PHENYLALANINE DERIVATIVES AND THEIR USE AS NON-PEPTIDE GLP-1

RECEPTOR MODULATORS

FIELD

[0001 ] Provided herein are non-peptide GLP- 1 receptor modulator compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and processes of preparation thereof. Also provided are methods of their use for the treatment of a metabolic disorder.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Diabetes is a growing epidemic that is estimated to affect over 300 million people by the year 2025 pending an effective pharmaceutical cure. Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90-95% of all cases. Complications resulting from sustained elevated plasma glucose levels include cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Current treatments for diabetes are associated with a variety of deleterious side effects, including hypoglycemia and weight gain. In addition, current treatments for type 2 diabetes do not cure the disease but simply prolong the time until patients require insulin therapy.

[0003] Glucagon-like peptide- 1 (GLP- 1 ) is a 30 amino acid hormone secreted from gut endocrine cells in response to nutrient ingestion. GLP- 1 travels through the circulation and binds to the GLP- 1 receptor on the pancreas, resulting in an increase in insulin secretion. In addition, it has been shown that GLP-I reduces gastric emptying which decreases the amount of glucose that is released into the circulation. These actions combine to lower blood glucose levels. Thus, the mechanism of biological activity of GLP- 1 suggests that it could be an attractive therapeutic for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. GLP-I also has the potential to treat obesity. Several studies have shown that GLP- 1 administered either peripherally or intracerebroventricularly (ICV) decreases food intake in animal models. A study in humans shows that delivering GLP- 1 continuously for five days in obese, diabetic patients resulted in a reduction in food intake and a reduction in body weight. However, GLP-I is not being developed as a therapeutic because of its exceptionally short half-life (T| _/2 ~ 1 -2 min) (Hoist, Gastroenterology 1994, 107, 1 848- 1855). It is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl protease (DPP-IV), thus reducing the length of the peptide by 2 amino acids at the N-terminus and inactivating it.

- I - [0004] Accordingly, there is a need for GLP-1 receptor modulators for the treatment of various metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0005] Provided herein is a compound of Formula I:

(I)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof;

wherein:

A, E, L ³ , and m are (i) or (ii):

(i) A is C3-8 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -i4 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or

heterocyclyl;

E is a bond, C ₂ . ₆ alkenylene, C ₂ . ₆ alkynylene, heteroarylene, heterocyclylene; and

L ³ is a bond, -C(O)-, -C(0)0- -C(0)NR ^la - -O- -OC(0)0-, -OC(0)NR ^h '-, -OS(0)~, -OS(0) ₂ - -OS(0)NR ^la -, -OS(0) ₂ NR ^h ' -, -NR ^la - -NR ^la C(0)NR ^ld - -NR ^la S(0)NR ^ld -, -NR ^la S(0) ₂ NR ^l(J -, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(0) ₂ -, -S(0)NR ^h ' -, or -S(0) NR ^l -; and m is an integer of 1 , 2, 3, or 4;

with the proviso that E and L ³ are not both a bond at the same time;

(ii) A is C3-8 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -H aryl, C7.15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or

heterocyclyl;

E is 5-membered heteroarylene or 5-membered heterocyclylene; with the proviso that E is not 4-oxo-imidazolidinylene;

L ³ is a bond, -C(O)-, -C(0)0- -C(0)NR ^la - -O- -OC(0)0-. -OC(0)NR ^l - -OS(O)-, -OS(0) ₂ - -OS(0)NR ^la -, -OS(0) ₂ NR ^la -, -NR ^la - -NR ^la C(0)NR ^ld - -NR ^la S(0)NR ^ld -, -NR ^la S(0) ₂ NR ^ld -, -S-, -S(0)NR ^la or -S(0) ₂ NR ^la -; and

m is an integer of 0;

L ¹ is -CH ₂ OH, -CONH ₂ , -C0 ₂ H, -P0 ₃ H ₂ , -P0 ₂ H ₂ , tetrazolyl, or 3- hydroxyisoxazolyl;

L ² is -CH ₂ N(R ⁵ )-, -N(R ⁵ )-, or -C(0)N(R ⁵ )-;

U, V, W, X, and Y are each independently C, CH, or N;

R ¹ , R ² , and R are selected from (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv):

(i) R , R ^~ , and R are each independently (a) hydrogen, halo, or cyano; (b) C|-6 alkyl, C ₂ - ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ - ₆ alkynyl, C ₃ . ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₆ -i4 aryl, C7.15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (c) -C(0)R ^la , -C(0)OR ^la , -C(0)NR ^lb R ^l , -C(NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^lc , -OR ^la , -OC(0)R ^la , -OC(0)OR ^la , -OC(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , -OC(=NR ^la )NR ^lb R , -OS(0)R ^la , -OS(0) ₂ R ^la , -OS(0)NR ^lb R , -OS(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^lc , -NR ^lb R ^lc , -NR ^,a C(0)R ^,d , -NR ^la C(0)OR ^ld ,

-NR ^la C(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , -NR ^la C(=NR ^ld )NR ^lb R ^lc , -NR ^la S(0)R ^lcl , -NR ^la S(0) ₂ R ^ld ,

-NR ^,a S(0)NR ^lb R ^,c , -NR ^, S(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^k , -SR ^la , -S(0)R ^,a , -S(0) ₂ R ^la , -S(0)NR ^,b R , or -S(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^lc ;

(ii) R ¹ or R ² forms a double bond with R ³ ; and the other of R ¹ and R ² is selected as in (i);

(iii) two of R , R ^" , and R are joined together to form C x cycloalkyl, or 3- to 8-membered heterocyclyl; and the third is selected as in (i); and

(iv) R ³ is joined together with V or W to form cycloalkyl, or 5- to 8- membered heterocyclyl; and R ¹ and R ² are selected as in (i);

R ⁴ is (a) Ci-6 alkyl, C ₂ _ ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ - ₆ alkynyl, C3-7 cycloalkyl, Q,.|4 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl -C|_ ₆ alkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclyl-C|. ₆ alkyl; or (c) -C(0)R ^lu , -C(0)OR ^la , -C(0)NR ^lb R ^k , -C(NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^k , -S(0)R ^la , -S(0) ₂ R ^la ,

-S(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , or -S(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^k ; or R ⁴ and R ⁵ together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; or

R ⁴ is joined together with V or W to form 5- to 8-membered heterocyclyl;

R ^s is hydrogen, C|. ₆ alkyl, C - ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ .& alkynyl, C .7 cycloalkyl, C ₆ .i ₄ aryl, C ₇ _i ₅ aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C|_ ₆ alkyl, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclyl-C|. ₆ alkyl; or

R ⁴ and R ⁵ are joined together to form heterocyclyl; and

R ⁶ is (a) cyano, halo, azido, and nitro; (b) Ci_ ₆ alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -i ₄ aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; or (c) -C(0)R ^la , -C(0)OR ^l , -C(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , -C(NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^k , -OR ^la , -OC(0)R ^la , -OC(0)OR ^la ,

-OC(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , -OC(=NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^k , -OS(0)R ^la , -OS(0) ₂ R ^la , -OS(0)NR ^lb R ^k ,

-OS(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^k , -NR ^lb R ^k , -NR ^la C(0)R ^ld , -NR ^l C(0)OR ^ld , -NR ^la C(0)NR ^lb R ^k ,

-NR ^la C(=NR ^ld )NR ^lb R ^lc , -NR ^la S(0)R ^ld , -NR ^la S(0) ₂ R ^ld , -NR ^la S(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , -NR ^la S(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^, , -SR ^la , -S(0)R ^la , -S(0) ₂ R ^,a , -S(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , and -S(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^lc ;

each R ^la , R ^lb , R ^k , and R ^ld is independently hydrogen, C|_ ₆ alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl, C ₆ .i4 aryl, C7.15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or R ^lu and R ^lc together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; or R ^lb and R ^l together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl;

with the proviso that when L ³ -E together is -0-, R ⁶ is not iodo or benzoxy; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, tetrazolyl, heteroarylene, heteroaryl-alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylene, and heterocyclyl-alkyl in R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ , R ⁶ , R ^Iu , R ^l , R ^lc , R ^ld , A, and B is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q, where each Q is independently selected from (a) cyano, halo, azido, and nitro; (b) Ci- ₆ alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ - ₆ alkynyl, C _3-7 cycloalkyl, C -u aryl, O7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q ^a ; and (c) -C(0)R ^a , -C(0)OR ^a , -C(0)NR ^b R ^c , -C(NR ^a )NR ^b R ^c , -OR ^a , -OC(0)R ^a , -OC(0)OR ^a , -OC(0)NR ^b R , -OC(=NR ^A )NR ^b R , -OS(0)R ^a , -OS(0) ₂ R ^a , -OS(0)NR ^b R, -OS(0) ₂ NR ^b R ^c , -NR ^b R ^c , -NR ^a C(0)R ^d , -NR ^a C(0)OR ^d , -NR ^a C(0)NR ^b R ^c , -NR ^a C(=NR ^d )NR ^b R ^c ,

-NR ^a S(0)R ^d , -NR ^a S(0) ₂ R ^d , -NR ^a S(0)NR ^b R ^c , -NR ^u S(0) ₂ NR ^b R , -SR ^a , -S(0)R ^a , -S(0) ₂ R , -S(0)NR ^b R ^c , and -S(0) ₂ NR ^b R ^c , wherein each R ^a , R ^b , R ^c , and R ^d is independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C|_6 alkyl, C ₂ _ ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ _ ₆ alkynyl, C .7 cycloalkyl, Q.u aryl, C ₇ -is aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q ; or (iii) R ^b and R ^c together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q ';

wherein each Q ^a is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) C|. _FT alkyl, C _2- 6 alkenyl, C _2- 6 alkynyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl, C(,-i4 aryl, C7.15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C(0)R ^e , -C(0)OR ^e , -C(0)NR ^r R ^s , -C(NR ^E )NR ^r R ^g , -OR ^e , -OC(0)R ^e , -OC(0)OR ^e , -OC(0)NR ^r R , -OC(=NR ^E )NR ^r R ,

-OS(0)R ^c , -OS(0) ₂ R ^e , -OS(0)NR ^r R , -OS(0) ₂ NR ^f R ^g , -NR ^f R , -NR ^e C(0)R ^h ,

-NR ^e C(0)OR ^f , -NR ^e C(0)NR ^f R ^g , -NRC(=NR ^H )NR ^r R ^g , -NR ^e S(0)R ^h , -NR ^e S(0) ₂ R ^h , -NR ^e S(0)NR ^f R ^g , -NR ^e S(0) ₂ NR ^f R ^g , -SR ^e , -S(0)R ^e , -S(0) ₂ R ^e , -S(0)NR ^f R ^g , and

-S(0) ₂ NR ^r R ; wherein each R ^e , R ¹ , R ^g , and R ^h is independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C,. ₆ alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl, C ₆ _H aryl, C7.15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) R ^f and R together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl. [0006] Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.

[0007] Further provided herein is a method for treating or preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[0008] Additionally provided herein is a method for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g. , a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[0009] Provided herein is a method for treating or preventing diabetes in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula 1, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[0010] Provided herein is a method for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of diabetes in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g. , a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of

diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[001 1 ] Provided herein is a method for increasing insulin secretion in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[0012] Provided herein is a method for reducing gastric motility in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[001 3] Provided herein is a method for delaying gastric emptying in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[0014] Provided herein is a method for lowering plasma glucagon levels in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[0015] Provided herein is a method for suppressing prandial glucagon secretion in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[0016] Provided herein is a method for reducing food intake in in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g. , a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[0017] Provided herein is a method for reducing appetite in in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[0018] Provided herein is a method for treating or preventing obesity in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[0019] Provided herein is a method for treating or preventing hyperlipidemia in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula T, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[0020] Provided herein is a method for treating or preventing a cardiovascular disease in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021 ] To facilitate understanding of the disclosure set forth herein, a number of terms are defined below.

[0022] Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology described herein are those well known and commonly employed in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0023] The term "subject" refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate

(e.g. , human), cow, pig, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse. The terms "subject" and "patient" are used interchangeably herein in reference, for example, to a mammalian subject, such as a human subject, in one embodiment, a human.

[0024] The terms "treat," "treating," and "treatment" are meant to include alleviating or abrogating a disorder, disease, or condition, or one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder, disease, or condition; or alleviating or eradicating the cause(s) of the disorder, disease, or condition itself.

[0025] The terms "prevent," "preventing," and "prevention" are meant to include a method of delaying and/or precluding the onset of a disorder, disease, or condition, and/or its attendant symptoms; barring a subject from acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition; or reducing a subject's risk of acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition.

[0026] The term "therapeutically effective amount" are meant to include the amount of a compound that, when administered, is sufficient to prevent development of, or alleviate to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the disorder, disease, or condition being treated. The term "therapeutically effective amount" also refers to the amount of a compound that is sufficient to elicit the biological or medical response of a biological molecule (e.g., a protein, enzyme, RNA, or DNA), cell, tissue, system, animal, or human, which is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor, or clinician.

[0027] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier," "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient," "physiologically acceptable carrier," or "physiologically acceptable excipient" refers to a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material. In one embodiment, each component is "pharmaceutically acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of humans and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. See, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21 st ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, 2005; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th ed.; Rowe et al, Eds.; The Pharmaceutical Press and the American Pharmaceutical Association: 2009; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 3rd ed.; Ash and Ash Eds.; Gower Publishing Company: 2007; Pharmaceutical P eformulation and Formulation, 2nd ed.; Gibson Ed.; CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, 2009.

[0028] The term "about" or "approximately" means an acceptable error for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured or determined. In certain embodiments, the term "about" or "approximately" means within 1 , 2, 3, or 4 standard deviations. In certain embodiments, the term "about" or "approximately" means within 50%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1 %, 0.5%, or 0.05% of a given value or range.

[0029] The terms "active ingredient" and "active substance" refer to a compound, which is administered, alone or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, to a subject for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a condition, disorder, or disease. As used herein, "active ingredient" and "active substance" may be an optically active isomer or an isotopic variant of a compound described herein.

[0030] The terms "drug," "therapeutic agent," and "chemotherapeutic agent" refer to a compound, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, which is administered to a subject for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a condition, disorder, or disease.

[0031 ] The term "alkyl" refers to a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical, wherein the alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C| . alkyl refers to a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of I to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkyl is a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C|_2o), 1 to 15 (C|_i , 1 to 10 (C|. io), or 1 to 6 (C| .ft) carbon atoms, or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (Cv2o), 3 to 15 (C ₃ - 15), 3 to 10 (Cvio), or 3 to 6 (Cv ₆ ) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear C| _ and branched C ₆ alkyl groups are also referred as "lower alkyl." Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl (including all isomeric forms), M-propyl, isopropyl, butyl (including all isomeric forms), /i-butyl, isobutyl, ,sw-butyl. /-butyl, pentyl (including all isomeric forms), and hexyl (including all isomeric forms).

[0032] The term "alkenyl" refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one to five, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon double bond(s). The alkenyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. The term "alkenyl" embraces radicals having a "ciV or "trans" configuration or a mixture thereof, or alternatively, a "Z" or "E"

configuration or a mixture thereof, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, C ₂ . _f , alkenyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, in certain embodiments, the alkenyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C ₂ -2o), 2 to 15 (C ₂ .i s), 2 to 10 (C ₂ - iu), or 2 to 6 (C ₂ -6) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C ₃ _ ₂₀ ), 3 to 15 (C ₃ . | ₅ ), 3 to 10 (C io), or 3 to 6 (Q _f carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propen- l -yl, propen-2-yl, allyl, butenyl, and 4-methylbutenyl.

[0033] The term "alkenylene" refers to a linear or branched divalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one to five, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon double bond(s). The alkenylene may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. The term "alkenylene" embraces radicals having a "cis" or "//wis" configuration or a mixture thereof, or alternatively, a "Z" or "E" configuration or a mixture thereof, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, C ₂ . ₆ alkenylene refers to a linear unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenylene is a linear divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C ₂ . 2o), 2 to 15 (C2- 15), 2 to 10 (C ₂ _ i o), or 2 to 6 (C ₂ - ₆ ) carbon atoms, or a branched divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C ₃ . ₂₀ ), 3 to 15 (C3- 15), 3 to 10 (C _3- io), or 3 to 6 (C ₃ . ₆ ) carbon atoms. Examples of alkenylene groups include, but are not limited to, ethenylene, allylene, propenylene, butenylene, and 4-methylbutenylene.

[0034] The term "alkynyl" refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one to five, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon triple bond(s). The alkynyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C ₂ - ₆ alkynyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched

unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C _2-2 o), 2 to 15 (C2- 15), 2 to 10 (C ₂ -i ₀ ), or 2 to 6 (C ₂ _ ) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C ₃ - ₂ o), 3 to 15 (C3.15), 3 to 10 (Cvm), or 3 to 6 (C ₃ -<s) carbon atoms. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (-C≡CH), propynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1 -propynyl (-C≡CCH ₃ ) and propargyl (-CH ₂ C≡CH)), butynyl

(including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1 -butyn- l -yl and 2-butyn- l -yl), pentynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1 -pentyn- l -yl and l -methyl-2-butyn- l -yl), and hexynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g. , 1 -hexyn- l-yl).

[0035] The term "alkynylene" refers to a linear or branched divalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one to five, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon triple bond(s). The alkynylene may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C ₂ . ₆ alkynylene refers to a linear unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkynylene is a linear divalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C ₂ . ₂ o), 2 to 15 (CM S), 2 to 10 (C ₂ -io), or 2 to 6 (C ₂ _6) carbon atoms, or a branched divalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C _3- 2o), 3 to 15 (C ₃ .|5), 3 to 10 (C ₃ .i o), or 3 to 6 (C . ₆ ) carbon atoms. Examples of alkynylene groups include, but are not limited to, ethynylene, propynylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g. , 1 - propynylene and propargylene), butynylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., l -butyn- l - ylene and 2-butyn- l -ylene), pentynylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1 -pentyn- l -ylene and l -methyl-2-butyn- l -ylene), and hexynylene (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1 -hexyn- 1-ylene).

[0036] The term "cycloalkyi" refers to a cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. In one embodiment, cycloalkyi groups may be saturated or unsaturated but non-aromatic, and/or bridged, and/or non-bridged, and/or fused bicyclic groups. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyi has from 3 to 20 (C _3-2() ), from 3 to 15 (Cv i ₅ ), from 3 to 10 (Cvm), or from 3 to 7 (C3.7) carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyi groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl,

cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, bicyclo[2. 1 . 1 jhexyl, bicyclo[2.2. I jheptyl, decalinyl, and adamantyl.

[0037] The term "aryl" refers to a monovalent monocyclic aromatic group and/or monovalent polycyclic aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic carbon ring. In certain embodiments, the aryl has from 6 to 20 (C ₆ - ₂ o), from 6 to 15 (C ₆ -i 5), or from 6 to 10 (C ₆ - io) ring atoms. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, biphenyl, and terphenyl. Aryl also refers to bicyclic or tricyclic carbon rings, where one of the rings is aromatic and the others of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, for example, dihydronaphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralinyl). In certain embodiments, aryl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.

[0038] The term "aralkyl" or "arylalkyl" refers to a monovalent alkyl group substituted with one or more aryl groups. In certain embodiments, the aralkyl has from 7 to 30 (C7.30X from 7 to 20 (C7.20), or from 7 to 16 (C7.16) carbon atoms. Examples of aralkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, and 3-phenylpropyl. In certain embodiments, aralkyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.

[0039] The term "heteroaryl" refers to a monovalent monocyclic aromatic group or monovalent polycyclic aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic ring, wherein at least one aromatic ring contains one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N in the ring. Heteroaryl groups are bonded to the rest of a molecule through the aromatic ring. Each ring of a heteroaryl group can contain one or two O atoms, one or two S atoms, and/or one to four N atoms, provided that the total number of heteroatoms in each ring is four or less and each ring contains at least one carbon atom. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl has from 5 to 20, from 5 to 15, or from 5 to 10 ring atoms. Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl. Examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl,

benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furopyridyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazothiazolyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isobenzothienyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyridopyridyl, pyrrolopyridyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, thiadiazolopyrimidyl, and

thienopyridyl. Examples of tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, benzindolyl, carbazolyl, dibenzofuranyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl,

phenanthridinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, and xanthenyl. In certain embodiments, heteroaryl may also be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.

[0040] The term "heteroarylene" refers to a divalent monocyclic aromatic group or divalent polycyclic aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic ring, wherein at least one aromatic ring contains one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N in the ring. Each ring of a heteroarylene group can contain one or two O atoms, one or two S atoms, and/or one to four N atoms, provided that the total number of heteroatoms in each ring is four or less and each ring contains at least one carbon atom. In certain embodiments, the heteroarylene has from 5 to 20, from 5 to 15, or from 5 to 10 ring atoms. Examples of monocyclic heteroarylene groups include, but are not limited to, furanylene, imidazolylene, isothiazolylene, isoxazolylene, oxadiazolylene, oxadiazolylene, oxazolylene, pyrazinylene, pyrazolylene, pyridazinylene, pyridylene, pyrimidinylene, pyrrolylene, thiadiazolylene, thiazolylene, thienylene, tetrazolylene, triazinylene, and triazolylene. Examples of bicyclic heteroarylene groups include, but are not limited to, benzofuranylene, benzimidazolylene, benzoisoxazolylene, benzopyranylene, benzothiadiazolylene, benzothiazolylene,

benzothienylene, benzotriazolylene, benzoxazolylene, furopyridylene, imidazopyridinylene, imidazothiazolylene, indolizinylene, indolylene, indazolylene, isobenzofuranylene, isobenzothienylene, isoindolylene, isoquinolinylene, isothiazolylene, naphthyridinylene, oxazolopyridinylene, phthalazinylene, pteridinylene, purinylene, pyridopyridylene, pyrrolopyridylene, quinolinylene, quinoxahnylene, quinazoUnylene, thiadiazolopyrimidylene, and thienopyridylene. Examples of tricyclic heteroarylene groups include, but are not limited to, acridinylene, benzindolylene, carbazolylene, dibenzofuranylene, perimidinylene, phenanthrolinylene, phenanthridinylene, phenarsazinylene, phenazinylene, phenothiazinylene, phenoxazinylene, and xanthenylene. In certain embodiments, heteroarylene may also be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.

[0041] The term "heterocyclyl" or "heterocyclic" refers to a monovalent monocyclic non-aromatic ring system or monovalent polycyclic ring system that contains at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein one or more of the non-aromatic ring atoms are heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl or heterocyclic group has from 3 to 20, from 3 to 15, from 3 to 10, from 3 to 8, from 4 to 7, or from 5 to 6 ring atoms. Heterocyclyl groups are bonded to the rest of a molecule through the non-aromatic ring. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic ring system, which may be fused or bridged, and in which nitrogen or sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized, nitrogen atoms may be optionally quaternized, and some rings may be partially or fully saturated, or aromatic. The heterocyclyl may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound. Examples of such heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranonyl, benzopyranonyl, benzopyranyl, benzotetrahydrofuranyl,

benzotetrahydrothienyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzoxazinyl, β-carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromonyl, cinnolinyl, coumarinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrobenzisothiazinyl,

dihydrobenzisoxazinyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dioxolanyl, 1 ,4- dithianyl, furanonyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, indolinyl, isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl, isobenzotetrahydrothienyl, isochromanyl, isocoumarinyl, isoindolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, oxazolidinonyl, oxazolidinyl, oxiranyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl,

tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thiamoφholinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, and 1 ,3,5-trithianyl. In certain embodiments, heterocyclic may also be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.

[0042] The term "heterocyclylene" refers to a divalent monocyclic non-aromatic ring system or divalent polycyclic ring system that contains at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein one or more of the non-aromatic ring atoms are heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclylene group has from 3 to 20, from 3 to 15, from 3 to 10, from 3 to 8, from 4 to 7, or from 5 to 6 ring atoms. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclylene is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic ring system, which may be fused or bridged, and in which nitrogen or sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized, nitrogen atoms may be optionally quaternized, and some rings may be partially or fully saturated, or aromatic. The

heterocyclylene may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound. Examples of such heterocyclylene groups include, but are not limited to, azepinylene, benzodioxanylene, benzodioxolylene,

benzofuranonylene, benzopyranonylene, benzopyranylene, benzotetrahydrofuranylene, benzotetrahydrothienylene, benzothiopyranylene, benzoxazinylene, β-carbolinylene, chromanylene, chromonylene, cinnolinylene, coumarinylene, decahydroisoquinolinylene, dihydrobenzisothiazinylene, dihydrobenzisoxazinylene, dihydrofurylene,

dihydroisoindolylene, dihydropyranylene, dihydropyrazolylene, dihydropyrazinylene, dihydropyridinylene, dihydropyrimidinylene, dihydropyrrolylene, dioxolanylene, 1 ,4- dithianylene, furanonylene, imidazolidinylene, imidazolinylene, indolinylene,

isobenzotetrahydrofuranylene, isobenzotetrahydrothienylene, isochromanylene, isocoumarinylene, isoindolinylene, isothiazolidinylene, isoxazolidinylene, moφholinylene, octahydroindolylene, octahydroisoindolylene, oxazolidinonylene, oxazolidinylene, oxiranylene, piperazinylene, piperidinylene, 4-piperidonylene, pyrazolidinylene,

pyrazolinylene, pyrrolidinylene, pyrrolinylene, quinuclidinylene, tetrahydrofurylene, tetrahydroisoquinolinylene, tetrahydropyranylene, tetrahydrothienylene, thiamorpholinylene, thiazolidinylene, tetrahydroquinolinylene, and 1 ,3,5-trithianylene. in certain embodiments, heterocyclic may also be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.

[0043] The term "halogen", "halide" or "halo" refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and/or iodine.

[0044] The term "optionally substituted" is intended to mean that a group or substituent, such as an alkyl, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, tetrazolyl, heteroarylene, heteroaryl -alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylene, and heterocyclyl-alkyl group, may be substituted with one or more substituents Q, each of which is independently selected from, e.g., (a) C| _ ₆ alkyl, C ₂ _ ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -6 alkynyl, C ₃ . ₇ cycloalkyl, C ₆ - i 4 aryl, C ₇ -| ₅ aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q ^a ; and (b) halo, cyano (-CN), nitro (-N0 ₂ ), -C(0)R ^a , -C(0)OR ^a , -C(0)NR ^b R ^c , -C(NR ^a )NR ^b R ^c , -OR ^a , -OC(0)R ^a , -OC(0)OR\ -OC(0)NR ^b R ^c , -OC(=NR ^a )NR ^b R ^c ,

-OS(0)R ^a , -OS(0) ₂ R ^a , -OS(0)NR ^b R ^c , -OS(0) ₂ NR ^b R ^c , -NR ^b R , -NR ^a C(0)R ^d ,

-NR ^a C(0)OR ^d , -NR ^a C(0)NR ^b R ^c , -NR ^a C(=NR ^d )NR ^b R ^c , -NR ^a S(0)R ^d , -NR ^a S(0) ₂ R ^d , -NR ^a S(0)NR ^b R ^c , -NR ^a S(0) ₂ NR ^b R ^c , -SR ^a , -S(0)R ^a , -S(0) ₂ R ^a , -S(0)NR ^b R , and

-S(0) ₂ NR ^b R ^c , wherein each R ^a , R ^b , R ^c , and R ^d is independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C,. ₆ alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -6 alkynyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl, C ₆ - i 4 aryl, C ₇ -| ₅ aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q ^a ; or (iii) R ^b and R together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q ^a . As used herein, all groups that can be substituted are "optionally substituted," unless otherwise specified.

[0045] In one embodiment, each Q ^a is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) cyano, halo, and nitro; and (b) C|_ ₆ alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, C ₃ . ₇ cycloalkyl, C ₆ - i 4 aryl, C7.15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C(0)R ^c , -C(0)OR°, -C(0)NR ^f R ^g , -C(NR ^E )NR ^f R ^g , -OR ^e , -OC(0)R ^c , -OC(0)OR ^c , -OC(0)NR ^f R ^g , -OC(=NR ^C )NR'R ^E , -OS(0)R ^e , -OS(0) ₂ R ^e , -OS(0)NR'R ^b , -OS(0) ₂ NR R , -NR ^r R ^s ,

-NR ^c C(0)R ^h , -NR ^C C(0)OR ^H , -NR ^c C(0)NR ^r R ⁸ , -NR ^e C(=NR ^h )NR ^r R ^g , -NR ^E S(0)R ^H ,

-NR ^e S(0) ₂ R ^h , -NR ^c S(0)NR ^f R , -NR ^e S(0) ₂ NR ^f R , -SR ^e , -S(0)R ^e , -S(0) ₂ R ^e , -S(0)NR'R ⁸ , and -S(0) ₂ NR ^f R ^g ; wherein each R ^c , R ^f , R ^g , and R ^h is independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C _f , alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl, C ₆ - i 4 aryl, C7- 1 5 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) R ^f and R ^g together with the N atom to which they are attached form heteroaryl or heterocyclyl.

[0046] In certain embodiments, "optically active" and "enantiomerically active" refer to a collection of molecules, which has an enantiomeric excess of no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, no less than about 91 %, no less than about 92%, no less than about 93%, no less than about 94%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.8%. In certain embodiments, the compound comprises about 95% or more of one enantiomer and about 5% or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the racemate in question.

[0047] In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The (+) and (-) are used to denote the optical rotation of the compound, that is, the direction in which a plane of polarized light is rotated by the optically active compound. The (-) prefix indicates that the compound is levorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the left or counterclockwise. The (+) prefix indicates that the compound is dextrorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the right or clockwise. However, the sign of optical rotation, (+) and (-), is not related to the absolute configuration of the molecule, R and S.

[0048] The term "isotopic variant" refers to a compound that contains an unnatural proportion of an isotope at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. In certain embodiments, an "isotopic variant" of a compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (Ή), deuterium ( ² H), tritium ( H), carbon- 1 1 ( ^M C), carbon- 12 ( ^{l 2} C), carbon- 13 ( ^{l k} ), carbon- 14 ( ^{l 4} C), nitrogen- 13 ( ⁿ N), nitrogen- 14 ( ^l4 N), nitrogen- 15 ( ^{l 5} N), oxygen- 14 ( ^{l 4} 0), oxygen- 15 ( ^{l 5} 0), oxygen- 16 ( ^{l 6} 0). oxygen- 17 ( ^{l 7} 0), oxygen- 18 ( ^{l 8} 0), fluorine- 17 ( ^{l 7} F), fluorine- 18 ( ^{l 8} F), phosphorus-3 1 ( ^{3 I} P), phosphorus-32 ( ³² P), phosphorus-33 ( ³³ P), sulfur-32 ( ³² S), sulfur-33 ( ³³ S), sulfur-34 ( ⁴ S), sulfur-35 ( ³⁵ S), sulfur-36 ( ³⁶ S), chlorine-35 ( ⁵ CI), chlorine-36 ( ³⁶ CI), chlorine-37 ( ⁷ C1), bromine-79 ( ⁷⁹ Br), bromine-81 ( ^, Br), iodine-123 ( ^l2 I), iodine-125 ( ^l25 lj, iodine-127 ( ^,27 I), iodine-129 ( ^{l 9} T), and iodine- 131 ( ^l3 'f). In certain embodiments, an "isotopic variant" of a compound is in a stable form, that is, non-radioactive. In certain embodiments, an "isotopic variant" of a compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (Ή), deuterium ( H), carbon-12 ( ^l2 C), carbon-13 ( ^lk ), nitrogen- 14 ( ^l4 N), nitrogen-15 ( ^l5 N), oxygen-16 ( ^l6 0), oxygen-17 ( ^l7 0), oxygen- 18 ( ^l8 0), fluorine-17 ( ^l7 F), phosphorus-31 ( ^, P), sulfur-32 ( ² S), sulfur-33 ( ³ S), sulfur-34 ( ⁴ S), sulfur-36 ( ³ S), chlorine-35 ( ³⁵ C1), chlorine-37 ( ³⁷ C1), bromine-79 ( ⁷⁹ Br), bromine-81 ( ^8l Br), and iodine-127 ( ^" I). In certain embodiments, an "isotopic variant" of a compound is in an unstable form, that is, radioactive. In certain embodiments, an "isotopic variant" of a compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, tritium ( H), carbon-11 ( ^M C), carbon-14 ( ^l4 C), nitrogen-13 ( ^l3 N), oxygen-14 ( ^l4 0), oxygen-15 ( ^l5 0), fluorine- 18 ( ^l8 F), phosphorus-32 ( ³² P), phosphorus-33 ( ³³ P), sulfur-35 ( ⁵ S), chlorine-36 ( ³⁶ C1), iodine-123 ( ^l23 I), iodine-125 ( ^l23 I), iodine-129 ( ^l2y I), and iodine-131 ( ^l3l I). It will be understood that, in a compound as provided herein, any hydrogen can be H, tor example, or any carbon can be " ^c , as example, or any nitrogen can be ^l5 N, as example, and any oxygen can be ^l8 0, where feasible according to the judgment of one of skill. In certain embodiments, an "isotopic variant" of a compound contains unnatural proportions of deuterium.

[0049] The term "solvate" refers to a complex or aggregate formed by one or more molecules of a solute, e.g., a compound provided herein, and one or more molecules of a solvent, which present in stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol, ra-propanol, isopropanol, and acetic acid. In certain embodiments, the solvent is pharmaceutically acceptable. In one

embodiment, the complex or aggregate is in a crystalline form. In another embodiment, the complex or aggregate is in a noncrystalline form. Where the solvent is water, the solvate is a hydrate. Examples of hydrates include, but are not limited to, a hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, and pentahydrate.

[0050] The phrase "a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof has the same meaning as the phrase "a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant of the compound referenced therein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug of the compound referenced therein, or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant of the compound referenced therein."

