PLANT CULTIVATION SYSTEM AND METHOD

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001 { This invention relates to plant cultivation systems such as solar and indoor greenhouses and to plant cultivation methods employing such systems.

{0002] Modem plant cultivation systems (inclusive of plant cultivation structures) may be considered as belonging to one of three main types: outdoor greenhouses that depend upon solar radiation as the primary, i f not the exclusive, source of photosyntheticaily active radiation (PAR), indoor greenhouses that depend upon artificial lighting, for example, grow lights, as the primary, if not the exclusive, source of PAR, and greenhouses of a hybrid type, i.e., those thai depend largely upon solar radiation for PAR during times of adequate sunshine and partiall or entirely upon artificial lighting for PAR at. other times.

[0003] Depending on their location, outdoor greenhouses that depend entirely on solar PAR may include one or more systems fbr maintaining a suitable plant cultivation environment, for example, heating, ventilation and/or dehumidification systems for maintaining a desired range of temperature and/or humidity, shading systems for adjusting the amount of solar radiation received at different times of the day and/or reducing the loss of solar heat that occurs on cloudy days and during the night, systems fbr monitoring and regulating the greenhouse environment, and the like. These systems require a source of energy for their operation, for example, the burning of fuel for heating and electricity for powering electrical, electromechanical and electronic devices.

(0004] Indoor greenhouses and hybrid-type greenhouses, in addition to incorporating one or more of the foregoing systems commonly associated with outdoor greenhouses, in their use of artificial lighting such as grow lights and horticultural lamps tend to consume large amounts of electricity all or most of which is typically drawn from the power grid,

(0005 _. 1 US 2012/0279121 discloses a wheeled vehicle having _. chassis upon which are mounted a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), methanol fuel tank, electric drive system and control unit. The DMFC provides electricity for the operation of the electric drive system and control unit and for powering light emitting diodes (LEDs) mounted on the underside of the vehicle. The vehicle includes a skirt defining a plant growth chamber (which may be likened to an indoor greenhouse) on the underside of the vehicle. In operation, and utilizing the electrical output of its on-board DMFC, the vehicle is driven by its control unit to a predetermined location, for example, an area of damaged grass on a sports field. Once the vehicle is in place, its LEDs are switched on with the resulting PAR and carbon dioxide, heat and water vapor produced by the DMFC being directed toward the area of damaged grass thereby promoting new grass growth..

(0006J For reasons that will be explained below, there are a number of drawbacks and disadvantages to DM FCs as sources of electrical power, carbon dioxide, heat and water for greenhouse operation that make them less than ideal candidates for this application.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[00071 In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a plant cultivation system which comprises:

a j a plant cultivation enclosure; and, b) a solid oxide fuel cell electrically connected to at least one electrical power-consuming device disposed within the plant cultivation enclosure, waste heat and carbon d ioxide outputs of the solid oxide fuel cell being in thermal and in gaseous flow communication, respectively, with the interior of the plant cultivation enclosure.

[0008] Further in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of plant cultivation which comprises:

a) placing at least one plant, to be cultivated within a plant cultivation enclosure having a source of water, a source of nutrients essential to the growth of the plant and at least one electrical power-consuming source of photosynthetically active radiation; b) operating at least one solid oxide fuel cell to provide electrical current for the operation of the at least one electrical power-consuming source of photosynthetically active radiation, waste heat and carbon dioxide outputs of the solid oxide fuel cell being introduced- into the plant cultivation enclosure to at least partly bring about and/or maintain environmental conditions within the plant cultivation enclosure that are favorable to the growth of the plant; and, c) cultivating the at least one plant under the favorable environmental conditions at least partly brought about and/or maintained by operating the at least one solid oxide fuel cell

[0009] The enclosed plant cultivation system and method of this invention, both of which utilize a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), have numerous advantages over enclosed plant cultivation systems and methods that utilize a DMFC such as the DMFC-powered mobile plant growth chamber disclosed in US 2012/0279121. These advantages lie in the nature of the fuels, working temperatures, electrical efficiencies and design features of SOFCs compared with those of DMFCs.

