BACKGROUND

Curing organic materials can be accomplished, e.g., by irradiation with ultraviolet or visible light. Achieving a proper irradiation curing requires efficient methods of initiating the chemical reaction responsible for the curing process. Photoinitiators may be used to effect curing of organic materials through generation of radical species upon irradiation with, e.g., UV light.

For materials used in the medical field, patient safety considerations limit the amount and type of substance which can leach (= be released) from a given material. There is a need for photoinitiators in which leaching of small molecules may be reduced or even eliminated. Additional important considerations include the curing time of the material to be cured, the curing method and the compatibility of the photoinitiator with other components of said material.

SUMMARY A photoinitiator is thus provided which incorporates a camphorquinone photoiniator moiety, i.e. a photoinitiator of the formula (I)

(I) in which R3, R4, R5 and R6 are selected from H or C1-C6 alkyl; wherein one of Rl, R2, R7 or R8 has a structure of formula (la) :

(la) in which : Zl is a linker comprising one or more linker units selected from a single bond, -0-, -S-, optionally-substituted -(C1-C12 alkylene)-, optionally-substituted -(C1-C12 alkenylene)-, -SO2-, -CO-, -NR'-, -Si(R')2-, optionally-substituted heterocyclyl and optionally-substituted aryl in which R' is H or Ci-Ce alkyl; wherein linker -Z1-, optionally in combination with -Z2-, comprises at least one sulfonamide, a sulfonic ester, a carboxamide or a carboxylate ester moiety;

Z2 is a trivalent nitrogen atom or Z2 is C(R"), in which R" is H or C1-C6 alkyl; provided that - when Z2 is a nitrogen atom - the linker unit in Zl adjacent to Z2 is -SO2- or -CO- ; each of XI and X2 are independently selected from a single bond, or a linker comprising one or more linker units selected from -0-, -S-, optionally-substituted -(C1-C12 alkylene)-, optionally-substituted -(C1-C12 alkenylene)-, -SO2-, -CO-, -NR'-, optionally-substituted heterocyclyl and optionally-substituted aryl in which R' is H or C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein XI and X2 may be linked to one another or to Zl to form one or more ring structures; and wherein the remaining Rl, R2, R7 and R8 are selected from H or C1-C6 alkyl. Further aspects of the invention are presented in the following specification and the dependent claims. DETAILED DISCLOSURE

Definitions

In the following, when a part of a molecule is described as "optionally substituted" it is meant that said part may be substituted by one or more substituents selected from : C1-C6 linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, aryl, -OH, -CN, -NO2, halogens, amines, amides, alcohols, ethers, thioethers, sulfones and derivatives thereof, sulfoxides and derivatives thereof, carbonates, isocyanates, nitrates and acrylates. Preferable substituents are C1-C6 linear alkyl, -OH, halogens, amines and alcohols. The term "heterocyclyl" means a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or in combination. Preferred heterocyclyls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms. The prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclyl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom, respectively, is present as a ring atom. The heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted as described above. The nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S- oxide or S,S-dioxide. Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, and tetrahydrothiopyranyl.

The term "alkylene" is used in the following to specify moieties derived from alkanes in which two H atoms have been removed to form a diradical species. The simplest alkylene is methylene -CH2-, and other alkylenes include ethylene -CH2-CH2-, propylene -C3H6- and butylene -C4H8- . The term "alkylene" includes branched, linear and cyclic alkylenes, with linear alkylenes being most preferred. An alkylene which is a C1-C12 alkylene is one which contains between 1 and 12 carbon atoms. Preferred alkylenes contain between 1 and 6 carbon atoms (i.e. C1-C6 alkylenes). The term "alkenylene" is used in the following to specify moieties derived from alkenes in which two H atoms have been removed to form a diradical species. Examples include ethenylene -CH2=CH2- and propenylene -C3H4- moieties. The term "alkenylene" includes branched, linear and cyclic alkenylene, with linear alkenylene being most preferred. The term "aryl" is used to define an unsaturated cyclic system which contains a delocalised n- electron system about the ring. Aryl groups may comprise from 4-12 atoms, suitably from 6- 8 atoms, most suitably 6 atoms. "Aryl" preferably comprises carbocyclic rings, and is preferably phenyl (-C6H5) .