Compounds

[0051] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula I:

(I)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof;

wherein:

A, E, L ³ , and m are (i) or (ii):

(i) A is C _3-8 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -i4 aryl, C7.15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or

heterocyclyl;

E is a bond, C ₂ _ ₆ alkenylene, C ₂ _ ₆ alkynylene, heteroarylene, heterocyclylene; and

L ³ is a bond, -C(O)-, -C(0)0- -C(0)NR ^la - -0-, -OC(0)0- -OC(0)NR ^h '-, -OS(O)-, -OS(0) ₂ - -OS(0)NR ^la - -OS(0) ₂ NR ^l -, -NR ^la -, -NR ^la C(0)NR ^ld - -NR ^la S(0)NR ^ld -, -NR ^la S(0) ₂ NR ^ld -, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(0) ₂ -, -S(0)NR ^l: ' -, or -S(0) ₂ NR ^la -; and m is an integer of 1 , 2, 3, or 4;

with the proviso that E and L ³ are not both a bond at the same time;

(ii) A is C _3- 8 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -i4 aryl, C ₇ .| ₅ aralkyl, heteroaryl, or

heterocyclyl;

E is 5-membered heteroarylene or 5-membered heterocyclylene; with the proviso that E is not 4-oxo-imidazolidinylene;

L ³ is a bond, -C(O)-, -C(0)0- -C(0)NR ^la - -0-, -OC(0)0- -OC(0)NR ^h '-, -OS(0)-, -OS(0) ₂ - -OS(0)NR ^l - -OS(0) ₂ NR ^hl -, _NR ^la - -NR ^la C(0)NR ^ld - -NR ^la S(0)NR ^ld -, -NR ^la S(0) ₂ NR ^ld -, -S-, -S(0)NR ^la -, or -S(0) ₂ NR ^la -; and m is an integer of 0;

L ¹ is -CH ₂ OH, -CONH2, -C0 ₂ H, -P0 H ₂ , -P0 ₂ H ₂ , tetrazolyl, or 3- hydroxyisoxazolyl;

L ² is -CH ₂ N(R ⁵ )-, -N(R ⁵ )-, or -C(0)N(R ⁵ )-;

U, V, W, X, and Y are each independently C, CH, or N;

R ¹ , R ² , and R are selected from (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv):

(i) R', R ^" ,andR ^J are each independently (a) hydrogen, halo, or cyano; (b) C|-6 alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, C ₃ _8 cycloalkyl, C ₆ - aryl, C ₇ .| ₅ aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyciyi; or (c) -C(0)R ^la , -C(0)OR ^la , -C(0)NR ^,b R , -C(NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^k , -OR ^,a , -OC(0)R ^la , -OC(0)OR ^la , -OC(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , -OC(=NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^lc , -OS(0)R ^la , -OS(0) ₂ R ^la , -OS(0)NR ^lb R ^l , -OS(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^lc , -NR ^lb R ^lc , ~NR ^la C(0)R ^,d , -NR ^la C(0)OR ^ld ,

-NR ^la C(0)NR ^l R ^lc , -NR ^la C(=NR ^ld )NR ^lb R ^lc , -NR ^la S(0)R ^ld , -NR ^la S(0) ₂ R ^ld ,

-NR ^,a S(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , -NR ^,a S(0) ₂ NR ^,h R ^k , -SR ^la , -S(0)R ^la , -S(0) ₂ R ^la , -S(0)NR ^lb R ^k , or -S(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^lc ;

(ii) R ¹ or R ² forms a double bond with R ³ ; and the other of R ¹ and R ² is selected as in (i);

1 2 ^

(iii) two of R , R , and R are joined together to form C ₃ _x cycloalkyl, or 3- to 8-membered heterocyciyi; and the third is selected as in (i); and

(iv) R ³ is joined together with V or W to form C5.X cycloalkyl, or 5- to 8- membered heterocyciyi; and R ¹ and R ² are selected as in (i);

R ⁴ is (a) Ci-ft alkyl, C ₂ _ ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, C ₃ . ₇ cycloalkyl, C ₆ -i4 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C|_6 alkyl, heterocyciyi, or heterocyclyl-C|. ₆ alkyl; or (c)

-C(0)R ^la , -C(0)OR ^la , -C(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , -C(NR ^h ')NR ^lb R ^k , -S(0)R ^la , -S(0) ₂ R ^la ,

-S(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , or -S(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^lc ; or R ⁴ and R ⁵ together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyciyi; or

R ⁴ is joined together with V orW to form 5- to 8-membered heterocyciyi;

R ^s is hydrogen, C| _-6 alkyl, C ₂ - ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ -6 alkynyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -i4 aryl, C ₇ .| ₅ aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C|_ ₆ alkyl, heterocyciyi, or heterocyclyl-C|. ₆ alkyl; or

R ⁴ and R ⁵ are joined together to form heterocyciyi; and

R ⁶ is (a) cyano, halo, azido, and nitro; (b) Ci- ₆ alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, C ₃ - ₇ cycloalkyl, C ₆ .| ₄ aryl, C ₇ .| ₅ aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyciyi; or (c) -C(0)R ^la , -C(0)OR ^l , -C(0)NR ^lb R ^l , -C(NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^k , -OR ^la , -OC(0)R ^la , -OC(0)OR ^la ,

-OC(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , -OC(=NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^lc , -OS(0)R ^la , -OS(0) ₂ R ^la , -OS(0)NR ^lb R ^k , -OS(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^,c , -NR ^lb R ^,c , -NR ^la C(0)R ^ld , -NR ^,a C(0)OR ^ld , -NR ^la C(0)NR ^lb R ^lc ,

-NR ^la C(=NR ^ld )NR ^lb R ^lc , -NR ^la S(0)R ^ld , -NR ^la S(0) ₂ R ^ld , -NR ^la S(0)NR ^lb R ^lc ,

-NR ^la S(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^lc , -SR ^la , -S(0)R ^la , -S(0) ₂ R ^la , -S(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , and -S(0) ₂ NR ^,b R ^lc ;

each R ^la , R ^lb , R ^lc , and R ^ld is independently hydrogen, C|. ₆ alkyl, C ₂ _ ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl, C ₆ .|4 aryl, C ₇ .| ₅ aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or R ^lu and R ^lc together with the C and N atoms to which they are attached form heterocyclyl; or R ^lb and R ^lc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl;

with the proviso that when L-E together is -0-, R ⁶ is not iodo or benzoxy; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkenylene, alkynyl, alkynylene, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, tetrazolyl, heteroarylene, heteroaryl-alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylene, and heterocyclyl-alkyl in R ¹ , R ² , R ⁶ , R ^la , R ^lb , R ^lc , R- ^Id , A, and B is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q, where each Q is independently selected from (a) cyano, halo, azido, and nitro; (b) C|. ₆ alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl, C ₆ .i4 aryl, C7.15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q'; and (c) -C(0)R\ -C(0)OR\ -C(0)NR ^b R ^c , -C(NR ^a )NR ^b R ^c , -OR ^a , -OC(0)R ^a , -OC(0)OR ^a , -OC(0)NR ^b R ^L , -OC(=NR ^a )NR ^b R ^c , -OS(0)R ^a , -OS(0) ₂ R ^a , -OS(0)NR ^b R ^L , -OS(0) ₂ NR ^b R ^c , -NR R ^c , -NR ^a C(0)R ^d , -NR ^a C(0)OR ^d , -NR ^a C(0)NR ^b R ^c , -NR ^a C(=NR ^d )NR ^b R ^c ,

-NR ^a S(0)R ^d , -NR ^a S(0) ₂ R ^d , -NR ^a S(0)NR ^b R ^c , -NR ^a S(0) ₂ NR ^b R , -SR ^a , -S(0)R ^a , -S(0) ₂ R ^a , -S(0)NR ^b R ^c , and -S(0) ₂ NR R ^c , wherein each R ^a , R ^b , R ^c , and R ^d is independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C|. ₆ alkyl, C ₂ - ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ _ ₆ alkynyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl, C ₆ -i4 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q ^a ; or (iii) R ^b and R together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q ^a ;

wherein each Q ^a is independently selected from the group consisting of (a) cyano, halo, and nitro; (b) Ci _-6 alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, C3.7 cycloalkyl, C ₆ .| ₄ aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) -C(0)R ^e , -C(0)OR ^c , -C(0)NR ^r R , -C(NR ^e )NR ^f R , -OR ^e , -OC(0)R ^e , -OC(0)OR ^e , -OC(0)NR ^r R ^g , -OC(=NR ^e )NR ^r R ^e ,

-OS(0)R ^c , -OS(0) ₂ R ^e , -OS(0)NR ^f R , -OS(0) ₂ NR ^f R ^g , -NR ^f R ⁸ , -NR ^e C(0)R ^h ,

-NR ^e C(0)OR ^f , -NR ^e C(0)NR ^r R , -NR ^e C(=NR ^h )NR ^f R , -NR ^e S(0)R ^h , -NR ^e S(0) ₂ R ^h , -NR ^c S(0)NR ^f R ^g , -NR ^L S(0) ₂ NR ^f R ^g , -SR ^C , -S(0)R ^c , -S(0) ₂ R°, -S(0)NR ^f R ^g , and

-S(0) ₂ NR ^r R ; wherein each R ^e , R ¹ , R , and R ^h is independently (i) hydrogen; (ii) C,. ₆ alkyl, C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, C ₂ . alkynyl, C ₃ . ₇ cycloalkyl, C ₆ .| ₄ aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) R ^F and R together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.

[0052] In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula II:

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R\ R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, E, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , U, V, W, X, and m are each as defined herein.

[0053] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula Ila or lib:

(Ila) (lib)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, E, L ¹ , L ² , I. ³ , U, V, W, X, and m are each as defined herein.

[0054] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula III:

(HI)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ^FT , A, E, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , V, W, X, Y, and m are each as defined herein.

[0055] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula Ilia or Illb: A

(Ilia) (Illb)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mi xture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, E, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , V, W, X, Y, and m are each as defined herein.

[0056] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula IV:

(IV)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ R ² , R\ R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , U, V, W, X, Y, and m are each as defined herein.

[0057] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula V:

or a single enantiomer, a mi xture of enantiomers, a mi xture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , U, V, W, X, and m are each as defined herein.

[0058] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula Va or Vb:

A

(Va) (Vb) or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R-, R-\ R , R ⁿ , A, L , L ^" , L\ U, V, W, X, and m are each as defined herein.

[0059] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula VI:

(VI)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ^FT , A, L ¹ , L ² , L\ V, W, X, Y, and m are each as defined herein.

[0060] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula Via or VIb:

(Via) (VIb)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , V, W, X, Y, and m are each as defined herein.

[0061 ] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula VII:

(VII)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof;

wherein: R ¹ , R ² , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ² , I. ³ , U, V, W, X, Y, and m are each as defined herein; and

Z ¹ , Z ² , Z\ Z ⁴ , and Z ³ are each independently C, N, O, S, CR ^la , NR ^la , or CR ,l ^la uRr,l ^lb b, where R ^la and R ^lb are each as defined herein.

[0062] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula VIII:

(VIII)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , and m are each as defined herein.

[0063] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula Villa or Vlllb:

(Villa) (Vlllb)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , U, V, W, X, Z', Z ² , Z ³ , Z ⁴ , Z ⁵ , and m are each as defined herein.

[0064] In yet another e a compound of Formula IX:

(IX) or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , V, W, X, Y, Z ¹ , Z ² , Z ³ , Z ⁴ , Z ⁵ , and m are each as defined herein.

[0065] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula IXa or IXb:

A

(IXa) (IXb)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutical ly acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , V, W, X, Y, Z ¹ , Z ² , Z ³ , Z ⁴ , Z ⁵ , and m are each as defined herein.

[0066] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula X:

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ R ² , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, E, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , U, V, X, Y, and m are each as defined herein; and J is

. l a

(CR ^{l a} R ^k, )n- where R ^{l a} and R . ' 1 ^u <J are each as defined herein, and n is an integer of 1 , 2, 3, or

[0067] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula XI:

(XI) or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R", R*, R°, A, L' , L-, L\ J, U, V, X, and m are each as defined herein.

[0068] in yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula XII:

(XII)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ² , I_\ J, V, X, Y, and m are each as defined herein.

[0069] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula XIII:

(XIII)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , J, U, V, X, Z\ Z ² , Z\ Z ⁴ , Z ⁵ , and m are each as defined herein.

[0070] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula XIV:

(XIV) or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , V, X, Y, Z ¹ , Z ² , Z ³ , Z ⁴ , Z ⁵ , and m are each as defined herein.

[0071 ] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formul

(XV)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ³ , J, U, V, X, Y, Z' , Z ² , Z ³ , Z ⁴ , Z ⁵ , and m are each as defined herein; and J is a bond or -(CR ^{l a} R ^ld )„-, where R ^{l a} and R ^{l d} are each as defined herein, and n is an integer of 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[0072] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula XVI:

(XVI)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R\ R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , L ³ , J, U, V, X, and m are each as defined herein.

[0073] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula XVII

(XVII)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R\ R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L' , L ³ , J, V, X, Y, and m are each as defined herein. [0074] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound of Formula XVIII:

(XVIII)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁶ , A, L ¹ , I. ³ , J, U, V, X, Z ¹ , Z ² , Z ³ , Z ⁴ , Z ⁵ , and m are each as defined herein.

[0075] In yet another e a compound of Formula XIX:

(XIX)

or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein R ¹ , R ² , and m are each as defined herein.

[0076] The groups, R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ , R ⁶ , R ^{L A} , R ^{L B} , R ^{L C} , R ^{L D} , A, E, L ¹ , L ² , L ³ , U, V, W,

X, Y, Z ¹ , Z ² , Z ³ , Z ⁴ , Z ⁵ , or m in formulae described herein, including Formulae I to XIX, Ila, Ilia, Va, Via, Villa, IXa, lib, Illb, Vb, VIb, VHIb, and EXb, are further defined herein. All combinations of the embodiments provided herein for such groups are within the scope of this disclosure.

[0077] In certain embodiments, R ¹ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is halo.

In certain embodiments, R ¹ is fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is cyano. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is C| . ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is C ₂ . ₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is C ₃ . ₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is C ₆ -i4 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is C7.15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[0078] In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -C(0)R ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. Tn certain embodiments, R ¹ is -C(0)OR ^ld , wherein R ^ld is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -C(0)OH. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -C(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , wherein R ^lb and R ^k are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -C(NR ^la )NR ^lb R , wherein R ^la , R ^lh , and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -OR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -OC(0)R ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -OC(0)OR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -OC(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , wherein R ^lb and R ^k are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -OC(=NR ^la )NR ^,b R ^lc , wherein R ^la , R ^lb , and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -OS(0)R ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -OS(0)2R ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -OS(0)NR ^lb R ^k , wherein R ^lb and R ^k are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -OS(0)2NR ^lb R ^lc , wherein R ^lb and R ^k are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -NR ^lb R ^k , wherein R ^lb and R ^k are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -NR ^la C(0)R ^lli , wherein R ^la and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -NR ^la C(0)OR ^ld , wherein R ^la and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -NR ^la C(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , wherein R ^la , R ^l , and R ^k are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -NR ^la C(=NR ^kl )NR ^lb R ^k , wherein R ^la , R ^lb , R ^k , and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -NR ^la S(0)R ^ld , wherein R ^la and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is

-NR ^la S(0)2R ^ld , wherein R ^la and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -NR ^l S(0)NR ^lb R ^k , wherein R ^la , R ^lb , and R are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -NR ^la S(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^lc , wherein R ^la , R ^lb , and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -SR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain

embodiments, R ¹ is -S-phenyl. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -S(0)R ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. Tn certain embodiments, R ¹ is -S(0) ₂ R ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -S(0)NR ^lb R , wherein R ^l and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is -S(0)2NR ^lb R , wherein R ^lb and R ^l are each as defined herein. [0079] In certain embodiments, R ² is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R ² is halo.

In certain embodiments, R ² is fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. In certain embodiments, R ² is cyano. In certain embodiments, R ² is Ci _-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R is C ₂ _ ₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ² is C ₂ - ₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ² is C _3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ² is Ce-w aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^" is C ₇ .| ₅ aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ² is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ² is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[0080] In certain embodiments, R ² is -C(0)R ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -C(0)OR ^la , wherein R ¹ ' ¹ is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -C(0)OH. In certain embodiments, R ² is -C(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , wherein R ^lb and R are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -C(NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^k , wherein R ^la ,R ^lb , andR ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -OR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -OC(0)R ^la , wherein R ^ld is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -OC(0)OR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -OC(0)NR ^lb R ^k , wherein R ^lb and R ^k are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -OC(=NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^lc , wherein R ^la , R ^lb , and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -OS(0)R ^l , wherein R ^lj is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -OS(0) ₂ R ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -OS(0)NR ^lb R ^,c , wherein R ^,b and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -OS(0)2NR ^lb R ^lc , wherein R ^lb and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -NR ^lb R ^k , wherein R ^lb and R ^k are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -NR ^la C(0)R ^ld , wherein R ^la and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -NR ^la C(0)OR ^ld , wherein R ^l and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -NR ^l: 'C(0)NR ^,b R ^lc , wherein R ^la , R ^lb , and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -NR ^la C(=NR ^ld )NR ^lb R , wherein R ^la , R ^lb , R ^k , and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -NR ^la S(0)R ^id , wherein R ^la and R ^l are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is - NR ^la S(0) ₂ R ^ld , wherein R ^la and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R is -NR ^la S(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , wherein R ^la , R ^lb , and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -NR ^{l a} S(0) ₂ NR ^{l b} R ^{l c} , wherein R ^{l a} , R ^{, b} , and R ^{l c} are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -SR ^{l a} , wherein R ^{l a} is as defined herein. Tn certain

embodiments, R ² is -S-phenyl. In certain embodiments, R ² is -S(0)R ^{, a} , wherein R ^{l a} is as defined herein, in certain embodiments, R ² is -S(0) ₂ R ^la , wherein R ^{l a} is as defined herein. Tn certain embodiments, R ² is -S(0)NR ^{l b} R ^{l c} , wherein R ^{l b} and R ^{l c} are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ² is -S(0) ₂ NR ^{l b} R ^{l c} , wherein R ^{l b} and R ^{l c} are each as defined herein.

[008 1] In certain embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are joined together to form C3.8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are joined together to form 3- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R and R ^" are joined together to form 3- to 8- membered monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ and R ² are joined together to form 3- to 8-membered monocyclic heterocyclyl, wherein one or two of its ring atoms are heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N, and wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[0082] In certain embodiments, R ³ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R ³ is halo.

In certain embodiments, R is fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. In certain embodiments, R is cyano. In certain embodiments, R is C|- alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ³ is methyl, propyl, or pyridinylmethyl, in one embodiment, isopropyl or pyridin-2-ylmethyl. In certain embodiments, R ³ is C ₂ _ ₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R is C ₂ -( alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ³ is C3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ³ is C ₆ .| ₄ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ³ is C ₇ .| ₅ aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ³ is benzyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ³ is 4-isopropylbenzyl. In certain embodiments, R ³ is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ³ is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[0083] In certain embodiments, R ³ is -C(0)R ^{l a} , wherein R ^{l a} is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -C(0)OR ^{l a} , wherein R ^{l a} is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -C(0)NR ^{l b} R ^{l c} , wherein R ^{l b} and R ^k are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -C(NR ^LA )NR ^LB R ^LC , wherein R ^LA , R ^LB , and R ^,C are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -OR ^LA , wherein R ^LA is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -OC(0)R ^LA , wherein R ^LA is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -OC(0)OR ^LA , wherein R ^LA is as defined herein. Tn certain embodiments, R ³ is

-OC(0)NR ^LB R ^LC , wherein R ^LB and R ^LC are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R is -OC(=NR ^LA )NR ^LB R ^LC , wherein R ^LA , R ^LB , and R ^LC are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -0S(0)R' ', wherein R ^LA is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -OS(0)2R ^la , wherein R ^LA is as defined herein. Tn certain embodiments, R ³ is

-OS(0)NR ^L R ^LC , wherein R ^, and R ^LC are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R is -OS(0)2NR ^LB R ^LC , wherein R ^LB and R ^LC are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -NR ^LB R ^LC , wherein R ^LB and R ^LC are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R is -NR ^LA C(0)R ^LD , wherein R ^LA and R ^LD are each as defined hei ein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -NR ^LA C(0)OR ^LD , wherein R ^,A and R ^LD are each as defined herein. In certain

embodiments, R ³ is -NR ^LA C(0)NR ^LB R ^LC , wherein R ^LA , R ^L , and R ^LC are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -NR ^LA C(=NR ^LD )NR ^LB R ^LC , wherein R ^,A , R ^LB , R ^,L , and R ^LD are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -NR ^LA S(0)R ^LD , wherein R ^LA and R ^LD are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -NR ^LA S(0)2R ^ld , wherein R ^LA and R ^LD are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -NR ^LA S(0)NR ^LB R ^LC , wherein R ^LA , R ^LB , and R ^LC are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -NR ^LA S(0) ₂ NR ^LB R ^K , wherein R ^LA , R ^LB , and R ^LC are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -SR ^LA , wherein R ^LA is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -S(0)R ^LA , wherein R ^1'1 is as defined herein. Tn certain embodiments, R ³ is -S(0) ₂ R ^LA , wherein R ^LA is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -S(0)NR ^LB R ^K , wherein R ^LB and R ^K are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ³ is -S(0)2NR ^L R ^LC , wherein R ^LB and R ^LC are each as defined herein.

[0084] In certain embodiments, R ¹ and R ³ are joined together to form C ₃ _ ₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ and R ³ are joined together to form 3- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ and R ³ are joined together to form 3- to 8- membered monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R' and R ³ are joined together to form 3- to 8-membered monocyclic heterocyclyl, wherein one or two of its ring atoms are heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N; and wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ¹ and R ³ are joined together to form pyrrolidinyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[0085] In certain embodiments, R ¹ and R ³ form a double bond. In certain

embodiments, R ¹ and R ³ form a double bond in Z configuration. In certain embodiments, R ¹ and R form a double bond in E configuration.

[0086] In certain embodiments, R ² and R ³ are joined together to form C 8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^" and R are joined together to form 3- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^~ and R are joined together to form 3- to 8- membered monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^" and R are joined together to form 3- to 8-membered monocyclic heterocyclyl, wherein one or two of its ring atoms are heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N; and wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^" and R are joined together to form pyrrolidinyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[0087] In certain embodiments, R ² and R ³ form a double bond. In certain

embodiments, R ^" and R form a double bond in Z configuration. In certain embodiments, R and R ³ form a double bond in E configuration.

[0088] In certain embodiments, R ³ is joined together with V to form C5.7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ³ is joined together with V to form cyclopentyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ³ is joined together with V to form 5- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocyclyl wherein one or two of its ring atoms are heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N; and wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[0089] In certain embodiments, R ³ is joined together with W to form C5-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R is joined together with W to form cyclopentyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ³ is joined together with W to form 5- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocyclyl wherein one or two of its ring atoms are heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N; and wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. [0090] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is Ci^ alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is methyl. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is C ₂ -6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is C ₂ -6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is C ₃ _s cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[0091 ] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is C ₆ _| ₄ aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is phenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently selected from fluoro and methyl. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is 3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl or 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl.

[0092] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is C7- 15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is benzyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is 4-fluorophenylbenzyl.

[0093] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is 5-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is pyrimidinyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is pyrimidinyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently selected from chloro, isopropylamino, dimethylamino, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinyl. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is 2-chloropyrimidin- 4-yl, 4-isopropylaminopyrimidin-2-yl, 4-dimethylaminopyrimidin-2-yl, 2-pyrrolidin- l - ylpyrimidin-4-yl, 2-piperidin- 1 -ylpyrimidin-4-yl, 2-morpholin-4-ylpyrimidin-4-yl, or 4- morpholin-2-ylpyrimidin-4-yl.

[0094] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is heteroaryl-C| .6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is furanylmethyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is 5-(4- methy Iphenyl )furan-2-y I methyl .

[0095] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is heterocyclyl-Ci-6 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[0096] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is -C(0)R ^l , where R ^{l a} is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is acetyl, acrylyl, cyclopropylcarbonyl, cyclopentylcarbonyl, benzoyl, furanylcarbonyl, thienylcarbonyl, oxazolylcarbonyl, pyrazoylcarbonyl,

imidazolylcarbonyl, 1 ,2,3-triazinylcarbonyl, pyridinylcarbonyl, indazolylcarbonyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, or piperidinylcarbonyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chioro, bromo, methyl, ethenyl, phenylaminomethyl, benzylaminomethyl, piperidin- 1 - yl methyl, morpholin-4-ylmethyl, piperazin- l -ylmethyl, 4-methylpiperidin- l -ylmethyl, 4-f- butoxycarbonyl-piperazin- l-ylmethyl, i-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 3-fluoro- phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluoro- phenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, 3- chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 4-bromo-2-fluoiOphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 3-fluoro-4- methylphenyl, 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 3-fluoiO-4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-fluoro-3- trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-trifluoromethyl- phenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 4-isopropylphenyl, 4-/-butylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 4-hydroxy- phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, imidazol- l -yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, azetidin- l -yl, pyrrolidin- l -yl, piperidin- l-yl, 4-methylpiperidin- l - yl, morpholin-4-yl, 4-methylpiperazin- l -yl, 4-(4-methylphenyl)piperazin- l -yl, 4-(4-methyl- benzyl)piperazin- l -yl, 4-/-butoxycarbonyl-piperazin- l -yl, benzo[JJ[ l ,3]dioxol-5-yl, phenoxy, 4-fluorophenoxy, benzoxy, 4-(f-butoxycarbonylamino)phenoxy, 4-chlorophenylthio, dimethylamino, diethylamino, phenylamino, benzylamino, /-butoxycarbonylamino, and methoxycarbonyl.

[0097] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is acetyl, 2-phenoxyacetyl, 2-benzoxyacetyl, 2-(4- chlorophenylthio)acetyl, 2-(4-(/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenoxy)acetyl, 2-(4-(4- methylpheny piperazin- 1 -yl)acetyl, 2-(4-(4-methylbenzyl)piperazin- 1 -yl)acetyl, 2-methyl-3- phenylacrylyl, 3-(3-fluorophenyl)acrylyl, 3-(4-tluorophenyl)acrylyl, 3-(4-bromophenyl)- acrylyl, 3-(4-mefhylphenyl)acrylyl, 3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)acrylyl, 3-(4-trifluoromethyl- phenyl)acrylyl, 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)acrylyl, 3-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)acrylyl, 3-(2,4- difluorophenyl)acrylyl, 3-(2,5-difluorophenyl)acrylyl, 3-(2,6-difluorophenyl)acrylyl, 3-(3- fluoro-4-methylphenyl)acrylyl, 3-(3-fluoro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl )acrylyl, 3-(3-chloro-4- fIuorophenyl)acrylyl, 3-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)acrylyl, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- acrylyl, 3-(3-trifluoiOmethoxyphenyl)acrylyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl )acrylyl, 3-(benzo[J|[ l ,3]- dioxol-5-yl)acrylyl, 2-phenyl-cyclopropylcarbonyl, 2-(4-iluorophenyl)cyclopropylcarbonyl,

2- (4-bromophenyl)cyclopropylcarbonyl, 2-(2-methylphenyl)cyclopropylcarbonyl, 2-(4- methylphenyl)cyclopropylcarbonyI, 2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylcarbonyl, 2-(3- fluoro-4-methylphenyl)cyclopropylcarbonyl, 2-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoiOmethylphenyl)- cyclopropylcarbonyl, 2-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyI)cyclopropylcarbonyl, 2-(3- trifluoi methylphenyl)cyclopropylcarbonyl, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropylcarbonyl, 2- (benzo[i J [ l ,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropylcarbonyl, l -(4-chlorophenyl)cyclopentylcarbonyl, 3- bromobenzoyl, 4-bromobenzoyl, 3-(phenylaminomethyl)benzoyl, 4-(benzylaminomethyl )- benzoyl, 3-(mo holin-4-yl methyl)benzoyl, 4-(moφholin-4-ylmethyl)benzoyl, 3-(piperazin- 1 -ylmethyl)benzoyl, 4-(4-methylpiperidin- 1 -ylmethyI)benzoyl, 4-(4-i-butoxycarbonyl- piperazin- l -ylmethyl)benzoyl, 4-i-butylbenzoyl, 3-ethenylbenzoyl, 4-ethenylbenzoyl, 3- phenylbenzoyl, 4-phenylbenzoyl, 4-(4-fluorophenyl )benzoyl, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)benzoyl, 3- fluoro-4-phenylbenzoyl, 3-phenyl-4-methyl-benzoyl, 3-(4-methylphenyl)benzoyl, 3-(4- trifluoromethylphenyl)benzoyl, 4-(4-ethylphenyl)benzoyl, 3-(4-?-butylphenyl)benzoyl, 4-(4- cyclopropylphenyl)benzoyl, 2-tluoro-3-(4-tluorophenyl)benzoyl, 2-tluoro-3-(4-chloro- phenyl )benzoyl, 2-fluoiO-3-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)benzoyl, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl )-benzoyl,

3- (phenylamino)benzoyl, 4-(phenylamino)benzoyl, 3-(benzylamino)benzoyl, 3-phenoxy- benzoyl, 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)benzoyl, 4-dimethylamino-benzoyl, 4-diethylaminobenzoyl, 3- (r-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyl, 4-(i-butoxycarbonyl-amino)benzoyl, 4-(imidazol- 1 -yl)- benzoyl, 3-(pyrrolidin- l -yl)benzoyl, 4-(pyrrolidin- l -yl )benzoyl, 4-(piperidin- l -yl)benzoyl, 3- (4-methylpiperidin- l -yl)benzoyl, 3-(4-/-butoxy-carbonyl-piperazin- l -yl)benzoyl, 3- (Inoφl^olin-4-yl )benzoyl, 4-(moφholin-4-yl)benzoyl, 5-bromofuran-2-ylcarbonyl, 5- phenyl uran-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-fluorophenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2- ylcarbonyl, 5-(2-nitrophenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(3-nitrophenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4- nitrophenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(2-methylphenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(3-methylphenyl )- furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-methylphenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(2-trifluoromediylphenyl)furan- 2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)- furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-isopropyIphenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-i-butylphenyl)furan-2- ylcarbonyl, 5-(2,3-difluorophenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(3,4-difluoi ophenyI)furan-2-yl- carbonyl, 5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)furan-2- ylcarbonyl, 5-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)- furaii-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)- furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)furan- 2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(pyridin-3-yl)furan-2-yl- carbonyl, 5-(4-methylpiperazin- l-yl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(morpholin-4-yl)furan-2- ylcarbonyl, 5-methoxycarbonylfuran-2-ylcarbonyl, thien-2-ylcarbonyl, 4-phenyl-thien-2- ylcarbonyl, 4-(4-fluorophenyl)thien-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-fluorophenyl)thien-2-ylcarbonyl, 4- (3-methylphenyl)thien-2-ylcarbonyl, 4-(4-methylphenyl)thien-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-pyridin-2- ylthien-2-ylcarbonyl, 2-phenyl-4-trifluoromethyl-oxazol-5-yl, 5-(4-fluoiophenyl)pyrazol-3- ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3- ylcarbonyl, l -(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-methyl-pyrazol-3-ylcarbonyl, l -(4-nitrophenyl)-5- methyl-pyrazol-3-ylcarbonyl, 1 -(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5-methyl-pyrazol-3-ylcarbonyl, 1 -(4- methylphenyl)-5-methyl-pyrazol-3-ylcarbonyl, l -(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-methyl- pyrazol-3-ylcarbonyl, 2-phenyl-imidazol-4-ylcarbonyl, I -cyclohexyl- 1 ,2,3-triazin-4- ylcarbonyl, 1 -(4-bromophenyl)- 1 ,2,3-triazin-4-ylcarbonyl, 1 -(4-methylphenyl)- 1 ,2,3-triazin- 4-ylcarbonyl, l -(4-/-butylphenyl)- l ,2,3-triazin-4-ylcarbonyl, l -(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)- 1 ,2,3-triazin-4-ylcarbonyl, I -benzyl- 1 ,2,3-triazin-4-ylcarbonyl, 2-chloropyridin-4-ylcarbonyl,

2- (imidazol- l -yl)pyridin-5-ylcarbonyl, 2- azetidin- l -ylpyridin-5-ylcarbonyl, 6-(4-fluoro- phenyl)pyridin-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl, 2-(4-methylphenyl)- pyridin-4-ylcarbonyl, 2-(4-methylphenyl)pyridin-5-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-methylphenyl)pyridin-3- ylcarbonyl, 6-(4-methylphenyl)pyridin-2-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl- carbonyl, 2-(4-methylpiperazin- 1 -yl)pyridin-5-ylcarbonyl, 6-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)- pyridin-2-ylcarbonyl, 6-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)pyridin-2-ylcarbonyl, 6-phenylpyrimidin-

3- ylcarbonyl, 2-piperidin- 1 -ylpyrimidin-5-ylcarbonyl, I -methyl-indazol-3-ylcarbonyl, 5-(4- methylphenyl)pyrrolidin-2-ylcarbonyl, l -(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-3-ylcarbonyl, 1-/- butoxycarbonyl-piperidin-4-ylcarbonyl, I -/-butoxycarbonyl-piperidin-3-ylcarbonyl, or 2- methyl- I -(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-4-yIcarbonyl .

[0098] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is -C(0)OR ^{l a} , where R ^{l a} is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is benzoxycarbonyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[0099] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is -C(0)NR ^{l b} R ^{l c} , where R ^l and R ^{l c} are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is phenylaminocarbonyl, benzylaminocarbonyl, pyrazolylaminocarbonyl, isoxazolylaminocarbonyl, pyridinylaminocarbonyl, pyrrolidin- 1- ylcarbonyl, piperazin- l -ylcarbonyl, or diazepan- l -ylcarbonyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently selected form the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, methyl, trifluoromethyl, isopropyl, 4-/-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2- chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 2-cyanophenyl, 4- cyanophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-isopropylphenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-triflouiOmethylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 4- fluoro-3-bromophenyl, 3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 4-fluoio-3-methylphenyl, 3-chloro-4- methylphenyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, thien-2-yl, 2-pyridinyl, 4- pyridinyl, 5-fluoropyridin-2-yl, 5-cyanopyridin-2-yl, 3-methylpyridin-2-yl, 4-inethylpyridin- 2-yl, 5-methylpyridin-2-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, 5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl, 5-ethylpyrimidin-2-yl, 5- trifluoromethylpyrimidin-2-yl, 5-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl, piperidin- 1-yl, /-butoxycarbonyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, diethylamino, cyclohexylamino, acetamido, /- butoxycarbonylamino, phenylaminocarbonyl

[00100] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is phenylaminocarbonyl, 2,4,5-trifluorophenyl- aminocarbonyl, N-methyl-4-fluorophenylaminocarbonyl, 4-cyanophenylaminocarbonyl, 4- methylphenylaminocarbonyl, 4-isopropylphenylaminocarbonyl, 4-r-butylphenylaniino- carbonyl, 3-fluoro-4-methylphenylaminocarbonyl, 4-triflouromethylphenylaminocarbonyl, 4- methoxyphenylaminocarbonyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylaminocarbonyI, 4-phenylphenyl- aminocarbonyl, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)phenylaminocarbonyl, 4-(4-methylphenyl)phenylamino- carbonyl, 4-(piperidin- l -yl)phenylaminocarbonyl, 4-acetamidophenylaminocarbonyl, 4-f- butoxycarbonylamino-phenylaminocarbonyl, 4-methylbenzylaminocarbonyl, 5-phenyl- pyrazol-3-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazol-3-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(4-bromo- phenyl)pyrazol-3-ylaminocarbonyl, 1 -methyl-3-/-butyl-pyrazol-4-ylaminocarbonyl, 1 - methyl-3-phenyl-pyrazol-4-ylaminocarbonyl, l -methyl-3-(3-bromo-4-fluoi phenyl)pyrazol- 4-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-methyl-isoxazol-3-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-isoxazol-3- ylaminocarbonyl, pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, pyridin-3-ylaminocarbonyl, pyridin-4-ylamino- carbonyl, 2-chloropyridin-4-ylaminocarbonyl, 2-bromopyridin-5-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-bromo- pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-cyclopropylpyi idin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-phenylpyridin-2- ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(2-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin- 2-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyI, 5-(3-chlorophenyl)- pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(4-chlorophenyl)pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, 2-(3-methyl- phenyl)pyridin-5-ylaminocarbonyl, 2-(4-methylphenyl)pyridin-5-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(4- trifluoromethyIphenyl)pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(4-methylphenyI)pyridin-2-ylamino- carbonyl, 5-(4-isopropylphenyl)pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)- pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(3-fluoro-4- methylphenyl)pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, 5-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)pyridin-2-ylamino- carbonyl, 5-(thien-2-yl)pyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, 2-methoxypyridin-5-ylaminocarbonyl, 2- diethylaminopyridin-5-ylaminocarbonyl, 2-cyclohexylaminopyridin-5-ylaminocarbonyl, 2- phenylaminocarbonylpyridin-2-ylaminocarbonyl, l -(4-methylphenyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl- aminocarbonyl, I -(4-trifluoiOmethyIphenyl)pyrroIidin-3-yIaminocarbonyl, I -(4-methyl- benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylaminocarbonyl, 3-phenylpyrrolidin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 3-(pyridin-2- yl)pyrrolidin- l -ylcarbonyl, 3-(pyridin-4-yl)pyrrolidin- l -ylcarbonyl, 3-(i-butoxycarbonyl- amino)pyri olidin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-cyclohexylpiperazin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(2-fluorophenyl)- piperazin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(4- luorophenyl)piperazin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(2-chlorophenyl)- piperazin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin- l -ylcarbonyl, 4-(2-cyanophenyl)- piperazin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(3-trifluoromethyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(3-methoxyphenyI)piperazin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(4-methyl- benzyl)piperazin- l -ylcarbonyl, 4-(4-methoxybenzyl)piperazin- l -ylcarbonyl, 4-(2-methyl- benzyl)piperazin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(4-methylbenzyl)piperazin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(pyrimidin-2- yljpiperazin- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-i-butoxycarbonyl-piperazin- l -ylcarbonyl, 4-(4-cyanophenyl)- 1 ,4-diazepan- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(pyridin-2-yl)- 1 ,4-diazepan- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(5-fluoropyridin-2- yl)- l ,4-diazepan- l -ylcarbonyl, 4-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)- l ,4-diazepan- l -ylcarbonyl, 4-(3- methylpyridin-2-yl)- 1 ,4-diazepan- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)- 1 ,4-diazepan- 1 - ylcarbonyl, 4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)- l ,4-diazepan- l -ylcarbonyl, 4-(5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)- 1 ,4-diazepan- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(5-ethylpyrimidin-2-yl)- 1 ,4-diazepan- 1 -ylcarbonyl, 4-(5- trifluoromethylpyrimidin-2-yl)- l ,4-diazepan- l-ylcarbonyl, or 4-(5-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)- 1 ,4-diazepan- 1 -ylcarbonyl.