[0010] While SOFCs can be designed to operate on methanol as a fuel (employing an altogether different type of chetmstry/elecirochemistry than that of a DMFC), they are advantageously operated with liquid and/or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels that have significantly higher energy contents than methanol and as storehouses of electrochemical energy are correspondingly superior to the latter, in addition, there are a tar greater number of distribution outlets for liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons than there are for methanol. This is especially the case with natural gas which in addiiion to its lower cost, may be brougiit directly to such end use devices as SOFCs by an extensive network of pipeline distribution (gas grid).

[0011] Another major advantage of SOFCs over DMFCs are the much higher working temperatures of the former (800-1 l OOXl) compared with the latter (90-120°C). While usable high-grade waste heat can be readily recovered in the case of SOFCs and be used to provide heating for the plant cultivation enclosure, heat produced by the operation of DMFCs is fairly neglible and any attempt to recover this heat such as it is runs the risk of quenching the reaction whereby the methanol fuel is converted to hydrogen. Unlike SOFCs, DMFCs are not a practical or useful source of hea for plant cultivation enclosures.

[0012] Yet another major advantage of SOFCs over DMFCs are their efficiencies (cell), in the case of SOFCs ranging from 60-65% and in the case of DMFCs ranging from 10-20%. (00131 Design differences between SOFCs and DMFCs (reflecting their different ehemistri-es/electrocheimstries) tend to wei h in favor of the former as sources of electrical power, carbon dioxide and waste heat for greenhouse operation. While SOFCs can utilize a variety of low cost caialytically active metals, for example, nickel containing catalysts, DMFCs require the use of expensi ve noble metal catalysts, for example, those based on platinum.

(0014) SOFCs by virtue of their design are also far less susceptible to fuel crossover, i.e., fuel penetrating the electrolyte membrane separating the anode and cathode components of the fuel cell, than DMFCs. Methanol crossover in DMFCs continues to cause difficulty for the reliable operation of this type of fuel cell despi te ongoing efforts to develop a satisfactory technical solution to the problem.

[0015] The plant cultivation system and method of the invention featuring the utilization of an SOFC to provide electrical current, carbon dioxide and heating for the system and method will be more fully understood from the following figures, description, detailed explanatory embodiments and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

100 J 6] FIG. 1A is a cross section of a greenhouse in accordance with the present teachings taken through Sine V-V of FIG. B in the direction of the arrow shown therein.

[00171 WG. IB is a plan view of the greenhouse of FIG. I A taken through line 1-1 in the direction of the arrows shown therein.

[0018] FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of integrated liquid fuel catalytic partial oxidation reformer (CPOX)-SOFC system for incorporation in the greenhouse of FIGS. J A and I B.

[0019] FIG. 3 A is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary control system for managing the opera tion of the integrated liquid fuel CPOX reformer-SOFC system of FIG. 2.

[00201 FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an exemplary control routine executed by a controller such as the control system illustrated in FIG. 3A.

[0021] FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of integrated gaseous fuel CPOX relbrmer-SOFC system for incorporation in the greenhouse of FIGS. 1A and IB. [0022] FIG, SA is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary control system for managing the operations of the integrated gaseous fuel CPOX reformer-SOFC system of FIG. 4.

[0023] FIG. 5B is a flowchart of an exemplary control routine executed by a controller such as the control system illustrated in FIG, SA.

[0024J FIG, 6A is a schematic block diagram illustrating an environmental control system for the control of the plant cul tivation system according to the present disclosure,

(0025) FIG, 6 ^' B presents a flow chart, of an exemplary control routine that can be executed by a controller of the environmental control system to automate the operation of the plant cultivation system. The thresholds (TR) shown therein can be preset, thresholds or controlled by a user depending on the needs of the plants.

[0026 j FIG. 6C presents a flow chart of an exemplary control routine that can be executed by a controller of the environmental control system to automate the operation of the charging of the battery for the plant cultivation system.