The term "aryl" in the present invention is also used to include aromatic heterocycles, i.e. rings in which one or more atoms in the ring (e.g. 1-3 atoms) are N, S, P or 0. Aromatic heterocycles include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, isoxazoline, thiazole, thiazoline, isothiazole, isothiazoline (5- membered rings), pyridine, pyran, thiopyran (6-membered rings). The term "aryl" also includes fused ring systems.

When referring to a linker (e.g. Z, XI, X2), the term "aryl" is used to define moieties derived from arenes in which two H atoms have been removed to form a diradical species (i.e.

arylene). Examples include 1,2-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene and 1,4-phenylene.

In one aspect, a photoinitiator is provided which incorporates a camphorquinone

photoinitiator moiety.

The camphorquinone moieties are efficient in transforming light from a visible light source to reactive radicals which can abstract hydrogen atoms and other labile atoms and hence effect cross-linking. Radical photoinitiator moieties can be classified as either cleavable (Norrish type I reaction) or non-cleavable (of which the Norrish type II reaction is a special case, see e.g. A. Gilbert, J. Baggott: "Essentials of Molecular Photochemistry", Blackwell, London, 1991). Upon excitation, cleavable photoinitiator moieties spontaneously break down into two radicals, at least one of which is reactive enough to abstract a hydrogen atom from most substrates. Camphorquinone is an example of a cleavable photoinitiator moiety (Type-I). Addition of electron donors (such as amines) to such systems is not required but may enhance the overall efficiency of cleavable photoinitiator moieties.

The photoinitiator has the general formula (I) :

(I)

In formula (I), R3, R4, R5 and R6 are selected from H or Ci-Ce alkyl. Suitably, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are selected from H or methyl, more preferably H. In formula (I), one of Rl, R2, R7 or R8 has a structure of formula (la) :

Χ2 · ^■ OH

(la)

While the remaining Rl, R2, R7 and R8 are selected from H or C1-C6 alkyl. Furthermore, Rl and R2 may both be methyl. Suitably, it is R2, R7 or R8, preferably R7 or R8, which has a structure of formula (la).

In Formula (la), Zl is a linker comprising one or more linker units selected from a single bond, -0-, -S-, optionally-substituted -(C1-C12 alkylene)-, optionally-substituted -(C1-C12 alkenylene)-, -SO2-, -CO-, -NR'-, -Si(R')2-, optionally-substituted heterocyclyl and optionally- substituted aryl in which R' is H or Ci-Ce alkyl. Suitably, at least one linker unit in Zl is selected from -SO2-, -0- or -CO-, preferably -SO2- or -CO- . Linker -Z1-, optionally in combination with -7.1-, comprises at least one sulfonamide, a sulfonic ester, a carboxamide or a carboxylate ester moiety. This moiety forms part of the linker structure itself, rather than being part of a side chain or a pendant moiety.

In Formula (la), Z2 is a trivalent nitrogen atom or Z2 is C(R"), in which R" is H or C1-C6 alkyl; provided that - when Z2 is a nitrogen atom - the linker unit in Zl adjacent to Z2

Suitable structures for -Z1-Z2- may be selected from the group comprising;

-CO-N- ;

-CO-O-CR"- ;

-O-CO-CR"- ;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-S0 ₂ -N-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-CO-N- ;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-CO-0-CR"- ;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-0-CO-CR"-,

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-S0 ₂ -0-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-S0 ₂ -N R'-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-0-S0 ₂ -(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-N R'-S0 ₂ -(C1-C12 alkylene)-Z2-; -(C1-C12 alkylene)-CO-0-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-0-CO-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-; -(C1-C12 alkylene)-CO-NR'-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-; or -(C1-C12 alkylene)-NR'-CO-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-; preferably from -CO-N-;

-CO-O-CR"-;

-O-CO-CR";

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-S0 ₂ -N-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-CO-N-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-CO-0-CR"-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-0-CO-CR"-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-S0 ₂ -0-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-S0 ₂ -NR'-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-CO-0-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-; -(C1-C12 alkylene)-CO-NR'-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-; or more preferably from

-CO-N-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-S0 ₂ -N-; -(C1-C12 alkylene)-CO-N-;

-(C1-C12 alkylene)-S0 ₂ -0-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-; or -(C1-C12 alkylene)-CO-0-(Ci-Ci2 alkylene)-Z2-.