[00101] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is -C(NR ^{l a} )NR ^{l b} R ^{l c} , where R ^{l a} , R ^{l b} , and R ^{l c} are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is -S(0)R ^{| J} , where R ^{l a} is as defined herein.

[00102] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is -S(0) ₂ R ^{l u} , where R ^{l a} is as defined herein.

[00103] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is ethylsulfonyl, propylsulfonyl, butylsulfonyl, cyclohexylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, naphthylsulfonyl, benzylsulfonyl, thienylsulfonyl, pyridinylsulfonyl, or quinolinylsulfonyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently selected from the group consisting of cyano, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, methyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, propyl, isopropyl, /-butyl, phenyl, methoxy, difluoromethoxy, amino, and /-butoxycarbonylamino.

[00104] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is isopropylsuifonyl, isobutylsulfonyl,

butylsulfonyl, cyclohexylsulfonyl, 4-cyanophenylsulfonyl, 3-bromophenylsulfonyl, 4- bromophenylsulfonyl, 4-iodophenylsulfonyl, 3,4-dichlorophenylsulfonyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl- sulfonyl, 3,4-dichlorophenylsulfonyl, 3,5-dichlorophenylsulfonyl, 4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl- sulfonyl, 4-bromo-3-fluorophenylsulfonyl, 4-bromo-2,5-difluorophenylsulfonyl, 4-nitro- phenylsulfonyl, 3-fluoro-4-methylphenylsulfonyl, 5-fluoro-2-methylphenylsulfonyl, 3- chloro-2-methylphenylsulfonyl, 3-chloro-4-methylphenylsulfonyl, 2-methylphenylsulfonyl, 3-methylphenylsulfonyl, 4-methylphenylsulfonyl, 4-difluoromethylphenylsulfonyl, 4- trifluoromethylphenylsulfonyl, 4-propylphenylsulfonyl, 4-isopropylphenylsulfonyl, 4-i-butyl- phenylsulfonyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenylsulfonyl, 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenylsulfonyl, 4- phenylphenylsulfonyl, 3-methoxyphenylsulfonyl, 4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl, 3- difluoromethoxyphenylsulfonyl, 2,4-dimethoxyphenylsulfonyl, 4-aminophenylsulfonyl, 4-t- butoxycarbonylaminophenylsulfonyl, 3-fluoro-4-methylphenylsulfonyl, 3-fluoro-5-methyl- phenylsulfonyl, 1 -naphthylsulfonyl, 2-naphthylsulfonyl, benzylsulfonyl, 4-methylbenzyl- sulfonyl, 2-bromothien-5-ylsulfonyl, 2,3-dichlorothien-5-ylsulfonyl, 2,5-dichlorothien-3- ylsulfonyl, 2-chloropyridin-5-ylsulfonyl, or quinolin-8-ylsulfonyl.

[00105] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is -S(0)NR ^{l b} R ^{l c} , where R ^{l b} and R ^{l c} are each as defined herein.

[00106] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is -S(0) ₂ NR ^{l b} R ^{l c} , where R ^{l b} and R ^{l c} are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is cyclopropylaminosulfonyl, phenylamino- sulfonyl, benzylaminosulfonyl, piperidinylaminosulfonyl, pyrrolidin- l -ylsulfonyl, piperidin- 1 -ylsulfonyl, or piperazin- l -ylsulfonyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently selected form the group consisting of fluoro, bromo, methyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4- trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, pyrimidin-2-yl, and i-butoxycarbonyl. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is cyclopropylaminosulfonyl, 3- bromophenyl-aminosulfonyl, 4-fluoro-3-methylphenylaminosulfonyl, benzylaminosulfonyl, ( l -/-butoxycarbonylpiperidin-4-yl)aminosulfonyl, pyrrolidin- l -ylsulfonyl, piperidin- 1 - ylsulfonyl, 4-methylpiperidin- l -ylsulfonyl, 4-cyclohexylpiperazin- l -ylsulfonyl, 4- phenylpiperazin- 1 -ylsulfonyl, 4-(2-fluoi ophenyl )piperazin- 1 -ylsulfonyl, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)- piperazin- l -yl-sulfonyl, 4-(4-methylphenyl)piperazin- l -ylsulfonyl, 4-(4- trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazin- 1 -ylsulfonyl, 4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazin- 1 -ylsulfonyl, 4-(3-methylbenzyl)piperazin- l -ylsulfonyl, 4-(4-methylbenzyl)piperazin- l -ylsulfonyl, 4- (pyrimidin-2-yl )piperazi n- l -ylsulfonyl, or 4-/-butoxycarbonyl-piperazin- l -ylsulfonyl .

[00107] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ is methyl, phenyl, pyrimidinyl, furanylmethyl, acetyl, acrylyl, cyclopropylcarbonyl, cyclopentylcarbonyl, benzoyl, furanylcarbonyl, thienylcarbonyl, oxazolylcarbonyl, pyrazoylcarbonyl, imidazolylcarbonyl, 1 ,2,3- triazinylcarbonyl, pyridinylcarbonyl, indazolylcarbonyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl,

piperidinylcarbonyl, benzoxycarbonyl, phenylaminocarbonyl, benzylaminocarbonyl, pyrazolylaminocarbonyl, isoxazolylaminocarbonyl, pyndinylaminocarbonyl, pyrrolidin- 1 - ylcarbonyl, piperazin- l -ylcarbonyl, diazepan- l -ylcarbonyl, ethylsulfonyl, propylsulfonyl, butylsulfonyl, cyclohexylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, naphthylsulfonyl, benzylsulfonyl, thienylsulfonyl, pyridinylsulfonyl, quinolinylsulfonyl, cyclopropylaminosulfonyl, phenylamino-sulfonyl, benzylaminosulfonyl, piperidinylaminosulfonyl, pyrrolidin- 1 - ylsulfonyl, piperidin- 1 -ylsulfonyl, or piperazin- 1 -ylsulfonyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, wherein each substituent is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, ethenyl, phenylaminomethyl,

benzylaminomethyl, piperidin- 1 -ylmethyl, morpholin-4-ylmethyl, piperazin- 1 -ylmethyl, 4- methylpiperidin- l -ylmethy], 4-/-butoxycarbonyl-piperazin- l -ylmethyl, /-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 3-fluoro-phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 2,3- difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluoro-phenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl, 3,4- difluorophenyl, 2,4-dichloi ophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl, 2- fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl, 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 3-fluoro-4- trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-fluoiO-3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 2- nitrophenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4- trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 4-isopropylphenyl, 4-/-butylphenyl, 2,4- dimethylphenyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 4-hydroxy-phenyl, 4- methoxyphenyl, 3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, imidazol- l -yl, pyridin- 2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, azetidin- l -yl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, 4-methylpiperidin- l -yl, moφholinyl, 4-methylpiperazin- l -yl, 4-(4-methylpheny!)piperazin- l -yl, 4-(4-methyl- benzyl)piperazin- l -yl, 4-/-butoxycarbonyl-piperazin- l-yl, benzo[i/][ l ,3]dioxol-5-yl, phenoxy, 4-fluorophenoxy, benzoxy, 4-(Y-butoxycarbonylamino)phenoxy, 4-chlorophenylthio, isopropylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, phenylamino, benzylamino, t- butoxycarbonylamino, and methoxycarbonyl.

[00108] In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is Ci ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is methyl. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is C ₂ - ₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is C _3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[00109] In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is C ₆ . ] 4 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is phenyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently selected from fluoro and methyl. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is 3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl or 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl.

[001 10] In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is C7-15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is benzyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is 4-fluorophenylbenzyl.

[001 1 11 I" certain embodiments, R ⁵ is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is 5-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is pyrimidinyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is pyrimidinyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently selected from chloro, isopropylamino, dimethylamino, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinyl. Tn certain embodiments, R ⁵ is 2-chloropyrimidin- 4-yl, 4-isopropylaminopyrimidin-2-yl, 4-dimethylaminopyrimidin-2-yl, 2-pyrrolidin- l- ylpyrimidin-4-yl, 2-piperidin- 1 -ylpyrimidin-4-yl, 2-morpholin-4-ylpyrimidin-4-yl, or 4- morpholin-2-ylpyrimidin-4-yl.

[001 12] Tn certain embodiments, R ⁵ is heteroaryl -C | . ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is furanylmethyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is 5-(4- methylphenyl)furan-2-ylmethyl.

[001 13] In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is heterocyclyl-Ci-6 alkylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[001 14) In certain embodiments, R ⁵ is methyl, phenyl, benzyl, pyrimidinyl, or furanylmethyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, wherein each substituent is independently selected from fluoro, chloro, methyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4- methylphenyl, isopropylamino, dimethylamino, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, and morpholinyl.

[001 15] In certain embodiments, R ⁴ and R ⁵ are joined together to form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ and R ⁵ are joined together to form piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or isoindolinyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ and R ^s are joined together to form 4-/-butoxycarbonyIaminopiperidin- l -yl, 4-/-butoxycarbonylpiperazin- l -yl, 1 -oxo-2,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl, or 5-i-butyl- 1 ,3-dioxo-isoindolin-2-yl. In certain embodiments, R ⁴ and R ³ are joined together to form piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or isoindolyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, wherein each substituent is independently selected from oxo, /-butyl, /-butoxycarbonyl, and /-butoxycarbonylamino.

[001 16] In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is cyano. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is halo. In certain embodiments, R ^ft is fluoro. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is chloro. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is bromo. In certain embodiments, R ^ft is iodo. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is azido. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is nitro. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is C| . ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is methyl or trifluoromethyl. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is C ₂ . ₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is C _2- alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is C ₃ .7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is C _6- i 4 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is C7. 15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^ft is heteioaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[00117] In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -C(0)R ^la , where R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -C(0)OR ^la , where R ^la is as defined herein. In certain

embodiments, R ⁶ is -C(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , where R ^lb and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -C(NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^lc , where R ^la , R ¹ , and R ^le are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -OR ^la , where R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is methoxy. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -OC(0)R ^la , where R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -OC(0)OR ^la , where R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -OC(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , where R ^lh and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -OC(=NR ^la )NR ^lb R ^lc , where R ^la , R ¹ , and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -OS(0)R ^la , where R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -OS(0) ₂ R ^la , where R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -OS(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , where R ^lb and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R is -OS(0) ₂ NR ^l R ^l , where R ^lb and R ^k are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -NR ^lb R ^lc , where R ^lb and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -NR ^la C(0)R ^ld , where R ^la and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -NR ^la C(0)OR ^ld , where R ^la and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -NR ^la C(0)NR ^lb R ^l , where R ^la , R ^lb , and R ^k are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -NR ^la C(=NR ^ld )NR ^lb R ^lc , where R ^la , R ^l , R ^lc , and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -NR ^la S(0)R ^ki , where R ^la and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -NR ^la S(0) ₂ R ^ld , where R ^la and R ^ld are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -NR ^la S(0)NR ^l R ^lc , where R ^lu , R ^lb , and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -NR ^la S(0) ₂ NR ^lb R ^lc , where R ^la , R ^lb , and R ^lc are each defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -SR ^la , where R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -S(0)R ^la , where R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -S(0) ₂ R ^l , where R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -S(0)NR ^lb R ^lc , where R ^lb and R ^lc are each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R ⁶ is -S(0) ₂ NR ^l R ^lc , where R ^lb and R ^lc are each as defined herein.

[00118J In certain embodiments, R ^la is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R ^la is C ₂ - ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^la is C ₂ - ₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l d} is C ₂ -6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l a} is C _3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R is C ₆ - i4 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l a} is C ₇ _ i 5 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^la is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l a} is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[001 19] In certain embodiments, R ^{l b} is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R ^{l b} is C| ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l b} is C ₂ _6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l b} is C ₂ -6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l b} is C ₃ . ₇ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l b} is C ₆ - i4 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l b} is C7.15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^l is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l b} is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[00120] In certain embodiments, R ^{l c} is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R ^l is Q- ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l c} is C ₂ -6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l c} is C ₂ -6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^l is C ₃ . ₇ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l c} is C ₆ - i 4 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l c} is C ₇ _| ₃ aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l c} is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{, c} is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[00121 ] In certain embodiments, R ^{l b} and R ^k together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[001 22] In certain embodiments, R ^{l d} is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R ^ki is C|_ ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l d} is C ₂ _6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l d} is C ₂ -6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l d} is C3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l d} is C _ i 4 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l d} is C7.1 5 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. in certain embodiments, R ^{l d} is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, R ^{l d} is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[00123] In certain embodiments, A is C ₃ _ ₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, In certain embodiments, A is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, A is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently selected from the group consisting of 4-bromophenyl, 3-bromo-5-fluorophenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-isopropylphenyl, and 4-methoxyphenyl.

[00124] In certain embodiments, A is C ₆ . | 4 aryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, A is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, A is phenyl, substituted with one, two, or three, substituents, each of which is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo, nitro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, /-butoxycarbonylaminomethyl, ethyl, n-butyl,- /- butyl, cyclopropyl, phenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, acetyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, hexoxy, benzoxy, dimethylamino, trifluoroacetamido, 2- methylpropionylamino, isopropoxycarbonylamino, /-butoxycarbonylamino, N-methyl-/- butoxycarbonylamino, and methylpiperidinylcarbonyl (e.g., 4-methylpiperidin- l -ylcarbonyl).

[00125] In certain embodiments, A is 2-fluorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl,

3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 5-chloro-2-fluorophenyl, 3,4- dichlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 3-methyl-phenyl, 4- methylphenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 4-butylphenyl, 4-/-butyl-phenyl, 4-f- butoxycarbonylaminomethylphenyl, 5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl, 3-bromo-4-methoxyphenyl, 3- trifluoromethyl-4-ethoxyphenyl, 3-trifluoro-methyl-4-isopropoxyphenyl, 4- cyclopropylphenyl, 4-phenylphenyl, 3-fluoro-4-phenylphenyl, 4-pyrazol- l ylphenyl, 4- imidazol- l -ylphenyl, 4-pyrrolidin- l -yl-3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-acetylphenyl, 4-methoxy- phenyl, 4-propoxyphenyl, 4-hexoxyphenyl, 4-benzoxyphenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4- trifluoroacetamidophenyl, 4-(2-methylpropionylamino)phenyl, 3-/-butoxycarbonylamino- phenyl, 4-isopropoxycarbonylaminophenyI, 4-/-butoxycarbonylaminophenyl, N-methyl-4-/- butoxycarbonylaminophenyl, 2-fluoro-4-i-butoxycarbonylaminophenyl, 2-chloro-4-/-butoxy- carbonylaminophenyl, 2-methyl-4-/-butoxycarbonylaminophenyl, 3-methyl-4-/-butoxy- carbonylaminophenyl, 3-(4-methylpiperidin- l -ylcarbonyl)phenyl, 4-(4-methylpiperidin- l - ylcarbony phenyl, or 4-i-butoxycarbonylamino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl.

[00126] In certain embodiments, A is C7. 15 aralkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, A is benzyl or phenylethyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, A is benzyl or 1 - phenylethyl.

[00127] In certain embodiments, A is heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, A is 5-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, A is 2,5-dimethylfuran-

3- yl or 5-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2-yl.

[00128] In certain embodiments, A is 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, A is pyridinyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently selected from the group consisting of chloro, methoxy, dimethylamino, and morpholinyl. In certain embodiments, A is 3-chloro-2-methoxy-pyridin-5-yl, 2-dimethylaminopyridin-4-yl, or 2- (morpholin-4-yl)pyridinyl.

[00129] In certain embodiments, A is heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, A is 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, A is 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, A is piperidinyl or piperazinyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently selected from the group consisting of cyclohexyl, phenyl, 4- fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyI, 4-methylphenyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, pyridin-2- yl, and i-butoxycarbonyl. In certain embodiments, A is 4-methylpiperidin-1 -yl, \-t- butoxycarbonyl-piperidin-4-yl, 4-cyclohexylpiperazin- 1 -yl, 4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin- 1 -yl,

4- (3-chlorophenyl)piperazin- l -yl, 4-(4-methylphenyl)piperazin- l -yl, 4-(2-methylbenzyl)- piperazin- l-yl, 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin- l-yl, or 4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazin- l -yl.

[001 0] In certain embodiments, A is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, furanyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, wherein each substituent is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo, nitro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, t- butoxycarbonylaminomethyl, ethyl, butyl, /-butyl, cyclopropyl, phenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 3- bromo-5-fluorophenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-isopropylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, moφholinyl, acetyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, hexoxy, benzoxy, dimethylamino, trifluoroacetamido, 2-methylpropionylamino, isopropoxycarbonylamino, /-butoxycarbonylamino, /V-methyl-i-butoxycarbonylamino, and methylpiperidinylcarbonyl.

[00131 ] In certain embodiments, E is a bond. In certain embodiments, E is C _2-6 alkenylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, E is ethenylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain

embodiments, E is -ethenylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, E is Z-ethenylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, E is ethen- 1 ,2-ylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, E is f-ethen- l ^-ylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, E is Z-ethen- l ,2-ylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[001 32] In certain embodiments, E is C ₂ _ ₆ alkynylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.

[00133] In certain embodiments, E is heteroarylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. Tn certain embodiments, E is 5-membered heteroarylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, E is furanylene, thienylene, isoxazolylene, oxazolylene, pyrazolylene, imidazolylene, thiazolylene, 1 ,2,4- oxadizolylene, 1 ,3,4-oxadizolylene, 1 ,2,3-triazolylene, or tetrazolylene, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, E is furan-2,5-ylene, thien-2,5-ylene, oxazol-2,4-ylene, pyrazol- l ,3-ylene, pyrazol-3,5-ylene, thiazol-2,4-ylene, thiazol-2,5-ylene, 1 ,2,4-oxadizol-3,5-ylene, 1 ,3,4-oxadizol-2,5-ylene, 1 ,2,3-triazol- 1 ,4-ylene, or tetrazol-2,5-ylene, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. [00134] In certain embodiments, E is heterocyclylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, E is 5-membered heterocyclylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, E is pyrrolidinylene, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q. In certain embodiments, E is pyrrolidin- l ,3-ylene. In certain embodiments, E is 6-membered heterocyclylene, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain

embodiments, E is piperidinylene or piperazinylene, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q. In certain embodiments, E is piperidin- 1 ,3-ylene, piperazin- 1 ,4-ylene, piperazin- l ,3-ylene, 3-methylpiperazin- l ,4-ylene, or 2,5-dimethylpiperazin- l ,4-ylene.

[001 5] In certain embodiments, E has the structure of:

[00136] In certain embodiments, L ¹ is -CH ₂ OH. In certain embodiments, L ¹ is

-CONH ₂ . In certain embodiments, L ¹ is -C0 ₂ H. In certain embodiments, L ¹ is -ΡΟ _. ιΗ ₂ . In certain embodiments, L ¹ is -P0 ₂ H ₂ . In certain embodiments, L ¹ is tetrazolyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, L ¹ is tetrazol-5-yl or 1 - methyl-tetrazol-5-yl. In certain embodiments, L ¹ is 3-hydroxyisoxazolyl.

[00137] In certain embodiments, L" is -CH ₂ N(R )-, wherein R is as defined herein.

In certain embodiments, L ^: is -N(R ⁵ )-, wherein R ⁵ is as defined herein. In certain

embodiments, L ^" is -C(0)N(R )-, wherein R is as defined herein.

[00138] In certain embodiments, L ³ is a bond. In certain embodiments, L is -C(O)-. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -C(0)0-. In certain embodiments, L is -C(0)NR ^{l j} -, wherein R ^{l d} is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -C(0)NH-. In certain embodiments, L is -0-. In certain embodiments, L is -OC(0)0- In certain embodiments, L is

-OC(0)NR ^{l a} -, wherein R ^{l a} is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L ³ is

-OC(0)NH-. In certain embodiments, L is -OS(O)-. In certain embodiments, L is -OS(0 ₂ )-. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -OS(0)NR ^{l a} -, wherein R ^{l a} is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -OS(0)NH -. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -OS(0 ₂ )NR ^{l a} -, wherein R ^{l a} is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -OS(0 ₂ )NH -. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -NR ^{l a} - wherein R ^{l a} is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -NH-. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -NR ^{, a} C(0)NR ^ld - wherein R ^{, a} and R ^ld is each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L is -NHC(0)NH-. In certain embodiments, L is -NR ^{l a} S(0)NR ^{, d} -, wherein R ^{l a} and R ^{l d} is each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -NHS(0)NH -. Inxertain embodiments, L ³ is -NR ^{l a} S(0 ₂ )NR ^{l d} -, wherein R ^{l a} and R ^{l d} is each as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L is -NHS(0 ₂ )NH -. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -S-. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -S(O)-. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -S(0 ₂ )-. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -S(0)NR ^{, u} -, wherein R ^{l a} is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -S(0)NH -. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -S(0 ₂ )NR ^{l a} -, wherein R ^{l a} is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, L ³ is -S(0 ₂ )NH -.

[00139] In certain embodiments, U is C. In certain embodiments, U is CH. In certain embodiments, U is N.

[00140] In certain embodiments, V is C. In certain embodiments, V is CH. In certain embodiments, V is N.

[00141 ] In certain embodiments, W is C. In certain embodiments, W is CH. In certain embodiments, W is N.

[00142] In certain embodiments, X is C. In certain embodiments, X is CH. In certain embodiments, X is N.

[00143] In certain embodiments, Y is C. In certain embodiments, Y is CH. In certain embodiments, Y is N.

[00144] In certain embodiments, Y is C. In certain embodiments, Y is CH. In certain embodiments, Y is N. [00145] In certain embodiments, U, V, W, and X are CH; and Y is C. In certain embodiments, U and X are N; V and W are CH; and Y is C. In certain embodiments, U, V, and W are CH; X is N; and Y is C.

[00146] In certain embodiments, m is 0. In certain embodiments, m is 1. In certain embodiments, m is 2. In certain embodiments, m is 3. In certain embodiments, m is 4.

[00147] In certain embodiments, Z ¹ is C. In certain embodiments, Z ¹ is N. In certain embodiments, Z ¹ is O. In certain embodiments, Z ¹ is S. Tn certain embodiments, Z ¹ is CR ^la , wherein R ^l is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z ¹ is NR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z ¹ is CR ^la R ^lb , wherein R ^la and R ^lb are each as defined herein.

[00148] In certain embodiments, Z ² is C. In certain embodiments, Z ² is N. In certain embodiments, Z ² is O. In certain embodiments, Z ² is S. In certain embodiments, Z ² is CR ^, , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z ² is NR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z ² is CR ^la R ^lh , wherein R ^la and R ^lb are each as defined herein.

[00149] In certain embodiments, Z ^' is C. In certain embodiments, Z is N. In certain embodiments, Z ³ is O. In certain embodiments, Z ³ is S. In certain embodiments, Z ³ is CR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z ³ is NR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z ³ is CR ^la R ^lh , wherein R ^la and R ^lb are each as defined herein.

[00150] In certain embodiments, Z ⁴ is C. In certain embodiments, Z ⁴ is N. In certain embodiments, Z ⁴ is O. In certain embodiments, Z ⁴ is S. In certain embodiments, Z ⁴ is CR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z ⁴ is NR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z ⁴ is CR ^la R ^lb , wherein R ^la and R ^lb are each as defined herein.

[00151] In certain embodiments, Z ⁵ is C. In certain embodiments, Z ⁵ is N. In certain embodiments, Z ⁵ is O. In certain embodiments, Z ⁵ is S. In certain embodiments, Z ⁵ is CR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z ⁵ is NR ^la , wherein R ^la is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, Z ³ is CR ^la R ^l , wherein R ^la and R ^lb are each as defined herein. z --z

[00152] In certain embodiments, the moiety ^z Z * has the structure of:

O-N N - N N =N

V // W or

V N ^' V

[00153] In certain embodiments, L ³ -E together has the structure of:

[00154] In one embodiment, provided herein is a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(i<?r/- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

2-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(/eri- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl )propanoic acid;

(Z)-2-(4-(ie -/-butoxycarbonyIamino)benzamido)-3-(3-methoxy-4-(4- methoxybenzoyloxy)phenyl )acrylic acid;

2-(4-(i<?r -butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(3-fluoro-4-(4- propoxybenzoyloxy)phenyl)propanoic acid;

2- (4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(3-chloro-4- fluorophenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl )propanoic acid;

3- (4-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbony]amino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)- 2-(3-(4-/err- butylphenyl)ureido)propanoic acid;

(E)-2-(4-(iiT/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(3-tluoro-4- (4- methoxystyryl)phenyl)propanoic acid;

2-(4-(/err-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-/eri-bu tylphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl )propanoic acid;

(Z)-2-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-?iTi- butylbenzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)acrylic acid;

2-(4-(fcr/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(½r/- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluoiOphenyI)-3-(phenylthi o)pi panoic acid;

(Z)-3-(4-(4-(benzyloxy)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(/er /- butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)acrylic acid;

2- (4-(icr/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(3-(/i?rr- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluoroplienyl )propanoic acid;

3- (4-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)- 2-(4- (dimethylamino)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(/i?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluoropheny l)-2-( l -(4- chlorophenyl)cyclopentanecarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(rer/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl )-2-(2-(4- chlorophenylthio)acetamido)propanoic acid;

2-(4-(itri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-((/tir/- butoxycarbonylamino)methyl)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)propan oic acid;

2-(4-(/e/v-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-/ tolyl- 1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid; 2-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(2,5-dimet hylfuran-3-yl )- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl )propaiioic acid;

2-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-( 5-fluoro-2- methylphenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid;

2-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(3,4-dichl orophenyl)- thiazol-2-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

2- (4-(i<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(3-(/(?r i- butoxycarbonylamino)-phenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)pro panoic acid;

3- (4-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)- 2-(3-/7- tolylacrylamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-( l H-pyrazol- l -yl)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(i<?r/- butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-( l H-imidazol- l -yl)benzoyloxy)-3-tluorophenyl)-2-(4-(/(?rr- butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)propanoic acid;

2-(4-(½rt-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-( 4-niti phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )phenyl)pi opanoic acid;

2- (4-½rt-butylphenylsulfonamido)-3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-nitrophe nyl)- 1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-tluorophenyl)- 2-(4- cyanophenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-nitrophenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2-(4- isopropylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(^ -/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyI)-2-(2- fluorobiphenyl-4-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(^r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl) -2-(4-(4- fluorophenoxy)benzamido)propanoic acid;

te/7-butyl 4-(3-(4-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophe nyl)- 2-( I H-tetrazol-5-yl )propanoyl)piperazine- l -carboxylate;

2-(4-(4-(/cr -butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorobenzyl)-3-(4-½ri- butyIbenzamido)-2-(4-isopropylbenzyl)pi panoic acid;

2-(4-(½r?-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(/i;rr-but oxycarbonyl- amino)benzoyloxy)-3-chlorophenyl )succinic acid;

2-(4-(½/7-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-butylph enyl)- 1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-butylphenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4- methylphenyIsuIfonamido)propanoic acid;

2-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-( 4- propoxyphenyl )- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl )propanoic acid;

2-fluoro-4-(3-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenylamino)-3-oxo-2-( lH-tetrazol-5- yl )propyl)phenyl 4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoate;

2- fluoro-4-(3-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenylamino)-3-oxo-2-( l H-tetrazol-5- yl)propyl )phenyl 4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoate;

3- (4-(5-(4-ethylphenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(4- isopropylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fIuoro-4-(5-(4-fIuoro-3-methylphenyI)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yI)phenyI)-2-(4- isopropylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

2- (4-/<?r/-butylbenzamido)-3-(4-(4-r<? /-butylbenzoyloxy)-3- fluorophenyl)succinic acid;

3- (4-(4-(fiT/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)- 2-(thien-2- ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(hexyloxy)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2-(4- isopropylphenylsulfonamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(/<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluoroph enyl)-2-( l -methyl- I H-indazoIe-3-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

2- (4-(/<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/ -butoxycarbonyl- amino)phenyl )- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-f]uorophenyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-cyclohexyl- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(4- isopiOpylphenylsulfonamido)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/i?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl )-2-(3-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ie/-i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3- fluorophenyl )-2-(3,5-dichlorophenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(/trr-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl )-2-(2-(4-(/iir/- butoxycarbonylamino)phenoxy)acetamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluoiOphenyl)-2- (4-isopropylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/i ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-5-methylphenylsul fonamido)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trinuoroacetamido)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)-2-(4-isopropylphenylsulfonamido)piOpanoic acid;

2- (5-bromofuran-2-carboxamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonyl amino)- phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3-fIuorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/ert-butoxycai bonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoiOphenyl )-2-(5-(2-nitiOphenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonamido)propan oic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(/ tolylmethylsulfonamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/err-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-( I -methylethylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylami no)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-methylpropylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- nuorophenyl )-2-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoi phenyl)-2-(3-methoxyphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-methylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½/'i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-methylphenylsul fonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ii?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-/er -butylphenylsulfonamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(fcr/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(naphthalene- 1 -sulfonamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/6^ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(naphthalene-2-sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

2- (biphenyl-4-ylcarbonylamino)-3-(4-(5-(4-( rf- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/i?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(butylsulfonamido)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-cyclohexyl- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/ -tolylfuran-2- carboxamido)propanoic acid;

2-(3-bromobenzamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(t<?ri-butoxycarbonylamin o)phenyl)- 1.2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

2- (4-bromobenzamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phen yl)- 1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-((4-methylpiperidin- 1 -yl )methyl)benzamido)propanoic acid;

2- (4-((benzylamino)methyl)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/(?rt- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl )- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluoiOphenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/i ^, ri-butoxycarbonyIamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazoI-3-yI)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-morpholinobenzamido)piOpanoic acid;

2- (3-(4-(/<?rt-butoxycarbonyl)piperazin- l -yl)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/i?/-/- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl )- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(diethylamino)benzamido)propanoic acid;

(Z)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(4-(4-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbon ylamino)- phenyl)piperazi n- l -yl)-3-fluorophenyl)acryl ic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(morpholinomethyl )benzamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoropheny])-2-(3-(piperazin- 1 -ylmethyl)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-methylpiperazin- 1 -yl )benzamido)propanoic acid;

2- (4-( l H-imidazol- l -yl)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)- phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-( l -(^r?-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5- -tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ii?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl )- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(pyridin-3-yl)furan-2-carboxamido)propano ic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/i'r?-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(pyiTolidine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(piperidin- 1 -yl)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyI)-2-(4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(icri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(N-cyclopropylsulfamoylamino)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(i6'ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoiOphenyl)-2-((4'-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)methylamino)piOpano ic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/ir;-butoxycarbonylamino)piienyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-( I -cyclohexyl- 1 H- 1 ,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-((5-p-tolylfuran-2-yl)methylamino)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(2-morpholinopyridin-4-yl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2- (5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

tert-b ty\ 4-(3-(2-tluoiO-4-(3-hydroxy-2-(5-/7-tolyl uran-2- carboxamido)propyl)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenylcarbamate;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?/-i-butoxycarbonyIamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(6-(4-methylpiperazin- 1 -yl)nicotinamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-( 1 -(/<?r/-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-phenoxybenzamido)propanoic acid;

/erf-butyl 4-(3-(4-(3-amino-3-oxo-2-(5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propyl)-2- fluorophenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl )phenylcarbamate;

3-(4-(3-(4-½r/-butylphenylsulfonamido)pyrrolidin- l-yl)-3-iluorophenyl)-2-(5- /7-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(3-(4-methylphenylsulfonamido)pyrrolidin- l -yl)phenyl)-2-(5-/^- tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fIuorophenyl)-2-(4-(isopropylamino)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)pi opanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(im-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fIuorophenyl)-2-(4-(dimethylamino)pyi"imidin-2-ylamino)propa noic acid;

3-(4-(5-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(4'- methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)pi'opanoic acid; 3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(pyrrolidin- l-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2-(5-/?-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)prop anoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamido)pyrrolidin- l -yl)phenyl)-2-(5- p-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/(?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(3-bromo-4-methoxyphenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2- (5-p-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(5-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/!7-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)piOpaiioic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-ethoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-p-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-cyclohexylpiperazine- l -carbonyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(2-methylbenzyl)piperazine- 1 -carbonyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)phenyl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-tluoro-4-(5-(4-/ -tolylpiperazine- l-carbonyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazine- l -carbonyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine- l -carbonyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)phenyl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazine- 1 -carbonyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/tr/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4',6-dimethylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propa noic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(?t^ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- (trifluoromethyl )phenyl)-2-(5-/7-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-( 1 -phenylethylcarbamoyi)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2-(4'- methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)pi opanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(m-tolylcarbamoyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2-(4'- methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine- 1 -carbonyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)- 1 ,4-diazepane- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-ethylbenzamido)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-p-tolylfuran-2- carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-butylbenzamido)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5 -tolylfuran-2- carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(pyridin-4-yl)pyrrolidine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2- (5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-( I -(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-methyl- 1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxamido)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ie/7-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-( l-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl- l H-pyrazole-3-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- tluorophenyl)-2-(3-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrrolidine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fIuorophenyl)-2-( I -oxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/V-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)thien-2-ylcarboxamido)pro panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/ i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-m-tolylthien-2-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/'i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-mesitylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)p ropanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/7-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- luorophenyl)-2-( l -(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5-methyl- lH-pyrazole-3-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(?er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yi)-3- fluoiOphenyl)-2-(5-methyl- 1 -(4-nitrophenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

(E)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/i -/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamido)pro panoic acid; (E)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½A-t-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-isopropylphenyl )acrylamido)pi opanoic acid;

(E)-2-(3-(4-bromo-3-fluorophenyl)acrylamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/i? r/- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl )propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-vinylbenzamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-vinylbenzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoiOphenyl)-2-(3-(5-cyclopropylpyridin-2-yl)ureido)p!Opano ic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoiOphenyl)-2-(2-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)oxazole-5-carbo xamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-o-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)piOpanoic acid;