[00271 FIG. 61 ⁾ presents a flow chart of an exemplary control routine that can be executed by a controller of the environmental control system to automate the operation of the shades of the plant cultivation system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028] it is to be understood that the present teachings are not limited to the particular procedures, materials and modifications described and as such can vary, it is also to he understood that the terminology used is for purposes of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings which will be limited only by the appended claims,

|0029] Throughout the application, where systems, structures, apparatus, devices, compositions, etc.. are described as comprising, including or having specific elements or components, or where methods are described as comprising, including or having specific method steps or operations, it is contemplated that such systems, structures, apparatus, devices, compositions, etc., also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited elements or components and that such methods also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited method steps or operations.

(0030| In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can he any one of the recited elements or components or the element or component can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components. Further, it should he understood that elements and/or features of a system, structure, apparatus, device, composition, method or operation described herein can be combined in a variety of ways without departing from the ibcus and scope of the present teachings whether explicit or implicit therein. For example, where reference is made to a particular structure, that structure can be used in various embodiments of the apparatus and/or method of the present teachings.

31 ] The use of the terms "include." "includes," "including," "have,"' "has." "having," ^' "contain," '"contains," ^' or "containing," including grammatical equivalents thereof, should be generally understood as open-ended and non-limiting, for example, as not excluding additional unrecited elements or steps, unless otherwise specifically stated or understood from the context. |0032| The use of the singular herein, for example, "a," "an," and "the", includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0033] Where the term "about' ^" precedes a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" refers to a ±10% variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.

(0034 J it should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions or operations is immaterial so long as the present teachings remain operable. For example, the methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated or clearly inferable from the context. Moreover, two or more steps or actions can be conducted simultaneously,

[0035] At various places in the present specification, values are disclosed in groups or in ranges, it is specifically intended that the description include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such gro ups and ranges and any combi nation of the various endpoints of such groups or ranges. For example, an integer in the range of 0 to 40 is specifically intended to individually disclose 0, L 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 1 , 1 6, 3 7, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. 32, 33, 34, 35. 36, 37, 38, 39 and 40, and an integer in the range of 1 to 20 is specifically intended to individually disclose 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20.

[0036] The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language provided herein, for example, "such as," is intended merely to better illuminate the present teachings and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the present teachings.

[0037] Terms and expressions indicating spatial orientation or attitude such as "up er.'' "lower," "'top, ^" "bottom," "horizontal," "vertical ^* and the like, unless their contextual usage indicates otherwise, are to be understood herein as having no structural, functional or operational significance and as merely reilecting the arbitrarily chosen orientation of the various views of the present invention illustrated in certain of the accompanying figures,

1 _. 0038] The expression "gas permeable." as it applies to a wall of a CPOX reactor unit herein, shall be understood to mean a wall structure that is permeable to gaseous CPOX reaction mixtures and gaseous product ref rmate including, without limitation, the vaporized liquid refonnable foe! component of the gaseous CPOX reaction mixture and the hydrogen component of the product reformat e.

[0039] The expression 'liquid refonnable fuel" shall be understood to include reformable carbon- and hydrogen-containing fuels that are a liquid at standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions, for example, methanol, ethanol. naphtha, distillate, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel, biodiesel, and the like, that when subjected to reforming undergo conversion to hydrogen- rich reformates. The expression 'liquid reformable fuel" shall be further understood to include such fuels whether they are in the liquid state or in the gaseous state, i.e., a vapor,

[0040 j The expression "gaseous reformable fuel" shall be understood to include reformable carbon- and hydrogen-containing fuels that are a gas at STP conditions, for example, methane, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, dimethyl ether, their mixtures such as natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) which are mainly methane, petroleum gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which are mainly propane or butane but include all mixtures made up primarily of propane and butane, and the like, that when subjected to reforming undergo conversion to hydrogen-rich reformates.

(00411 The expression ^* 'CPQX reaction ^5, shall be understood to include the reaction(s) that occur during catalytic partial oxidation reforming of a reformable fuel to a hydrogen-rich reformate,

[0042] The expression "gaseous CPOX reaction mixture" refers to a mixture including a gaseous liquid reformable fuel (for example, a vaporized liquid reformable fuel), a gaseous reformable fuel, or combinations thereof, and an oxygen-containing gas, for example, air. As used herein, a gaseous CPOX reaction mixture includes a vaporized liquid reformable fuel or a gaseous liquid reformable fuel.

