BACKGROUND

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to photovoltaic (PV) string power systems. A PV string includes a plurality of PV panels, also known as solar panels, coupled together, Each PV panel converts solar energy into direct current (DC) power. A power converter, sometimes referred to as a DC-DC optimizer, a string optimizer, or a DC-DC converter, coupled to the output of the PV string may regulate the output voltage of the PV string within a range of 0V and open circuit voltage of the PV string. In order to maximize the power output of a PV string, the power converter controls the output voltage of the PV string to correspond to a maximum power point voltage, where the PV string outputs peak power given environmental conditions and other factors.

[0002] Certain PV power systems use a single power converter coupled to a plurality of

PV strings to operate all PV strings at one maximum power point voltage; however, due to differences in environmental conditions or other factors between PV strings, multiple PV strings operating a one output voltage may not be outputting power at a maximum power point, Other PV power systems use a separate power converter for each PV string or each PV panel to operate each PV string at a different maximum power point voltage.

[0003] Existing PV string optimizers suffer from a number of shortcomings and disadvantages, There remain unmet needs including reducing power losses, reducing string optimizer complexity, increasing string optimizer reliability, and decreasing string optimizer costs. For example, full power converters, or converters having a rating greater than the power output by a PV string or PV siring array, are used to convert all the power received from a power source, requiring expensive hardware and generating high power losses compared to partial power converter, In another example, isolation devices used by partial power converters, increase the cost and size of the string optimizer. There is a significant need for the unique apparatuses, methods, systems and techniques disclosed herein, DISCLOSURE OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

[0004] For the purposes of clearly, concisely and exactly describing non-limiting exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, the manner and process of making and using the same, and to enable the practice, making and use of the same, reference will now be made to certain exemplary embodiments, including those illustrated in the figures, and specific language will be used to describe the same. It shall nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the present disclosure is thereby created, and that the present disclosure includes and protects such alterations, modifications, and further applications of the exemplary embodiments as would occur to one skilled in the art with the benefit of the present disclosure.

SUMMARY

[0005] Exemplary embodiments include unique systems, methods, techniques and apparatuses for photovoltaic (PV) power generation optimization.. Further embodiments, forms, objects, features, advantages, aspects and benefits of the disclosure shall become apparent from the following description and drawings,

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] Fig. 1 Is a circuit diagram illustrating an exemplary photovoltaic power system.

[0007] Fig. 2 is an equivalent circuit diagram illustrating the exemplary photovoltaic power system in Fig. 1.

[0008] Fig, 3 is a graph illustrating maximum power point tracking by a conventional photovoltaic power system,

[0009] Figs. 4-5 are graphs illustrating maximum power point tracking by an exemplary

DC-DC optimizer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

[0010] With reference to .Fig, 1 , there is illustrated an exemplary photovoltaic (PV) power system. 100 including a plurality of PV strings 110 coupled to a DC-DC optimizer 130, It shall be appreciated that system 100 may be implemented in a variety of applications, including residential PV power systems or PV power plant collection systems, also known as PV farms, to name but a few examples. It shall also be appreciated that the topology of system 100 is illustrated for the purpose of explanation and is not intended as a limitation of the present disclosure, System 100 may include more or less PV strings 1 10, more or less PV panels in each PV string, and more or less input legs in DC-DC optimizer 130, to name but a few examples, In certain embodiments, DC-DC optimizer is integrated into a cpmbiner box of a PV farm.

[001 1] In tlie illustrated embodiment, the plurality ofPV strings 1 10 includes PV string

1 1 1 , PV string 1 13, PV string 1 15, and PV string 117. Each illustrated PV string includes four PV panels coupled in series, In other embodiments, the plurality of PV strings 1 10 may include more or less PV strings, PV strings with more or less PV panels, one PV string with a different number of PV panels compared to a second PV string, a PV string with PV panels coupled in parallel, or a PV string replaced with a single PV panel, Each PV panel of the plurality of PV strings 1 10 is structured to generate DC power from photovoltaic energy and output the generated DC power. In certain embodiments, one or more strings of the plurality of PV strings may be replaced by an energy storage device, such as a battery pack or capacitor bank to name but a few examples,

[0012] One end of each PV string of the plurality of PV strings 1 10 is coupled to ground

105 and an output terminal 103. The ends of the PV strings coupled to ground 105 are coupled together in a wye configuration, In another embodiment, the plurality of PV strings 1 10 are coupled to ground 105 by way of DC-DC optimizer 130 such that output terminal 101 is coupled to ground 105 instead of output terminal 103, In certain embodiments, neither output terminal 101. nor output terminal. 103 is earth grounded.