(£')-3-(4-(5-(4-(/(?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fIuorophenyI)-2-(3-(3-fIuoiOphenyI)acrylamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(( 15',2/?)-2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamido) pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(( 15,2/?)-2-(4-fluoro-3-(tri luoromethyl)phenyl)cyclopropane- carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)p enyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(( 1 5',2/?)-2-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl )cyclopropanecarboxamido)pi panoic acid;

2- (( l 5,2 ?)-2-(4-bromophenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/i? /-f- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

(E)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl )- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)acrylamido)pi panoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(te/7-butoxycai bonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-( 1 -(4-methylbenzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/?- tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

2-(( I S,2/?)-2-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3- (4-(5-(4- (½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyI)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(( 1 ?,2/?)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)phenyl)-2-(5-/?-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(( 15,2 ?)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclopropanecarboxainido)pro panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(( l/?,2/?)-2-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(( 1 fl,2/?)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)- 1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2-(5-p-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propa noic acid;

3-(4-(5-(( l /?,2 ?)-2-(4-bromopheny!)cyclopropy!)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-tluoro-4-(5-(( l ?,2/?)-2-(4-isopropylphenyl)cyclopropyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)phenyl)-2-(5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(6-(4-fluoiO-3-methylphenyl)picolinamido)pro panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(3-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/^-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(3-(4-methylpiperidine- 1 -carbonyl)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)phenyl)-2-(5-/?-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonyl(met yl)amino)pheny])- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)- 3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-fluoi -3-methylphenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

(E)-3-(4-(5-(4-(it'ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(2,5-difluorophenyl)acrylamido)propanoic acid;

(£)-3-(4-(5-(4-( m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(2,6-difluorophenyl)acrylamido)propanoic acid;

(£)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyI)phenyI)acryl amido)propanoic acid;

2-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(/er/- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

2- (4-(½rr-butoxycai bonyIamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(/er;- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3,5-dichlorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (3-bromo-4-(4-( i?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)phenyl)-2-(4-(/eA7- butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(4-(/<?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluoroph enyl)-2-(4- isopropylp enylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl )-2-(3-fluoro- 4-methylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

2-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(im- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

( ?)-2-(4-(i<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(i( ?ri- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-chloiOphenyl)propanoic acid;

2- (4-((4-(?er/-butoxycarbonyl)piperazin- l -yl)methyl)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(/iTi- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(4-(/err-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)- 2-(4- methyIphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

2-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(?(?ri- butoxycarboiiylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-methylphenyl)propanoic acid;

2- (4-(ie/ -butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(fcri- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fIuoiOphenyl)butanoic acid;

3- (4-(4-acetylbenzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-( c?r/- butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)propanoic acid;

( )-2-(4-(½r;-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(ieri- butoxycarbonylamino)styryl)-3-fluoi phenyl)propanoic acid;

2- (4-(/cr/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(4-(i(?i-/- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)prop anoic acid;

3- (4-(4-(½rr-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)- 2-(5-(4- chloi"ophenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

2-(4-(/<?r?-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(5-chl oro-2- fluorophenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)pi panoic acid;

2- (4-(fer/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(2- fluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl )phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(4-(¾ri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)- 2-(3-(4- methoxyphenyl)acrylamido)propanoic acid;

(E)-3-(4-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluoroph enyl)-2-(3-(4- isopi pylphenyl)acrylaniido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(/erf-butoxycarbonylainino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluoropheny l)-2-(2- phenoxyacetamido)propanoic acid; 2-(4-(/<?rt-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(4-(½rr- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-methylprop anoic acid;

2- (4-(/t ^j r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzaniido)-3-(3-fluoro-4-(2- fluorobiphenylcarbonyloxy)phenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)- 2-(5-(4- methoxyphenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl )-2-(5-p- tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(4-(fcri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)- 2-(3-(3- fluorophenyl)acrylamido)propanoic acid;

4- (3-(4-(ii?/'i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenylamino)-3-oxo-2-( lH-tetrazol-5- yl)propyl)-2-fluorophenyl 4-(ter/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoate;

( ?)-3-(4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2-carbonyloxy)-3-fluorophen yl)-2-(5-(4- chlorophenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

( ?)-3-(4-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophe nyl)-2-(5-(4- chlorophenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(3-tluoro-4-(4-(4-nitrophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-2-(4- methylphenylsulfonamido)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2- (4-methylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(/eA i-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(4- isopropylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

(/?)-3-(4-(4-(/tr/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorop henyl)-2-(5-/i- tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(4-(½rr-butoxycarbonylainino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluoropheny l)-2-(4'- fluorobiphenyl-4-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

methyl 5-(4-(3-(4-(4-(im-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-( l H-tetrazol-5-yl)propanamido)phenyl)furan-2-carboxylate;

3-(3-(/fr/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-2-(4-(3-(/£ ³ rr- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorobenzyl)-2-(4-isoprop ylbenzyl)propanoic acid;

2- ((3-(/^r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)methyl)-2-(4-(4-(/£ ;ri- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorobenzyl)-3-methylbuta noic acid;

3- (4-(½/ -butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-2-(4-(4-(½ri- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorobenzyl)-2-(pyridin-2 -ylmethyl)propanoic acid; 3- (4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-isopropylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

4- (3-(4-½r/-butylphenylamino)-3-oxo-2-( l H-tetrazol-5-yl)propyl)-2- fluorophenyl 4-(iiri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoate;

2- fluoro-4-(3-(4-methylbenzylamino)-3-oxo-2-( 1 H-tetrazol-5- yl)propyl )phenyl 4-( erZ-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoate;

4-(3-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)piperidin- l -yl)-3-oxo-2-( l H-tetrazol-5- yl )propyl )-2-fluorophenyl 4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoate;

(/?)-3-(4-(4-(i<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-flu orophenyl)-2-(5-(2- nitrophenyl )furan-2-carboxamido)pi panoic acid;

( ?)-3-(4-(4-(Zer/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-3-fluorophe nyl)-2-(5-(3- nitrophenyl )furan-2-carboxamido)pi opanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-(4-methylphenylsulfonamido)propanoi c acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eA -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-chloro-4-methylphenylsulfonamido)propanoi c acid;

2-(4-bromophenylsul onamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(Zi?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)- phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)piOpanoic acid;

2- (4-bromo-2-fluorophenylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(reri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonamido)propan oic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl )-2-(2,4-dichlorophenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

2- (4-bromo-3-fluorophenylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl )- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl )propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(ri?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl )-2-(4-methylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-chloro-2-methylphenylsulfonamido)propanoi c acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(i£?rf-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methylphenylsulfonamido)propanoi c acid;

/eri-butyl 4-(3-(4-(2-( 1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2-(5-/ -tolylfuran-2- carboxamido)ethyl)-2-fluoiOphenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenylcarbamate; 2- (4-bromo-2,5-difluorophenylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/e/'t-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-iodophenylsul fonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2,6-dichlorophenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-propylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(t<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-p-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

2- (3-bromophenylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½/ -butoxycarbonylamino)- phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/<?rr-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-nitiOphenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)piOpan oic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(r6'ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoiOphenyl)-2-(2,4,6-trimethylphenylsulfonamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(quinol in-8-yl-sulfonamido)piOpanoic acid;

2- ( biphenyl-4-ylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?ri-butoxycarbony lamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl )propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(to-/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(6-chloropyridine-3-sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

2- (2-(benzyloxy)acetamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamin o)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yI)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furan-2-carbox amido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furan-2-carbox amido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ier?-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-phenylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½rt-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)prop anoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- ] ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-chloro-4-methylphenylsulfonamido)propanoi c acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-( eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(phenylmethylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(cyclohexanesulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(r<?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-nitro-4-(trifluoiOmethyl)phenylsulfonamid o)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(rm-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4,5-dichlorothien-2-ylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

2- (5-bromothien-2-ylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/err-butoxycarbon ylamino)- phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2,5-dichlorothien-3-ylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4'-ethylbiphenyl-4-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

2- (biphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylam ino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fIuorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(½rt-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)furan-2-carbox amido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4'-hydroxybiphenyl-4-ylcarboxamido)propanoi c acid;

2- (4-aminophenylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylam ino)- phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(ier;-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenylsulfonami do)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)thien-2-ylcarboxamido)pro panoic acid;

( ?)-2-(biphenyl-4-ylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/tfiY- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(/i ^, r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(morpholinomethyl)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2- (4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazine- l -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoiOphenyl)-2-(4-(4-chloiOphenyl)piperazine- l -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ie/-i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyI)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyI)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyI)- l ,2,4-oxadiazoI-3-yI)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-phenylthien-2-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yI)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(6-phenylpyrimidine-4-cai boxaniido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ie/-/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-chloroisonicotinamido)propanoic acid;

(5)-3-(4-(5-(4-(i<?^-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(2-methylbenzyl)piperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/cr/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-methylpiperidin- 1 -yl)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(pyrrolidin- l -yl)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(rerz-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(phenylamino)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(phenylamino)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-morplio]inofui an-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/i?/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-methylbenzyl)piperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-p-tolylpiperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

2- (3-(benzylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/(?rt-butoxycarbonyla mino)- phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(½rf-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-morphoIinobenzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(pyri lidin- 1 -yl)benzamido)propanoic acid;

2-( l -(t<?r/-butoxycarbonyl)piperidine-4-carboxamido)-3-(4-(5- (4-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

2- ( l -(½/ -butoxycarbonyl)piperidine-3-carboxamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/i'/ - butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-( 1 -(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpiperidine-4-carboxamido)propanoi c acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(3-phenyl- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

2- ( l-(4-bromophenyl)- l H- l ,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(ii'rr- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyi)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-( 1 -p-tolyl- 1 H- 1 ,2,3-tnazole-4-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(rtri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-((phenylamino)methyl)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-methylpiperazin- 1 -yI)furan-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- I ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yI)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-( l -(4-½r/-butylphenyl)- l H- 1 ,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

2-(2-( l H-imidazol- l -yl)pyridine-5-ylcarbonylamino)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluoroplienyl)piOpanoic acid;

2-(3-bromophenylaminosulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(im- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid; 2- (4-(i<?r/-butoxycarbonyl)piperazine-l-sulfonamido)-3-(4-( 5-(4-(/<?rt- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-phenylpiperazine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-methylbenzyl)piperazine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(iert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-cyclohexylpiperazine- 1 -sulfonaniido)pi'opanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(im-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)furan-2-carboxam ido)piOpanoic acid;

2- (yV-benzylsulfamoylamino)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?//-butoxycarbony lamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/e/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(piperidine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoiOphenyl)-2-(4-methylpiperidine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-p-tolylpiperazine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(^-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(N-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)sulfamoylamino)p ropanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazine- 1 -suIfonamido)propanoic acid;

2- (N-( l -(/i?r/-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)sulfamoylamino)-3-(4-( 5-(4-(½/ - butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid

3- (4-(5-(4-(ifri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(3-methylbenzyl)piperazine- 1 -sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

2-( 1 -benzyl- 1 H- 1 ,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½rt- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid; 2- (4-(/(?r/-butoxycarbonyl)piperazine- l-carboxamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½ -r- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(it'ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(6-(piperidin- 1 -yl)nicotinamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(4-tosyIpiperazin- l -yl)phenyl)-2-(5-p-tolyIfuran-2- carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-cyclohexylpiperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(i(?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ii?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(2-cyanophenyI)piperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoiOpheny])-2-(4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine- l -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ii?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoi phenyl)-2-(3-pyridin-2-ylureido)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/cr/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-pyridin-3-ylureido)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(rc/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazoI-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-pyridin-4-ylureido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-((25,5 ?)-4-(4-(/^/7-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)-2,5-dimethylpipera zin- l -yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/?-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propan oic acid;

3-(4-(4-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)-3-methylpiperaz in- l -yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-p-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-/7-tolyl- 1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamido)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-methoxypheny])- 1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(^ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(fi?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(rer/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(iert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(pyridin-2-yl)thien-2-ylcarboxamido)propa noic acid;

2- (6-(azetidin- 1 -yl)nicotinamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(teri- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoiOphenyl)-2-(2-morpholinopyrimidin-4-ylamino)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-(4-(4-methylbenzyl)piperazin- l -yl)acetamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-(4-/ tolylpiperazin- 1 -yl)acetamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(rcri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-phenyl- 1 ^/-imidazole-5-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)pyrrolidine- l -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yI)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(2-chloi pyridin-4-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/"i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-cyanophenyl)- 1 ,4-diazepane- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(/V-((5- 7-tolylfuran-2-yl)methyl)acetamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyI)-2-(4-(5-fIuoropyrimidin-2-yl)- 1 ,4-diazepane- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(( 15 ^, ,2 ?)-2-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-((S)-3-(4-tert-butylbenzamido)pynOlidin- l -yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)pi"opanoic acid;

3-(4-((.S')-3-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenylsulfonamido)pyrrolidin - l -yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/?-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-(pyrrolidin- 1 -yl)pyrimidin-4-ylamino)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(?iTi-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-morpholinopyrimidin-2-ylamino)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl )- 1 ,4-diazepane- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-(tn fluoromethyl )pyrimidin-2-yl)- 1 ,4-diazepane- 1 - carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(5-ethylpyri midin-2-yl)- l ,4-diazepane- l -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-(piperidin- 1 -yl)pyrimidin-4-ylamino)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(te ^, /"/-butoxycarbony]amino)phenyl )- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3- tluorophenyl)-2-(4-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)- l ,4-diazepane- l -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/£Ti-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yIamino)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/-i-butoxycarbonyIamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3- -tolylureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-phenylureido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoi -4-(5-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl )- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)-2-(5-p-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ie/ i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-2- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-(5- ?-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(re/7-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2,3- difluorophenyl)-2-(5-/ -tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-bromo-4-(5-(4-(^ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)-2-(5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(?e/7-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(6-(diethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)ureido)prop anoic acid;

2- (3-(6-bromopyridin-3-yl)ureido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/m- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(fm-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/erf-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(6-p-tolylpyridin-3-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ie/V-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-methyl-4-phenylpiperazine- l-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido)propano ic acid;

( ?)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/ -tolylf ^' uran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-((/?)-3-(4-tert-butylbenzamido)pyrrolidin- l -yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/7- tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)- 1 ,4-diazepane- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/^r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(teri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyI)-2-(3-(5-(4-tluorophenyI)isoxazoI-3-yl)ureido)p ropanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- tluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-p-tolylpyridin-2-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/7-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4- -tolylthiophene-2-carboxamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-biphenyl-4-ylcarboxamido-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/?-tolylf uran-2- carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-cyanophenyl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(rerf-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/^/-/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-r r/-butylphenyl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-isopropylphenyl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½/ i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- nuorophenyl)-2-(4-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)- l ,4-diazepane- l -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)- l ,4-diazepane-l -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

2- (3-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)ureido)-3-(4-(5-(4-( i7- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)ureido)pr opanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(to /-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-ylcarboxamid o)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(^r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- cyanophenyl)-2-(5- -tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(re/-/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-ierr-butylphenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)p ropanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ie/-?-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- tluorophenyl)-2-(5-methyl- 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 1H-pyrazole-3- carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-methyl- 1 -tolyl- 1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine- 1 -carbonyl)- 1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yI)phenyl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido) propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(tritluoromethyl)phe nyl)- 1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluoiOphenyl)-2-(5- 7-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazine- l -carbonyl)- 1 , 2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)-2-(4'-niethylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-methylpiperidine- 1 -carbonyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fIuorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-(piperidin- l -yI)phenyl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/(?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fIuorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyI)ureido)propan oic acid;

2- (3-(4-acetamidophenyl)ureido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½/v-butoxycaibony lamino)- phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/iir/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-isopropylphenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)pr opanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(r£ ^, ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridin-2-y l)ureido)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(ie/'i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazo l-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)ureido)pr opanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½rt-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-m-tolylpyridin-2-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(3-bromobenzamido)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/?-tolylfuran-2 - carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(re/-i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-( 1 -(4-(trifluoiOmethyl)phenyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)ureido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoi phenyl)-2-(3-(5-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)ureido )propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl) ureido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(rer/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2- yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(i(?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-(4-isopropylphenyl)pyridiii-2-yl)ureid o)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-( 1 -/ tolylpyiTolidin-3-yl)ureido)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/erf-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fIuorophenyl)-2-(3'-methylbiphenyl-3-yIcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-( eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4'-chlorobiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(itr?-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

2- (3-biphenyl-3-ylureido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/tri-butoxycarbonylamino )phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/6Vi-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4'-fluorobiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(iiiri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4'-½ri-butylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propa noic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/£Ti-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)fui an-2-carboxamido)piOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)furan-2-carboxam ido)propanoic acid; 141

3-(4-(5-(4-(ii?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyI)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yI)-3- fluorophenyI)-2-(5-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)furan-2-carboxam ido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?r/-butoxycaibony]amino)-2-methylphenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-p-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)piOpanoi c acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(reri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(6-(cyclohexylamino)pyridin-3-yl)ureido)p ropanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(6-(phenylcarbamoyl)pyridin-3-yl)ureido)p iOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(2-benzyl-2H-tetrazoi-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/7-tol ylfuran-2- carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(3-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenylcarbamoyl)piperidin - l -yl)phenyl)- 2-(5-p-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-nuoro-4-(3-(4-/ tolylpiperazine- l-carbonyl)piperidin- l -yl)phenyl)-2-(5- p-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyI)-2-(3-(3-ter/-butyl- 1 -methyl- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-( 1 -methyl-3-phenyl- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

2- (3-(3-(3-bromo-4-tluorophenyl)- l-methyl- lH-pyrazol-5-yl)ureido)-3-(4-(5- (4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (3-fluoro-4-(3-(4-phenylpiperazine- l-carbonyl)piperidin- l-yl)phenyl)-2-(5- /7-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(3-(4-( _/ "eri-butoxycarbony]amino)phenylcarbamoyl)piperidin- l -yl)-3- f!uorophenyl)-2-(5- 7-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/cri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-(2-fluoiOphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)ureido)pr opanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-(3-chlorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)ureido)pr opanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ '/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-(3-fluoi o-4-methylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)ureido)pi Opanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-phenylpyi idin-2-yl)ureido)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl)ureido)p ropanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoiOphenyl)-2-(3-(5-(thien-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)ureido)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ii ^, r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-phenylpyrrolidine- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(i<?r;-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(6- 7-tolylpicolinamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-fluorophenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)- 3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/?-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(fm-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-^-tolylnicotinamido)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/6'ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-/ tolylisonicotinamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylphenyI)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)-3-fluorophenyl )-2-(5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluoiOphenyl)-2-(5-(2,3-difluorophenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)p iOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(6-/ tolylnicotinamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/err-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/?-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?/7-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-m-toIyIfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(2-chloro-4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)- 2,3-difluoropheiiyl)-2-(5-/7-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propan oic acid;

3-(4-(4-(4-ier/-butylphenylcarbamoyl)piperidin- l -yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)pi opanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)nicotinamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)nicotinamido)propanoic acid;

(E)-3-(4-(5-(4-(ie ^, ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-fIuorophenyl)acrylamido)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(/<?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)p ropanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-( eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-p-tolylpyiTolidine-2-carboxamido)propanoi c acid;

(£)-2-(3-(benzo[rf] [ l ,3Jdioxol-5-yl)acrylamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

(E)-2-(3-(4-bromophenyl)acrylamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½ -/- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl )-3-fluorophenyl )propanoic acid;

( )-3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)acrylamido)piOpa noic acid;

(£ ^' )-3-(4-(5-(4-(t6'ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(3-(tnfluoiOmethoxy)phenyl)acrylamido)pro panoic acid;

(E)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/i?ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)p iOpanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(i6'ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(( 15,25)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl )cyclopiOpanecarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/ '/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/e/ -butyl- 1 ,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acid;

(£)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylamido)propanoic acid;

(£)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/tri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-/ -tolylacrylamido)propanoic acid;

(£)-3-(4-(5-(4-(ier/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)acrylamido)propa noic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/iT -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-cyclopropylbenzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(^rf-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(( 15,25)-2-o-tolylcyclopropanecarboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ieri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyI)-2-(5-(2-fIuoro-4-methyIphenyI)furan-2-carboxam ido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ii'A-i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(( 1 S,2S)-2-/7-tolylcyclopropanecarboxamido)propanoic acid; 3-(4-(5-(4-(ie/'i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)- 3-fluorophenyl)- 2-(5- ?-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-( 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 1 H- 1 ,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

(E)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/^r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acryl amido)propanoic acid;

(E)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½/-i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamido)pro panoic acid;

(E)-3-(4-(5-(4-(fcrf-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl )- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2-methy]-3-phenylacrylamido)piOpanoic acid;

2- (( I S,2/?)-2-(benzo[J][ l ,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)-3-(4-(5-(4- (ter/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(( 15,25')-2-(4-tluoi phenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)propanoic acid;

(/?)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl )- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- tluorophenyl)-2-( 1 -(4-ie/7-butylphenyl)- 1 H- 1 ,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

(5)-3-(4-(5-(4-(r£ ^, /7-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-( l -(4-ieri-butylphenyl)- lH- l ,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamido)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(( 15,25)-2-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamido)propanoic acid;

(Z)-3-(4-(5-(4-(/£T/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2,6- difluorophenyl)-2-(5-/^-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)acrylic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-( l -(4-fluorophenyl)piperidine-3-caiboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(3-(4'-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

(5)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-^)-tolylt ^' uran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(( 1 /?,2^)-2-(4-fluoroplienyl)cyclopiOpyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)-2-(5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

(/?)-3-(4-(5-(4-(ii?r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)furan-2-carboxam ido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-isobutyramidophenyI)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2-(5- p-tolyIfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(4-(isopropoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)-2-(5-/?-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

(5 ^' )-3-(4-(5-(4-( i'r -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)furan-2-carboxam ido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(^r/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4'-chloro-2-fluorobiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido) propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/eri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2,4'-difluorobiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propa noic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(2,4'-difluoro-3'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxa mido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ie/ i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- t1uorophenyl)-2-(6-(4-ttuorophenyl)picolinamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(;£Ti-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- nuorophenyl)-2-(6-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)picoIinamido)prop anoic acid;

3-(3-fluoiO-4-(5-(4-(4-methylpiperidine- l -carbonyl )phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol- 3-yl)phenyl)-2-(5-p-tolyl uran-2-carboxamido)pi panoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½/ i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)thien-2-yl)-3-fluoiOphenyl)-2- (5-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/m-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)thien-2-yl)-3-fluo iOphenyl)-2- (5-(4-fluorop enyl)furan-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(3-fluoro-4-(5-(( 1 /?,2fl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)cyclopropyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)-2-(5- -tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(2-(dimethylamino)pyridin-4-yl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-/ -tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)- 1 ,4-diazepane- 1 -carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(/e/ z-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(piperazin- l-yl)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½r -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(ethylamino)benzamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- lluorophenyl)-2-(3-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)- l H-pyrazol-5-yl)ureido)propanoic acid;

3- {4-[5-(4-/£?r/-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl |-3-fluoro- phenyl } -2-(2-piperidin- l -yl-pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-propionic acid;

2- (4-(te -butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(ier/- butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (3-fluoro-4-(5-(piperidin- 1 -yl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2-(5-/?- tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid; and

2- (4-(/£Ti-butoxycarbonylamino)benzamido)-3-(4-(5-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and prodrugs thereof.

[00155] In another embodiment, provided herein is a compound selected from the group consisting of:

7-(4-(/£'r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-2-(4-isopropylp henylsulfonyl)- 6-methoxy- 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxyl ic acid;

(2/?,55 ^, )-5-(4-bromophenyl)-7-(4-(/6 ^, r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-8- methoxy-3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- 1 H-benzo[J]azepine-2-carboxylic acid;

3- (4-(/£Ti-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyl)-7-(4-(/e/-i- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-8-methoxy-5-methyl-2,3,4,5-t etrahydro- l H- benzo[J]azepine-2-carboxylic acid; and

7-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-6-methoxy-2-tosyl - l ,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid; and

7-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-6-methoxy-2-(5-/7 -tolylfuran-2- carbonyl)- 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and prodrugs thereof.

In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a compound selected from the group consisting of:

(/?)-2-(3-chloro-4-methylphenylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-nitro phenyl)- 1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid;

(/?)-2-(4-isopropylphenylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-nitrophenyl )- I H-pyrazol-3- yl)phenyl)propanoic acid;

3-(4-( 1 -(4-fert-butylphenyl)- 1 H- 1 ,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)-2-(4- methylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-( I -(4-/?r/-butylphenyl )- 1 H- 1 ,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)-2-(4-/ert- butylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3_(4-( 1 -(4-?£>iV-butylphenyl )- 1 H- 1 ,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)-2-(4- isopropylphenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

(/?)-2-(4-biOmophenylsulfonamido)-3-(4-( I -(4-nitrophenyl)- 1 H- 1 ,2,3-triazol- 4-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid;

(/?)-2-(4-biOmophenylsulfonamido)-3-(4-( l -(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)- phenyl)-l H- l ,2,3-triazol-4-y])phenyl)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)oxazol-4-yl)phenyl)-2-(4-isopropylph enyl- sulfonamido)propanoic acid;

2- (biphenyl-4-ylsulfonamido)-3-(4-( I -(4-( ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-( 1 -(4-(re/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2-(3- chIoro-4-methylphenyIsulfonamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-( 1 -(4-(½ i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2-(5- p-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(2-(5-(4-(ie/7-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-(5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(4-(5-(4-(ie/ i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l H-pyrazol-3-yl)plienyl)-2-(5- -tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)piOpanoic acid;

2- (biphenyl-4-ylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylam ino)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid;

3- (4-(5-(4-(/g i-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)-2- (5-/?-tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)propanoic acid;

3-(6-(5-(4-(ie/ -butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)pyridin-3- yl)-2-(4'-methylbiphenyl-3-ylcarboxamido)propanoic acid;

2-(4-isopropylphenylsulfonamido)-3-(4-( I -(4-nitrophenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3- yl)phenyl)propanoic acid;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and prodrugs thereof.

[00156] In still another embodiment, provided herein is a compound selected from the group consisting of:

1- (4-(i^r -butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyl)-6-(4-(/er/-butoxycarbonylamino )- benzoyloxy)indoline-2-carboxylic acid;

2- (4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyl)-7-(4-(/£T/- butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)- 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;

7-(4-(½r/-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoyloxy)-2-(3-fluoro-4- methylphenylsulfonyl)- 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid; and

5-(5-(4-(½ri-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2-(5-/)- tolylfuran-2-carboxamido)-2,3-dihydro- l H-indene-2-carboxylic acid;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, and prodrugs thereof.

[00157] The compounds provided herein are intended to encompass all possible stereoisomers, unless a particular stereochemistry is specified. Where the compound provided herein contains an alkenyl or alkenylene group, the compound may exist as one or mixture of geometric cisltrans (or TIE) isomers. Where structural isomers are

interconvertible, the compound may exist as a single tautomer or a mixture of tautomers. This can take the form of proton tautomerism in the compound that contains, for example, an imino, keto, or oxime group; or so-called valence tautomerism in the compound that contain an aromatic moiety. It follows that a single compound may exhibit more than one type of isomerism.

[00158] The compounds provided herein may be enantiomerically pure, such as a single enantiomer or a single diastereomer, or be stereoisomeric mixtures, such as a mixture of enantiomers, e.g., a racemic mixture of two enantiomers; or a mixture of two or more diastereomers. As such, one of skill in the art will recognize that administration of a compound in its (/?) form is equivalent, for compounds that undergo epimerization in vivo, to administration of the compound in its (S) form. Conventional techniques for the

preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor, asymmetric synthesis from achiral starting materials, or resolution of an enantiomeric mixture, for example, chiral chromatography, recrystallization, resolution, diastereomeric salt formation, or derivatization into diastereomeric adducts followed by separation.

[00159] When the compound provided herein contains an acidic or basic moiety, it may also be provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. See, Berge et al , J. Phann. Sci. 1977, 66, 1 - 19; and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts, Properties, and Use; Stahl and Wermuth, Ed.; Wiley-VCH and VHCA: Zurich, Switzerland, 2002.

[00160] Suitable acids for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, boric acid, (+)-camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+)-(15)- camphor- 10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, cyclohexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane- 1 ,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucuronic acid, L-glutamic acid, a- oxoglutaric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, (+)-L-lactic acid, (±)-DL-lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, (-)-L-malic acid, malonic acid, (±)-DL-mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid,

naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene- 1 ,5-disulfonic acid, l-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, saccharic acid, salicylic acid, 4-amino- salicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tannic acid, (+)-L-tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, / oluenesulfonic acid, undecylenic acid, and valeric acid.

[00161 ] Suitable bases for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including, but not limited to, inorganic bases, such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide; and organic bases, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, aliphatic and aromatic amines, including L-arginine, benethamine, benzathine, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, l H-imidazole, L-lysine, morpholine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholine, methylamine, piperidine, piperazine, propylamine, pyrrolidine, l -(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine, pyridine, quinuclidine, quinoline, isoquinoline, secondary amines, triethanolamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)- l ,3-propanediol, and tromethamine.

[00162] The compound provided herein may also be provided as a prodrug, which is a functional derivative of the compound, for example, of Formula 1 and is readily convertible into the parent compound in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent compound. They may, for instance, be

bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent compound is not. The prodrug may also have enhanced solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent compound. A prodrug may be converted into the parent drug by various mechanisms, including enzymatic processes and metabolic hydrolysis. See, Harper, Progress in Drug Research 1962, 4, 221- 294; Morozowich el al. in Design of Biopharmaceutical Properties through Prodrugs and Analogs; Roche Ed., APHA Acad. Pharm. Sci.: 1977; Gangwar et al. , Des. Biopharm. Prop. Prodrugs Analogs, 1977, 409-421 ; Bundgaard, Arch. Pharm. Chem. 1979, 86, 1 -39; Farquhar et al, J. Pharm. Sci. 1983, 72, 324-325; Wernuth in Drug Design: Fact or Fantasy; Jolles et al. Eds.; Academic Press: London, 1984; pp 47-72; Design of Prodrugs; Bundgaard et al. Eds.; Elsevier: 1985; Fleisher el al , Methods Enzymol. 1985, 1 12, 360-381 ; Stella et al, Drugs 1985, 29, 455-473; Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Theory and Application; Roche Ed.; APHA Acad. Pharm. Sci.: 1987; Bundgaard, Controlled Drug Delivery 1987, 17, 179-96; Waller et al, Br. J. Clin. Pharmac. 1989, 28, 497-507; Balant et al, Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 1990, 15, 143-53; Freeman et al., J. Chem. Soc, Chem. Cominun. 1991, 875-877; Bundgaard, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1992, 8, 1 -38; Nathwani and Wood, Drugs 1993, 45, 866-94; Friis and Bundgaard, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 1996, 4, 49-59; Fleisher et al, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1996, 19, 1 1 5- 1 30; Sinhababu and Thakker, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1996, 19, 241 -273; Taylor, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1996, 19, 131 - 148; Gaignault et al, Pract. Med. Chem. 1996, 671 -696; Browne, Clin. Neuropharmacol. 1997, 20, 1 - 12;

Valentino and Borchardt, Drug Discovery Today 1997, 2, 148- 155; Pauletti et al, Adv. Drug. Delivery Rev. 1997, 27, 235-256; Mizen et al, Pharm. Biotech. 1998, / /, 345-365; Wiebe and Knaus, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1999, 39, 63-80; Tan et al, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1999, 39, 1 1 7- 151 ; Balimane and Sinko, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1999, 39, 1 83-209; Wang et al, Curr. Pharm. Design 1999, 5, 265-287; Han et al, AAPS Pharmsci. 2000, 2, 1 - 1 1 ; Asgharnejad in Transport Processes in Pharmaceutical Systems; Amidon et al , Eds.; Marcell Dekker: 2000; pp 185-218; Sinha et al, Pharm. Res. 2001, 18, 557-564; Anand et al . Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 2002, 2, 607-620; Rao, Resonate 2003, 19-27; Sloan et al , Med. Res. Rev. 2003, 23, 763-793; Patterson et al , Curr. Pharm. Des. 2003, 9, 2131 -2154; Hu, 1 Drugs 2004, 7, 736-742; Robinson et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101, 14527- 14532; Erion et al, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005, 312, 554-560; Fang et al, Curr. Drug Discov. Techiiol. 2006, 3, 21 1 -224; Stanczak et al, Pharmacol Rep. 2006, 58, 599-613; Sloan et al, Pharm. Res. 2006, 23, 2729-2747; Stella et al, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2007, 59, 677-694; Gomes et al , Molecules 2007, 12, 2484-2506; rafz et al, ChemMedChem 2008, 3, 20-53; Rautio el al, AAPS J. 2008, 10, 92- 102; Rautio et al, Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 2008, 7, 255-270; Pavan et al , Molecules, 2008, 13, 1035- 1065 ; Sandros et al, Molecules 2008, 13, 1 156- 1 178; Singh et al, Curr. Med. Chem. 2008, 15, 1802- 1826; Onishi et al, Molecules, 2008, 13, 2136-2155; Huttunen et al, Curr. Med. Chem. 2008, 15, 2346-2365; and Serafin et al, Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2009, 9, 481 -497.

Methods of Synthesis

[00163] The compounds provided herein can be prepared, isolated, or obtained by any method known to one of skill in the art or according to the examples described herein. For an example, a compound of Formula I can be prepared as shown in Scheme I.

[00164] Compound 1-1 is brominated with a bromination reagent {e.g., NBS), optionally in the presence of radical initiator (e.g., A1BN or BPO) to yield bromo compound 1-2. Compound 1-2 is coupled with N-benzylidene 1-3, where group L ¹ is protected with a suitable protection group PG, optionally in the presence of a base {e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) and/or a phase-transfer catalyst (e.g., tetrabutylaminonium bromide) to form compound 1-4. When L ¹ is -COOH, suitable PG groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, /-butyl, or benzyl, and thus L' -PG is -COOCH , -COOEt, -COO-iBu, or -COOBn, respectively. Deprotection under acidic conditions such as HC1 THF yields compound 1-5. Groups R ⁴ and/or R ⁵ are then introduced to form compound 1-6 via appropriate chemistry, including, but not limited to, amino alkylation, reductive animation, acylation, sulfonation, urea formation, or carbamate formation.

[00165] To form a 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole derivative, compound 1-6 is treated with NH ₂ OH to form N-acyloxyamidine 1-7. Compound 1-7 is then treated with an activated derivative of carboxylic acid A-COOH, optionally in the presence of a suitable base to give N- ayloxyamidine 1-8. The carboxylic acid A-COOH in this reaction can be activated with a reagent such as N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, l -(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3- ethylcarbodiimide, Ι , Γ-carbonyldiimidazole, or bis (2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride, optionally in the presence of a suitable base, such as triethylamine, N,N- diisopropylethylamine, or sodium bicarbonate. Alternatively, an acid chloride, acid anhydride, or acyl imidazole can also be employed. N-Ayloxyamidine 1-8 is cyclized via dehydrogation to form 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole 1-9, optionally in the presence of a base, such as pyridine, Ν, N-diisopropylethylamine or tetrabutylammonium fluoride. However, N- Ayloxyamidine 1-8 needs not be purified or separated in some embodiments. In certain embodiments, the acylation and cyclization is carried out in a single continuous step, that is, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole 1-9 is formed from compound 1-7 in a single step. Oxadiazole 1-9 can also be made according to the methods described in Clapp, " 1 ,2,3- and 1 ,2,4-Oxadiazoles" in Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, Vol. 6, Potts Ed.; Pergamon Press: 1984; pp. 366- 391 . Protecting group PG of compound 1-9 is then removed to form compound 1-10, which can be accomplished under basic, acidic, or reductive conditions depending on the chemical structures of L ¹ and PG. For example, when LI is -COOH, the deprotection is achieved using aqueous lithium, sodium, or potassium hydroxide.