[0043] Referring now to the drawings, FIGS. I A and IB illustrate, respectively, cross section and plan views of one embodiment of plant -cultivation system, greenhouse 100, in accordance with the present teachings.

}0044] As shown in FIGS. J A and I B, greenhouse 100 includes solar radiation-transmissive roof structure 101 , side walls J 02 and 103, front and rear walls 104 and 105, at least one entrance, for example, sliding door(s) 106 in front wall 107, plant cultivation beds 107, and upper frame member 108 from which, grow lights 109 providing PAR and/or one or more other devices, assemblies, systems, etc., including those that like grow lights 109 draw electrical current for their operation, may be suspended. Illustrative of such devices, assemblies, systems, etc., are pipes and conduits and their associated pumps, blowers, valves, servo motors, etc., for introducing and controlling the distribution and flow of water, nutrients and/or hot exhaust gas produced by SQFC 110 throughout greenhouse 100. The hot exhaust from SOFC 110, which if desired may be distributed throughout greenhouse 100 by a system of conduits closer to ground level, in addition to containing carbon dioxide, contains waste heat which can be recovered so as to provide and/or maintain a desirable range of temperature within greenhouse 100. The carbon dioxide produced by SOFC 110 may be utilized by the plants under cultivation to promote their accelerated growth. {0045} Greenhouse 1 0 may also be equipped with environmental controls including temperature sensors, PAR meters, carbon dioxide sensors/meters, humidity meters, etc., and a controller operating on suitable software for the automated control of the greenhouse environment in accordance with data inputs therefrom. The environmental controls may also include devices for adjusting the amount of solar radiation received during periods of sunshine and reducing both the loss of heat (by radiation and conduction) and synthetic PAR (by diffusion beyond solar radiaiion-transmissive roof 101 and walls 102-105). Such devices include

eleetrochromic glass ("smart glass") and solar shading apparatus various types of which are known. Suitable humidity levels for a particular plant ciilti vation environment may also be controlled in a variety of known and conventional ways, for example, ventilation means including moveable roof panels, blowers, and the like, and dehumidification devices, etc. These and other types of greenhouse equipment require electricity for their operation, the electricity being drawn directly or indirectly from the SOFC,

10046] SOFC 110 may be provided as a single unit of sufficient wattage output to meet the power requirements of greenhouse 100, either by itself or supplemented with voltage from the power grid. It is also within the scope of the invention to combine two or more SOFCs of standardized construction into a correspondingly larger SOFC assembly in order to meet the electric power requirements of a given greenhouse design,

(00471 SOFC 1 10 can be positioned outside, and advantageously within, greenhouse 100 in any suitable location, for example, the approximately central location to surrounding plant cultivation beds 107 shown in FIG. IB, While SOFC 110 can operate on oxygen supplied by the ambient air external and/or internal to greenhouse 1 0 (in the case of the latter, air enriched by photosynthetically produced oxygen), its carbon dioxide-containing hot exhaust will be discharged within, the greenhouse to provide or promote a desirable plant cultivation

environment therein.

(0048} SOFC 110 is connected to at least one electrical power-consuming device disposed within greenhouse 100, for example, grow lights 109. This electrical connectivity can be direct, i.e., at least a portion of the electrical current output of SOFC 110 can be routed directly to one or more electrical, power consuming devices within greenhouse 100, or indirectly, i.e., electricity produced by the SOFC can be routed to the power grid from which electricity for greenhouse operation can be drawn as needed and/or to a rechargeable battery system to be drawn upon as operational requirements of the greenhouse require,

[0049] Since commerciall -produced hydrogen for SOFC operation is not yet a

commonplace reality, the SOFC component of the plant cultivation system of this invention must be capabl of internally reforming a gaseous fuel feed, for example, a gaseous hydrocarbon such as methane, ethane, propane, butane or any of their mixtures in order to produce the hydrogen- rich refonnate required for its operation, or the SOFC must be linked to an external CPOX reformer capable of processing a liquid and/or gaseous reformable fuel into hydrogen-rich refonnate for utilizatio by the SOFC,

