of the referenced number, most preferably -0.1% to +0.1% of the referenced number. All numerical ranges herein should be understood to include all integers, whole or fractions, within the range. Moreover, these numerical ranges should be construed as providing support for a claim directed to any number or subset of numbers in that range. For example, a disclosure of from 1 to 10 should be construed as supporting a range of from 1 to 8, from 3 to 7, from 1 to 9, from 3.6 to 4.6, from 3.5 to 9.9, and so forth.

As used in this specification, whether in a transitional phrase or in the body of the claim, the terms "comprise(s)" and "comprising" are to be interpreted as having an open-ended meaning. That is, the terms are to be interpreted synonymously with the phrases "having at least" or "including at least". When used in the context of a process, the term "comprising" means that the process includes at least the recited steps, but may include additional steps. When used in the context of a compound or composition, the term "comprising" means that the compound or composition includes at least the recited features or compounds, but may also include additional features or compounds. The term“and/or” used in the context of“X and/or Y” should be interpreted as“X,” or“Y,” or“X and Y.” Where used herein, the terms“example” and“such as,” particularly when followed by a listing of terms, are merely exemplary and illustrative and should not be deemed to be exclusive or comprehensive. Reference is made hereinafter in detail to specific embodiments of the invention. While the invention will be described in conjunction with these specific embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to such specific embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims. Numerous specific details are set forth in the description in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. The present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known methods and protocols have not been described in detail, in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.

Brief description of figures

Figure 1. Compound 1 and 2 activation of bacterially-expressed AMRKa2b1g1.

Compound 1 is Lusianthrin, also known as 7-Methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 7-Methoxy-2,5- phenanthrenediol, 2,5-Phenanthrenediol, 7-methoxy, CAS number 126767-85-9.

Compound 2 is 2-Methoxyphenanthrene-4,5-diol, 4,5-Phenanthrenediol, 2-methoxy, CAS 874659-27-5.

Figure 2. Compound 1 and 2 increases the phosphorylation of the AMPK substrate, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), in U20S Flp-In T-REx mammalian cells.

Compound 1 is Lusianthrin, also known as 7-Methoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 7-Methoxy-2,5- phenanthrenediol, 2,5-Phenanthrenediol, 7-methoxy, CAS number 126767-85-9.

Compound 2 is 2-Methoxyphenanthrene-4,5-diol, 4,5-Phenanthrenediol, 2-methoxy, CAS 874659-27-5.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Synthesis of lusianthrin from (3-(benzyloxy)-5- methoxybenzyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide and 5-(benzyloxy)-2-iodobenzaldehyde

Part 1 : Synthesis of (3-(benzyloxy)-5-methoxybenzyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide. After suitable protection, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester was reduced to a primary alcohol, and converted to its corresponding alkyl halide before reaction with triphenylphosphine to give the desired triphenylphosphonium ylide reagent (Scheme 1).

Reagents and conditions: (a) K ₂ C0 ₃ , BnBr, Acetone, 60 °C, 31%; (b) K ₂ C0 ₃ , Mel, Acetone, rt, 94%;

(c) LAH, THF, rt, 92%; (d) PBr ₃ , 1,4-dioxane, 40 °C, 80%; (e) PPh ₃ , Toluene, 100 °C, 82%.

Scheme 1: Synthesis of (3-(benzyloxy)-5-methoxybenzyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide.

Step a. To a solution of methyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate 1 (300 g, 1784.12 mmol) in acetone (7200 mL) was added potassium carbonate (271.22 g, 1962.53 mmol). The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. Benzyl bromide (222.50 mL, 1873.32 mmol) was added, and the resultant suspension was heated at 60 °C for 12 h. After cooling to room temperature, the suspension was filtered, the filter cake washed with acetone, and the filtrate was concentrated to a residue. The residue was purified by automated normal-phase chromatography and eluted with ethyl acetate/hexanes to give methyl 3-(benzyloxy)-5- hydroxybenzoate 2 as an off-white solid. (144 g, 31 % yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) d ppm: 9.89 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.46 (m, 5H), 7.01 (dd, J = 6.30, 0.90 Hz, 2H), 6.67 (t, J = 2.40 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z 257.1 [M - H]+; HPLC-UV analysis: retention time = 13.35 min; detection: 190-400 nm: peak area, 99.81 %; eluent A, 0.1 % TFA in water; eluent B, Acetonitrile; isocratic/gradient over 30 min with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1.