[0013] A second end of each PV string of the plurality of PV strings 1 10 is operatively coupled to DC-DC optimizer 130 by way of a plurality of filters 120 including filters 121, 123, 125, and 127. Specifically, PV string 111 is coupled to filler 121 , PV string 1 13 is coupled to filter 123, PV siring 1 15 is coupled to filter 1.25, and PV string 1 17 is coupled to filter 127, In the illustrated embodiment, each filter of the plurality of filters 120 is an LC filter including an inductor and a capacitor. Filter 121 includes inductor 121a and capacitor 121b, filter 1.23 includes inductor 123a and capacitor 123b, filter 125 includes inductor 125a and capacitor 125b, and filter 127 .includes inductor 127a and capacitor 127b, Inductor 12.1a is coupled between PV siring 1 1 1 and. DC-DC optimizer 130, capacitor 121b is coupled between PV siring 1 1 1 and. ground 105, inductor 123a is coupled between PV string 1 13 and DC-DC optimizer 130, capacitor 123b is coupled between PV string 113 and ground 105, inductor 125a is coupled between PV string 115 and DC-DC optimizer 130, capacitor 125b is coupled between PV string 115 and ground 105, inductor 127a is coupled between PV string 1 17 and DC-DC optimizer 130, and capacitor 1.27b is coupled between PV string 117 and ground 105.

[0014] The plurality of filters 120 is structured to smooth, or reduce ripple in, DC power received from the plurality of PV strings 100 with DC-DC optimizer 110. In other embodiments, the plurality of filters 120 does not include capacitors 121b, 1.23b, 125b, or 127b or replaces the capacitors with another type of capacitive element In other embodiments, system 100 does not include the inductors of the plurality of filters 120 and instead operates DC-DC optimizer 130 such that line impedance, also known as parasitic impedance, of the lines coupling the plurality of PV strings 1 10 and DC-DC optimizer 130 is a sufficient inductive element to filter power output from the plurality of PV strings .1 10.

[0015] DC-DC optimizer 130 includes DC bus rails 132 and 134, neither of which are grounded, Each DC bus rail may be a single terminal or a series of coupled terminals, to name but a few examples, DC-DC optimizer 130 is structured to receive DC power from PV string .1 1 1 including current DC power from P V string 1 13 Including current Im, DC power from PV string 1 15 including current Ins, and DC power from PV string 1 17 including current In?. The magnitudes of currents are controlled by the maximum power point tracking operation of the input legs, as explained in more detail below, Operation of the input legs of DC-DC optimizer .130 generates a floating voltage Vnom across DC bus rails 132 and 134, and operation of output leg 139 outputs DC power with a voltage V _out across system output terminals 101 and 103,

[0016J V _float is always less than the rated voltage V _dc of DC-DC optimizer 130, In a preferred embodiment, V _dc is significantly less than Vom during normal operation. For example, Vde of DC-DC optimizer 130 may Ire 120V while. V _out is 500V during normal operation, In another example, V _dc may be equal to or less than 25% of V _out during normal operation. In this way, DC-DC optimizer 130 only processes a fraction of the total power output by system 100, allowing the use of smaller passive components and hardware with reduced power ratings compared to a fully -rated power converter.

[0017] Voltage rating is determined based on cost and efficiency considerations. A lower voltage V _dc reduces the power rating requirements of the semiconductor switching devices of the input legs, but a higher voltage V _dc allows a wider range of maximum power point voltages, resulting in higher efficiency at extreme partial shading conditions.