[0050] Suitable SOFCs of both types that can be incorporated within the plant cultivation system of the invention include, for example, the internally reforming SOFC of Finnerty et al. US. Patent No. 8,435,683, the integrated liquid fuel CPOX reactor and SOFC system of pending Finnerty et al. U.S. provisional patent application Serial No. 61/900,529, filed November 6, 20.13, and the integrated gaseous fuel CPOX reactor and SOFC system of pending Finnerty et al. U.S. provisional application Serial No. 617900,552, filed November 6, 20.13. The entire contents of the aforementioned Fi nnerty et al. U.S. patent and published U.S. patent applications are incorporated by reference herein. Embodiments of the integrated CPOX reforraer-SOFC systems of Finnerty et al, applications 61/900,529 and 61/900552 are described below in

connection with FIGS. 2, 3.4 and 3B (liquid fuel) and FIGS. 4, 5A and SB (gaseous fuel).

[00511 FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of SOFC" that may be incorporated in greenhouse 100 of FIGS. lA and IB, specifically, integrated liquid foe! CPOX reformer and SOFC system

200 which processes any reformable liquid fuel, for example, naphtha, distillate, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, biodiesel, and the like.

£0052] As shown in FIG. 2A, integrated liquid fuel CPOX reformer- SOFC system 200 includes liquid fuel CPOX reformer section 201 coupled to SOFC section 228, Reformer section

201 includes centrifugal blower 202 for introducing oxygen-containing gas, exemplified here and in the other embodiments of the present teachings by air, into conduit 203, and for driving this and other gaseous streams (inclusive of vaporized fuel-air mixture(s) and hydrogen-rich reformates) through the various passageways, including open gaseous flow passageways, of the reformer section and fuel ceil section. Conduit 203 can include flow meter 204 and

thermocouple 205. These and similar devices can. be placed at various locations within a liquid fuel CPOX reformer section and fuel cell section in order to measure, monitor and control the operation of an integrated reformer- fuel ceil system as more fully explained in connection with the control system illustrated in FIG, 3A.

f 0053] in a start-up mode of operation of exemplary integrated liquid fuel CPOX reformer- fuel cell system 200, air at ambient temperature, introduced by blower 202 into conduit 203, passes through first heating zone 206, where the air is initially heated by first, heater 207, for example, of the electrical resistance type, to within a preset, or targeted, first range of elevated temperature at a given rate of flow. The initially heated air then passes through heat transfer zone 208 which in the steady-state mode of operation of integrated liquid fuel CPOX reformer- fuel cell system 200 is heated by heat of exotherm recovered from the CPOX reaction occurring within CPOX reaction zones 210 of tubular CPOX reactor units .209, Once such steady-state operation of integrated retormer-fuel ceil system 200 is achieved, i.e., upon the CPOX reaction within CPOX reactor units 209 becoming self-sustaining, the thermal output of first heater 207 can be reduced or its operation discontinued since the incoming air will have already been heated by passage through heat transfer zone 208 to within, or approaching, its first range of elevated temperature.

{0054| Continuing further downstream within conduit 203, the air which has initially been heated, either by passage through first heating zone 206 during a start-up mode of operation or by passage through heat transfer zone 208 d uring a steady-state mode of operation, passes through second heating zone 211 where it is further heated by second heater 212, which, can also be of the electrical resistance type, to within a second range of elevated temperature. A heater can operate to top-off the temperature of the previously heated air thereby satisfying several operational requirements of liquid fuel CPOX reformer section 201, namely, assisting in the regulation and fine-tuning of the thermal requirements of the reformer on a rapid response and as-needed basis, providing sufficient heat for the subsequent vaporization of liquid refbrraabie

- 1 ί - fuel introduced further downstream into conduit 203 and providing heated, gaseous CPOX reaction mixture,

(0055] Liquid reformable fuel, exemplified by automoti ve diesel/domestic heating oil, is continuously introduced via pump 213 through fuel, line 214 equipped with optional flow meter 215 and optional flow control valve 216 and into conduit 203 where the fuel is vaporized by vaporizer system 21.7 utilizing heat from the heated air flowing from second heating zone 211. The vaporized, i.e., gaseous, fuel combines with the stream of heated air in mixing zone 218 of conduit 203. A mixer, for example, a static mixer such as in-line mixer 219, and/or vortex- creating helical grooves formed within the internal surface of conduit 203, or an externally powered mixer (not shown), are disposed within mixing zone 218 of conduit 203 in order to provide a more uniform fuel-air gaseous CPOX reaction mixture than would otherwise be the case.