In one aspect, Z2 is N. In another aspect, Z2 is C(R"), in which R" is H, methyl or ethyl or propyl. In a further aspect, the -(C1-C12 alkylene)- linker unit in Zl is -(C1-C6 alkylene)-, such as propylene, ethylene or methylene.

Suitably, the linker Zl has a molecular weight of less than lOOOODa, suitably less than 5000Da, most suitably less than lOOODa. The linker Zl preferably comprises no more than 50 atoms, preferably no more than 30 atoms. In Formula (la), each of XI and X2 are independently selected from a single bond, or a linker comprising one or more linker units selected from -0-, -S-, optionally-substituted -(C1-C12 alkylene)-, optionally-substituted -(C1-C12 alkenylene)-, -SO2-, -CO-, -NR'-, optionally- substituted heterocyclyl and optionally-substituted aryl in which R' is H or C1-C6 alkyl; and XI and X2 may be linked to one another or to Zl to form one or more ring structures. In one aspect, XI and X2 are independent linkers comprising one or more linker units selected from -0-, -S-, optionally-substituted -(C1-C12 alkylene)-, -SO2-, -CO-, and -NR'- in which R' is H or C1-C6 alkyl; preferably one or more linker units selected from -0-, -S-, and optionally-substituted -(C1-C12 alkylene)-. The -(C1-C12 alkylene)- linker unit in XI and X2 may be -(C1-C6 alkylene)-, such as propylene, ethylene or methylene. In a preferred aspect, XI and X2 are independently -(C1-C12 alkylene)-; preferably -(C1-C6 alkylene)-, such as propylene, ethylene or methylene. Suitably, XI and X2 are the same.

In particular aspects, one of Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 or R8 is selected from the group consisting of:

Particular photoinitiators may be selected from the group comprising : EXAMPLES

EXPERI M EN TAL PROCED U RES

10-Camphorsulfonic acid 54.01 g

Selenium dioxide 38.7 g ( 1.5 eq.)

Dioxane (HPLC grade) 250 mL

Solid 10-camphorsulfonic acid was suspended in the dioxane solvent and the stirred mixture was refluxed for 120 hours (temperature was reduced from reflux to 60 °C overnight). An intense bright yellow solution and black solid were obtained. The grey/black solid was filtered off and the clear yellow solution was evaporated to a thick oily residue. The residue was dissolved in water (200 mL), acidified with 40 mL water + 20 mL 37% HCI. To the stirred slightly turbid yellow/orange solution was added overnight: 30 g sodium bisulfite (Na2S205/NaHS03) in 100 mL water. A turbid red-brown suspension was obtained. The suspension was warmed to 80°C for 1 h to convert the selenium into a black filterable form. The metallic selenium was filtered off and the aqueous filtrate was evaporated to an oil, which completely solidifies in the fridge overnight. The bright yellow solid was extracted with methanol (250 mL) . The white inorganics were filtered off and the bright yellow filtrate evaporated to dryness. The yellow solid shows very good purity on NMR. Further inorganic residues were removed by suspending the solid in warm tetrahydrofuran ( 1000 mL) and filtering. This provides a bright yellow solution which is evaporated to dryness to provide 10- camphorquinone sulfonic acid (45.8 g; 80% yield).

*H NMR (400 M Hz, DMSO-de) : 3.01 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 2.72 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.51 (m, 1H), 1. 11 (s, 3H), 0.83 (s, 3H) .

Synthesis of the camphorquinone- 10-sulfonyl chloride is described in : C. S. Pande, M . Pelzig, J . D. Glass, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 895-899, Feb 1980.