[0018] DC-DC optimizer 130 includes one input leg for each PV string of the plurality of

PV strings 1 10 structured to revel ve DC power from the plurality of PV strings 110, step up or step down the voltage of tire received DC power, and output the converted power to DC bus rails 132 and 134. In the illustrated embodiment, DC-DC optimizer 130 .includes input legs 131, 133, 135, and 137. Each leg is coupled across DC bus rails 132 and 134. Leg 131 includes

semiconductor switching device 131a coupled in series with semiconductor switching device 131 c at midpoint connection 131 b, also .known as an input terminal. PV string 1 1 1 is coupled to midpoint connection 131 b by way of inductor 121a. Leg 133 includes semiconductor switching device 133a coupled in series with semiconductor switching device 133c at midpoint connection 133b. PV string 1 13 is coupled to midpoint connection 133b by way of inductor 123a. Leg 135 includes semiconductor switching device 135a coupled in series with semiconductor switching device 135c at midpoint connection 1 35b. PV string 1 15 is coupled to midpoint connection 135b by way of inductor 125a. Leg 137 includes semiconductor switching device 137a coupled in series with semiconductor switching device 137c at midpoint connection 137b, PV string 117 is coupled to midpoint connection 137b by way of inductor 127a. In certain embodiments, one or more legs may include a multi-level topology other than the illustrated two level topology, such as a three-level neutral point clamped topology, a three level active neutral point clamped topology, a three level flying capacitor topology, or a three level cascade topology, to name but a few examples.

[0019] In the illustrated embodiment, the semiconductor switching devices of DC-DC optimizer 130 are metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). In other embodiments, the semiconductor switching devices of DC-DC optimizer 130 may include insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs), MOS-controlled thyristors (MCTs), integrated gate-commutated thyristors (IGCTs), silicon carbide (SiC) switching devices, gallium nitride (GaN) switching devices, or any other type of switch structured to selectively control the flow of electric current. In certain embodiments, a semiconductor switching device is coupled in an anti-parallel configuration with a freewheeling diode, In certain embodiments, the switching frequency of the semiconductor switching devices of DC-DC optimizer 130 is greater than or equal to 20 kHz,

[0020] In the illustrated embodiment, DC-DC optimizer 130 includes a floating capacitor 138 structured to reduce transients in voltage V _float and store energy received from the plurality of input legs. Floating capacitor 1.38 may be replaced by a plurality of capacitors, In certain embodiments, DC-DC optimizer 130 includes an additional energy storage device coupled across DC bus rails 132 and 134, The additional energy storage device may include one or more batteries, one or more super capacitors, or a capacitor bank, to name but a few examples.

[0021] DC-DC optimizer 130 includes an output leg 139 structured to receive DC power from DC bus rails 132 and 134, step up or step down the voltage of the received power, and output the modified DC power to output terminal 101. by way of filter 141 , Output leg .139 includes a semiconductor switching device 139a coupled in series with semiconductor switching device 139c at DC-DC optimizer output terminal 139b, system output terminal 10.1 is coupled to DC-DC optimizer output terminal 139b by way of filter 141. In certain embodiments, system 100 does not include filter 141. In certain embodiments, output terminals 101 and 103 are coupled to an inverter structured to receive DC power from output terminals .101 and 103 and convert the received DC power to AC power,

[0022] In certain embodiments, DC-DC optimizer 130 includes more than one output leg,

Each output leg may be operated so as to the provide parallel current paths in order to reduce rating requirements of the semiconductor switching devices of the output legs,

[0023] In certain embodiments, system 100 includes a plurality of bypass legs, each coupled to one o.f the P V strings 110 and to output terminal 101, each bypass leg including a semiconductor switching device controlled by controller 1 50 and structured to selectively couple each. E’V string to output terminal 101 in response to a DC-DC optimizer 130 failure such as a malfunction within the input leg being bypassed.