Scheme I

[00166] The compounds provided herein can be converted into another analogous compound by standard chemical manipulations. These chemical manipulations are known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to (a) removal of a protecting group (Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd Ed.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1991 ); (b) displacement of a leaving group (e.g., halide, mesylate, or tosylate) with a primary or secondary amine, thiol, or alcohol to form a secondary or tertiary amine, thioether, or ether, respectively; (c) treatment of primary and secondary amines with an isocyanate, acid chloride (or other activated ca boxylic acid derivative), alkylaryl chloroformate, or sulfonyl chloride to provide the corresponding urea, amide, carbamate, or sulfonamide; and (d) reductive animation of a primary or secondary amine using an aldehyde.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

[00167] Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, as an active ingredient, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug; in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, carrier, diluent, or excipient, or a mixture thereof.

[00168] Suitable excipients are well known to those skilled in the art, and non-limiting examples of suitable excipients are provided herein. Whether a particular excipient is suitable for incorporation into a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form depends on a variety of factors well known in the art, including, but not limited to, the method of administration. For example, oral dosage forms such as tablets may contain excipients not suited for use in parenteral dosage forms. The suitability of a particular excipient may also depend on the specific active ingredients in the dosage form. For example, the

decomposition of some active ingredients may be accelerated by some excipients such as lactose, or when exposed to water. Active ingredients that comprise primary or secondary amines are particularly susceptible to such accelerated decomposition. Consequently, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms that contain little, if any, lactose other mono- or di-saccharides. As used herein, the term "lactose-free" means that the amount of lactose present, if any, is insufficient to substantially increase the degradation rate of an active ingredient. In one embodiment, lactose-free compositions comprise an active ingredient provided herein, a binder/filler, and a lubricant. In another embodiment, lactose- free dosage forms comprise an active ingredient, microcrystalline cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, and magnesium stearate.

[00169] The compound provided herein may be administered alone, or in combination with one or more other compounds provided herein. The pharmaceutical compositions that comprise a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, can be formulated in various dosage forms for oral, parenteral, and topical administration. The pharmaceutical compositions can also be formulated as modified release dosage forms, including delayed-, extended-, prolonged-, sustained-, pulsatile-, controlled-, accelerated-, fast-, targeted-, programmed-release, and gastric retention dosage forms. These dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art {see, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra; Modified-Release Drug Delivery Technology, 2nd ed.; Rathbone et ah , Eds.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, NY, 2008).

[00170] In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are provided in a dosage form for oral administration, which comprise a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.

[0017 1 ] In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are provided in a dosage form for parenteral administration, which comprise a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.

[001 72] In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are provided in a dosage form for topical administration, which comprise a compound provided herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.

[00173] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be provided in a unit- dosage form or multiple-dosage form. A unit-dosage form, as used herein, refers to physically discrete a unit suitable for administration to a human and animal subject, and packaged individually as is known in the art. Each unit-dose contains a predetermined quantity of an active ingredient(s) sufficient to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with the required pharmaceutical carriers or excipients. Examples of a unit- dosage form include an ampoule, syringe, and individually packaged tablet and capsule. For example, a 100 mg unit dose contains about 100 mg of an active ingredient in a packaged tablet or capsule. A unit-dosage form may be administered in fractions or multiples thereof. A multiple-dosage form is a plurality of identical unit-dosage forms packaged in a single container to be administered in segregated unit-dosage form. Examples of a multiple-dosage form include a vial, bottle of tablets or capsules, or bottle of pints or gallons.

[00174] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered at once, or multiple times at intervals of time. It is understood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment may vary with the age, weight, and condition of the patient being treated, and may be determined empirically using known testing protocols or by extrapolation from in vivo or in vitro test or diagnostic data. It is further understood that for any particular individual, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the formulations.

[00175] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated as capsules, each of which comprises 100 mg of a compound provided herein (an active ingredient), e.g., a compound of Formula I, as an active ingredient, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; 150 mg of lactose, 50 mg of cellulose, and 6 mg of magnesium stearate. In certain embodiments, the capsules are prepared by filling standard two-piece hard gelatin capsules each with a powdered active ingredient (100 mg), lactose ( 150 mg), cellulose (50 mg), and magnesium stearate (6 mg).

[00176] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated as soft gelatin capsules, each of which comprises 100 mg of a compound provided herein (an active ingredient), e.g., a compound of Formula I, as an active ingredient, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; and a digestible oil, in one embodiment, soybean oil, cottonseed oil or olive oil. In certain embodiments, the soft gelatin capsules are prepared by injecting a mixture of an active ingredient in a digestiable oil into gelatin to form soft gelatin capsules each containing 100 milligrams of the active ingredient.

[001 77] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated as tablets, each of which comprises 100 mg of a compound provided herein (an active ingredient), e.g., a compound of Formula I, as an active ingredient, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; 0.2 mg of colloidal silicon dioxide, 5 mg of magnesium stearate, 275 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, 1 I mg of starch, and 98.8 mg of lactose. The tablets can be prepared by any method known to one of skill in the art.

[00178] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated as injectables, which comprise 1 1 .5% by weight of a compound provided herein (an active ingredient), e.g., a compound of Formula I, as an active ingredient, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; in 10% by volume of propylene glycol. In certain embodiments, the injectables are prepared by stirring 1 .5% by weight of active ingredient in 10% by volume propylene glycol.

[00179] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated as suspection for oral administration, each 5 mL of which comprises 1 0 mg of a finely divided compound provided herein (an active ingredient), e.g., a compound of Formula I, as an active ingredient, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; 100 mg of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 5 mg of sodium benzoate, 1 .0 g of sorbitol solution USP, and 0.025 mL of vanillin.

A. Oral Administration

[00180] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be provided in solid, semisolid, or liquid dosage forms for oral administration. As used herein, oral administration also includes buccal, lingual, and sublingual administration.

Suitable oral dosage forms include, but are not limited to, tablets, fastmelts, chewable tablets, capsules, dragees, pills, strips, troches, lozenges, pastilles, cachets, pellets, medicated chewing gum, bulk powders, effervescent or non-effervescent powders or granules, oral mists, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, wafers, sprinkles, elixirs, and syrups. In addition to the active ingredient(s), the pharmaceutical compositions can contain one or more

pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, including, but not limited to, binders, fillers, diluents, disintegrants, wetting agents, lubricants, glidants, coloring agents, dye- migration inhibitors, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, emulsifying agents, suspending and dispersing agents, preservatives, solvents, non-aqueous liquids, organic acids, and sources of carbon dioxide.

[001 81 ] Binders or granulators impart cohesiveness to a tablet to ensure the tablet remaining intact after compression. Suitable binders or granulators include, but are not limited to, starches, such as corn starch, potato starch, and pre-gelatinized starch (e.g.,

STARCH 1500); gelatin; sugars, such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose, molasses, and lactose; natural and synthetic gums, such as acacia, aiginic acid, alginates, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isabgol husks, carboxymethylcellulose,

methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Veegum, larch arabogalactan, powdered tragacanth, and guar gum; celluloses, such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate,

carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC); microcrystalline celluloses, such as AV1CEL-PH- 101 , AVICEL-PH- 103, AVICEL RC-581 , AVICEL-PH- 105 (FMC Corp., Marcus Hook, PA); and mixtures thereof. Suitable fillers include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pre- gelatinized starch, and mi xtures thereof. The amount of a binder or filler in the

pharmaceutical compositions provided herein varies upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art. The binder or filler may be present from about 50 to about 99% by weight in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein.

[00182] Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, inositol, cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, dry starch, and powdered sugar. Certain diluents, such as mannitol, lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, and inositol, when present in sufficient quantity, can impart properties to some compressed tablets that permit disintegration in the mouth by chewing. Such compressed tablets can be used as chewable tablets. The amount of a diluent in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein varies upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[00183] Suitable disintegrants include, but are not limited to, agar; bentonite;

celluloses, such as methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose; wood products; natural sponge; cation-exchange resins; aiginic acid; gums, such as guar gum and Veegum HV; citrus pulp; cross-linked celluloses, such as croscarmellose; cross-linked polymers, such as crospovidone; cross-linked starches; calcium carbonate; microcrystalline cellulose, such as sodium starch glycolate; polacrilin potassium; starches, such as corn starch, potato starch, tapioca starch, and pre-gelatinized starch; clays; aligns; and mixtures thereof. The amount of a disintegrant in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein varies upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the ail. The amount of a disintegrant in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein varies upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art. The

pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may contain from about 0.5 to about 15% or from about I to about 5% by weight of a disintegrant.

[00184] Suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate;

magnesium stearate; mineral oil ; light mineral oil ; glycerin; sorbitol; mannitol; glycols, such as glycerol behenate and polyethylene glycol (PEG); stearic acid; sodium lauryl sulfate; talc; hydrogenated vegetable oil, including peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil; zinc stearate; ethyl oleate; ethyl laureate; agar; starch; lycopodium; silica or silica gels, such as AEROSIL ^® 200 (W.R. Grace Co., Balti more, MD) and CAB-O-SIL ^® (Cabot Co. of Boston, MA); and mixtures thereof. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may contain about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of a lubricant.

[001 85] Suitable glidants include, but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide,

CAB-O-SIL ^® (Cabot Co. of Boston, MA), and asbestos-free talc. Suitable coloring agents include, but are not limited to, any of the approved, certified, water soluble FD&C dyes, and water insoluble FD&C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate, and color lakes and mixtures thereof. A color lake is the combination by adsorption of a water-soluble dye to a hydrous oxide of a heavy metal, resulting in an insoluble form of the dye. Suitable flavoring agents include, but are not limited to, natural flavors extracted from plants, such as fruits, and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant taste sensation, such as peppermint and methyl salicylate. Suitable sweetening agents include, but are not limited to, sucrose, lactose, mannitol, syrups, glycerin, and artificial sweeteners, such as saccharin and aspartame. Suitable emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, gelatin, acacia, tragacanth, bentonite, and surfactants, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate

(TWEEN ^® 20), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate 80 (TWEEN ^® 80), and triethanolamine oleate. Suitable suspending and dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, tragacanth, Veegum, acacia, sodium carbomethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, glycerin, methyl and propylparaben, benzoic add, sodium benzoate and alcohol. Suitable wetting agents include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol

monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate, and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, glycerin, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol, and syrup. Suitable non-aqueous liquids utilized in emulsions include, but are not limited to, mineral oil and cottonseed oil. Suitable organic acids include, but are not limited to, citric and tartaric acid. Suitable sources of carbon dioxide include, but are not limited to, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate.

[00186] It should be understood that many carriers and excipients may serve a plurality of functions, even within the same formulation.

[00187] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be provided as compressed tablets, tablet triturates, chewable lozenges, rapidly dissolving tablets, multiple compressed tablets, or enteric-coating tablets, sugar-coated, or film-coated tablets. Enteric-coated tablets are compressed tablets coated with substances that resist the action of stomach acid but dissolve or disintegrate in the intestine, thus protecting the active ingredients from the acidic environment of the stomach. Enteric-coatings include, but are not limited to, fatty acids, fats, phenyl salicylate, waxes, shellac, ammoniated shellac, and cellulose acetate phthalates. Sugar-coated tablets are compressed tablets surrounded by a sugar coating, which may be beneficial in covering up objectionable tastes or odors and in protecting the tablets from oxidation. Film-coated tablets are compressed tablets that are covered with a thin layer or film of a water-soluble material. Film coatings include, but are not limited to, hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol 4000, and cellulose acetate phthalate. Film coating imparts the same general characteristics as sugar coating. Multiple compressed tablets are compressed tablets made by more than one compression cycle, including layered tablets, and press-coated or dry-coated tablets.

[00188] The tablet dosage forms can be prepared from the active ingredient in powdered, crystalline, or granular forms, alone or in combination with one or more carriers or excipients described herein, including binders, disintegrants, controlled-release polymers, lubricants, diluents, and/or colorants. Flavoring and sweetening agents are especially useful in the formation of chewable tablets and lozenges. [00189] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be provided as soft or hard capsules, which can be made from gelatin, methylcellulose, starch, or calcium alginate. The hard gelatin capsule, also known as the dry-filled capsule (DFC), consists of two sections, one slipping over the other, thus completely enclosing the active ingredient. The soft elastic capsule (SEC) is a soft, globular shell, such as a gelatin shell, which is plasticized by the addition of glycerin, sorbitol, or a similar polyol. The soft gelatin shells may contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Suitable preservatives are those as described herein, including methyl- and propyl-parabens, and sorbic acid. The liquid, semisolid, and solid dosage forms provided herein may be encapsulated in a capsule. Suitable liquid and semisolid dosage forms include solutions and suspensions in propylene carbonate, vegetable oils, or triglycerides. Capsules containing such solutions can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,328,245; 4,409,239; and 4,410,545. The capsules may also be coated as known by those of skill in the art in order to modify or sustain dissolution of the active ingredient.

[00190] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be provided in liquid and semisolid dosage forms, including emulsions, solutions, suspensions, elixirs, and syrups. An emulsion is a two-phase system, in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid, which can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Emulsions may include a pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous liquid or solvent, emulsifying agent, and preservative. Suspensions may include a pharmaceutically acceptable suspending agent and preservative. Aqueous alcoholic solutions may include a pharmaceutically acceptable acetal, such as a di(lower alkyl) acetal of a lower alkyl aldehyde, e.g., acetaldehyde diethyl acetal; and a water-miscible solvent having one or more hydroxyl groups, such as propylene glycol and ethanol. Elixirs are clear, sweetened, and

hydroalcoholic solutions. Syrups are concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar, for example, sucrose, and may also contain a preservative. For a liquid dosage form, for example, a solution in a polyethylene glycol may be diluted with a sufficient quantity of a

pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier, e.g., water, to be measured conveniently for administration.

[00191 ] Other useful liquid and semisolid dosage forms include, but are not limited to, those containing the active ingredient(s) provided herein, and a dialkylated mono- or poly- alkylene glycol, including, 1 ,2-dimethoxymethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, polyethylene glycol-350-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-550-dimethyl ether,

polyethylene glycol-750-dimethyl ether, wherein 350, 550, and 750 refer to the approximate average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol. These formulations can further comprise one or more antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, vitamin E, hydroquinone, hydroxycoumarins, ethanolamine, lecithin, cephalin, ascorbic acid, malic acid, sorbitol, phosphoric acid, bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, thiodipropionic acid and its esters, and dithiocarbamates.

[00192] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be also provided in the forms of liposomes, micelles, microspheres, or nanosystems. Micellar dosage forms can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,350,458.

[00193] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be provided as non-effervescent or effervescent, granules and powders, to be reconstituted into a liquid dosage form. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients used in the non-effervescent granules or powders may include diluents, sweeteners, and wetting agents. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients used in the effervescent granules or powders may include organic acids and a source of carbon dioxide.

[00194] Coloring and flavoring agents can be used in all of the above dosage forms.

[00195] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administration can be formulated as immediate or modified release dosage forms, including delayed-, sustained, pulsed-, controlled, targeted-, and programmed-release forms.

B. Parenteral Administration

[00196] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered parenterally by injection, infusion, or implantation, for local or systemic administration. Parenteral administration, as used herein, include intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial, intramuscular,

intrasynovial, intravesical, and subcutaneous administration.

[00197] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for parenteral

administration can be formulated in any dosage forms that are suitable for parenteral administration, including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, micelles, liposomes, microspheres, nanosystems, and solid forms suitable for solutions or suspensions in liquid prior to injection. Such dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods known to those skilled in the art of pharmaceutical science (see. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra).

[00198] The pharmaceutical compositions intended for parenteral administration can include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients, including, but not limited to, aqueous vehicles, water-miscible vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents or preservatives against the growth of microorganisms, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, isotonic agents, buffering agents, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, wetting or emulsifying agents, complexing agents, sequestering or chelating agents, cryoprotectants, lyoprotectants, thickening agents, pH adjusting agents, and inert gases.

[00199] Suitable aqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, water, saline, physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), sodium chloride injection, Ringers injection, isotonic dextrose injection, sterile water injection, dextrose and lactated Ringers injection. Suitable non-aqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, fixed oils of vegetable origin, castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogenated soybean oil, and medium-chain triglycerides of coconut oil, and palm seed oil. Suitable water-miscible vehicles include, but are not limited to, ethanol, 1 ,3-butanediol, liquid polyethylene glycol (e.g., polyethylene glycol 300 and polyethylene glycol 400), propylene glycol, glycerin, N- methyl-2-pyrrolidone, /V,N-dimethylacetamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide.

[00200] Suitable antimicrobial agents or preservatives include, but are not limited to, phenols, cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl p- hydroxybenzoates, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride (e.g., benzethonium chloride), methyl- and propyi-parabens, and sorbic acid. Suitable isotonic agents include, but are not limited to, sodium chloride, glycerin, and dextrose. Suitable buffering agents include, but are not limited to, phosphate and citrate. Suitable antioxidants are those as described herein, including bisulfite and sodium metabisulfite. Suitable local anesthetics include, but are not limited to, procaine hydrochloride. Suitable suspending and dispersing agents are those as described herein, including sodium carboxymethylcelluose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Suitable emulsifying agents are those described herein, including polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate 80, and triethanolamine oleate. Suitable sequestering or chelating agents include, but are not l imited to EDTA. Suitable pH adjusting agents include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, and lactic acid. Suitable complexing agents include, but are not limited to, cyclodextrins, including oc-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-β- cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether^-cyclodextrin, and sull ^' obutylether

7- -cyclodextrin (CAPTISOL ^® , CyDex, Lenexa, KS).

[00201 ] When the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated for multiple dosage administration, the multiple dosage parenteral formulations must contain an antimicrobial agent at bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations. All parenteral formulations must be sterile, as known and practiced in the art.

[00202] In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration are provided as ready-to-use sterile solutions. Tn another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are provided as sterile dry soluble products, including lyophilized powders and hypodermic tablets, to be reconstituted with a vehicle prior to use. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are provided as ready-to-use sterile suspensions. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are provided as sterile dry insoluble products to be reconstituted with a vehicle prior to use. In still another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are provided as ready-to-use sterile emulsions.

[00203 ] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for parenteral

administration can be formulated as immediate or modified release dosage forms, including delayed-, sustained, pulsed-, controlled, targeted-, and programmed-release forms.

[00204] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for parenteral

administration can be formulated as a suspension, solid, semi-solid, or thixotropic liquid, for administration as an implanted depot. Tn one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are dispersed in a solid inner matrix, which is surrounded by an outer polymeric membrane that is insoluble in body fluids but allows the active ingredient in the pharmaceutical compositions diffuse through.

[00205] Suitable inner matrixes include, but are not limited to, polymethylmethacrylate, polybutyl-methacrylate, plasticized or unplasticized polyvinylchloride, plasticized nylon, plasticized polyethylene terephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonate copolymers, hydrophilic polymers, such as hydrogels of esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, collagen, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, and cross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate.

[00206] Suitable outer polymeric membranes include but are not limited to, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethyl siloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, vinyl chloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethylene

terephthalate, butyl rubber epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, and ethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer.

C. Topical Administration

[00207] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered topically to the skin, orifices, or mucosa. The topical administration, as used herein, includes (intra)dermal, conjunctival, intracorneal, intraocular, ophthalmic, auricular, transdermal, nasal, vaginal, urethral, respiratory, and rectal administration.

[00208] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be formulated in any dosage forms that are suitable for topical administration for local or systemic effect, including emulsions, solutions, suspensions, creams, gels, hydrogels, ointments, dusting powders, dressings, elixirs, lotions, suspensions, tinctures, pastes, foams, films, aerosols, irrigations, sprays, suppositories, bandages, and dermal patches. The topical formulation of the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can also comprise liposomes, micelles, microspheres, nanosystems, and mixtures thereof.

[00209] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients suitable for use in the topical formulations provided herein include, but are not limited to, aqueous vehicles, water- miscible vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents or preservatives against the growth of microorganisms, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, isotonic agents, buffering agents, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, wetting or emulsifying agents, complexing agents, sequestering or chelating agents, penetration enhancers, cryoprotectants, lyoprotectants, thickening agents, and inert gases.

[00210] The pharmaceutical compositions can also be administered topically by electroporation, iontophoresis, phonophoresis, sonophoresis, or microneedle or needle-free injection, such as POWDERJECT™ (Chiron Corp., Emeryville, CA), and BIOJECT™ (Bioject Medical Technologies Inc., Tualatin, OR).

[0021 1 ] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be provided in the forms of ointments, creams, and gels. Suitable ointment vehicles include oleaginous or hydrocarbon vehicles, including lard, benzoinated lard, olive oil, cottonseed oil, and other oils, white petrolatum; emulsifiable or absorption vehicles, such as hydrophilic petrolatum, hydroxystearin sulfate, and anhydrous lanolin; water-removable vehicles, such as hydrophilic ointment; water-soluble ointment vehicles, including polyethylene glycols of varying molecular weight; emulsion vehicles, either water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions or oil-in-water (0 W) emulsions, including cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, lanolin, and stearic acid (see, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra). These vehicles are emollient but generally require addition of antioxidants and preservatives.

[00212] Suitable cream base can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Suitable cream vehicles may be water-washable, and contain an oil phase, an emulsifier, and an aqueous phase. The oil phase is also called the "internal" phase, which is generally comprised of petrolatum and a fatty alcohol such as cetyl or stearyl alcohol. The aqueous phase usually, although not necessarily, exceeds the oil phase in volume, and generally contains a humectant. The emulsifier in a cream formulation may be a nonionic, anionic, cationic, or amphoteric surfactant.

[00213] Gels are semisolid, suspension-type systems. Single-phase gels contain organic macromolecules distributed substantially uniformly throughout the liquid carrier. Suitable gelling agents include, but are not limited to, crosslinked acrylic acid polymers, such as carbomers, carboxypolyalkylenes, and CARBOPOL ; hydrophilic polymers, such as polyethylene oxides, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers, and polyvinylalcohol; cellulosic polymers, such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl mefhylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, and methylcellulose; gums, such as tragacanth and xanthan gum; sodium alginate; and gelatin, in order to prepare a uniform gel, dispersing agents such as alcohol or glycerin can be added, or the gelling agent can be dispersed by trituration, mechanical mixing, and/or stirring.

[00214] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered rectally, urethrally, vaginally, or perivaginally in the forms of suppositories, pessaries, bougies, poultices or cataplasm, pastes, powders, dressings, creams, plasters, contraceptives, ointments, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, tampons, gels, foams, sprays, or enemas. These dosage forms can be manufactured using conventional processes as described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra.

[00215] Rectal, urethral, and vaginal suppositories are solid bodies for insertion into body orifices, which are solid at ordinary temperatures but melt or soften at body temperature to release the active ingredient(s) inside the orifices. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers utilized in rectal and vaginal suppositories include bases or vehicles, such as stiffening agents, which produce a melting point in the proximity of body temperature, when formulated with the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein; and antioxidants as described herein, including bisulfite and sodium metabisulfite. Suitable vehicles include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter (theobroma oil), glycerin-gelatin, carbowax (polyoxyethylene glycol), spermaceti, paraffin, white and yellow wax, and appropriate mixtures of mono-, di- and triglycerides of fatty acids, and hydrogels, such as polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and polyacrylic acid;. Combinations of the various vehicles can also be used. Rectal and vaginal suppositories may be prepared by compressing or molding. The typical weight of a rectal and vaginal suppository is about 2 to about 3 g.

[00216] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered ophthalmically in the forms of solutions, suspensions, ointments, emulsions, gel-forming solutions, powders for solutions, gels, ocular inserts, and implants.

[00217] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered intranasally or by inhalation to the respiratory tract. The pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of an aerosol or solution for delivery using a pressurized container, pump, spray, atomizer, such as an atomizer using electrohydrodynamics to produce a fine mist, or nebulizer, alone or in combination with a suitable propel I ant, such as 1 , 1 , 1 ,2- tetrafluoroethane or 1 , 1 , 1 ,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane. The pharmaceutical compositions can also be provided as a dry powder for insufflation, alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose or phospholipids; and nasal drops. For intranasal use, the powder can comprise a bioadhesive agent, including chitosan or cyclodextrin.

[00218] Solutions or suspensions for use in a pressurized container, pump, spray, atomizer, or nebulizer can be formulated to contain ethanol, aqueous ethanol, or a suitable alternative agent for dispersing, solubilizing, or extending release of the active ingredient provided herein; a propellant as solvent; and/or a surfactant, such as sorbitan trioleate, oleic acid, or an oligolactic acid.

[00219] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be micronized to a size suitable for delivery by inhalation, such as about 50 micrometers or less, or about 10 micrometers or less. Particles of such sizes can be prepared using a comminuting method known to those skilled in the art, such as spiral jet milling, fluid bed jet milling, supercritical fluid processing to form nanoparticles, high pressure homogenization, or spray drying.

[00220] Capsules, blisters, and cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator can be formulated to contain a powder mix of the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein; a suitable powder base, such as lactose or starch; and a performance modifier, such as /- leucine, mannitol, or magnesium stearate. The lactose may be anhydrous or in the form of the monohydrate. Other suitable excipients or carriers include, but are not limited to, dextran, glucose, maltose, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for inhaled/intranasal administration can further comprise a suitable flavor, such as menthol and levomenthol; and/or sweeteners, such as saccharin and saccharin sodium.

[00221 ] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for topical administration can be formulated to be immediate release or modified release, including delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted, and programmed release.

D. Modified Release

[00222] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be formulated as a modified release dosage form. As used herein, the term "modified release" refers to a dosage form in which the rate or place of release of the active ingredient(s) is different from that of an immediate dosage form when administered by the same route. Modified release dosage forms include, but are not limited to, delayed-, extended-, prolonged-, sustained-, pulsatile-, controlled-, accelerated- and fast-, targeted-, programmed-release, and gastric retention dosage forms. The pharmaceutical compositions in modified release dosage forms can be prepared using a variety of modified release devices and methods known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, matrix controlled release devices, osmotic controlled release devices, multiparticulate controlled release devices, ion-exchange resins, enteric coatings, multilayered coatings, microspheres, liposomes, and combinations thereof. The release rate of the active ingredient(s) can also be modified by varying the particle sizes and polymorphorism of the active ingredient(s).

[00223] Examples of modified release include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos.: 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598, 123; 4,008,719; 5,674,533;

5,059,595; 5,59 1 ,767; 5, 120,548; 5,073,543; 5,639,476; 5,354,556; 5,639,480; 5,733,566; 5,739, 108; 5,891 ,474; 5,922,356; 5,958,458; 5,972,891 ; 5,980,945; 5,993,855; 6,045,830; 6,087,324; 6, 1 1 3,943; 6, 197,350; 6,248,363; 6,264,970; 6,267,981 ; 6,270,798; 6,375,987; 6,376,461 ; 6,419,961 ; 6,589,548; 6,613,358; 6,623,756; 6,699,500; 6,793,936; 6,827,947; 6,902,742; 6,958, 161 ; 7,255,876; 7,416,738; 7,427,414; 7,485,322; Bussemer et ai, Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 2001, 18, 433-458; Modified-Release Drug Delivery

Technology, 2nd ed.; Rathbone et al, Eds.; Marcel Dekker AG: 2005; Maroni et al, Expert. Opin. Drug Deliv. 2005, 2, 855-871 ; Shi et al. , Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2005, 2, 1039- 1058; Polymers in Drug Delivery; Ijeoma et al., Eds.; CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, 2006; Badawy et ai, J. Pharm. Sci. 2007, 9, 948-959; Modified-Release Drug Deliver}' Technology, supra; Conway, Recent Pat. Drug Deliv. Forniul. 2008, 2, 1 -8; Gazzaniga et al, Eur. J.

Pharm. Biopharm. 2008, 68, 1 1 - 18; Nagarwal et al. , Curr. Drug Deliv. 2008, 5, 282-289; Gallardo et al, Pharm. Dev. Technol. 2008, 13, 41 3-423; Chrzanowski, AAPS

PharmSciTech. 2008, 9, 635-638; Chrzanowski, AAPS PharmSciTech. 2008, 9, 639-645; Kalantzi et al, Recent Pat. Drug Deliv. Formul. 2009, 3, 49-63; Saigal et al. Recent Pat. Drug Deliv. Formul. 2009, 3, 64-70; and Roy et al , J. Control Release 2009, 134, 74-80.

1 . Matrix Controlled Release Devices

[00224] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in a modified release dosage form can be fabricated using a matrix controlled release device known to those skilled in the art. See, Takada et al. in Encyclopedia of Controlled Drug Delivery; Mathiowitz Ed.; Wiley: 1999; Vol 2.

[00225] in certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in a modified release dosage form is formulated using an erodible matrix device, which is water- swellable, erodible, or soluble polymers, including, but not limited to, synthetic polymers, and naturally occurring polymers and derivatives, such as polysaccharides and proteins.

[00226] Materials useful in forming an erodible matrix include, but are not limited to, chitin, chitosan, dextran, and pullulan; gum agar, gum arabic, gum karaya, locust bean gum, gum tragacanth, carrageenans, gum ghatti, guar gum, xanthan gum, and scleroglucan;

starches, such as dextrin and maltodextnn; hydrophilic colloids, such as pectin; phosphatides, such as lecithin; alginates; propylene glycol alginate; gelatin; collagen; cellulosics, such as ethyl cellulose (EC), methylethyl cellulose (MEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), CMEC, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose propionate (CP), cellulose butyrate (CB), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), CAP, CAT, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), HPMCP, HPMCAS, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate trimellitate (HPMCAT), and ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC);

polyvinyl pyrrolidone; polyvinyl alcohol ; polyvinyl acetate; glycerol fatty acid esters;

polyacrylamide; polyacrylic acid; copolymers of ethacrylic acid or methacrylic acid

(EUDRAGTT ^® , Rohm America, Inc., Piscataway, NJ); poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate); polylactides; copolymers of L-glutamic acid and ethyl-L-glutamate; degradable lactic acid- glycolic acid copolymers; poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; and other acrylic acid derivatives, such as homopolymers and copolymers of butylmethacrylate, methyl

methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, ethylacrylate, (2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate, and (trimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate chloride.

[00227] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated with a non-erodible matrix device. The active ingredient(s) is dissolved or dispersed in an inert matrix and is released primarily by diffusion through the inert matrix once administered. Materials suitable for use as a non-erodible matrix device include, but are not limited to, insoluble plastics, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethylene- vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate

copolymers, vinyl chloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubbers, epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, ethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, plasticized nylon, plasticized polyethylene terephthalate, natural rubber, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, and silicone carbonate copolymers; hydrophilic polymers, such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, crospovidone, and cross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate; and fatty compounds, such as carnauba wax, microcrystalline wax, and triglycerides.

[00228] In a matrix controlled release system, the desired release kinetics can be controlled, for example, via the polymer type employed, the polymer viscosity, the particle sizes of the polymer and/or the active ingredient(s), the ratio of the active ingredient(s) versus the polymer, and other excipients or carriers in the compositions.

[00229] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in a modified release dosage form can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art, including direct compression, dry or wet granulation followed by compression, and melt-granulation followed by compression.

2. Osmotic Controlled Release Devices

[00230] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in a modified release dosage form can be fabricated using an osmotic controlled release device, including, but not limited to, one-chamber system, two-chamber system, asymmetric membrane technology (AMT), and extruding core system (ECS). In general, such devices have at least two components: (a) a core which contains an active ingredient; and (b) a semipermeable membrane with at least one delivery port, which encapsulates the core. The semipermeable membrane controls the influx of water to the core from an aqueous environment of use so as to cause drug release by extrusion through the delivery port(s).

[00231 ] In addition to the active ingredient(s), the core of the osmotic device optionally includes an osmotic agent, which creates a driving force for transport of water from the environment of use into the core of the device. One class of osmotic agents is water-swellable hydrophilic polymers, which are also referred to as "osmopolymers" and "hydrogels." Suitable water-swellable hydrophilic polymers as osmotic agents include, but are not limited to, hydrophilic vinyl and acrylic polymers, polysaccharides such as calcium alginate, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic) acid, poly(methacrylic) acid,

polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), crosslinked PVP, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), PVA/PVP copolymers, PVA PVP copolymers with hydrophobic monomers such as methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate, hydrophilic polyurethanes containing large PEO blocks, sodium

croscarmellose, carrageenan, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carboxyethyl, cellulose (CEC), sodium alginate, polycarbophil, gelatin, xanthan gum, and sodium starch glycolate.

[00232] The other class of osmotic agents is osmogens, which are capable of imbibing water to affect an osmotic pressure gradient across the barrier of the surrounding coating. Suitable osmogens include, but are not limited to, inorganic salts, such as magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium phosphates, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfite, lithium sulfate, potassium chloride, and sodium sulfate; sugars, such as dextrose, fructose, glucose, inositol, lactose, maltose, mannitol, raffinose, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and xylitol; organic acids, such as ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, sebacic acid, sorbic acid, adipic acid, edetic acid, glutamic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid; urea; and mixtures thereof.

[00233] Osmotic agents of different dissolution rates can be employed to influence how rapidly the active ingredient(s) is initially delivered from the dosage form. For example, amorphous sugars, such as MANNOGEM' ^M EZ (SPI Pharma, Lewes, DE) can be used to provide faster delivery during the first couple of hours to promptly produce the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of the remaining amount to maintain the desired level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. In this case, the active ingredient(s) is released at such a rate to replace the amount of the active ingredient metabolized and excreted.

[00234] The core can also include a wide variety of other excipients and carriers as described herein to enhance the performance of the dosage form or to promote stability or processing.

[00235] Materials useful in forming the semipermeable membrane include various grades of acrylics, vinyls, ethers, polyamides, polyesters, and cellulosic derivatives that are water-permeable and water-insoluble at physiologically relevant pHs, or are susceptible to being rendered water-insoluble by chemical alteration, such as crosslinking. Examples of suitable polymers useful in forming the coating, include plasticized, unplasticized, and reinforced cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, CA propionate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), CA ethyl carbamate, CAP, CA methyl carbamate, CA succinate, cellulose acetate trimellitate (CAT), CA dimethylaminoacetate, CA ethyl carbonate, CA chloroacetate, CA ethyl oxalate, CA methyl sulfonate, CA butyl sulfonate, CA p-toluene sulfonate, agar acetate, amylose triacetate, beta glucan acetate, beta glucan triacetate, acetaldehyde dimethyl acetate, triacetate of locust bean gum, hydroxylated ethylene-vinylacetate, EC, PEG, PPG, PEG PPG copolymers, PVP, HEC, HPC, CMC, CMEC, HPMC, HPMCP, HPMCAS, HPMCAT, poly(acrylic) acids and esters and poly- (methacrylic) acids and esters and copolymers thereof, starch, dextran, dextrin, chitosan, collagen, gelatin, polyalkenes, polyethers, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polystyrenes, polyvinyl halides, polyvinyl esters and ethers, natural waxes, and synthetic waxes.

[00236] Semipermeable membrane can also be a hydrophobic microporous membrane, wherein the pores are substantially filled with a gas and are not wetted by the aqueous medium but are permeable to water vapor, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,798, 1 19. Such hydrophobic but water-vapor permeable membrane are typically composed of hydrophobic polymers such as polyalkenes, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylic acid derivatives, polyethers, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polystyrenes, polyvinyl halides, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl esters and ethers, natural waxes, and synthetic waxes.