A modified procedure was carried out as follows:

• 60 mL thionyl chloride was added dropwise over 20 min into 100 mL cold DMF (ice/water cooled) .

• The solution was stirred for 30 min at 0°C. · Camphorquinone- 10-sulfonic acid (42 g) was added into the very pale yellow solution as a solid over 30 min.

• The yellow-brown reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3h.

• The lightly turbid yellow-brown reaction mixture was added dropwise into a rapidly stirred mixture of ice (800 g) and water (400 mL) . · The precipitated sand-yellow solid was filtered off rapidly at 0°C (fairly pale yellow liquor) and allowed to dry under high vacuum at ambient temperature. A sand-yellow powder product was obtained . m= 314.1 - 280.5 = 33.6 g (74%) .

• The product was stored in the freezer and reacted further within 10 days.

*H NMR (400 M Hz, CDC ) : 4.36 (d, J = 14.7 Hz, IH), 3.89 (d, J = 14.7 Hz, IH), 2.74 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, IH), 2.70-2.63 (m, IH), 2.38-2.29 (m, IH), 2.08-2.01 (m, IH), 1.81- 1.74 (m, IH), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.02 (s, 3H) .

¹³ C NMR ( 100 MHz, CDCb) : 198.91, 198.74, 77.16, 62.86, 59.59, 57.41, 44.52, 25.56, 22.00, 20.97, 18.24.

py.TsOH

Literature reference: J. Nat. Prod. 1 999 , 62, 963 - 968.

2-amino-2-methylpropane-l,3-diol 16.5849 g

DM F (anhydrous) 104 mL The 2-amino-2-methylpropane- l,3-diol was dissolved in dry DMF with stirring. Benzyl chloroformate (23.7 mL) was added dropwise over approximately 20 min with ice/water cooling . A strong exotherm is observed and HCI gas is released . The colourless reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature overnight under calcium chloride moisture exclusion. To the colourless clear solution was added 2,2-dimethoxypropa ne (45 mL) and pyridinium p-toluene sulfonate ( 1.24 g) and stirred at ambient temperature for 48 h. The reaction mixture was slowly added into a solution of sodium bicarbonate (40 g) in water/ice (800 mL) . Purity of the product was checked by TLC (AcOEt 100%) . The aqueous phase was extracted again with AcOEt (2x200 mL), the organic phase was re-extracted with water to remove the starting aminodiol, dried and evaporated to dryness. The oily residue was dried at 70°C in vacuo to remove most of the benzyl chloride by-product. The oil partially crystallizes in the fridge over 60h. Hexane (50 mL) was added to complete the solidification of the product, the colourless crystals were filtered off and washed with hexane ( 100 mL) . The product was dried by passing air through at ambient on the sinter. This provides the desired product benzyl (2,2,5-trimethyl- l,3-dioxan-5-yl)carbamate as fine crystalline colourless needles. Yield = 16.756 g (38%) .

^J H NMR (400 M Hz, CDC ) : 7.37-7.29 (m, 5H), 5.35 (bs, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 3.90 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 2H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 3H) .

r.t.

Benzyl (2,2,5-trimethyl-l,3-dioxan-5-yl)carbamate from previous step 16.756 g

Ammonium formate 19.1 g

Methanol (HPLC) 250 mL

Palladium on carbon (10%) 1.75 g

The solid benzyl (2,2,5-trimethyl-l,3-dioxan-5-yl)carbamate was added into methanol (most of the solid is not dissolved), then Pd/C was added. With rapid stirring, portions of the solid ammonium formate were added into the reaction mixture under a stream of nitrogen over approximately 30 min (slight evolution of gas, no visible exotherm). The reaction was allowed to stir overnight at ambient temperature. TLC (AcOEt/hexane 3:10) confirms complete disappearance of the starting material. The Pd/C was filtered off, washed with methanol and the colourless filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The oil obtained quickly solidifies. The solid was redissolved in water (150 mL), the pH was adjusted to 13 with NaOH and the solution was saturated with sodium sulfate. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (5x100 mL). Evaporation provides 2,2,5-trimethyl-l,3-dioxan-5-amine as a colourless liquid, m = 7.2 g (83% yield).