[0024] System 100 includes a controller 150 coupled to the semiconductor switching devices of DC-DC optimizer 130 by way of a plurality of channels 1 51, Controller 150 transmits an activation signal representing a switching duty cycle to each leg of DC-DC optimizer 130 such that controller 150 may operate each leg with a different duty cycle, For example, controller 150 may operate input leg 131. with a 60% duty cycle, meaning device 131 a is closed and device 131 c is opened for approximately 60% of the time period of the duty cycle, following by device 131a being opened and device 131 c being closed for the remainder of the time period of the duty cycle, By adjusting the duty cycle for each leg in a range from 0 to 100%, controller 150 can adjust the equivalent voltage of the phase leg in a range from 0 to V _dc . In certain embodiments, controller .150.may interleave, or shift, the times periods of the duty cycles for each leg so as to reduce power ripples on DC bus rails 132 and 134 and capacitor 138,

[0025] Controller 150 is structured to operate the semiconductor switching devices of

DC-DC optimizer 130 so as to receive DC power from the plurality of PV strings 110 and output

DC power to output terminal 101 , As explained in more detail below, controller 150 is structured to operate the semiconductor switching devices of input legs .131, 133, 135, and 137 so as to track the maximum power point of at least one PV string of the plurality of PV strings 110. Maximum power point tor each PV string may be vary due to different physical characteristics of each PV pane], such as panel construction and manufacturing tolerance, or due to changes in environmental conditions, such as irradiance level, partial shading, temperature, and panel alignment with the sun, to name but a few examples, Controller 150 is structured to operate the semiconductor switching devices of output leg 139 so as to balance the floating voltage V _float of DC-DC optimizer 130. It shall be appreciated that any or all of the foregoing features of system 100 may also be present in the other power systems disclosed herein.

[0026] With reference to Fig. 2, there is an equivalent circuit diagram of power system.

100 illustrating voltage relationships within an exemplary power system 200, Power system 200 includes a plurality of PV strings 210 coupled to a DC-DC optimizer 220. The plurality of PV strings 210 includes PV string 211 , PV string 213 , PV string 215, and P V string 217. DC-DC optimizer 220 is coupled between the plurality of PV strings 210 and output terminal 201 , The plurality of P V strings 210 arc also coupled to a ground.205 and a second output terminal 203,

[0027] DC power received from PV string 21 1 includes an. equivalent voltage 221 , DC power received from PV string 213 includes an equivalent voltage 223, DC power received from

PV string 215 includes an equivalent voltage 225, DC power received from PV string 217 includes an equivalent voltage 227, DC power transmitted to output terminal 201 by DC-DC optimizer 220 includes an equivalent voltage 226. [0028] Each equivalent voltage 221, 223, 225, and 227 is determined by the switching operation of the input leys coupled to each PV string of the plurality of PV strings 210, Since each PV string may have a different maximum power point voltage, the duty cycles controlling each input leg may be different and the equivalent voltages of DC power received from the PV strings may also be different. When the maximum difference in equivalent voltages 221, 223, 225, and 227 is less than the rated voltage V _dc of DC-DC optimizer 220, the input legs of DC-DC optimizer can be operated so that all input legs receive DC power from a PV string at the maximum power point of the PV string. When the maximum difference in equivalent voltages 221 , 223, 225, and 227 is greater than the rated voltage of DC-DC optimizer 220, at least one leg will not receive DC power at a maximum power point,

[0029] In response to the maximum power point tracking operation of the input legs, DC-

DC optimizer 220 controls the equivalent voltage 226 using the output leg so that the net power of DC-DC optimizer 220 is zero. The duty cycle of the output leg is controlled to ensure floating voltage Vnimi is balanced.

[0030] With continuing reference to Fig. 1 , in order balance voltage Viioit, the average input current and average output current must be equal, as illustrated by the following equation, where Ik is the average input current for the kth PV string, D _k is the duty cycle for the kth input leg coupled to the kth PV string, l _out is the average output current, and D _out is the duly cycle of output leg 139;

Given that;

Voltage V _float is balanced by adjusting the duty cycle of output leg 139 based on the following equation;