[0056] The heated vaporized fuel-air mixture (heated gaseous CPOX reaction mixture) enters manifold, or plenum, 220 which functions to distribute the reaction mixture more evenly and, for example, at a more uniform temperature, into tubular CPOX reactor units 269. While the conduit and the manifold will ordinarily be surrounded by thermal insulation, the CPOX reaction mixture can still undergo a drop in temperature due to heat loss through the walls of the

manifold, which typically has a greater volume, and hence a greater wall surface area, than that of a comparable length of conduit 203. Another factor that can cause a drop in the temperature of the CPOX reaction mixture within the manifold is the reduction in pressure and velocity which the mixture undergoes as it exits the conduit and enters the larger space of the manifold.

[0057] Reductions in the temperature of a CPOX reaction mixture due to either of these factors, particularly those occurring in regions of the reaction mixture that are proximate to or in contact with walls, comers and/or other recesses of the manifold, can induce localized

condensatio of vaporized fuel . To minimize the possibility of such, condensation, a manifold can be provided with means for maintaining the temperature of the gaseous CPOX reaction mixture above the condensation threshold of its vaporized fuel component. For example, as shown in. FIG, 2A, heater 221, of the electrical resistance type, and thermocouple or thermistor probe 222 for purposes of temperature control, are disposed within manifold 220 in order to accomplish this objective. As an alternative to a heater or in addition thereto, a reformer section can be provided with thermally conductive structure^) for transferring heat of exotherrn

recovered from the CPOX reaction occurring within CPOX reaction zones of tubular CPOX. reactor units to such locations within a manifold where the potential for condensation of fuel vapor can be greatest, for example, wall surfaces in the vicinity of the fuel-air outlets and/or other sites such as corners and other recesses of the manifold that could cause localized condensation of vaporized fuel.

{0058] From manifold 220, the heated CPOX reaction mixture is introduced into tubular CPOX reactor units 209. in one embodiment, a CPOX reactor unit 209 is configured as an elongate lube, the tube having an inlet for gaseous CPOX reaction mixture, an outlet for

hydrogen-rich reformate, a wall with internal and external surfaces, the wall enclosing an open gaseous flow passageway with at least a section of the wall having CPOX catalyst disposed therein, thereon and/o comprising its structure, such catalyst-containing wall section and open gaseous flow passageway enclosed thereby defining a gaseous phase CPOX reaction zone 210, the catalyst-containing wall section being gas-permeable to allow gaseous CPOX reaction mixture to diffuse therein and product hydrogen-rich reformate to diffuse therefrom while remaining structurally stable under CPOX reaction conditions. Advantageously, a hydrogen .barrier is attached to the external surface of the catalyst-containing wall section of CPOX reactor unit 209 so as to prevent or inhibit the loss of hydrogen from the reactor unit that in the absence of the barrier would result from the diffusion of hydrogen through and beyond such wall section.

[0059] in a start-up mode of operation of CPOX reformer section 201, igniter 223 initiates the CPOX reaction of the gaseous C POX reaction mixture within CPOX reaction zones 210 of tubular CPOX reactor units 209 thereby commencing the production of hydrogen-rich reformate. Once steady-state CPOX reaction temperatures have been achieved (for example, from about 250 °C to about 1 ,100 °C), the reaction becomes self-sustaining and operation of the igniter can be discontinued, ^' Thermocouples 224 and 225 are provided to .monitor the temperatures of, respectively, the vaporization operation occurring within conduit 203 and the CPOX reaction occurring within CPOX reactor units 209, the temperature measurements being relayed as monitored parameters to reformer control system 226,

[0060] Reformer section 201 can also include a source of electrical current, for example _* rechargeable lithium-ion battery system 227, to provide power, tor example, during start-up mode of operation of integrated reformer-fuel cell system 200 for its electrically driven components such as blower 202, flow meters 204 and 215, heaters 207, 212 and 221, liquid fuel pump 213, flow control valve 216, igniter 223, and thermocouples 205, 222, 224 and 225 and, if desired, to store surplus electricity, for example, produced by SOFC section 228 during steady- state operation, for later use,