[00237] The delivery port(s) on the semipermeable membrane can be formed post- coating by mechanical or laser drilling. Delivery port(s) can also be formed in situ by erosion of a plug of water-soluble material or by rupture of a thinner portion of the membrane over an indentation in the core. In addition, delivery ports can be formed during coating process, as in the case of asymmetric membrane coatings of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.

5,612,059 and 5,698,220.

[00238] The total amount of the active ingredient(s) released and the release rate can substantially by modulated via the thickness and porosity of the semipermeable membrane, the composition of the core, and the number, size, and position of the delivery ports.

[00239] The pharmaceutical compositions in an osmotic control led-release dosage form can further comprise additional conventional excipients or carriers as described herein to promote performance or processing of the formulation.

[00240] The osmotic controlled-release dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art. See, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra; Santus and Baker, J. Controlled Release 1995, 35, 1 -21 ; Verma et al, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 2000, 26, 695-708; and Verma et al., J. Controlled Release 2002, 79, 7-27.

[00241 ] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated as AMT controlled-release dosage form, which comprises an asymmetric osmotic membrane that coats a core comprising the active ingredient(s) and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers. See, U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,059 and International Pat. Appl. Publ. No. WO 2002/1 7918. The AMT controlled-release dosage forms can be prepared according to conventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art, including direct compression, dry granulation, wet granulation, and a dip-coating method.

[00242] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated as ESC controlled-release dosage form, which comprises an osmotic membrane that coats a core comprising the active ingredient(s), a hydroxylethyl cellulose, and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.

3. Multiparticulate Controlled Release Devices

[00243] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in a modified release dosage form can be fabricated as a multiparticulate controlled release device, which comprises a multiplicity of particles, granules, or pellets, ranging from about 10 μ ιη to about 3 mm, about 50 μιτι to about 2.5 mm, or from about 100 μηι to about 1 mm in diameter. Such multiparticulates can be made by the processes known to those skilled in the art, including wet-and dry-granulation, extrusion/spheronization, roller-compaction, melt-congealing, and by spray-coating seed cores. See, for example, Multiparticulate Oral Drug Delivery; Ghebre- Sellassie Ed.; Marcel Dekker: 1994; and Pharmaceutical Pelletization Technology; Ghebre- Sellassie Ed.; Marcel Dekker: 1989.

[00244] Other excipients or carriers as described herein can be blended with the pharmaceutical compositions to aid in processing and forming the multiparticulates. The resulting particles can themselves constitute the multiparticulate device or can be coated by various film-forming materials, such as enteric polymers, water-swellable, and water-soluble polymers. The multiparticulates can be further processed as a capsule or a tablet.

4. Targeted Delivery

[00245] The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can also be formulated to be targeted to a particular tissue, receptor, or other area of the body of the subject to be treated, including liposome-, resealed erythrocyte-, and antibody-based delivery systems. Examples include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,709,874; 5,759,542;

5,840,674; 5,900,252; 5,972,366; 5,985,307; 6,004,534; 6,039,975; 6,048,736; 6,060,082; 6,071 ,495; 6, 120,75 1 ; 6, 1 3 1 ,570; 6, 139,865; 6,253,872; 6,271 ,359; 6,274,552; 6,3 16,652; and 7, 169,410.

Methods of Use

[00246] In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for treating or preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject a

therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of

diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00247] In another embodiment, provided herein is a method for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a metablic disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g. , a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00248] In certain embodiments, the metobolic disorder is Type 1 diabetes or obesity.

[00249] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for treating or preventing diabetes in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject a

therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of

diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00250] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of diabetes in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00251 ] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for increasing insulin secretion in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g. , a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00252J In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for reducing gastric motility in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00253] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for delaying gastric emptying in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00254] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for lowering plasma glucagon levels in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g. , a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00255] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for suppressing prandial glucagon secretion in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of

- I l l - Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of

diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00256] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for reducing food intake in in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00257] Tn yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for reducing appetite in in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula 1, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00258] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for treating or preventing obesity in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject a

therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of

diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00259] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for treating or preventing hyperlipidemia in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula I, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of

diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.

[00260] In still another embodiment, provided herein is a method for treating or preventing a cardiovascular disease in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, e.g., a compound of Formula 1, including a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of

diastereomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof. [00261 ] In one embodiment, the subject is a mammal. In another embodiment, the subject is a human. Depending on the disease to be treated and the subject's condition, the compounds or compositions provided herein may be administered by oral, parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, intraperitoneal , intravenous, ICV, intracistemal injection or infusion, subcutaneous injection, or i mplant), inhalation, nasal, vaginal, rectal, sublingual, or topical (e.g., transdermal or local ) routes of administration, and may be formulated, alone or together, in suitable dosage unit with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles appropriate for each route of administration. Also provided is administration of the compounds or compositions provided herein in a depot formulation, in which the active ingredient is released over a predefined time period.

[00262] In the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of one or more symptoms of the conditions, disorders, or diseases described herein, an appropriate dosage level generally is about 0.001 to 100 mg per kg patient body weight per day (mg/kg per day), about 0.01 to about 75 mg/kg per day, about 0. 1 to about 50 mg/kg per day, about 0.5 to about 25 mg/kg per day, or about 1 to about 20 mg/kg per day, which may be administered in single or multiple doses. Within this range the dosage may be 0.005 to 0.05, 0.05 to 0.5, or 0.5 to 5.0, 1 to 15, 1 to 20, or 1 to 50 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.01 to about 75 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0. 1 to about 50 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.5 to about 25 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 1 to about 20 mg/kg per day.

[00263] For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in the form of tablets containing 1 .0 to 1 ,000 mg of the active ingredient, particularly about I , about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 50, about 75, about 100, about 1 50, about 200, about 250, about 300, about 400, about 500, about 600, about 750, about 800, about 900, and about 1 ,000 mg of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. The compositions may be administered on a regimen of I to 4 times per day, including once, twice, three times, and four times per day. In certain embodiments, the compositions may be administered with a regimen of 1 -3 tablets per treatment.

[00264] It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy.

[00265] In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren are non-peptide GLP-

1 agonists. In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren are non-peptide GLP- 1 partial agonists. In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren are non-peptide GLP- 1 sensitizers. In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren are selective agonists of GLP- 1 receptor over GLP-2 or glucagon receptor.

[00266] In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren activate a GLP- 1 receptor. In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren activate a GLP- 1 receptor without competing with a GLP- 1 . In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren activate a GLP- 1 receptor without competing with a native GLP- 1 . In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren activate a GLP- 1 receptor without competing with a GLP- 1 in a competition binding assay. In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren activate a GLP- 1 receptor without competing with a native GLP- 1 in a competition binding assay.

[00267] In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren activate a human

GLP- 1 receptor. In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren activate a human GLP- 1 receptor without competing with a human GLP- 1 . In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren activate a human GLP- 1 receptor without competing with a native human GLP- 1 . In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren activate a human GLP- 1 receptor without competing with a human GLP- 1 in a competition binding assay. In certain embodiments, the compounds provided heren activate a human GLP- 1 receptor without competing with a native human GLP- 1 in a competition binding assay.

Combination Therapy

[00268] The compounds provided herein may also be combined or used in

combination with other therapeutic agents useful in the treatment and/or prevention of a metabolic disease.

[00269] As used herein, the term "in combination" includes the use of more than one therapy (e.g., one or more prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents). However, the use of the term "in combination" does not restrict the order in which therapies (e.g. , prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents) are administered to a subject with a disease or disorder. A first therapy (e.g. , a prophylactic or therapeutic agent such as a compound provided herein) can be administered prior to (e.g. , 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, I hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks before), concomitantly with, or subsequent to (e.g. , 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks after) the administration of a second therapy (e.g. , a

prophylactic or therapeutic agent) to the subject. Triple therapy is also contemplated herein.

[00270] As used herein, the term "synergistic" includes a combination of a compound provided herein and another therapy (e.g. , a prophylactic or therapeutic agent) which has been or is currently being used to prevent, treat, or manage a condition, disorder, or disease, which is more effective than the additive effects of the therapies. A synergistic effect of a combination of therapies (e.g. , a combination of prophylactic or therapeutic agents) permits the use of lower dosages of one or more of the therapies and/or less frequent administration of said therapies to a subject with a condition, disorder, or disease. The ability to utilize lower dosages of a therapy (e.g. , a prophylactic or therapeutic agent) and/or to administer said therapy less frequently reduces the toxicity associated with the administration of said therapy to a subject without reducing the efficacy of said therapy in the prevention, treatment, or management of a condition, disorder, or disease). In addition, a synergistic effect can result in improved efficacy of agents in the prevention, treatment, or management of a condition, disorder, or disease. Finally, a synergistic effect of a combination of therapies (e.g. , a combination of prophylactic or therapeutic agents) may avoid or reduce adverse or unwanted side effects associated with the use of either therapy alone.

[00271 J The compound provided herein can be administered in combination or alternation with another therapeutic agent, such as an anti-diabetic agent, hypolipidemic agents, anti-obesity or appetite-regulating agents, anti-hypertensive agents, HDL-increasing agents, cholesterol absorption modulators, thrombin inhibitors, aldosterone inhibitors, inhibitors of platelet aggregation, estrogen, testosterone, selective estrogen receptor modulators, selective androgen receptor modulators, chemotherapeutic agents, and/or 5-HT ₃ or 5-HT ₄ receptor modulators. In combination therapy, effective dosages of two or more agents are administered together, whereas in alternation or sequential-step therapy, an effective dosage of each agent is administered serially or sequentially. The dosages given will depend on absorption, inactivation, and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens and schedules should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions.

[00272] Suitable examples of anti-diabetic agents include, but are not limited to, insulin, including insulin derivatives and mimetics; insulin secretagogues, including sulfonylureas (e.g., glipizide, glyburide or amaryl); insulinotropic sulfonylurea receptor ligands, including meglitinides (e.g. , nateglinide or repaglinide); insulin sensitisers, including protein tyrosine phosphatase- I B (PTP- 1 B) inhibitors (e.g., PTP- 1 12); GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) inhibitors, including SB-5 17955, SB-4195052, SB-216763, N,N-57-0544 l or N,N-57-05445; RXR ligands, including GW-0791 or AGN- 194204; sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter inhibitors, including T- 1095 ; glycogen phosphorylase A inhibitors, including BAY R3401 ; biguanides, including metformin; alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose; GLP- 1 (glucagon like peptide- 1 ), including GLP- 1 analogues and mimetics (e.g. , exendin-4, exenatide (BYTTA™), or liraglutide); DPPIV (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) inhibitors, including DPP728, LAF237 (vildagliptin), MK-043 1 , saxagliptin or GSK23A; AGE breakers; and thiazolidone derivatives, including glitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone or (/?)- l - { 4-[5-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylyoxazol-4-ylmethoxy]- benzen- esulfonyl }-2,3-dihydro- lH-indole-2-carboxylic acid or a non-glitazone type PPAR- agonist (e.g., GI-262570).

[00273] Suitable examples of anti-obesity/appetite-regulating agents include, but are not limited to, phentermine, leptin, bromocriptine, dexamphetamine, amphetamine, fenfluramine, dexfenfiuramine, sibutramine, dexfenfluramine, mazindol, phentermine, phendimetrazine, diethylpropion, fluoxetine, bupropion, topiramate, diethylpropion, benzphetamine, phenylpropanolamine, ecopipam, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine and cannabinoid receptor antagonists.

[00274] The disclosure will be further understood by the following non-limiting examples. EXAMPLES

[00275] As used herein, the symbols and conventions used in these processes, schemes and examples, regardless of whether a particular abbreviation is specifically defined, are consistent with those used in the contemporary scientific literature, for example, the Journal of the American Chemical Society or the Journal of Biological Chemistry. Specifically, but without limitation, the following abbreviations may be used in the examples and throughout the specification: g (grams); mg (milligrams); mL (milliliters); [LL (microliters); L (liter); mM (millimolar); μΜ (micromolar); Hz (Hertz); MHz (megahertz); mmol (millimoles); eq.

(equivalent); hr or hrs (hours); min (minutes); MS (mass spectrometry); NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance); EST (electrospray ionization); HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography or high pressure liquid chromatography); TLC (thin layer chromatography); Ac (acetyl); and AcO (acetate); Bn (benzyl); /iBu (butyl); /Bu (tert-b ty\); Boc (tert- butoxylcarbony); Et (ethyl); Fmoc (9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl); Me (methyl); Ph (phenyl); Pr (propyl); Pr (isopropyl); ACN (acetonitrile); CDCI3 (deuterated chloroform); DCM (dichloromethane); DMF (N,/V-dimethylformamide); DME (dimethyl ether); DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide); DMSO-de (deuterated dimethylsulfoxide); EtOAc (ethyl acetate); EtiO (diethyl ether); EtOH (ethanol); MeOH (methanol); PE (petroleum ether); THF

(tetrahydrofuran); DTPEA (A^N-diisopropylethylamine); TEA or Et ₃ N (triethylamine); AcOH (acetic acid); TFA (trifluoroacetic acid); BOP (benzotriazole- l-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)- phosphonium hexafluorophosphate); HATU (2-(7-aza- I H-benzotriazole- l -yl)- l , l ,3,3- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate); TBTU (0-(benzotriazol- l-yl)-N,/V,/V',N'- tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate); DTPC ( 1 ,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide); ΒΤΝΑΡ (2,2'- bis(diphenylphosphino)- l , l '-binaphthyl); BPO (benzoyl peroxide); EDCI (3-ethyl- l ( V,/V- dimethyl)aminopropylcarbodiimide); HOBt (hydroxybenzotriazole); Pd ₂ (dba) ₃

(tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(O)); NBS ( V-bromosuccinimide); and TBAB (tetra-rc- butylammonium bromide).

[00276] For all of the following examples, standard work-up and purification methods known to those skilled in the art can be utilized. Unless otherwise indicated, all temperatures are expressed in °C (degrees Centigrade). All reactions conducted at room temperature unless otherwise noted. Synthetic methodologies herein are intended to exemplify the applicable chemistry through the use of specific examples and are not indicative of the scope of the disclosure. Example 1

3- {4-[5-(4-ie-rt-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluoro-phenyl }-2-[(5- / olyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A441

A441

[00277] Step A. 4-Bromomethyl-2-fluoiO-benzonitrile. To a solution of 2-fluoro-4- methylbenzonitrile ( 135.0 g, 1 .0 mol) and BPO ( 1 3.5 g, 0.06 mol) in CHC1 ₃ (800 mL) was added NBS ( 178.0 g, 1 mol) in three portions. The mixture was stirred for 4 hrs at reflux. After cooling to room temperature, the solution was poured to a saturated aqueous NaHC0 ₃ and extracted with CH2CI2 (3 x 300 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (232 g) as a yellow viscous liquid, which was used directly in the next step without further purification.

[00278] Step B. 2-Amino-3-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester. In a

1 .0 L flask, a mixture of ethyl 2-(diphenylmethyleneamino)acetate (267 g, 1 .0 mol) and the catalyst Bu ₄ NBr (32 g, 0.1 mol) in CH ₃ CN ( 1000 mL) was treated sequentially with 4- (bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzonitrile (232 g) and K ₂ C0 ₃ (276 g, 2 mol). The mixture was then stirred for 24 hrs at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and concentrated to give ethyl 3-(4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl)-2-(diphenylmethyleneamino)propano ate (400 g, 100% yield) as a yellow oil. The crude was treated with 2M HC1 (600 mL) in THF (400 mL) overnight, and then extracted with EtOAc (3 x 200 mL). The water phase was basified with a saturated Na ₂ C0 ₃ to pH 10 and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 200 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound ( 153 g, yield 65 % for the last three steps). The crude was not further purified and used straightly in next step.

[00279] Step C. 3-(4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenyl)-2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbony l- amino)-propionic acid ethyl ester. Fmoc-Cl ( 1 85 g, 0.72 mol) in 1 ,4-dioxane (300 mL) was added slowly dropwise to a solution of ethyl 2-amino-3-(4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl)propanoate ( 153 g, 0.65 mol) and 10% NaHC0 ₃ aqueous solution (600 mL) in 1 ,4-dioxane (300 mL) for 30 min at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was then concentrated and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 300 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (304 g, 100% yield) as a yellow viscous liquid. The crude was used directly in the next step without further purification.

[00280] Step D. 2-(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-3-[3-fluoro-4-(N- hydroxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl]propionic acid ethyl ester. To a suspension of (9H-fluoren-9- yl)methyl l-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-(4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl)ethylcarbamate (304 g) and NaHC0 ₃ (214 g, 2.56 mol) in dry ethanol (4000 mL) was added hydroxylamine

hydrochloride ( 180 g, 2.56 mol). The mixture was stirred for 8 hrs at reflux. The mixture was then filtered at 78 °C and the solid was discarded. The solution was concentrated and the crude was purified by column chromatography (PE/EtOAc, 3/ 1 ) to give the title compound as a light yellow solid.

[002 1 ] Step E. 3- { 4-[5-(4-/erf-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-

3- fluoro-phenyl }-2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-propionic acid ethyl ester. At 0 °C, oxalyl chloride (4.27 mL, 48.8 mol) was added dropwise slowly to a solution of /6T/-butyl

4- carboxylic acid phenylcarbamate (1 1 .6 g, 48.8 mol) and DMF ( 10.2 mL) for 30 min. The result solution was stirred for 2 hrs and then concentrated to give acyl chloride. The residue was dissolved in toluene (50 mL) and the solution was added dropwise to a solution of (9H- fluoren-9-yl)methyl l -(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-((Z)-4-amidino-3-fluorophenyl)-ethylcarb amate ( 15 g, 30.4 mol) and pyridine ( 15 mL) in THF-toluene ( 125 mL, 1 :4 (v/y)). The mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was then concentrated and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The combined organic layer was washed sequentially with 2N HCI ( 1 x 100 mL) and brine, dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ . and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by column chromatography (PE/EtOAc, 6/1 to 2/1 ) to give the title compound (8.25g, 39% yield) as a light yellow solid. Ή NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ): «5 9.91 (s, 1 H), 8.08 (d, J = 8.4Hz, 2H), 7.99 (t, J = 8.0Hz, 1 H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.8Hz, 1 H), 7.86 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.41 (m, 6H), 4.3 1 -4.40 (m, 1 H), 4.09-4.27 (m, 3H), 4.10 (q, J = 7.2Hz, 2H), 2.85-3.17 (m, 2H), 1.50 (s, 9H), 1 .14 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H); El-MS (in/z): 693 (M+H) ⁺ .

[00282] Step F. 2-Amino-3- { 4-[5-(4-/m-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)- [ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl [propionic acid ethyl ester. To a stirring solution of 3- {4-[5-(4-iirf-butoxycarbonyIamino-phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2-(9H- fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)propionic acid ethyl ester (8.25 g, 12 mol) in DMF ( 10 mL) was added morpholine (30 mL). The solution was stirred for 2 hrs at room temperature. The solution was then concentrated and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed sequentially with brine and dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S04, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by column chromatography (PE EtOAc, 2/1 ) to give the title compound (4.1 g, 72.7% yield) as a light yellow solid. Ή- NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d ₆ ):S 9.91 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, 7 = 8.8Hz, 2H), 7.99 (t, 7 = 8.0Hz, 1 H), 7.32 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.27 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, I H), 4.02-4.08 (m, 2H), 3.63 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, I H), 2.85-2.99 (m,2H), 1 .50 (s, 9H), 1.13 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H); El-MS (inlz): 469 (M-H)\

[00283] Step G. 3-{4-[5-(4-½r -Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-ylJ-

3-fluorophenyl }-2-[(5-p-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)amino]-propionic acid ethyl ester. EDCI (0.038 g, 0.2 mmol) and HOBt (0.033 g, 0.2 mmol) were added to a solution of 5- -tolyl- furan-2-carboxylic acid (0.041 g, 0.2 mmol) in dry CH2CI2 (5 mL). After the mixture was stirred for 0.5 hr, 2-amino-3- { 4-[5-(4-im-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3- yl]-3-fluorophenyl } -propionic acid ethyl ester (0.094 g, 0.2 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for another 5 hrs at room temperature. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na ₂ SC>4, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product, which was used for next step without further purification.

100284] Step H. 3- {4-L5-(4-i<?r/-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-

3-fluoro-phenyl }-2-[(5-/?-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A441. To a solution of 3- {4-[5-(4-ier -butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl } -2- [(5-p-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)amino]-propionic acid ethyl ester in CH ₃ OH (2 mL) was added I N NaOH aqueous solution at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred for 5 hrs at room temperature. The mixture was acidified with AcOH and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by HPLC to give the title compound (0.064 g, 51.2% yield for the last two steps) as a white solid. Ή-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) 0 9.89 (s, I H), 8.73 (d, J = 8.8Hz, I H),

8.05 (d, J = 8.8Hz, 2H), 7.98 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, I H), 7.37 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.28 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7. 15 (d, J =

3.6 Hz, I H), 7.0 (d, 7 = 3.6 Hz, I H), 4.71 -4.77 (m, IH), 3.19-3.25 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1 .49 (s, 9H); EI-MS ( /z): 625 (M-H)\

[00285] Compounds A54, A67, A70, A256, A257, A327, A333, A348, A349, and A443 were made using procedures as described for compound A441, substituting 5-p- tolylfuran-2-carboxylic acid in Step G with an appropriate carboxylic acid.

[00286] Compound A67: ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, CDC1 ₃ ) 0 1.56 (s, 9H), 3.36-3.41 (m, I H), 3.48-3.53 (m, I H), 5.17-5. 1 8 (m, I H), 6.79-6.80 (d, I H), 7. 16 (d, 2H), 7.36-7.40 (m, I H), 7.43-7.49 (m, 4H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 7.66 (d, 2H), 7.83 (d, 2H), 8.04-8.09 (m, 3H).

[00287] Compound A257: ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 1 .49 (s, 9H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.99 (s, 4H), 3.36 (s, 2H), 3.57 (s, 4H), 3.97 (t, I H), 5.05 (d, I H), 6.67 (d, I H), 6.84 (t, I H), 6.97 (m, 3H), 7.19 (d, I H), 7.23 (d, I H), 7.55 (d, 2H), 9.05 (brs, I H).

[00288] Compound A327: ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-rf ₆ ) 0 1 .49 (s, 9H), 3.24-3.39 (m, 2H), 4.79 (m, I H), 7.32-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.48 (t, 2H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.76 (s, IH), 7.97-8.00 (m, 3H), 8.06 (d, 2H), 9.91 (s, I H).

Example 2

(/?)-3- {4-[5-(4-½ri-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2- [(5-/ -tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A357

A357

[00289] Step A. (fl)-2-Amino-3- { 4-[5-(4-/m-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-

[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-propionic acid ethyl ester. The title compound (6 g) was obtained by chiral resolution of racemic 2-amino-3-{ 4-[5-(4-if ^, / -butoxycarbonylamino- phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl {-propionic acid ethyl ester ( 13 g), with a Chirapac column eluting with 0.1 % ethylamine in EtOH/THF.

[00290] Step B. (/?)-3- {4-[5-(4-ie//-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl )-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-

3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2-[(5-p-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A357. The title compound was made using procedure as described in Example 1. Absolute stereochemitry was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.

Example 3

(5)-3- {4-[5-(4-½/'i-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2- [(5-p-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A478

A478

[00291 ] Step A. (S)-2-Amino-3- { 4-[5-(4-/m-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-

[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-pi pionic acid ethyl ester. The title compound (6 g) was obtained by chiral resolution of racemic 2-amino-3- [ 4-[5-(4-fi77-butoxycarbonylamino- phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-ylj-3-fluorophenyl [-propionic acid ethyl ester ( 13 g), with a Chirapac column eluting with 0. 1 % ethylamine in EtOH/THF.

[00292] Step B. (5)-3- { 4-[5-(4-½rt-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3- yl]-3-fluoro-phenyl }-2-[(5-p-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A478. The title compound was made using procedure as described in Example 1.

Example 4

3- {4-[5-(4-/£'ri-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluoro-phenyl }-2-[(6- p-tolyl-pyridine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A437

A437

[00293] Step A. 6-/ Tolyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid. A mixture of 6-bromo- pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (202 mg, 1 mmol), 4-methylphenylboronic acid ( 163 mg, 1.2 mmol), and Pd(PPh ₃ ) ₄ (25 mg) in saturated aq. NaHC0 ₃ solution (3 mL) and DME (3 mL) was irradiated in a microwave on a Biotage Smith Synthesizer at 100 °C for 2 hrs. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The mixture was filtered and washed with water (2 x 50 mL) and ether (2 x 50 mL). The organic and aqueous layers were separated. The pH of the aqueous portion was adjusted to about 1 with 1 N aq. HCI solution. The aqueous layer was then extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 60 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was evaporated to give the title compound ( 191 mg, 90% yield).

[00294] Step B. 3- {4-[5-(4-/err-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]- 3-fluorophenyl }-2-[(6- -tolyl-pyridine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid ethyl ester. A mixture of 6-p-tolyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (47 mg, 0.1 mmol), 2-amino-3- { 4-[5-(4-?er/- butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazoI-3-yl]-3-fIuorophenyI {propionic acid ethyl ester (30 mg), HATU (46 mg, 0. 12 mmol), and Et N ( 15 mg, 0. 15 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. TLC showed the reaction was completed. Saturated aqueous NaHC0 (20 mL) was added to the mixture, and organic and aqueous layers were separated. The aqueous portion was extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed sequentially with aq. HCI ( I , 2 x 50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. The solvent was

evaporated to give the title compound (53 mg, 80% yield).

[00295] Step C. 3- { 4-[5-(4-/m-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]- 3-fluorophenyl }-2-[(6-/?-tolyl-pyridine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A437. A solution of 3- ( 4-[5-(4-ii'r/-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl } -2- f(6-/?-tolyl-pyridine-2-carbonyl)-amino]propionic acid ethyl ester (53 mg) and aq. LiOH solution (2N, 1 mL) in THF (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature 3 hrs. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The solution was concentrated and the pH of the mixture was adjusted to about 2 with 1 N aq. HCI solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was evaporated to give a crude product, which was purified by preparative HPLC to afford the title compound (27.7 mg, 43% yield) as a white solid. Ή NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ): δ 1 .49 (s, 9H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 3.10-3.25 (m, 2H), 4.83-4.88 (m, 1 H), 7.32 (d, 2H), 7.38 (d, 1 H), 7.43 (d, 1 H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.90 (d, 1 H), 7.89-8.14 (m, 7H), 8.86 (d, I H), 9.89 (s, I H); (ESI) m/z: 636 (M-H)\

[00296] Compounds A 115, A244, A245, A246, A248, A259, A383, A406, A407, A410, A41 1, A436, A440, A445, A446, and C16 were made using procedures as described for compound A437, substituting 6-bromo-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid and 4- methylphenylboronic acid in Step A with an appropriate carboxylic acid and boronic acid.

[00297] Compound A244: Ή-NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d ₆ ) 0 1 .50 (s, 9H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 3.16-3.22 (m, 2H), 4.71 -4.76 (m, 1 H), 7.29 (d, 2H), 7.38 (d, 1 H), 7.44 (d, 1 H), 7.52 (t, 1 H), 7.60 (d, 2H), 7.72 (t, 3H), 7.79 (d, 1 H), 7.97-8.01 (m, 2H), 8.06 (d, 2H), 8.84 (d, 1 H), 9.93 (s, 1 H). [00298] Compound A259: Ή-NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d ₆ ) 01.49 (s, 9H), 2.37 (s, 3H),

2.99 (s, 4H), 3.36 (s, 2H), 3.57 (s, 4H), 3.97 (t, IH), 5.05 (d, IH), 6.67 (d, IH), 6.84 (t, IH), 6.97 (m, 3H), 7.19(d, IH), 7.23 (d, IH), 7.55 (d, 2H), 9.05(brs, IH).

[002991 Compound A383: Ή-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) ό 1.49 (s, 9H), 3.16-3.22

(m, 2H), 4.76-4.82 (m, IH), 7.39 (d, IH), 7.44 (d, IH), 7.60 (t, IH), 7.67-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.83- 7.85 (m, 3H), 7.89-7.94 (m, 3H), 7.99 (t, IH), 8.04-8.08 (m, 3H), 8.94 (d, IH), 9.90(s,IH).

[00300] Compound A410: Ή-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J ₆ ) δ 1.49 (s, 9H), 3.16-3.22

(m, 2H), 4.75-4.80 (m, IH), 7.32 (t, 2H), 7.39 (d, IH), 7.44 (d, IH), 7.54 (t, IH), 7.70-7.81 (m, 6H), 7.97-8.05 (m, 4H), 8.91 (d, 1 H), 9.89 (s, 1 H).

[00301] Compound A440: Ή-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-rf _ft ) δ 1.49 (s, 9H), 2.36 (s, 3H),

3.15-3.21 (m, 2H), 4.75-4.78 (m, 1 H), 7.31 (d, 2H), 7.38 (d, I H), 7.43 (d, 1 H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.98-8.07 (m, 6H), 8.18-8.21 (dd, IH), 8.98-9.00 (m, 2H), 9.89(s,lH).

[00302] Compound A446: Ή-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 1.49 (s, 9H), 3.15-3.21

(m, 2H), 4.79-4.84 (m, IH), 7.34-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.44 (d, IH), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.81-7.85 (m, 2H), 8.00 (t, IH), 8.05 (d, 2H), 8.35 (s, IH), 8.96 (d, 2H), 9.11 (d, IH), 9.89 (s, IH).

[00303] Compound C16: Ή NMR (400 MHz, MeOH-i/ ₄ ) δ 1.53 (s, 9H), 2.31 (s, 3H),

3.24-3.29 (m, IH), 3.50-3.55 (m, IH), 4.86-5.01 (m, IH), 7.19 (d, 2H), 7.47 (m, 3H), 7.59- 7.73 (m, 6H), 7.90-7.96 (m, 2H), 8.06-8.14 (m, 3H), 8.62-8.63 (m, IH).

Example 5

3-{4-[5-(4-/<?rr-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[l,2,4]ox adiazol-3-yl]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-2-[(5- ra-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A442

A442

[00304] Step A. 5-/??-Tolylfuran-2-carboxylic acid. To a solution of 3- methylphenylboronic acid (0.136 g, 2 mmol), methyl 5-bromofuran-2-carboxylate (0.408 g, 2 mmol), and Na ₂ C0 ₃ (0.424 g, 4mmol) in propan-2-ol (5 mL) was added Pd(PPh ₃ ) ₂ Cl ₂ (0.07 g) under Nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for 5 his, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and concentrated. The crude was purified on a flash column chromatograph (PE/EtOAc, 20/1 ) to give a colorless oil. The oil was treated with IN NaOH (0.5 mL) in methanol (2 mL) for 0.5- 1 hr at room temperature. The solution was then concentrated, acidified with 5N HC1 to pH 2-3, and filtered to afford 5-m-tolylfuran-2- carboxylic acid (0.279 g, 69.1 % yield for the last two step) as a grey solid.

[00305] Step B. 3- { 4-[5-(4-½ri-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]- 3-fluorophenyl }-2-[(5-m-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A442. The title compound was prepared using the procedure as described for compound A441, substituting 5-m-tolylfuran-2-carboxylic acid for 5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxylic acid.

[00306] Compounds A55, A131 , A132, A225, A232, A233, A234, A235, A247, A251 , A258, A268, A281, A292, A322, A372, A385, A396, A412, A413, A414, and A439 were made using procedures as described for compound A442, substituting an appropriate boronic acid for 5-m-tolylfuran-2-carboxylic acid in step A.

[00307] Compound A258: ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-4 ό 1 1 .7 (br, 1 H), 9.90 (s, 1 H), 8.81 (d, 1 H), 8.30 (s, 1 H), 8.09 (d, 2H), 8.06 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (t, 1 H), 7.69-7.72 (m, 4H), 7.33-7.47 (m, 5H), 4.67-4.71 (m, 1 H), 3. 15-3. 19 (m, 2H), 1 .49 (s, 9H).

[00308] Compound A322: ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-4 δ 9.91 (s, 1 H), 8.53 (d, J = 4.8Hz, 1 H), 8.47 (br s, 1 H), 8.27 (br s, 1 H), 8.05 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 2H), 7.86 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1 H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.36 (m, 3H), 4.48-4.58 (m, 1 H), 3.13-3.17 (m, 2H), 1 .49 (s, 9H).

[00309] Compound A385: ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/ ₆ ) ό 9.90 (s, I H), 8.73 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 8.05 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 8.00 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.8 l (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H),7.00 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.71 -4.76 (m, 1 H), 3. 18-3.24 (m, 2H), 1.50(s, 9H), 1.30(s, 9H).

Example 6

3-(4-(5-(4-(/£-r/-Butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-2- (( 1 S,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamido)propanoic acid A456

A456

[00310] Step A. 7/Ym-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid methyl ester. To a stirred solution of /ra«. ^, >-3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-acrylic acid ( 100 mg, 0.56 mmol) and palladium(II) acetate (20 mg) in dichloromethane (2 mL) cooled in an ice-salt bath was added dropwise by 5 times a fresh distilled ether solution of diazomethane (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at - 10 to -5 °C (bath temperature) for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was then filtered through celite and concentrated in vacuo to yield the title compound (98 mg, 85% yield).

[003 1 1 ] Step B. 7ra«-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid. Tran-2-(4- methoxy-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid methyl ester (98 mg, 0.48 mmol) was treated with LiOH (2 mL, 2 N aq.) in THF/FLO (3 mL, 3: 1 ) for 4 hrs at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to about 2 with 1 N aq. HCI solution, and then extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give the title compound (80 mg), which was used directly in the next step without further purification.

[00312] Step C. 3- { 4-[5-(4-½r/-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-

3-fluorophenyl-2- { [2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarbonyl]-amino } -propionic acid ethyl ester. A mixture of /ra«-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (47 mg, 0.1 mmol), 2-amino-3- {4-[5-(4-ii?r/-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3- fluorophenyl [-propionic acid ethyl ester (30 mg), HATU (46 mg, 0. 12 mmol), and Et ₃ N ( 15 mg, 0. 15 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight.

When the reaction was complete as indicated by TLC, saturated aqueous NaHC0 ₃ (20 mL) was added. The aqueous portion was extracted with dichoromethane (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed sequentially with aq. HCI ( I N, 2 x 50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated to give the title compound (50 mg, 77% yield).

[00313] Step D. 3- { 4-[5-(4-/i ^, /i-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]- 3-fluorophenyl }-2-{ [2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarbonyl]-amino {-propionic acid A456. A solution of 3-{4-[5-(4-/m-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3- fluorophenyl-2- { [2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarbonylj-amino } -propionic acid ethyl ester (50 mg) and aq. LiOH solution (2N, I niL) in THF (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature 3 hrs. When the reaction was complete as indicated by TLC, the solution was concentrated, and the pH was adjusted to about 2 with I N aq. HC1 solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC to afford the title compound (37.5 mg, 79% yield) as a white solid. Ή NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ. 1 .21 - 1 .24 (m, 2H) 1 .5 1 (s, 9H), 1 .82-2. 15 (m, 2H), 2.98-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.70 (d, 3H), 4.57 (m, I H), 6.82 (dd, 2H), 7.02 (dd, 2H), 7.3 1 (m, 2H), 7.74 (d, 2H), 8.01 (m, I H), 8.09 (d, 2H), 8.46 (dd, I H), 9.92 (s, I H); (ESI) m/z: 615(M-H) ^~ .