Step b. To a solution of methyl 3-(benzyloxy)-5-hydroxybenzoate 2 (140 g, 542.06 mmol) in acetone (7000 mL) was added potassium carbonate (224.74 g, 1626.20 mmol). The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. Iodomethane (168.73 mL, 2710.34 mmol) was added, and the resultant suspension was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The suspension was filtered, the filter cake washed with acetone, and the filtrate was concentrated to a residue. The residue was purified by automated normal-phase chromatography and eluted with ethyl acetate/hexanes to give methyl 3-(benzyloxy)-5-methoxybenzoate 3 as liquid. (125 g, 94 % yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) d ppm: 7.33-7.48 (m, 6H), 7.16 (t, J = 2.10 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 1.20 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (t, J = 2.40 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z 273.1 [M + H]+; HPLC-UV analysis: retention time = 15.31 min; detection: 190- 400 nm: peak area, 99.78 %; eluent A, 0.1 % TFA in water; eluent B, Acetonitrile; isocratic/gradient over 30 min with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1.

Step c. Lithium aluminium hydride (16.86 g, 444.36 mmol) in THF (605 mL) was added to methyl 3-(benzyloxy)-5-methoxybenzoate 3 (121 g, 444.36 mmol) in THF (1600 mL) at 0 °C. The suspension was stirred at 0 °C for 20 min, at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with THF and quenched by addition of water. The resultant mixture was filtered through a pad of celite, and washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give (3-(benzyloxy)-5-methoxyphenyl)methanol 4 as liquid. (100 g, 92 % yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) d ppm: 7.30-7.46 (m, 5H), 6.59 (d, J = 0.60 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.45 (d, J = 2.40 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (t, J = 5.70 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.44 (d, J = 5.70 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z 245.1 [M + H]+; HPLC-UV analysis: retention time = 12.86 min; detection: 190-400 nm: peak area, 99.64 %; eluent A, 0.1 % TFA in water; eluent B, Acetonitrile; isocratic/gradient over 30 min with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1.

Step d. To a solution of (3-(benzyloxy)-5-methoxyphenyl)methanol 4 (100 g, 409.34 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1000 mL) was added phosphorous tribromide (50.54 mL, 532.15 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 40 °C for 1 h and quenched by addition of water. The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic extracts were washed with water, brine and concentrated to give l-(benzyloxy)-3-(bromomethyl)-5-methoxybenzene 5 as pale yellow solid. (100 g, 80 % yield). 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) d ppm: 7.33-7.46 (m, 5H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 6.54 (d, J = 1.80 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (d, J = 5.40 Hz, 2H), 4.62 (d, J = 5.70 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z 309 [M + 2H]+; HPLC-UV analysis: retention time = 15.77 min; detection: 190-400 nm: peak area, 99.71 %; eluent A, 0.1 % TFA in water; eluent B, Acetonitrile; isocratic/gradient over 30 min with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. Step e. To a solution of l-(benzyloxy)-3-(bromomethyl)-5-methoxybenzene 5 (100 g, 325.53 mmol) in toluene (2488 mL) was added triphenylphosphine (85.38 g, 325.53 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 6 h, then allowed to cool to room temperature. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with ether, and dried under vacuum to give (3- (benzyloxy)-5-methoxybenzyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide 6 as an off-white solid. (150 g, 82 % yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d ppm: 7.89-7.91 (m, 3H), 7.65-7.75 (m, 12H), 7.28-7.37 (m, 5H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.23 (s, 1H), 6.12 (s, 1H) 5.07 (d, J = 15.60 Hz, 2H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 3.48 (s, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z 489.2 [M -HBr]+; HPLC-UV analysis: retention time = 14.19 min; detection: 190-400 nm: peak area, 95.51 %; eluent A, 0.1 % TFA in water; eluent B, Acetonitrile; isocratic/gradient over 30 min with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1.

Part 2: Synthesis of 5-(benzyloxy)-2-iodobenzaldehyde

3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was protected before ortho iodination, as displayed in Scheme 2.

Reagents and conditions: (a) K ₂ C0 ₃ , BnBr, Acetone, 60 °C, 96%; (b) CF ₃ COOAg, l ₂ ,

CHCI ₃ , rt, 59%;

Scheme 2: Synthesis of 5-(benzyloxy)-2-iodobenzaldehyde.