[0031] With reference to Fig. 3 there is a graph 300 illustrating operation of a

conventional DC-DC optimizer structured to receive power from two PV strings, Graph 300 includes a power-voltage (P-V) curve 303 for a PV string receiving full sunlight,, a P-V curve 305 for a PV string experiencing 30% shading, and a combined P-V curve 301. Shading may occur, for example, when a PV string is located next to a tree casting a shadow on some of the PV panels. P-V curve 303 includes a maximum power point 303a at 610V. P-V curve 305 includes a maximum power point 305a at 490V, and combined P-V curve 301 includes a maximum power point 301a at 500V. The conventional DC-DC optimizer determines the maximum power point of the PV strings according to P-V curve 301 , and therefore controls the output of each. PV string so as to output DC power with an. output voltage 307 of 500V. The combined output of the PV strings is 13.6kW,

[0032] With reference to Fig. 4, there is a graph 400 illustrating operation of an exemplary DC-DC optimizer, such as DC-DC optimizer 130 in Fig. 1, structured to receive DC power from two PV strings. Graph 400 includes P-V curve 401 for a PV string receiving full sunlight, P-V curve 403 for a PV string experiencing 30% shading. It is important to note P-V curve 401 is the same as P-V curve 303 in graph 300 and P-V curve 403 is the same as P-V curve 305 in graph 300. P-V curve 401 includes a maximum power point 401 a at 610V. P-V curve 403 includes a maximum power point 403a at 490V,

[0033] Graph 400 also includes voltage range V _dc representing the voltage rating of DC-

DC optimizer 1.30, .120V. Since the difference between the voltages at maximum power points

401a and 403a is equal to 120V, controller 150 may operate the input legs coupled to each PV string so as to operate at maximum power points 401 a and 403a. Graph 400 illustrates output voltage Voui at 550V. As a result, the combined output, of the PV strings is 14.5 kW, a 6,7% increase in power output compared to the conventional optimizer operation illustrated in Fig. 3.

[0034] With reference to Fig. 5, there is a graph 500 illustrating operation of an exemplary .DC-DC optimizer, such as DC-DC optimizer 130 in Fig. 1 , structured to receive DC power from three PV strings. Graph 500 includes P-V curve 501 for a PV string receiving full sunlight, P-V curve 503 for a PV string experiencing partial shading, and P-V curve 505 for a PV string receiving full sunlight. P-V curve 501 includes a maximum power point 50.1a at 610V. P- V curve 503 includes a maximum power point 503a at 490V. P-V curve 505 includes a maximum power point 505a at 650V,

[0035] Graph 500 also includes voltage range V _dc representing the voltage rating of DC-

DC optimizer 130, 120V, Since the difference between the voltages at maximum power points

401a and 405a is greater than 120V, controller .150 will not track the maximum power point for each PV string. Instead, controller 150 tracks the maximum power point for the PV strings associated with curves 501 and 503, and controls the output of PV string associated with P-V curve 505 so that the output voltage is as close to maximum power point 505a as possible, in this case 610V.

[0036] In order to determine which PV strings to operate at their respective maximum power points and which PV string to operate at a point other than maximum power point, controller 1.50 may consider a plurality of operating point combinations and calculate an estimated combined power output, Controller I SO then selects which PV strings to operate at maximum power point and which PV strings to operate at a different point within the operating point range defined by Vd< using the combination with the highest estimated combined power output,

[0037] Further written description of a number of exemplary embodiments shall now be provided. One embodiment is a photovoltaic (PV) power system comprising: a plurality of PV strings each including a first end and a second end, the first end of each PV string of the plurality of PV strings being coupled together; and a floating DC-DC optimizer comprising: a first DC bus rail, a second DC bus rail, a plurality of input legs, each leg being coupled across the first DC bus rail and second DC bus rail, including two input leg semiconductor switches coupled at an input terminal, each input terminal being structured to receive an input current from the second end of one P V string of the plurality of PV strings, and an output leg including two output leg semiconductor devices coupled at an output terminal.