[0061] As further shown in FIG. 2A, hydrogen-rich reform ate driven by blower 202 passes from CPOX reactor units 209 of reformer section 201 into SOFC stack 229, advantageously of the tubular variety, of SOFC section 228 where the hydrogen and oxygen-containing gas introduced by blower 230 into manifold 231 and thereafter into stack 229 undergo

electrochemical conversion to electricity which is delivered through line 233 to one or more external loads such as grow lights 1 9 and/or any of the other electrical power-consuming devices referred to above in connection with greenhouse 100 of FIGS. 1A and IB, the power grid and or storage battery system. Combustible gas(es), for example, hydrocarbon(s), unconsumed hydrogen, and the like, contained in the spent gas(es) resulting from such electrochemical conversion can be made to undergo combustion in afterburner 232. Heat resulting from combustion taking place in afterburner 232 can be recovered, if desired, and utilized for the operation of the reforming section, for example, to preheat oxygen-containing gas and/Or fuel during a steady-state mode of operation of the integrated reformer-fuel cell system. Part or even all of the heat of combustion in afterburner 232 can be introduced into greenhouse 100 of FIGS. 1A and IB to maintain a plant growth-conducive temperature regime therein. The exhaust from afterburner 232, in addition to its heat content, also contains carbon dioxide and moisture/water vapor both of which are essential to plant growth. The afterburner exhaust can be released directly from afterburner 232 into greenhouse 100 but for better distribution, is advantageously conducted through a system of conduits to suitably situated outlets therein. If desired, the afterburner exhaust can be routed to a condenser with the resulting water condensate being utilized for plant cultivation purposes, either as is or with a metered amount of one or more nutrients, agrochemicais, etc., contained therein, and with the carbon dioxide being released to the greenhouse interior, either directly or through a system of conduits as aforementioned.

( !>621 Control system 300 illustrated in FIG. 3A can control the operations of an integrated liquid fuel CPOX reformer-fuel cell system in accordance with the present teachings. As shown in FIG. 3A, control system 300 includes controller 301 to manage liquid fuel CPOX reformer 302 in its start-up, steady-state and shut-down modes of operation. The controller can be software operating on a processor. However, it is within the scope of the present teachings to employ a controller that is implemented with one or more digital or analog circuits, or

combinations thereof.

[0063] Control system 300 further includes a plurality of sensor assemblies, for example, fuel pressure meter 304, air pressure meter 309, mixing zone thermocouple 313 and CPOX reaction zone thermocouple 314, cathode air pressure meter 318, fuel cell stack thermocouple 319, afterburner thermocouple 320, and the like, in communication with control ler 301 and adapted to monitor selected operating parameters of reformer section 302 and fuel cell section 315.

[0064] In response to input signals from the sensor assemblies, user commands from a user- input device and or programmed subroutines and command sequences, a controller can manage the operations of a liquid fuel CPOX reformer- uel cell system. More specifically, as shown, controller 301 communicates with a control signal-receiving portion of the desired section or component of integrated reformer- fuel cell system 316 by sending command signals thereto directing a particular action. Thus, for example, in response to flow rate input signals from pressure meters 304, 309 and 318 and temperature input signals from thermocouples 313, 314, 319 and 320, controller 301 can send control signals to fuel pump 303 and/or fuel flow control val ve 305, for example, to control the flow of fuel through fuel line 306 to conduit 307, to centrifugal blower 308 to control the flow of air into conduit 307 and drive the flow of heated gaseous CPOX reaction mixture within and through reformer section 302 and fuel cell section 315, to heater 310 to control its thermal output, to reformer igniter 3.1.1 and/or afterburner igniter 321 io control on-off states, to cathode air blower 322 to control the flow of cathode air to fuel ceil stack 317, and to battery/battery recharger system 312 to manage its functions.