Step a. To a solution of 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde 7 (25 g, 204.85 mmol) in acetone (250 mL) was added potassium carbonate (42.46 g, 307.27 mmol). The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. Benzyl bromide (31.38 mL, 264.25 mmol) was added, and the resultant suspension was heated at 60 °C for 12 h. After cooling to room temperature, the suspension was filtered, the filter cake washed with acetone, and filtrate concentrated to a residue. The residue was purified by automated normal-phase chromatography and eluted with ethyl acetate/hexanes to give 3-(benzyloxy)benzaldehyde 8 as an off-white solid. (42 g, 96 % yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d ppm: 9.98 (s, 1H), 7.27-7.50 (m, 5H), 7.25-7.26 (m, 2H), 5.14 (s, 2H); GCMS: m/z 212.1 : (GCMS condition: column: HP-5 (30 m x 320 pm x 0.25 pm); gradient: 120 °C- 300 °C, 40 °C min-1 ; HPLC-UV analysis: retention time = 14.37 min; detection: 190-400 nm: peak area, 99.58 %; eluent A, 0.1 % TFA in water; eluent B, Acetonitrile; isocratic/gradient over 30 min with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. Step b. To a solution of 3-(benzyloxy)benzaldehyde 8 (42 g, 197.87 mmol) in chloroform (1050 mL) was added Silver trifluoroacetate (65.56 g, 296.81 mmol). The suspension was stirred at 0 °C for 10 min. Iodine (32.43 g, 126.90 mmol) was added at 0 °C and the resultant suspension was stirred at room temperature for 12 h and quenched by addition of water. The resultant mixture was filtered through a pad of celite, washed with dichloromethane. The aqueous phase was extracted dichloromethane, and the combined organic extracts were washed with water, brine and concentrated to a residue. The residue was purified by automated normal-phase chromatography and eluted with ethyl acetate/hexanes to give 5-(benzyloxy)-2- iodobenzaldehyde 9 as an off-white solid. (40 g, 59 % yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) d ppm: 10.04 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.40 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.53 (m, 5H), 7.01 (dd, J = 8.80, 3.20 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (s, 2H); GCMS m/z 338: (GCMS condition: column: ZB1MS (10 m x 100 pm x 0.1 pm); gradient: 120 °C- 300 °C, 40 °C min-T; HPLC-UV analysis: retention time = 16.04 min; detection: 190-400 nm: peak area, 99.84 %; eluent A, 0.1 % TFA in water; eluent B, Acetonitrile; isocratic/gradient over 30 min with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. Part 3: Synthesis of Lusianthrin.

Lusianthrin was prepared through a Wittig reaction between (3-(benzyloxy)-5- methoxybenzyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide and 5-(benzyloxy)-2-iodobenzaldehyde, followed by cyclization and deprotection, as shown in Scheme 3.

Lusianthrin

Reagents and conditions: (a) KOtBu, 5-(benzyloxy)-2-iodobenzaldehyde, THF, rt, 86%; (b) Bu ₃ SnH,

AIBN, Toluene, 100 °C, 65%; (c) Pd/C, Pd(OH) ₂ , THF, IPA, Hydrogen balloon, rt, then SFC.

Scheme 3: Synthesis of lusianthrin.

Step a. To a solution of 5-(benzyloxy)-2-iodobenzaldehyde 9 (36 g, 106.46 mmol) in THF (3600 mL) was added (3-(benzyloxy)-5-methoxybenzyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide 6 (127.32 g, 223.57 mmol). The suspension was stirred at 0 °C. Potassium tert-butoxide (26.28 g, 234.08 mmol) was added at 0 °C and the resultant suspension was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to a residue and the residue was purified by automated normal-phase chromatography and eluted with ethyl acetate/hexanes to give (Z)-4- (benzyloxy)-2-(3-(benzyloxy)-5-methoxystyryl)-l-iodobenzene 10 as an off-white solid. (50 g, 86 % yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) d ppm: 7.74 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.42 (m, 8H), 6.89 (d, J = 3.20 Hz, 1H), 6.49-6.65 (m, 4H), 6.40 (s, 3H), 6.33 (t, J = 1.60 Hz, 1H), 4.85

(s, 4H), 3.62 (s, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z 549.1 [M + H]+; HPLC-UV analysis: retention time = 18.74 min; detection: 190-400 nm: peak area, 89.98 %; eluent A, 0.1 % TFA in water; eluent B, Acetonitrile; isocratic/gradient over 30 min with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1.