[00381 In certain forms of the foregoing PV power system, the system comprises a plurality of filters, wherein each filter is coupled between one second end of one PV string of the plurality of PV strings and the input terminal of one input leg of the plurality of input legs, In certain forms, the first end of each PV string in the plurality of PV strings are coupled to a ground, In certain forms, the floating DC-DC optimizer includes a capacitor coupled across the first DC bus rail and the second DC bus rail, wherein a controller is structured to operate the two input leg semiconductor switches of the plurality of input legs and the two output leg

semiconductor switches elective to balance a floating DC voltage across the capacitor, In certain forms, the plurality of PV strings includes a first PV string and a second PV string and the plurality of input legs includes a first input leg coupled to the first PV string and a second input leg coupled to the second PV string, wherein the controller is structured to operate the two input semiconductor switches of the first input leg so as to receive DC power from the first PV string with a first voltage corresponding to a maximum power point voltage of the first PV string, wherein the controller is structured to operate the two input semiconductor switches of the second input leg so as to receive DC power from the second PV string with a second voltage corresponding to a maximum power point voltage of the second PV string, and wherein the first voltage is not equal to the second voltage, in certain forms, the floating DC voltage is less than a rated DC voltage of the floating DC-DC optimizer, and wherein the rated DC voltage of the floating DC-DC optimizer is less than or equal to 25% of an output voltage across the output terminal and the first ends of the plurality of PV strings during normal operation, In certain forms, the plurality of PV strings includes a third PV string and the plurality of input legs includes a third input leg coupled to the third PV string, wherein the controller is structured to operate the two input semiconductor switches of the third input leg so as to receive DC power from the third PV string with a third voltage not corresponding to a maximum power point of the third PV string, wherein the difference between the first voltage and the second voltage is less than the rated DC voltage, but the difference between the first voltage and third voltage is greater than the rated DC voltage. In certain forms, the controller is structured to balance the floating DC voltage by operating the two output leg semiconductor switches such that a sum of the input currents received by each input leg is equal to an output current output at the output terminal. In certain forms, the controller is structured to operate the two input semiconductor switches of the first input leg in an interleaved manner relati ve to the two input sem iconductor switches of the second input leg, In certain forms, the controller is structured to operate the two output semiconductor switches using a first duty cycle equal to sum of the average input current multiplied by the duty cycle for each input leg divided by the sum of the average input currents, In certain forms, the system comprises an energy storage device including a first end coupled to the first ends of the plurality of PV strings, wherein the DC-DC optimizer includes an energy storage device input leg including an input terminal, wherein the energy storage device input leg is coupled to the energy storage device and the first and second DC bus rail, and wherein a controller is structured to operate the energy storage device input leg so as to provide the first and second DC bus rail with power from the energy storage device, In certain forms, the DC-DC optimizer includes a plurality of bypass legs each coupled between one input terminal of one input leg of the plurality of input legs and the output terminal, wherein a controller is structured to allow current to flow through one of the bypass legs in response to detecting a fault within the bypassed input leg of the DC-DC optimizer.

[0039] Another exemplary embodiment is a floating DC-DC optimizer comprising: a plurality of input legs coupled in parallel, each including two input semiconductor switching devices coupled at an input terminal, and structured to receive DC power from a PV string at each input terminal; an ungrounded floating capacitor coupled in parallel with the plurality of input legs; and an output leg coupled in parallel with the floating capacitor and including two output semiconductor switching devices coupled at an output terminal.

[0040] In certain forms of the foregoing DC-DC opt imizer, the optimizer comprises a controller structured to operate the two input semiconductor switching devices of each input leg of the plurality of input legs and the two output semiconductor switching devices effective to balance a total input current received with the DC-DC optimizer and an output current output by the DC-DC optimizer, In certain forms, the controller is structured to operate the two output semiconductor switches using a first duty cycle equal to sum of the average input current multiplied by the duty cycle for each input leg divided by the sum of the average input currents. In certain forms, the plurality of input legs includes a first input leg coupled to a first PV string- including a first maximum power point voltage, a second input leg coupled to a second PV string including a second maximum power point voltage, and a third PV string coupled to a third PV string including a third maximum power point voltage, wherein the DC-DC optimizer is structured to operate the plurality of input legs at a rated voltage, and wherein the controller operates the first input leg at the first maximum power point voltage, the second input leg at the second maximum power point voltage, and the third string at an output voltage other than the third maximum power point voltage, and wherein the difference between the first maximum power point voltage and the third maximum power point voltage is greater than the rated voltage, in certain forms, the two semiconductor switching devices of each input leg include gallium nitride or silicon carbide switching devices, and wherein the controller is structured to filter the DC power received from the PV strings using a switching frequency of the two semiconductor switching devices of each input leg, In certain forms, the controller operates each .input leg by transmitting activation signals .including duty cycles to each input semiconductor switching devices, and wherein a first duty cycle of a first input leg is time-shifted relative to a second duty cycle of a second input leg, In certain forms, the optimizer comprises an energy storage device input leg including an input terminal, wherein the energy storage device input leg is coupled to an energy storage device, and wherein a controller is structured to operate the energy storage device input leg so as to receive power from the energy storage device, In certain forms, the DC- DC optimizer includes a plurality of bypass legs each coupled between one input terminal of one PV string the output terminal, wherein a controller is structured to allow current to flow through one of the bypass legs in response to detecting a fault within the bypassed input leg of the DC- DC optimizer,