*H NMR (400 MHz, CDC ): 3.74 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 1H), 1.76 (bs, 2H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.00 (s, 3H).

2,2,5-trimethyl-l,3-dioxan-5-amine from previous reaction 2.08 g

Pyridine anhydrous) 40 mL

Camphorquinone-10-sulfonyl chloride (97%, purchased from Carbosynth Ltd.) 1.2897 g

The camphorquinone-10-sulfonyl chloride solid was charged into the pyridine solution of 2,2,5-trimethyl-l,3-dioxan-5-amine over 20 min with cooling, then it was allowed to stir overnight at ambient temperature. The bright yellow reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL) and extracted with water (3x100 mL). The yellow organic extract was dried and evaporated to provide a bright yellow glassy solid which was used in the next step without further purification.

*H NMR (400 MHz, CDC ) : 5.87 (s, IH), 3.98 (dd, J = 12.5, 2.9 Hz, IH), 3.87-3.83 (m, 2H), 3.74 (dd, J = 12.3, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 3.26 (d, J = 14.9 Hz, IH), 2.68 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, IH), 2.58- 2.46 (m, IH), 2.29-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.75- 1.68 (m, IH), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.14 (s, 3H), 0.99 (s, 3H).

Water/THF 25 mL/25 mL

Methanesulfonic acid ..0.4 mL

The crude material from the previous step was dissolved in the THF/water mixture and the clear bright yellow solution was stirred at ambient temperature with exclusion of light overnight. TLC (AcOEt/DCM 1 : 5) confirmed the near quantitative conversion to 1 polar product. Sodium bicarbonate (5 g) was added to the reaction mixture in order to neutralise the acid. After stirring for 5 min the reaction mixture was partitioned between water (150 mL) and ethyl acetate (150 mL). The pale yellow aqueous phase (pH 8) was extracted again with ethyl acetate ( 100 mL), the organic phases were combined, dried (Na2S0 ₄ ) and evaporated to dryness. The viscous residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and chromatographed on silica (eluent: AcOEt/DCM 1 : 10 - 1 : 0). The main yellow band was collected and evaporated to dryness, m = 0.9 g (55% yield over two steps). This yields the desired product N-(l,3-dihydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)-l-(7,7-dimethyl-2,3- dioxobicyclo[2.2. l]hept- l-yl)methanesulfonamide as a bright yellow glassy material that solidifies on standing.

Melting point (@ 1.0°C/min) : 108-117°C

*H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) : 0.95 (s, 3H), 1.18 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.62-1.69 (m, 1H), 1.92-2.00 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.67 (m, 2H), 3.44 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.60- 3.67 (m, 4H), 3.78 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H).

¹³ C NMR (100 MHz, CD3OD) : 18.17, 19.60, 21.30, 22.88, 26.90, 44.97, 53.00, 58.78, 60.48, 62.28, 66.50, 66.57, 202.27, 202.66.

E f _m = 1.012 (@ 461 nm in methanol)

10-camphorquinone sulfonic acid (30 g) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (100 mL) under nitrogen and the solution was cooled with ice/water. Thionyl chloride (100 mL) was added over 1 hour with ice cooling and exclusion of light. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h and then carefully added dropwise into ice/water (2000 mL) over 30 minutes. The ice-cold suspension was extracted with dichloromethane (2*300 mL), the organic phase was dried and filtered to remove any solids. A bright yellow clear solution is obtained. This solution of crude 10-camphorquinone sulfonyl chloride is added into an ice- cooled, rapidly stirred mixture of diethanolamine (58.4 g) and dichloromethane (50 mL) over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is then allowed to stir for 16 h at ambient temperature. The near complete conversion of the 10-camphorquinone sulfonyl chloride is confirmed by TLC. The reaction mixture is partitioned between dichlormethane and water/NaCI. The organic phase was separated, dried and evaporated to dryness. Purification by column

chromatography provided the desired product as a viscous yellow oil (6.1 g; 15%).