[003 14] Compounds A144, A145, A146, A147, A151 , A153, A462, A464, A470, and

A471 were made using procedures as described for compound A456, substituting an appropriate carboxylic acid for /ra«-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid in Step A.

Example 7

3- {4-[5-(4-/ert-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2-(4- piperazin- l -yl-benzoylamino)-propionic acid A495

A495

[003 15] Step A. 3- {4-[5-(4-im-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-

3-fluorophenyl }-2-(4-formyl-benzoylamino)-propionic acid ethyl ester. The title compound was prepared using the procedure as described in Example 1 , substituting 4-formyl-benzoic acid for 5-/ tolyl-furan-2-carboxylic acid in Step G.

[00316] Step B. 3- {4-[5-(4-/t'/'/-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-

3-fluorophenyl }-2-(4-piperazin- l -yl-benzoylamino)-propionic acid A495. To a stirring solution of 3- { 4-[5-(4-/e/ -butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl j-3- fluorophenyl }-2-(4-formyl-benzoylamino)-propionic acid ethyl ester (0.03 g, 0.05 mmol) and piperazine (0.018 g, 0.21 mmol) in CH ₃ OH (2 mL) was added NaCNBH ₃ (0.018 g, 0.27mmol) at room temperature. The resulting solution was stirred overnight and then treated with I N LiOH (0.5 mL) for 3 hrs. When the reaction was complete as monitored by LC-MS, the reaction mixture was concentrated and acidified with I N HC1 to pH 4-5. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc ( 10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous a ₂ S04, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by HPLC to give the title compound as a white solid (0.013 g, 40.8% yield for the last two steps). Ή-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ): S9.9 \ (s, I H), 8.27 (s, I H), 8. 13 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, I H), 8.06 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H),7.92 (t, J = 8 Hz, IH), 7.7 l (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.36 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.37-4.40 (m, 1 H), 3.51 (s, 2H), 3.13-3. 1 8 (m, 2H), 2.88- 2.91 (m, 4H), 2.42 (s, 4H), 1 .50 (s, 9H); EI-MS (m/z): 643(M-H)\

[003 17] Compounds A73, A79, A80, and A253 were made using procedures as described for compound A495, substituting an appropriate amine for piperazine in Step B.

[00318] Compounds A79 and A280 were made using procedures as described for compound A495, substituting 3-formyl-benzoic acid for 4-formyl-benzoic acid in Step A and an appropriate amine for piperazine in Step B.

[003 19] Compound A79: Ή-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/ ₆ ) 0 1 .50 (s, 9H), 1 .94-2.03 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.67-2.76 (m, 4H), 3. 15-3.21 (m, 4H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 4.70-4.76 (m, I H), 7.36-7.38 (d, I H), 7.40-7.42 (d, I H), 7.43-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.69-7.73 (m, 4H), 7.97-8.01 (t, I H), 8.06-8.08 (d, 2H), 8.74-8.76 (d, I H), 9.91 (s, I H).

Example 8

3-{4-[5-(4-/m-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2-[3- (4-methyl-piperidin- l -yl)-benzoylamino]-propionic acid A264

A264

[00320] Step A. 3-(4-Methyl-piperidin- l -yl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester. A mixture of 3- bromo-benzoic acid ethyl ester (229 mg, 1 mmol), 4-methylpiperidine ( 120 mg, 1 .2 mmol ), Pd ₂ (dba) ₃ (25 mg ), BINAP (25 mg), and fBuONa ( 130 mg ) in toluene (6 mL) was heated at 90 °C overnight. After the reaction was completed as indicated by TLC, the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. Ethyl acetate (50 mL) and aq. HC1 ( I , 20 mL) were then added. The aqueous portion was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered, concentrated, and purified by chromatography to give the title compound (76 mg, 3 1 %).

[00321 ] Step B. 3-(4-Methyl-piperidin- l-yl)-benzoic acid. A solution of 3-(4-methyl- piperidin- l -yl)-benzoic acid methyl ester (76 mg), aq. LiOH solution (2N, 1 mL) in THF (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature 3 hrs. After the reaction was completed as indicated by TLC, the solution was concentrated and adjusted to about pH 2 with I N aq. HO solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to yield the title compound (57 mg, 85 %).

[00322J Step C. 3- {4-[5-(4-½rr-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yll-

3- fluoiO-phenyl }-2-[3-(4-methyl-piperidin- l -yl)-benzoylamino]-propionic acid A264. The title compound was prepared following the procedure as described in Example 1 , substituting

4- diethylamino-benzoic acid for 5-/?-tolylfuran-2-carboxylic acid.

[00323] Compounds A74, A75, A265, and A266 were made using procedures as described for compound A495, substituting an appropriate amine for piperazine in Step B.

Example 9

3- { 4-[5-(4-f<?rf-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-| 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2-(4- ethylamino-benzoylamino)-propionic acid A496

A496

[00324] Step A. 4-Ethylamino-benzonitrile. A mixture of 4-fluoro-benzonitrile ( 121 mg, 1 mmol), ethylamine (90 mg , 2 mmol), and ₂ C0 ₃ (276 mg, 2 mmol) in DMSO ( 10 m was irradiated with microwave in a Biotage Smith synthesizer at 150 °C for 20 min. After the reaction was completed as indicated by TLC, the mixture was filtered, and washed with water (2 x 50 mL) and ether (2 x 50 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and adjusted to about pH 1 with I N aq. HC1 solution. The aqueous layer was then extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 60 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated to give the title compound(130 mg, 90 %).

[00325] Step B. 4-Ethylamino-benzoic acid. 4-Ethylamino-benzonitrile was refluxed in 36% aq. HC1 solution (5 mL) overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound ( 1 33 mg, 90 %).

[00326] Step C. 3- {4-[5-(4-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-

3-fluoro-phenyl }-2-(4-ethylamino-benzoylamino)-propionic acid A496. The title compound was prepared following the procedure as described in Example 1 , substituting 4- diethylamino-benzoic acid for 5-/ -tolylfuran-2-carboxylic acid. MS (ESI) m/r. 588 (M-H) .

[00327] Compounds A76, A81, A86,A267, A272, and A273 were made using procedures as described for compound A496.

[00328] Compound A79: Ή-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-^ + CDC1 ) δ 1 . 1 1 (t, 6H), 1 .49 (s, 9H), 3.15-3.25 (m, 6H), 4.74 (m, 1H), 6.56 (d, 2H), 7.21 -7.26 (t, 2H), 7.63-7.69 (dd, 4H), 7.95-8.02 (m, 4H), 9.56 (s, 1 H).

Example 10

3- {4-[5-(4-iert-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2-[(6- imidazol- 1 -yl-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A285

[00329] Step A. 6-Imidazol- l -yl-nicotinic acid methyl ester. The mixture of 6-chloro- nicotinic acid methyl ester ( 400 mg), imidazole (300 mg), and K ₂ C0 (0.424 g, 4 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at reflux for 5 hrs. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 5 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, concentrated, and purified with a flash column chromatograph (PE EtOAc, 20/ 1 ) to give a colorless oil. The oil was treated with I N NaOH (0.5 mL) in methanol (2 mL) for 0.5- 1 hr at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated, acidified with 5 N HC1 to pH 2-3, and filtered to afford the title compound (0.279 g, yield 69.1 % two step) as a grey solid. [00330] Step B. 3- (4-[5-(4-/m-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]- 3-fluoro-phenyl } -2-[(6-imidazol- l -yl-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A285. The title compound was prepared using the procedure as described in Example 1 , substituting 6- imidazol- l -yl-nicotinic acid for 5-p-tolylfuran-2-carboxylic acid.

[00331] Compound A305 was made using procedures as described for compound A285, substituting appropriate amine for imidazole in Step A.

Example 1 1

3- {4-[5-(4-rm-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-ylJ-3-fluorophenyl }-2- { [ 1 - (4-ter/-butylphenyl)- 1 H-[ 1 ,2,3]triazole-4-carbonyl]-amino [-propionic acid A283

A283

[00332J Step A. l -(4-fm-Butylphenyl)- l H- l ,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid. To a stirring solution of l - / i-butyl-4-azidobenzene (2.0 g, 1 1 .4 mmol) and methyl but-3-ynoate ( 1 .44g, 17.1 mmol) in diisopropylethylamine (2.2 g, 17.1 mmol) in THF ( 10 mL) was added Cul (0. 1 g) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 hrs. After the reaction was complete as indicated with LC-MS, the mixture was concentrated and extracted with EtOAc ( 100 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was treated with LiOH (2N, 3 mL) in THF (20 mL) for 1 hr, acidified with I N HC1, and extracted with EtOAc ( 100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (2. 1 g, 75% yield for the last two steps) as a grey solid, which was used directly in the next step without further purification.

[00333 ] Step B. 3- {4-[5-(4-½r/-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl ]- 3-fluoro-phenyl } -2- { [ l -(4-½rf-butyl-phenyl)- l H-[ l ,2,3]triazole-4-carbonyl]-amino }- propionic acid A283. The title compound was prepared using the procedure as described in Example 1, substituting l -(4-½/7-butylphenyl)- l H- l,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid for 5-p- tolylfuran-2-carboxylic acid. Ή-NMR (400 MHz, CD ₃ OD):.<5 8.8 1 (s, 1 H), 8.27 (s, I H), 8.08 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 8.03 (t, J = 8 Hz, 1 H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.60-7.75 (m, 4H), 7.26 (t, J = 9.6 Hz, 2H), 4.96-4.98 (m, 1 H), 3.45-3.51 (m, 1 H), 3.25-3.30 (m, 1 H), 1 .50 (s, 9H), 1.36 (s, 9H). EI-MS (mlz): 668 (M-H) ^' .

[00334] Compounds A91, A278, and A279 were made using procedures as described for compound A285.

Example 1 2

(/?)-3- {4-[5-(4- er/-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2- { [ 1 -(4-teri-butyl-phenyl)- 1 H-[ 1 ,2,3]triazole-4-carbonyl]-amino }-propionic acid A472

A472

[00335] The title compound ( 1 .2 g) was obtained by chiral resolution of racemic compound A283 (2.5 g) with a Chirapac column eluting with 0.1 % TFA in EtOH/THF.

Example 13

(5)-3- {4-[5-(4-/er/-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2- { [ I -(4-ie/V-butylphenyl)- 1 H-[ 1 ,2,3]tnazole-4-carbonyl]-amino [-propionic acid A473

A473

[00336] The title compound ( 1.6 g) was obtained by chiral resolution of racemic compound A283 (2.5 g) with a Chirapac column eluting with 0. 1 % TFA in EtOH/THF.

Example 14

3- {4-[5-(4-½rr-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2- { [5- methyl- 1 -(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino } -propionic acid A386

A386

[00337] Step A. 5-Methyl- l -(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- l H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid. To a solution of l -(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)hydrazine (0. 176 g, 1 mmol) in AcOH (20 mL) was added methyl 2,4-dioxopentanoate (0.144 g, 1 mmol). After stirring at 80 °C for 4 hrs, the reaction solution was poured to ice and extracted with EtOAc ( 10 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was treated with I N LiOH ( 1 .0 mL) in THF-HiO (5 mL) for 1 hr. The mixture was concentrated, acidified with IN HC1 to pH 2-3, and filtered to give the title compound (0.086 g, 30.2% yield) as a white solid, which was used directly in the next step without further purification.

[00338] Step B. The title compound was prepared using the procedure as described in

Example 1 , substituting 5-methyl- l -(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- l H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid for 5-/ tolylfuran-2-carboxylic acid. Ή-NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d ):.0 9.92 (s, 1 H), 8.3 1 -8.33 (m, I H), 8.07 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.92-7.99 (m, 3H), 7.86 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.37 (m, 2H), 6.69 (s, 1 H), 4.67-4.71 (m, 1 H), 3.25-3.45 (m, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1 .5 1 (s, 9H); El-MS (m/z): 693 (M-H)\

Example 15

l3- { 4-[5-(4-/er/-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl } -2-[(5- methyl- l -p-tolyl- 1 H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A387

A387

[00339] The title compound was prepared using the procedure as described for A386, substituting 5-methyl- l -(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- lH-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid for 5-p- tolylfuran-2-carboxylic acid. ES1-MS (m/z): 639(M-H)\

Example 16

3- {4-[5-(4-ter/-ButoxycarbonyIamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2-(3- chloro-4-methyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-propionic acid A209

A209

[00340] Step A. 3- {4-[5-(4-/m-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]- 3-fluoro-phenyl } -2-(3-chloro-4-methyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-propionic acid ethyl ester. 3- Chloro-4-methyl-benzenesulfonyl chloride (50 mg) was dissolved in 10% Na ₂ C0 ₃ aq.

solution (3 mL) at 0 °C. One equivalent of 2-amino-3- { 4-[5-(4-/ T/-butoxycarbonylamino- phenyl)-[ l ,2,4Joxadiazol-3-ylJ-3-fluoro-phenyl } -propionic acid ethyl ester in acetone ( 1.5 mL) was then added dropwise to the mixture over 5 min. After stirring at room temperature for 4 hrs. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was concentrated to give the title compound ( 150 mg), which was used indirectly in the next step without further purification.

[00341 ] Step B. 3- {4-[5-(4-/eri-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-

3-fluoro-phenyl }-2-(3-chloro-4-methyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-propionic acid A209. To a mixture of 3- {4-[5-(4-½r/-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluoro- phenyl } -2-(3-chloro-4-methyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-propionic acid ethyl ester in acetone (3 mL) at 0 °C was added aq. NaOH solution ( 10%, 2 mL) dropwise in 5 min. After stirring for 1.5 hrs, the reaction mixture was acidified to pH 5 with diluted aq. HCl solution, and then extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was concentrated to give the crude compound (about 70 mg), which was further purified by HPLC to give the title compound. Ή-NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d ₆ ):.0 8. 1 2 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, I H), 7.76 (d J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (s, 1 H), 7.35 (m, 2H), 7. 16 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (m, 1 H), 3.1 1 (m, 1 H), 2.80 (m, 1 H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1 .52 (s, 9H).

[00342] Compounds A47, A48, A52, A57, A58, A59, A60, A61, A62, A63, A64, A65, A66, A68, A210, A211, A212, A213, A214, A215, A216, A221, A222, A224, A226, A227, A228, A229, A230, A237, A238, A239, A240, A241, A242, A243, A249, A250, and A252 were made using procedures as described for compound A209, substituting an appropriate sulfonyl chloride for 3-chloro-4-methyl-benzenesulfonyl chloride in Step A.

[00343] Compound A214: ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d _fi ) ό 1 .52 (s, 9H), 2.80 (m, 1 H), 3. 12 (m, I H ), 4. 1 1 (m, 1 H), 7.20 (m, 2H), 7.28 (d, 1 H), 7.40 (m, I H), 7.70 (d, 1 H), 7.73 (d, 2H), 7.87 (t, 1 H), 8. 12 (d, 2H), 8.61 (brs, 1 H), 9.96 (s, I H).

[00344] Compound A215: Ή-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-iM 0 1 .52 (s, 9H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.80 (m, I H), 3.08 (m, 1 H), 3.91 (m, 1 H), 7. 1 3 (m, 4H), 7.38 (d, 2H), 7.75 (d, 2H), 7.85 (t, 1H), 8.20 (d, 2H), 8.21 (brs, I H), 9.97 (s, 1 H).

[00345] Compound A216: ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/ ₆ ) ό 1 .5 1 (s, 9H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.83 (m, I H), 3.09 (m, I H), 3.83 (m, I H), 7.08 (m, 2H), 7.27 (m, I H), 7.48 (d, I H), 7.67 (d, I H), 7.74 (d, 2H), 7.81 (t, 1H), 8.10 (d, 2H), 9.92 (s, 1H).

[00346] Compound A224: ' H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d ₆ ) c) 1 .52 (s, 9H), 2.81 (dd, .

1 H), 3.13 (dd, l H), 4. 10 (m, 1H), 7. 19 (d, 2H), 7.34 (m, 1 H), 7.56 (m, 2H), 7.62 (m, 2H), 7.75 (d, 2H), 7.88 (m, 1 H), 8. 12 (d, 2H), 8.57 (d, 1 H), 9.95 (s, I H).

[00347] Compound A229: ¹ H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/ ₆ ) 0 1.52 (s, 9H), 2.78 (dd,

1 H), 3.1 2 (dd, 1 H), 4.02 (m, 1 H), 7.15-7.21 (m, 5H), 7.50 (m, 3H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.74 (m, 3H), 8.00 (d, 2H), 8.44(d, I H), 9.93 (s, I H).

Example 17

3- { 4-[5-(4-/£-ri-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluoro-phenyl }-2-[4- (4-methyl-benzyl)-piperazine- 1 -sulfonylamino]-propionic acid A289

A289

[00348] Step A. 3- {4-[5-(4-ZeT/-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-

3-fluoro-phenyl }-2-(2-oxo-oxazolidine-3-sulfonylamino)-propionic acid ethyl ester. To a 100 mL round-bottom flask charged with a solution of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (338 mg, 2.4mmol) in dichoromethane ( 10 mL) cooled to 0 °C was slowly added a solution of 2- bromoethanol (273 mg, 2.2 mmol) in dichoromethane ( 10 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere to form a reaction mixture. After the reaction mixture was stirred for 40 min, a mixture of /m-butyl 4-(3-(4-(2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-aminoethyl)-2-fIuorophenyI)- l ,2,4-oxadiazol-5- yl)phenylcarbamate (940 mg, 2 mmol) and triethylamine (505 mg, 5 mmol) in

dichloromethane (20 mL) was slowly added at 0 °C to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. TLC showed the reaction was completed. Dichloromethane (50 mL) and I N aq. HCI solution (30 mL) were added to the solution, the layers were separated, and the aqueous portion was extracted with dichloromethane (30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 x 30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give oxazolidione (1. 1 g, 89% yield) as a yellow solid.

[00349] Step B. 3- { 4-[5-(4-½ri-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-ylJ-

3-fluoro-phenyl } -2-[4-(4-methyl-benzyl)-piperazine- 1 -sulfonylamino)-propionic acid ethyl ester. A mixture of oxazolidione from Step A (40 mg, 0.065 mmol), l-(4- methylbenzyl)piperazine (24.7 mg, 0. 13 mmol), and triethylamine (20 mg, 0.2 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 mL) was heated at 85 °C for 2.5 hrs. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The solution was concentrated. Ethyl acetate (20 mL) and I N aq. HC1 solution( I O mL) were added to the solution. The layers were separated, and the aqueous portion was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (2 x 20 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give the title compound (32 mg, 69% yield) as a yellow solid.

[00350] Step C. 3- { 4-[5-(4-½rt-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]- 3-fluoro-phenyl }-2-[4-(4-methyl-benzyl)-piperazine- l -sulfonylamino]-propionic acid A289. A solution of 3- { 4-[5-(4-/eri-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluoro- phenyl }-2-[4-(4-methyl-benzyl)-piperazine- l -sulfonylaminoJ-propionic acid ethyl ester (32 mg, 0.044 mmol) and 2N aq. LiOH solution (0.5 mL) in THF (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The solution was concentrated and adjusted to about pH 2 with I N aq. HC1 solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give a crude product, which was purified by preparative HPLC to afford the title compound (5. 18 mg, 17% yield) as a white solid. Ή-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) d ^* 1.51 (s, 9H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.91 -3. 13 (m, 10H), 3.97- 4.19 (m, 3H), 7. 15-7.25 (d, 4H), 7.38 (dd, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 8. 1 2 (m, 3H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 9.96 (s, 1H); MS(ESI) mJz: 695 (M+H) ⁺ .

[00351 J Compounds A85, A87, A88, A255, A263, A286, A287, A288, A289, A290, A291, A293, A294, A295, A297, A298, A299, A300, A301, and A302 were made using procedures as described for compound A289, substituting an appropriate amine for piperazine in Step A.

[00352] Compound A87: ¹ HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-4 ^ 1.51 (s, 9H), 2.85-2.95 (m, 5H), 3.09-3. 1 1 (m, 1 H), 3.63 (s, 4H), 3.88 (m, I H), 6.48 (t, 1 H), 7.35 (t, 2H), 7.74 (d, 2H), 7.98 (t, 1 H), 8.08 (d, 2H), 8.23 (d, 2H), 9.95 (s, 1 H).

[00353] Compound A88: ¹ HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/ ₆ ) 0 0.38-0.39 (m, 4H), 1.51 (s, 9H), 2.08 (m, 1 H), 3.06-3.08 (m, 2H), 3.80 (m, 1 H), 6.88 (brs, I H), 7.22-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.73 (d, 2H), 7.97 (t, 1H), 8.09 (d, 2H), 9.94 (s, 1H). [00354] Compound A286: ¹ HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-</ ₆ ) δ 1.51 (s, 9H), 3.04-3.09 (m, 2H), 3.90 (m, 1 H), 6.92(q, 2H), 7.02-7.15 (m, 4H), 7.74 (d, 2H), 7.83 (t, I H), 8.10 (d, 2H), 9.95 (s, IH).

[00355] Compound A287: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) ό 1.30 (s, 9H), 1.51 (s, 9H),

2.74- 2.85 (m, 5H), 3.11-3.25 (m, 5H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.92 (m, IH), 7.33-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 7.91 (bis, IH), 8.04-8.06 (m, 3H), 8.22(s, IH), 9.82(s, IH).

[00356] Compound A288: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-</ ₆ ) δ 1.51 (s, 9H), 2.86-2.94 (m,

8H), 3.15 (m, 2H), 3.92 (m, IH), 6.69 (t, IH), 6.78 (d, 2H), 7.04-7.08 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.73(d, 2H), 7.91 (brs, IH), 8.01-8.07 (m, 3H), 9.95 (s, IH).

[00357] Compound A290: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/ _ft ) <51.51 (s, 9H), 2.83-2.84 (m,

5H), 3.17 (m, IH), 3.43 (s, 4H), 3.98 (m, IH), 6.66 (t, IH), 6.97 (d, IH), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.61 (in, IH), 7.74 (d, 2H), 7.94-8.07 (m, 5H), 9.95 (s, IH).

[00358] Compound A291: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO- ₀ ) δ 1.24 (m, 5H), 1.51 (m,

10H), 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.93 (m, 2H), 2.55 (m, IH), 2.8-3.2 (m, 10H), 3.99 (m, IH), 7.10 (d, 2H), 7.74 (d, 2H), 8.06-8.10 (m, 3H), 8.38 (d, 1 H), 9.96 (s, 1 H).

[00359] Compound A297: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/ ₆ ) δ 1.51 (s, 9H), 2.05 (s, 3H),

2.82-2.85 (m, 8H), 3.18-3.19 (m, 2H), 3.47 (s, 4H), 3.92 (m, IH), 6.65 (d, 2H), 6.83 (d, 2H), 7.38-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.74 (d, 2H), 7.90-8.06 (m, 4H), 9.94 (s, IH).

[00360] Compound A298: ¹ HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/ _rt ) : 1.51 (s, 9H) ,2.88-2.90 (m,

9H), 3.14-3.15 (m, IH), 3.92 (m, IH), 6.87-6.99 (m, 4H), 7.38-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.73 (d, 2H),

7.75- 7.80 (m, IH), 8.04-8.06 (m, 3H), 9.94 (s, IH).

Example 18

3- { 4-[5-(4-½/'r-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2- { 3- [5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido [-propionic acid A497

A497

[00361 ] Step A. 3- {4-[5-(4-ierr-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]- 3-fluoro-phenyl } -2- { 3-[5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido } -propionic acid ethyl ester. To a solution of bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate ( 189 mg, 0.66 mmol) in

dichloromethane ( 12 mL) and saturated aqueous NaHC0 ₃ (0.8 mL) was slowly added a solution of ½/ -butyl 4-(3-(4-(2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-aminoethyl)-2-fluorophenyl)- l ,2,4- oxadiazol-5-yl)phenylcarbamate (300 mg, 0.66 mmol) in dichloromethane ( 12 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. TLC showed the reaction was completed. Saturated aqueous NaHCO^ ( 18 mL), pyridine (0.3 mL), and 3-(4- fluorophenyl)- l H-pyrazol-5-amine ( 177 mg, 1 mmol) were added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was then stirred overnight. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The layers were separated and the aqueous portion was extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed sequentially with aq. HCl solution ( I N, 2 x 50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give the title compound (343 mg, 5 1 % yield) as a yellow solid.

[00362] Step B. 3- { 4-[5-(4-/er/-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]- 3-fluoro-phenyl } -2- { 3-[5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2 /-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido }-propionic acid A497. A solution of 3- { 4-[5-(4-½r/-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluoro- phenyl }-2- { 3-[5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido }-propionic acid ethyl ester (343 mg, 0.51 mmol) and aq. LiOH solution (2N, 2 mL) in THF ( 12 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The solution was

concentrated and adjusted to about pH 2 with I N aq. HCl solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and purified with preparative HPLC to afford the title compound (93.5 mg, 28% yield) as a white solid. 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO- d ₆ ) 01.51 (s, 9H), 3.0-3.2 (m, 2H), 4.63 (m, IH), 5.75 (s, IH), 6.48 (s, 2H), 7.24-7.44 (m, 4H), 7.7 (m, 3H), 7.88 (q, 2H), 8.01 (t, IH), 8.07 (d, 2H), 8.27 (d, 2H), 9.91 (s, IH); MS (ESI) m/z: 646.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

[00363] Compounds A84, A89, A105, A120, A123, A127, A149, A262, A269, A270, A277, A282, A284, A307, A308, A309, A310, A311, A312, A313, A319, A320, A321, A329, A330, A332, A338, A339, A340, A345, A346, A352, A353, A356, A359, A374, A375, A376, A377, A378, A379, A380, A381, A400, A405, A421, A422, and A494 were made using procedures as described for compound A497, substituting an appropriate amine for 3-(4- fluorophenyl)-lH-pyrazol-5-amine in Step A.

[00364] Compound A123: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i ₆ ) δ 1.50 (s, 9H), 3.04-3.09 (m,

2H), 3.13-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.26 (m, 2H), 3.60-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.74 (m, IH), 4.13-4.18 (q, IH), 6.02-6.03 (d, IH), 7.23-7.28 (m, 4H), 7.71-7.74 (d, 2H), 7.92-7.98 (m, IH), 8.07-

8.09 (d, 2H), 8.33 (s, IH), 8.47 (m, 2H), 9.92 (s, IH).

[00365] Compound A149: 'HNMR (400 MHz, D SO-</ _ft ) S 1.50 (s, 9H), 2.07 (m, IH),

2.25 (d, 3H), 2.35-2.39 (m, I H), 2.60-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.95-3.01 (m, 2H), 3.10-3.14 (m, 2H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.96-4.03 (m, IH), 4.35-4.40 (q, IH), 6.07-6.10 (m, IH), 6.33-6.36 (m, IH),

7.10 (t, 2H), 7.17 (t, 2H), 7.21-7.24 (t, 2H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 7.98 (t, IH), 8.07 (d, 2H), 9.91 (s, IH).

[00366] Compound A269: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/ ₆ ) δ 1.53 (s, 9H), 2.26 (s, 3H),

2.4-3.1 (m, 4H), 3.10-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.70 (m, 4H), 4.08 (s, 2H), 4.55-4.65 (m, IH), 6.18 (s, IH), 6.95 (s, IH), 7.04-7.13 (m, 3H), 7.12-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.49 (d, 2H), 7.91-7.95 (t, IH), 7.98-8.00 (d, 2H).

[00367] Compound A270: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-^) δ 1.55 (s, 9H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 3.19 (m, 4H), 3.32 (m, 2H), 3.71 (m, 4H), 4.74 (m, IH), 6.84 (s, IH), 7.05-7.14 (m, 5H), 7.53 (d, 2H), 8.03 (t, IH), 8.08 (d, 2H).

[00368] Compound A308: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-rf ₆ ) δ 1.50 (s, 9H), 3.05 (m, 4H), 3.17-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.41 (m, 4H), 4.35-4.41 (m, IH), 6.72-6.75 (dd, IH), 6.84-6.86 (dd, IH), 6.91-6.95 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.17 (t, IH), 7.31-7.36 (t, 2H), 7.70-7.73 (d, 2H), 7.96-7.99 (t, IH), 8.03-8.05 (d, 2H), 9.90 (s, IH).

[00369] Compound A309: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSC ₆ ) δ 1.50 (s, 9H), 3.01 (m, 4H), 3.19-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.46 (m, 4H), 4.35 (m, 4H), 6.83 (brs, IH), 7.04-7.11 (in, 2H), 7.33-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.55 (t, IH), 7.67-7.73 (q, 3H), 7.97-8.01 (t, IH), 8.04-8.07 (d, 2H), 9.91 (s, IH).

[00370] Compound A320: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-J ₆ ) δ 1.49 (s, 9H), 3.01 (m, 4H), 3.05-3.08 (m, IH), 3.16-3.21 (dd, IH), 3.41 (m, 4H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 4.34-4.40 (m, IH), 6.33- 6.36 (m, IH), 6.44 (m, IH), 6.49-6.51 (m, IH), 6.93-6.95 (d, IH), 7.04-7.08 (t, 1 H), 7.31-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.73 (d, 2H), 7.96-8.00 (t, IH), 8.04-8.06 (d, 2H), 9.91 (s, IH).

[00371] Compound A330: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-^) δ 1.48 (s, 9H), 1.69-1.74 (m, 2H), 2.99-3.05 (m, IH), 3.13-3.17 (m, 3H), 3.30-3.35 (m, IH), 3.36-3.48 (m, 5H), 4.30-4.36 (m, IH), 6.58-6.60 (d, 2H), 6.73-6.75 (d, 2H), 7.26-7.28 (d, IH), 7.31-7.34 (d, IH), 7.42-7.44 (d, 2H), 7.69-7.72 (d, 2H), 7.94-7.97 (t, IH), 8.06-8.08 (d, 2H), 9.90 (s, IH).

[00372] Compound A346: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO^) δ 1.50 (s, 9H), 3.07-3.12 (m, IH), 3.19-3.24 (m, IH), 4.51-4.56 (m, IH), 6.47 (d, IH), 6.89 (t, IH), 7.21 (t, 2H), 7.28-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.36 (d, 2H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 8.02 (t, IH), 8.08 (d, 2H), 8.71 (s, IH), 9.91 (s, IH).

[00373] Compound A352: "HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-</ _ft ) δ 1.50 (s, 9H), 3.08-3.13 (dd, IH), 3.20-3.25 (dd, IH), 4.49-4.55 (q, IH), 6.74 (d, IH), 7.30 (t, 2H), 7.47 (d, IH), 7.72 (d, 2H), 7.79-7.82 (dd, IH), 8.01 (t, IH), 8.07 (d, 2H), 8.36 (d, IH), 9.11 (s, lH),9.90(s, IH).

[00374] Compound A353: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-^) δ 1.50 (s, 9H), 3.05-3.11 (dd, IH), 3.18-3.22 (dd, IH), 3.68 (s, 3H), 4.48-4.53 q, 1 H), 6.34 (s, I H), 6.80 (d, 2H), 7.24- 7.32 (m, 4H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 8.01 (t, IH), 8.08 (d, 2H), 8.51 (s, IH), 9.90 (s, IH).

[00375] Compound A356: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSC ₆ ) δ 1.50 (s, 9H), 3.09-3.14 (dd, IH), 3.21-3.26 (dd, IH), 4.52-4.57 (q, IH), 6.66-6.68 (d, IH), 7.28-7.32 (m.2H), 7.56 (d, 4H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 8.01 (t, IH), 8.07 (d, 2H), 9.19 (s, IH), 9.91 (s, IH).

[00376] Compound A374: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/*) ό 1.50 (s, 9H), 3.08-3.25 (m, 2H).4.53-4.58 (m, IH), 6.69 (d, IH), 7.28-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.54 (d ,2H), 7.66 (d, 2H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 8.02 (t, IH), 8.07(d, 2H), 9.23 (s, IH), 9.90 (s, IH). [00377] Compound A405: 'HNMR (400 MHz, OMSO-d ₆ ) δ 1.50 (s, 9H), 1.72- 1.81 (m, 1 H), 1 .98 (m, I H), 2. 12-2. 15 (d, 3H), 2.85-2.93 (m, 1 H), 2.97-3.03 (m, 1 H), 3.12-3. 14 (m, 1 H), 3.16-3.18 (m, 1 H), 3.23-3.27 (m, 2H), 4.14-4.22 (m, 1H), 4.44-4.50 (m, 1 H), 6.07-6.09 (d, 1 H), 6.38-6.48 (m, 3H), 6.90-6.96 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.72-7.74 (d, 2H), 7.96- 8.03 (m, 1 H), 8.09 (d, 2H), 9.91 (s, 1H).

Example 19

3- {4-[5-(4 -i-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluoro-phenyl }-2-(2- piperidin- 1 -yl-pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-propionic acid A498

A498

[00378] Step A. 3- {4-[5-(4-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-

3-fluoro-phenyl } -2-(2-chloro-pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-propionic acid ethyl ester. To solution of 2-Amino-3- {4-[5-(4-½r/-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3- fluorophenyl [propionic acid ethyl ester in DMF (20 mL) were added sodium carbonate (360 mg, 3.4 mmol), potassium iodide ( 10 mg), TBAB ( 10 mg), and 2,4-dichloro-pyrimidine (503 mg, 3.4 mmol). The mixture was heated at 50 °C for 4 hrs. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtrated, concentrated, and purified by chromatography to give the title compound (96 mg).

[00379] Step B. 3- { 4-[5-(4-/er/-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-

3-fluoro-phenyl } -2-(2-piperidin- l -yl-pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-propionic acid A498. The mixture of 3- {4-[5-(4-½rr-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-fluoro- phenyl } -2-(2-chloro-pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-propionic acid ethyl ester (50 mg, 0.086 mmol) and piperidine (22 mg, 0.26 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was heated at 1 10 °C for 1 hr. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to give a residue, which was dissolved in CH ₃ OH (2 mL). Aqueous NaOH solution ( I N) was added at 0 °C and the mixture was stirred for 5 hrs at room temperature. The mixture was acidified with AcOH and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by HPLC to give the title compound ( 10 mg) as a white solid. 'HNMR (CD ₃ OD, 400 MHz) δ 1 .55 (s, 9H), 1 .63 (m, 4H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 3.04-3. 10 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.48 (m, 1 H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 4.57 (m, 1 H), 6.1 1 (d, 1 H), 7.24-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.45 (d, 1 H), 7.67 (d, 2H), 8.00 (t, 1 H), 8.10 (d, 2H).

[00380] Compounds A90, A92, A100, A324, and A344 were made using procedures as described for compound A498, substituting an appropriate halide for 2,4-dichloro- pyrimidine in Step A or an appropriate amine for piperidine in Step B.

[00381 ] Compound A344: ' HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 1 .54 (s, 9H), 3. 13-3.19 (m, I H), 3.38-3.43 (m, I H), 5.03 (m, 1 H), 6.50 (d, 1 H), 7.25 (t, 2H), 7.65 (d, 2H), 7.87 (d, I H), 8.04 (t, 1 H), 8.09 (d, 2H).

Example 20

2-(4-/er/-Butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3- { 4-[5-(4-/i?A'/-butoxycarbonylamino- phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4 nic acid A499

A499

[00382] Step A. 2-(4-½ri-Butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3-(4-cyano-3-flu oro- phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester. EDCI (560 mg, 2.92 mmol) was added to a solution of 4- te/ /-butoxycarbonylamino-benzoic acid (661 mg, 2.7 mmol) in dry CH2CI2 (5 mL). After the mixture was stirred for 0.5 hr, 2-amino-3-(4-cyano-3-fluoi -phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (627 mg, 2.66 mmol) was added and the mixture was stin ed for another 5 hrs at room temperature. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound as a white solid (906 mg, 75% yield).