[0041] A further exemplary embodiment is a method for generating DC power comprising: operating a floating DC-DC optimizer including a DC bus, a plurality of controllable input legs coupled across the DC bus, a floating capacitor coupled across the DC bus, and a controllable output leg, each of the controllable input legs being coupled to one PV string of a plurality of PV strings; tracking a first maximum power point voltage of a first PV string of the plurality of PV strings using a first controllable input leg of the plurality of controllable input- legs coupled to the first PV string; tracking a second maximum power point voltage of a second PV string of the plurality of PV strings using a second controllable input leg of the plurality of controllable input legs, the second maximum power point voltage being different that the first maximum power point voltage; and balancing a voltage across the DC bus using the controllable output leg.

[0042] In certain forms of the foregoing method, the method comprises determining a rated voltage of the flouting DC-DC optimizer; determining, a difference between a third maximum power point voltage of a third PV string of the plurality of PV strings and the first maximum power point voltage is greater than a rated voltage of the floating DC-DC optimizer; and operating a controllable third input leg of the plurality of controllable input legs at a first voltage within the rated voltage of the first maximum power point and within the rated voltage value of the second maximum power point. In certain forms, the rated voltage is equal to or less than.25% of a voltage across the plurality of PV strings and an output terminal of the output leg, In certain forms, balancing the voltage across the DC bus comprises: measuring an input current from each PV string of the plurality of PV strings; calculating an output leg duty cycle using the measured input currents; and operating the controllable output leg using the output leg duty cycle, In certain forms, calculating the output leg duty cycle using the measured currents comprising: determining an input leg duty cycle for each controllable input leg of the plurality of controllable input legs; generating a set of current values by multiplying the corresponding input current measurement and the input leg duty cycle; calculating a sum. of the set of current values; and dividing the sum of the set of current values by the sum of the measured input currents, In certain forms, the first controllable input leg is operated in an interleaved manner relative to the second controllable input leg,

[0043] It is contemplated that the various aspects, features, processes, and operations from the various embodiments may be used in any of the other embodiments unless expressly stated to the contrary. Certain operations illustrated may be implemented by a computer executing a computer program product on a non-transient, computer-readable storage medium, where the computer program product includes instructions causing the computer to execute one or more of the operations, or to issue commands to other devices to execute one or more operations.

[0044] While the present disclosure has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only certain exemplary embodiments have been shown and described, and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the present disclosure are desired to be protected. It should be understood that while the use of words such as“preferable,"“preferably,”“preferred" or“more preferred" utilized in the description above indicate that the feature so described may be more desirable, it nonetheless may not be necessary, and embodiments lacking the same rnay be contemplated as within the scope of the present disclosure, the scope being defined by the claims that follow. In reading the claims, it is intended that when words such as“a,"“an,"“at least one," or“at least one portion" are used there is no intention to limit the claim to only one item unless specifically stated to the contrary in the claim, The term“of" may connote an association with, or a connection to, another item, as well as a. belonging to, or a connection with, the other item as informed by the context in which it is used. The terms“coupled to,"“coupled with" and the like include indirect connection and coupling, and further include but do not .require a direct coupling or connection unless expressly indicated to the contrary, When the language“at least a portion” and/or“a portion” is used, the item can include a portion and/or the entire item unless specifically stated to the contrary,