Step b. To a solution of (Z)-4-(benzyloxy)-2-(3-(benzyloxy)-5-methoxystyryl)-l-iodobe nzene 10 (50 g, 91.17 mmol) in toluene (1250 mL) was added tributyltin hydride (49.14 mL, 182.34 mmol) and azobisisobutyronitrile (7.48 g, 45.58 mmol). The reaction mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 min and heated at 100 °C for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to a residue and the residue was purified by automated normal-phase chromatography and eluted with ethyl acetate/hexanes to give 1 : 1 mixture of 4,7-bis(benzyloxy)-2-methoxyphenanthrene 11a and 2,7-bis(benzyloxy)-4-methoxyphenanthrene l ib as an off-white solid. (25 g, 65 % yield). MS (ES+) m/z 421.3 [M + H]+; HPLC-UV analysis: retention time = (6.59 & 6.70) min; detection: 190-400 nm: peak area, 99.28 %; eluent A, 0.1 % TFA in water; eluent B, 0.1% TFA in Acetonitrile; isocratic/gradient over 10 min with a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1.

Step c. To a solution of 4,7-bis(benzyloxy)-2-methoxyphenanthrene 11a and 2,7- bis(benzyloxy)-4-methoxyphenanthrene l ib (22 g, 52.31 mmol) in THF (660 mL) and 2- propanol (220 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (22 g) and Pd(OH)2 (22 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature 1 day under hydrogen balloon. The resultant mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite, washed with ethyl acetate and the filtrate was concentrated to give 1 : 1 mixture of regioisomers. (10.12 g, 80 % yield). This crude product (10.12 g, 1 : 1 mixture) was purified by SFC (SFC condition: column: YMC Amylose-C; retention time = 3.76 min; detection: 210 nm: co-solvent: 0.5% isopropyl amine in methanol; flow rate of 4.0 mL min-1) to give Lusianthrin as a pale yellow solid (1.1 g). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d ppm: 9.59 (bs, 2H), 9.42 (d, J = 9.20 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 2.60 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.10 (m, 1H), 6.90 (d, J = 2.40 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J = 2.50 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) d ppm: 157.20, 157.01, 154.78, 134.34, 133.27, 129.29, 127.69, 127.56, 124.12, 117.00, 114.69, 111.59, 102.77, 101.41, 55.43; MS (ES+) m/z 241.2 [M + H]+; Elemental analysis: Calculated (%) for C15H1203 + 0.1CH3OH: C 74.49, H 5.13. Found: C 74.50, H 5.11; HPLC-UV analysis: retention time = 12.04 min; detection: 190-400 nm: peak area, 99.49 %; eluent A, 0.1 % TFA in water; eluent B, Acetonitrile; isocratic/gradient over 30 min with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1.

Example 2: Compound 1 and 2 activate bacterially-expressed AMRKa2b1g1 in in vitro.

The AMPK heterotrimers were expressed in bacteria and purified through the His-a subunit by nickel purification before further purification through gel filtration. After being phosphorylated by incubation with CaMKKp, AMPK complexes were further purified with a final gel filtration purification step. Phosphorylated purified AMPK was incubated with varying concentrations of Compound 1 or 2 for 30 mins using substrate and reagents from the HTRF-KinEASE Cisbio assay kit (STK SI Kit). Phosphorylation of the substrate was measured by incubating with donor and acceptor antibodies for 2 h at room temperature as per the manufacturer’s protocol (Coulerie et al, (2016) PMID: 27792327) and phosphorylated peptide detected by performing HTRF. The 665nm/620nm ratio was determined and plotted vs the log of the concentration of ligand. Figures 1 shows that Compound 1 and Compound 2 directly activate AMPK complexes in vitro.

Example 3: Compound 1 and 2 increase the phosphorylation of the AMPK substrate, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), in U20S Flp-In T-REx mammalian cells.

U20S Flp-In T-REx cells were first seeded at 50 K in a 96-well plate and left overnight at 37 C in DMEM GlutaMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) FBS and 100 El/ml penicillin G, and 100 pg/ml streptomycin. Cells were treated for 1 h with varying concentrations of Lusianthridin in media lacking FBS and then cells were lysed in 50 pi of Cisbio lysis buffer #1 supplemented with blocking solution as per the manufacturer’s protocol (Cisbio). Cells were lysed for 30 mins at room temperature before 16 mΐ of lysate was incubated with 4 mΐ of the HTRF antibodies (1 :40 dilution of the acceptor and donor (p)ACC antibodies, as per the manufacturers protocol). Lysates were incubated overnight with the antibodies before 665nm/620nm ratio was determined using a MolecularDevices i3 plate reader (with a HTRF cartridge add-on).

Figure 2 shows that using this pACC HTRF assay kit (Cisbio), Compound 1 and compound 2 increase the phosphorylation of the AMPK substrate, ACC, in a dose-dependent manner in U20S Flp-In T-REx mammalian cells. Phosphorylation of ACC is widely used as a cellular indicator of AMPK activity.