[00383] Step B. 2-(4-/^r/-Butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3-[3-fluoro-4-(N - hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-phenyl]-propionic acid ethyl ester. A mixture of 2-(4-/^r/- butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3-(4-cyano-3-fluoi -phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (214 mg, 0.47 mmol), NH ₂ OH.HCl (49 mg 0.71 mmol), and NaHC0 (79 mg, 0.94 minol) in EtOH ( 10 mL) was heated under microwave at 120 °C for 20 min and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The mixture was filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound ( 170 mg) as a white solid.

[00384] Step C. 2-(4-½r/-Butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3-{ 4-[5-(4-/ert- butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-2-fluoro-phenyl }-propionic acid ethyl ester. EDCI ( 10 mg, 0.05 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-/er/-butoxycarbonylamino- benzoic acid ( 12 mg, 0.05 mmol) in dry CH2CI2 (5 mL). After the mixture was stirred for 0.5 hrs, 2-(4-/m-butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3-[3-fluoro-4-(/V- hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-phenyl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (25 mg) was added and the mixture was heated for another 1 hr at 120 °C in a sealed tube. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound (3 mg) as a white solid.

[00385] Step D. 2-(4-½r/-Butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3- {

butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-2-fluoro-phenyl } -propionic acid A499. 2-(4-/er/-Butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3- { 4-[5-(4-ieri-butoxycarbonylamino- phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-2-fluoro-phenyl } -propionic acid ethyl ester (3 mg) was dissolved in THF/MeOH ( I mL, 1 /1 ). LiOH in water (2M, 0. 1 mL) was added. After stimng for 30 min, the mixture was quenched with I N HC1 and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na ₂ S0 ₄ , concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound (3 mg) as a white solid. ES1-MS 662.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

[00386] Compounds A17, A18, A19, A28, A39, A40, A43, A46, A53, A107, A108, A 181 , A347, A389, A435, A438, and A493 were made using procedures as described for compound A499, substituting an appropriate carboxylic acid or sulfonyl chloride for A-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-benzoic acid in Step A and/or an appropriate carboxylic acid or A-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-benzoic acid in Step C.

[00387] Compound A46: ' HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-</ _ft ) δ 12.9 (s, 1 H), 8.30 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.09-7.16 (m, 4H), 3.87-3.93 (m, 1 H), 3. 1 1 -3. 1 7 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.05-2.09 (m, 2H), 1 .63- 1 .69 (m, 2H), 1 .57- 1 .61 (m, 3H), 1 .23- 1.48 (m, 4H), 1 .05- 1.07 (m, 6H).

Example 21

3-[3-Fluoro-4-(5-piperidin- l-yl-[ l ,2,4Joxadiazol-3-yl)-phenyl]-2-[(5-/ tolyl-furan-2- carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A500

A500

[00388] Step A. 2-(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-3-[3-fluoro-4-(5- trichloromethyl-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-phenyl]-propionic acid ethyl ester. To a solution of 2- (9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-3-[3-fluoro-4-(N-hydro xycarbamimidoyl)-phenyl]- propionic acid ethyl ester (4 g, 8. 1 mmol) and pyridine (4 mL) in toluene (40 mL) was added trichloroacetyl chloride (3 g, 16.5 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated at 85 °C overnight. After evaporation, the residue was purified by gel chromatography (PE/EA, 9/ 1 ) to give the title compound (3.2 g, 64% yield) as a white solid.

[00389] Step B. 2-Amino-3-[3-fluoiO-4-(5-pipendin- l -yl-[ l ,2,41oxadiazol-3-yl)- phenyl]-propionic acid ethyl ester. A mixture of 2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)- 3-[3-fluoiO-4-(5-trichloromethyl-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-phenyl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (0.2 g, 0.32 mmol) and piperidine ( 1.3mmol) in dry EtOH ( 10 mL) was refluxed overnight. The mixture was then concentrated. The residue was extracted with EtOAc (20 mL) and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over Na ₂ S04, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (0. 15 g), which was used directly without further purification.

[00390] Step C. 3-[3-Fluoro-4-(5-piperidin- 1 -yl-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-phenyl]-2-[(5- /7-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A500. The title compound was prepared in 10% yield, following the procedure as described in Example 1 . EI- S (m/z): 529 (M-H) ^" . Example 22

3-{ 3-Fluoro-4-[5-(4-methyl-piperidine- l -carbonyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-phenyl } -2-[(4'- methyl-biphenyl-3-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A391

A391

[00391] Step A. 2-(Benzhydrylidene-amino)-3-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenyl)-propio nic acid tert-buty\ ester. A mixture of 4-bromomethyl-2-fluoiO-benzonitrile (20 g, 0.0935 mol), (benzhydrylidene-amino)acetic acid tert-butyl ester (30 g, 0. 103 mol), and K ₂ C0 (28 g, 0.2 mol) in CH ₃ CN (300 mL) was stirred for 3 days. The mixture were filtered, concentrated, washed with aq. NaCl solution (200 mL), dried over MgS0 ₄ , concentrated, and purified by chromatography to give the title compound (30 g, 75% yield).

[00392] Step B. 2-Amino-3-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenyl)-propionic acid /er/-butyl ester.

To a solution of 2-(benzhydrylidene-amino)-3-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenyl)-propio nic acid tert- butyl ester (42.8 g, 0. 1 mol) in THF (400 mL) was added aq. I N HCl (400 mL, 0.4 mol). The mixture was stirred for 1 hr. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated, adjusted to pH 10 with NaHC0 ₃ , extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 300 mL), dried over gS0 ₄ , and concentrated to give the title compound (26 g, 98% yield).

[00393] Step C. 3-(4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenyl)-2-[(4'-methyl-biphenyl-3-carbony l)- amino]-propionic acid fcrr-butyl ester. To a solution of 2-amino-3-(4-cyano-3-fluoro- phenyl)-propionic acid i<?/ -butyl ester ( 10.4 g, 0.04 mol) and Et ₃ N (6. 1 g, 0.06 mol) in CH ₂ C1 ₂ ( 100 mL) was added dropwise a solution of 4'-methyl-biphenyl-3-carbonyl chloride (8.5 g, 0.04 mol) in CH ₂ CI ₂ (30 mL). The mixture was stirred for 2 hrs. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The mixture were washed with IN aq. HCl solution and

concentrated to give the title compound ( 10 g, 56% yield).

[00394] Step D. 3-[3-Fluoro-4-(hydroxy-hydroxyimino-methyl)-phenyl]-2-[(4'- methyl-biphenyl-3-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid tert-bu[y\ ester. A mixture of 3-(4- cyano-3-fluot -phenyl)-2-[(4'-methyl-biphenyl-3-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid ieri-butyl ester (10 g, 0.02 mol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride salt (7 g, 0.1 mol), and NaHC0 ₃ ( 10 g, 0.1 2 mol) in ethanol ( 150 mL) was refluxed overnight. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The mixture were filtered and concentrated to give the title compound ( 10 g, 93% yield).

[00395] Step E. 3-(4- { 2-/i?r/-Butoxycarbonyl-2-[(4'-methyl-biphenyl-3-carbonyl)- amino]-ethyl }-2-fluoro-phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazole-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester. A mixture of 3-[3-fluoro-4-(hydroxy-hydroxyimino-methyl)-phenyl]-2-[(4'-m ethyl-biphenyl-3- carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid tert-butyl ester ( 10 g, 0.02 mol) and methyl

(chlorocarbonyl)formate (5 g, 0.04 mol), and pyridine ( 1 mL) in toluene ( 150 mL) was refluxed overnight. TLC showed the reaction was completed. An aqueous NaHC0 ₃ solution (80 mL) was added to the reaction mixture, the layers were separated, and the aqueous portion was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 x 30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and purified by chromatography and recrystallization to give the title compound (7 g, 64% yield) as a white solid.

[00396] Step F. 3- { 3-Fluoro-4-[5-(4-methyl-piperidine- l-carbonyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol- 3-yl]-phenyl }-2-[(4'-methyl-biphenyl-3-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid /er/-butyl ester. A mixture of 3-(4- { 2-½r/-butoxycarbonyl-2-[(4'-methyl-biphenyl-3-carbonyl)-ami no]-ethyl }-2- fluoro-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazole-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester (50 mg) and 4-methyl- piperidine ( 13.5 mg) in MeOH (3 mL) was heated at 55 °C for 25 min in a microwave reactor. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated, 10 mL of I N aq. HC1 solution and 20 mL of ethyl acetate were added. The layers were separated and the aqueous portion was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 x 30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give the title compound (40 mg, 71 .4% yield).

[00397] Step G. 3- { 3-Fluoro-4-[5-(4-methyl-piperidine- l -carbonyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol- 3-yl]-phenyl }-2-[(4'-methyl-biphenyl-3-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A391. To a solution of 3- { 3-f1uoro-4-[5-(4-methyl-piperidine- l-carbonyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]- phenyl }-2-[(4'-methyl-biphenyl-3-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid te/7-butyl ester (50 mg) in CH2CI2 (3 mL) was added TFA ( 1 mL). The mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by preparative HPLC to afford the title compound (33.8 mg, 74% yield) as a white solid. Ή NMR (400 MHz,DMSO- ₆ ) δ 0.92 (d, 3H), 1.05-1.18 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.82 (m, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.87-2.97 (m, IH), 3.15-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.36-3.39 (m, IH), 3.93 (d, IH), 4.41 (d, IH), 4.78 (m, IH), 7.29-7.55 (m, 5H), 7.61 (d , 2H), 7.78 (dd , 2H), 7.95 (t, IH), 8.02 (s, IH), 8.90 (d, IH), 13.01 (bis, 1H);MS (ESI) m/z: 571.2 (M+H) ⁺ .

[00398] Compounds A102, A109, A110, Alll, A112, A113, AIM, A117, A118, A119, A388, and A390 were made using procedures as described for compound A391.

[00399] Compound A102: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/ ₆ ) 61.24-1.41 (m, 5H), 1.61- 1.63 (m, IH), 1.71-1.81 (m, 4H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.76 (m, 1H),4.78 (m, IH), 7.30 (d, 2H), 7.39-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.61 (d, 2H), 7.77 (dd, 2H), 7.97 (t, IH), 8.01 (s, IH), 8.90 (d, IH), 9.26 (d, IH).

[00400] Compound A117: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) δ 1.52 (d, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.25 (m, 2H), 4.78 (m, IH), 5.16 (m, IH), 7.25-7.55 (m, 10H), 7.61 (d, 2H), 7.77 (dd, 2H), 7.97 (t, IH), 8.00 (s, IH), 8.88 (d, IH), 9.88 (d, IH).

[00401] Compound A118: 'HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i¾ δ 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.25 (m, 2H), 4.79 (m, IH), 7.03 (d, IH), 7.27-7.64 (m, 10H), 7.79 (dd, 2H), 8.00-8.14 (m, 2H), 8.92 (d, IH), 11.16 (s, IH).

Example 23

2-(4-½/t-Butyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-{4-[l-(4-½r/-butyl- phenyl)-lH-[l,2,3]triazol-4-yl]- -propionic acid C4

C4

[00402] Step A. 2-/e/ -Butoxycarbonylamino-3- { 4-[ 1 -(4- rr-butyl-phenyl)- 1 H-

[1 ,2,3]triazol-4-yl]-phenyl [-propionic acid methyl ester. To a solution of 2-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester (364 mg, 1.2 mmol) and l-azido-4-½r/-butyl-benzene (233 mg, 1.5 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added iPr ₂ NEt (0.5 mL), followed by Cul (50 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was then purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound (150 mg) as an oil. [00403] Step B. 2-(4-fcrt-Butyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-3- {4-[ l -(4-i<?rr-butyl-phenyl)-

1 H-[ 1 , 2, 3]triazol-4-yl]-phenyl } -propionic acid C4. To a solution of 1-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-3- { 4-[ 1 -(4-ierr-butyl-phenyl)- 1 H-[ 1 ,2,3]triazol-4-yl] -phenyl } - propionic acid methyl ester (50 mg) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was added TFA (2 mL). After 30 min, the mixture was concentrated in vacuum to give an intermediate amine, which was coupled with 4- rf-butyl-benzenesulfonyl chloride and hydrolyzed according to the procedure as described in Example I to furnish the title compound as a white solid. MS-ESI m/z: 561 (M+H) ⁺ .

[00404] Compounds C3, C5, C6, and C7 were made using procedures as described for compound C4, substituting an appropriate sulfonyl chloride for 4-/er/-butyl-benzenesulfonyl chloride in Step B.

[00405] Compound C6: ¹ HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d ₆ ) S 2.1 8 (s, 3H), 2.77-2.84 (m, 1 H), 3.00-3.04 (m, 1 H), 3.80-3.88 (m, 1 H), 7.24 (d, 2H), 7.34 (d, 1 H), 7.41 (d, 1 H), 7.49- 7.54 (m, 2H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 8.28 (d, 2H), 8.51 (d, 2H), 9.48 (s, 1 H).

Example 24

2-(4-/err-Butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3- {4-[5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-3- fluorophenyl [-propionic acid A501

A501

[00406] Step A. 2-(4-ier/-Butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3-(3-fluoi -4- thiocarbamoyl-phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester. The mixture of 2-{A-tert- Butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenyl )-propionic acid ethyl ester and (NH ₄ ) ₂ S in DMF/HiO (6 mL, 1/1 ) was stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was then partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic layers were dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ and concentrated to give the title compound, which was used directly in the next reaction without further purification. L00407] Step B. 2-(4-/er/-Butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3- {4-[5-(2,4- dichloro-phenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-3-fluoro-phenyl }-propionic acid ethyl ester. A mixture of 2- (4-ii?r/-butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3-(3-fluoro-4-thi ocarbamoyl-phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (78 mg, 0. 1 8 mmol), 2-bromo- l -(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-ethanone (80 mg, 0.3 mmol), and pyridine ( 1 drop) in ethanol (2 mL) was heated at 80 °C for 1 hr. TLC showed the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography to furnish the title compound.

[00408] Step C. 2-(4-½r/-Butoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3- {4-[5-(2,4- dichloro-phenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-3-fluoro-phenyl } -propionic acid A501. The title compound was prepared, following the procedure as described in Example 1 , as a white solid. MS (m/z): 630.1 (M+H) ⁺ .

[00409J Compounds A21, A178, and A193 were made using procedures as described for compound A501, substituting an appropriate sulfonyl chloride for 4-tert-butyl- benzenesulfonyl chloride in Step B.

L00410] Compound A193: ' HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-<¾) ό 1 2.91 (br singlet, I H),

8.25 (d, I H), 8.27 (d, 2H), 7.95 (d, I H), 7.65 (d, I H), 7.56 (s, I H), 7.36 (d, I H), 7.30 (m, 3H), 7. 14 (m, 3H), 3.91 (dd, I H), 3.03 (dd, I H), 2.70 (m, I H), 2.36 (s, 3H).

Example 25

2-(4-Isopropyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-3- { 4-[ l -(4-nitrophenyl)- l //-pyrazol-3-yl]-phenyl } - propionic acid C17

C17

[0041 1] Step A. 2-/e/ -Butoxycarbonylamino-3- { 4-[ 1 -(4-nitro-phenyl)- lH-pyrazol-3- yl]-phenyl J-propionic acid ethyl ester. A mixture of 2-½/7-butoxycarbonylamino-3-[4-(3- oxo-propionyl)-phenyl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (383 mg, 1 .05 mmol) and (4-nitro-phenyl)- hydrazine (240 mg, 1 .27 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was refluxed for 4 hrs. The mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound (250 mg) as a yellow solid. ET-MS (in/z) 481 (M+H) ⁺ .

[00412] Step B. 2-(4-Isopropyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-3- [ 4-[ l -(4-nitro-phenyl)- lH- pyrazol-3-yl]-phenyl }-propionic acid ethyl ester. A solution of 2-½r/-butoxycarbonylamino- 3- { 4-[ l-(4-nitro-phenyl)- l H-pyrazol-3-yl]-phenyl J -propionic acid ethyl ester (250 mg) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was treated with 4N HQ (4N in dioxane). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr and concentrated to give a residue, which was dissolved in dichloromethane (2 mL). Et ₃ N (0.2 mL) and 4-isopropylbenzenesulphonyl chloride were then added. After 1 hr, the mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel

chromatography to give the title compound (200 mg).

[00413] Step C. 2-(4-lsopropyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-3- { 4-[ l -(4-nitro-phenyl)- l H- pyrazol-3-yl]-phenyl }-propionic acid. The title compound was prepared from 2-(4-isopropyl- benzenesulfonylamino)-3- { 4-[ 1 -(4-nitro-phenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl]-phenyl } -propionic acid ethyl ester, using a procedure as described in Example 1 .

[00414] Compounds C9, CIO, and Cl l were made using procedures as described for compound C17.

Example 26

2-(4-Isopropyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-3- {4-[5-(4-nitrophenyl)- l H-pyrazol-3-yl]-phenyl } - propionic acid C2

C2

[00415] Step A. 2-½r/-Butoxycarbonylamino-3- { 3-[5-(4-nitro-phenyl)- I H-pyrazol-3- yl]-phenyl }-propionic acid ethyl ester. To a solution of 2-t£rt-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4- ethynyl-phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (284 mg, 0.93 mmol) in THF (5 mL) were added PdCl ₂ (PPh ₃ ) ₂ ( 14 mg), Cul ( 1 1 mg), and 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride (259 mg, 1 .4 mmol) at room temperature under argon. After stirring for 30 min, hydrazine (0. 1 mL) in acetonitrile (3 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was then partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography to furnish the title compound (58 mg) as a yellow solid. MS (m/s): 489 (M+Na)

[00416] Step B. 2-(4-Isopropy1-benzenesulfonylamino)-3- { 4-[5-(4-nitro-phenyl)- I H- pyrazol-3-yl]-phenyl } -propionic acid C2. The title compound was prepared from 2-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-3- { 3-[5-(4-nitro-phenyl)- l H-pyrazol-3-yl]-phenyl } -propionic acid ethyl ester using a procedure as described in Example 1.

[00417] Compound C13 was made using procedures as described for compound C2.

Example 27

3- {4-[2-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-oxazol-4-ylJ-phenyl }-2-(4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonylamino)- propionic acid C8

C8

[00418] The title compound was prepared from 2- ri-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4- carbamoyl-phenyl)-propionic acid ethyl ester using a procedure as described in Example 1.

Example 28

3-{4-[5-(4- eri-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-thiophen-2-yl]-3-fluoi phenyl }-2-[(5-/?-tolyl- furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A465

A465

[00419] Step A. 3-(3-Fluoro-4-iodo-phenyl)-2- [ [5-(4-fluoi -phenyl)-furan-2- carbonyl]-amino }-propionic acid methyl ester. The title compound was prepared using the procedures as described in Example 1 , by substituting 2-fluoro- l -cyano-4-methyl-benzene with 2-fluoro- l -iodo-4-methyl-benzene in Step A.

[00420] Step B. To a solution of 3-(3-fluoro-4-iodo-phenyl)-2- { [5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)- furan-2-carbonyl]-amino }-propionic acid methyl ester (28 mg, 0.054 mmol) and 2- thipheneboronic acid (15 mg) in DMF (2 mL) were added K ₂ C0 ₃ (0.2 mL, 10%) and PdCl ₂ (PPh ₃ ) ₂ (9 mg). The mixture was heated at 1 10 °C for 30 min. The mixture was then concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography to give an ester as a white solid (28 mg).

[00421] Step C. To a solution of the ester prepared in Step B ( 176 mg, 0.37 mmol) in HOAc (2 mL) at 0 °C was added NaOAc (95 mg), followed by Br ₂ (0.5 mL, 2.0M in HOAc). The mixture was stirred for 30 min. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and saturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer were dried over Na ₂ S04 and concentrated. The crude product was used for next reaction without further purification.

[00422] Step D. To a solution of the compound prepared in Step C and 4-N-Boc-Ph- boronic acid (88 mg, 0.37 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) were added Pd(OAc) ₂ , P(/Bu) ₃ -BF ₄ (3 mg), and K ₂ C0 ₃ (0,67 mL, 2 M in H ₂ 0). The mixture was heated at 1 20 °C for 1 hr. The mixture was then partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic layers were dried and concentrated to give a crude product as a yellow solid. The crude product was redissolved in THF/MeOH ( 1 / 1 , 5 mL), and Li OH (0.5 mL, 2.0 M) was added dropwise. After 30 min, the mixture was quenched with 1 N HC1 and partitioned between EtOAc/water. The organic layers were dried, concentrated, and purified by preparative HPLC to give compound A465 as a white solid. ESI-MS (m z): 641.0 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 29

3- {4-[5-(4-/eri-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-3-fluorophenyl }-2-[(5- /?-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A441

A441

[00423] Step A. 3-[3-Fluoro-4-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-2-[(5-/?-tolyl-fura n-2- carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid ethyl ester. To a solution of 3-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenyl)-2- [(5-/ tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid ethyl ester (900 mg, 2. 14 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added NaN (410 mg, 6.43 mmol) and NH ₄ C1 (410 mg, 6.43 mmol). The mixture was then stirred at 100 °C for about 24 hrs. The mixture was poured into 50 mL H ₂ 0, extracted with EtOAc, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered, concentrated, and purified with column chromatography to give the title compound (0.62 g, 62% yield).

[00424] Step B. 3-{ 4-[5-(4-^rt-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]- 3-fluoro-phenyl }-2-[(5-p olyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A441. To a solution of 3-[3-fluoro-4-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-2-[(5-/ tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid ethyl ester (0.37 g, 0.8 mmol) in THF and toluene (20 mL, 1 :4) were added pyridine (1 mL) and (4-chlorocarbonyl-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-b ly\ ester ( 1 .2 mmol). The mixture was then refluxed overnight. The mixture was concentrated, and added H ₂ 0 (30 mL) and EtOAc (50 mL). The organic layer was washed sequentially with 2N HC1, 2N NaOH, and brine, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered, and purified by column chromatography to give an intermediate ( 1 10 mg). The intermediate was treated with a mixture of 2N LiOH (2 mL) in THF (2 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred about 3 hrs. The mixture was then acidified with 2N HC1 to pH 7, extracted with DCM, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered, concentrated, and purified by HPLC to give the title compound. Ή NMR (400 MHz, CD ₃ OD) δ 1.55 (s, 9 H), 2.34 (s, 3 H), 3.29 (m, 1 H), 3.50 (m, I H), 4.97 (m, I H), 6.82 (m, 1 H), 7. 18 (m, I H), 7.22 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (m, 2 H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.98 (m, 3 H).

Example 30

3-[4-(2-Benzyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenylJ-2-[(5- -tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-aminoJ- propionic acid A418

A418

[00425] The title compound was prepared from 3-[3-fluoro-4-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)- phenyl]-2-[(5-/?-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid ethyl ester using the procedure as described in Example 1 . EI-MS (m/z): 526 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 31

5-[5-(4-½rf-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-2-[(5-p-tolyl-furan-2- carbonyl)-amino]-indan-2-carboxylic acid D4

D4 [00426] Step A. 5-Bromo-2-[ (5-/7-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-indan-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. To a solution of 5-/?-Tolyl-furan-2-carboxylic acid (0.66 g, 3.26 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) were added EDC (0.70 g, 3.64 mmol), HOBt( 10 mg), Et N ( 1.0 mL, 0.72 mmol), and 2-amino-5-bromoindan-2-carboxylate ( 1 .0 g, 3. 12 mmol) (see, EP 1849465). The mixture was then stirred overnight. The mixture was washed sequentially with 2N HCl, 2N NaOH, and brine, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered, and concentrated to obtain the title compound (0.68 g, 46% yield), which was used directly without further purification in the next step.

[00427] Step B. 5-Cyano-2-[(5-/ tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-indan-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. To a solution of 5-bromo-2-[(5-/7-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-indan-2- carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.60 g, 1 .20 mmol) in DMF ( 10 mL) were added CuCN (0.40 g, 4.5 mmol) and Pd(PPh ₃ ) ₄ (50 mg). The mixture was stirred under microwave-irradiation for 3 hrs. The mixture was poured into H ₂ 0 (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography to yield the title compound (0.45 g, 85% yield).

[00428] Step C. 5-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-2-[(5-p-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)- amino]-indan-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. To a solution of 5-cyano-2-[(5-p-tolyl-furan-2- carbonyl)-amino]-indan-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.40 g, 1 .00 mmol) in EtOH (30 mL) were added NH ₂ OH HCl (0.33 g, 5.0 mmol) and NaHC0 ₃ (0.30 g, 5 mmol). The mixture was stirred at reflux for 5 hrs. The mixture was then filtered, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography to yield the title compound (0.33 g, 77% yield).

[00429] Step D. 5-[5-(4-½ri-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-2- [(5-/7-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-indan-2-carboxylic acid D4. To a solution of 5-(N- hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-2-[(5-/?-tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino ]-indan-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.33 g, 0.8 mmol) in THF and toluene (20 mL, 1 :4) were added pyridine ( 1 mL) and (4-chlorocarbonyl-phenyl)-carbamic acid /erf-butyl ester ( 1.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture was then concentrated. H ₂ 0 (30 mL) and EtOAc (50 mL) were added. The organic layer was washed sequentially with 2N HCl, 2N NaOH, and brine, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered, and purified by column chromatography to give an intermediate ( 1 10 mg). The intermediate was treated with 2N LiOH (2 mL) in THF (2 mL). The resulting solution was stirred about 3 hrs. The solution was then acidified with 2N HCl to pH 7, extracted with DCM, dried over Na ₂ S0 ₄ , filtered, concentrated, and purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound. Ή NMR (400 MHz, CD ₃ OD) δ 1.56 (s, 9 H), 2.36 (s, 3 H), 3.62-3.65 (m, 2 H), 3.79-3.81 (m, 2 H), 6.82 (m, 1 H), 7.23 (m, 3 H), 7.41 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.66 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.73 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.96-8.00 (m, 2 H), 8.09 (d, 7 = 8.8 Hz, 1 H).

Example 32

3-{4-[5-(4-ierf-Butoxycarbonylarnino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-cyano-phenyl }-2-[(5- / olyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid A384

A384

[00430] To a solution of 3- { 3-bromo-4-[5-(4-it ^j /7-butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)- [ 1 ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-phenyl }-2-[(5-/ tolyl-furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-propionic acid (34 mg) and Pd(PPh ₃ ) ₄ (5 mg) in DMF (3 mL) was added Zn(CN) ₂ (20 mg) under argon. The mixture was heated at 1 20 °C for 2 hrs. The mixture was then concentrated under vacuum and purified by silica gel chromatography to give ethyl ester compound as a solid, which was then hydrolyzed with LiOH as described in Example 1 to furnish the title compound as a yellow solid. EI-MS (m/z): 634.0 (M+H) ⁺ .

Example 33

3- { 6-[5-(4-?£'r/-Butoxycarbonylamino-phenyl)-[ l ,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl]-pyridin-3-yl }-2-[(4'- methyl-biphenyl-3-carbonyl)-aminoJ-propionic acid C16

C16

[0043 1 ] The title compound was prepared using the procedure as described in Example

1 , substituting 2-fluoro-4-methylbenzonitrile with 5-methyl-pyridine-2-carbonitrile in Step A. Ή NMR (400 MHz, CD ₃ OD) 0 1 .53(s, 9H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 3.24-3.29 (m, I H), 3.50-3.55 (m, 1 H), 4.86-5.01 (m, IH), 7.19 (d, 2H), 7.47 (m, 3H), 7.59-7.73 (m, 6H), 7.90-7.96 (m, 2H), 8.06-8.14 (m, 3H), 8.62-8.63 (m, 1 H).

Example 34

Human GLP- 1 Receptor transfected cell assay

[00432] The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP I R) is a class B Gs-coupled membrane receptor, an agonist of which activates adenylate cyclase (AC) and elevates intracellular cAMP level. In turn, the high content of secondary messengers can activate the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), which can translocate into nucleus to activate gene transcription.

[00433] A reporter gene based screening assay was established to measure the effect of a compound on GLPI R. In this assay, a compound was incubated with CHO cells transiently transfected with a human GLP I R plasmid and a multiple response element (MRE)/cAMP response element (CRE)-driven luciferase reporter plasmid. Once luciferase was induced by the compound, its specific substrate can be activated to produce light signal for measurement.

[00434] Materials used in this assay included: (i) cell line: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (ATCC); (ii) fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Biochrom Co.); (iii) culture medium: RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen Co.) supplemented with 10% FBS; (iv) LIPOFECT AMINE™ 2000 Reagent (Invitrogen Co.); (v) plasmids: pCMV-human GLPI R and pGL3- 1905 reporter plasmid; (vi) GLP1 (7-36 amide) peptide (Sigma Co.); and (vii) BRIGHT-GLO™ Luciferase Assay System (Promega Co.).

[00435] Instruments used in this assay included: (i) Forma carbon dioxide incubator

(Thermo Forma Co.); and (ii) Flexstation 3 (Molecular Device Co.).

[00436] Before transfection, CHO cells were plated into a 6-well culture plate at

800,000/2 mL/well, and cultured at 37 °C in 5% C0 ₂ overnight. On the transfection day, cells were transfected with receptor plasmid and reporter plasmid using

LIPOFECTAMINE™ 2000 reagent. After 6-hour transfection, cells were digested and seeded into 96-well plates at 20,000 / 100 μίΛνεΙΙ. After 14- 16 hour incubation, transfected cells were washed with 100 serum-free RPMI 1640 medium first, and then added 50 of the culture medium. The GLP- 1 standard and test compounds were respectively diluted to a series of concentrations, which were then added into the above 96-well culture plate at 50 μίΛνεΙΙ. The cells were incubated at 37 °C in 5% C0 ₂ for 6 hrs. The activity of luciferase was detected using BRIGHT-GLO Luciferase Analytic System, and the reading was performed with a Flexstation3 plate reader machine.

Example 35

Insulin secretion assay

[00437] GLP- 1 stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose dependent manner via its receptor on beta cell. A rat insulinoma cell line (INS- 1 ) was employed to test efficacies of compounds on a native GLP- 1 receptor. This cell line secretes insulin in response to glucose concentrations in the physiological range.

[00438] Materials used in this assay included: (i) cell line: INS- 1 insulinoma cells

(ATCC); (ii) fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Biochrom Co.); (iii) culture medium: RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen Co.) supplemented with 10% FBS; (iv) 10 mM HEPES (Invitrogen Co.); (v) 4 mM L-glutamine (Invitrogen Co.); (vi) 1 mM Sodium pyruvate (Invitrogen Co.); (vii) 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (Invitrogen Co.); (viii) assay buffer: HEPES balanced salt solution (HBSS), containing 1 14 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM C1, 1 .2 mM KH ₂ P0 ₄ , 1.16 mM MgS0 ₄ , 20 mM HEPES, 2.5 mM CaCl ₂ , and 25.5 mM NaHC0 ₃ at pH 7.4 (adjusted with NaOH); (ix) glucose (Sigma Co.); (x) vine serum albumin (Sigma Co.); (xi) poly-lysine (Sigma Co.); (xii) GLP- 1 (7-36 amide) (Sigma Co.); and (xiii) insulin ELISA test kit (Xiamen Boson

Biotechnology Co., China).

[00439] Instruments used in this assay included: (i) Forma carbon dioxide incubator (Thermo Forma Co.); and (ii) Flexstation 3 (Molecular Device Co.).

[00440] INS- 1 cells were seeded at a density of 0.7-0.8 x lOVwell in 200 medium for a poly-lysine coated 96-well plate on Day 1 . Culture medium was changed on Day 3. The assay was performed on Day 4. INS- 1 cells were washed twice with HBSS containing 3 mM glucose. The first wash was just a quick rinse. For the second wash, the HBSS was left on cells for 2 hrs. Test compounds were then diluted to a series of concentrations in HBSS containing 15 mM glucose. GLP- 1 peptide ( 100 nM) was used as a standard control. For a 96-well plate, the test volume is 100 μΙ_Λνε11. Cells were incubated with test compounds for 1 hr. The supernatant was aspirated into equal volume of 2% BSA solution on ice for ELISA tests. Insulin was detected using the ELISA kit. The reading was performed on Flexstation at 463 nM. Example 36

Competitive binding assay

[00441] A homologous competitive binding assay was used to determine receptor affinity ( _< j) and density (Bmax) of test compounds. To ensure high-level of hGLP l receptor surface expression, GLP- 1 receptor membrane preparations were crude membrane

preparations from HEK-293C3 cell line, which stably expressed human GLP 1 receptor. The membrane preparations exhibited a K _d of 0.23 nM for [ ^{l 25} I]-GLP- l . A full agonist of GLP1 receptor, exendin-4, was used as a positive control.

[00442] Materials used in this assay included: (i) radioligand: [ ^{l 25} I] GLP- 1 (7-36)

(Perkin Elmer Co.); (ii) exendin-4 (Sigma Co.); (iii) scintillation liquid: Betaplate scint (Perkin Elmer Co.); (iv) filtermat: printed filtermat B (Perkin Elmer Co.); (vi) Sample bag (Perkin Elmer Co.); «

(v) cassette: Microbeta 1450- 104 (Perkin Elmer Co.); (vi) binding buffer: 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 5 mM MgCh, 1 mM CaCh, 2 mM EDTA, 0.02% Tween20, filtered and stored at 4 °C; adding aprotinin to prepare working assay buffer containing 5 ng mL aprotinin on the assay day;

(vii) wash buffer: 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 500 mM NaCI, 0.1 % BSA, and 0.05% Tween 20, filtered and stored at 4 °C; (viii) filtermat blocking buffer: 0.33% polyethyleneimine; and (ix) filtermat wash buffer: 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, and 0.5% BSA, filtered and stored at 4 °C.

[00443] Instruments used in this assay included: (i) Microbeta Plus 1450-01 1 (Wallac

Co.); (ii) heat sealer 1 295-01 2 (WALLAC Co.); and (iii) cell harvester 96 Mach III M

(Tomtec Co.).

[00444] Titrated unlabeled competitors were prepared in 50 ί binding buffer per well.

Unlabeled exendin 4 ( 100 nM) was used as a NSB control. A membranes solution was prepared in a concentration of 2-3 μg/well, and then combined with competitors and 50 pM [ ¹²⁵ I] GLP- 1 (7-36). The mixtures were put on a shaker for 10 min at 100 rpm and then incubated at room temperature for 60 min. Prior to filtration, a printed filtermat was coated with 20 mL of 0.33% polyethyleneimine for 40-60 min, and then washed with 30 niL filtermat wash buffer. The binding reaction mixtures were collected on the blocked filtermat using a cell harvester. The filtermat was then dried and sealed with scintillation liquid in a sample bag. After heat-sealing, the sample bag was placed into Microbeta filter cassette for counting.

[00445] The biological results are summarized in Tables I to 4, wherein A represents a value no smaller than 60%, B represents a value between 40 to 60%, C represents a value between 20 to 40%, D represents a value between 10 to 20%, and E represents a value no greater than 10%. The activity of each compound in the tables is expressed as a percentage of the activity of the control at the concentration specified therein.

TABLE I .

0000141

\

TABLE 2

TABLE 3.

TABLE 4

*J* *ί* Ί* *ΐ*

[00446] The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the claimed embodiments, and are not intended to limit the scope of what is disclosed herein. Modifications that are obvious to persons of skill in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference as if each such publication, patent or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incoiporated herein by reference.