(00651 The sensor assemblies, control signal-receiving devices and communication pathways herein can be of any suitable construction -such as those known in the art. The sensor assemblies can include any suitable sensor devices for the operating parameters being monitored. For example, fuel flow rates can be monitored with any suitable flow meter, pressures can be monitored with any suitable pressure-sensing or pressure-regulating device, and the like. The sensor assemblies can also, but do not necessarily, include a transducer in communication with the controller. The communication pathways will ordinarily be wired electrical signals but any other suitable form of communication pathway can also be employed.

[0066] In FJG. 3 A, communication pathways are schematically illustrated as single- or double-headed arrows. An arrow terminating at controller 301 schematically represents an input signal such as the value of a measured flow rate or measured temperature. An arrow extending from controller 30.1 schematically represents a control signal sent to direct a responsive action from the component at which the arrow terminates. Dual-headed pathways schematically represent that controller ^' 301 not only sends command signals to corresponding components of integrated reformer-fuel cell system 316 to provide a determined responsive action, but also receives operating inputs from reformer section 302, fuel cell section 315, and mechanical units such as fuel pump 303, fuel control valve 305, blowers 308 and 322, and measurement inputs from sensor assemblies such as pressure meters 304, 309 and 318, and thermocouples 313, 314, 31 and 320.

|0067| FIG. 3B presents a flow chart of an exemplary control routine that can be executed by a controller of a control system to automate the operations of a liquid fuel CPOX reformer- fuel cell system, for example, integrated reformer-fuel cell system 316, The flow chart can be executed by a controller at a fixed interval, for example, about every 10 milliseconds. The control logic illustrated in FIG. 3 performs several functions including the management of gaseous flows, heating, fuel vaporization and CPOX reaction temperatures in start-up and steady-state modes of operation and management of the procedure for the shut-down mode of reformer operatio . |0068] In various embodiments, the method can include, in a shut-down mode, reducing the fuel flow rate, for example, in step (viii), while maintaining a substantially constant molar ratio of oxygen to carbon. In certain embodiments, the method can include increasing the molar ratio of oxygen to carbon when the temperature within the CPOX reaction zones of CPOX reactor units approaches or falls below a level, that would result in coke formation. Such an increase in the molar ratio can prevent or inhibit coke formation as the CPOX catalyst deactivates.

10069] Embodiments of gaseous fuel CPOX reformers, fuel cells, integrated reformer-fuel cell systems and methods of CPOX reforming and producing electricity in accordance with the present teachings are generally described above and elsewhere herein. The following description wi th reference to the fi gures of drawing embellishes upon certain of the features and others of the foregoing embodiments of the invention and should be understood to discuss various and specific embodiments without limiting the essence of the invention.

[0070] In contrast to CPOX reformer-SOFC system 200 of FIG. 2,4 which processes a liquid fuel such as diesel or kerosene as the source of hydrogen-rich reforniate for the operation of its SOFC section 228, CPOX reformer-SOFC system 400 of FIG, 4 processes a gaseous fuel such as pipeline natural gas, re-gasified LNG, LPG or liquid butane as the source of hydrogen-rich refomiate for the operation of its SOFC section 428.

[0071] As shown in FIG. 4, integrated gaseous fuel CPOX reformer-fuel cell system 400 includes gaseous fuel CPOX ^' reformer sectio 401 coupled to SOFC section 428. Reformer section 401 includes centrifugal blowe 402 for introducing oxygen-containing gas, exemplified here and in the other embodiments of the present teachings by air, into conduit 403, and for driving this and other gaseous streams (inclusive of gaseous fuel-air mixture(s) and hydrogen- rich reformates) through the various passageways, including open gaseous flow passageways, of the reformer section and fuel ceil section. Conduit 403 can include flow meter 404 and thermocouple 405. These and similar devices can be placed at various locations within a gaseous fuel CPOX reformer section and fuel cell section in order to measure, monitor and control the operation of an integrated reformer-fuel ceil system as more fully explained in connection with the control system illustrated in FIG. S A. [0072 j hi a start- up mode of operation of exemplary integrated gaseous fuel CPOX reformer- fuel cell system 400, air at ambient temperature, introduced by blower 402 into conduit 403, combines with gaseous reformable fuel, exemplified here and in the other embodiments of the present teachings by propane, introduced into conduit 403 at a relatively low pressure from gaseous fuel storage tank 41.3 through fuel line 41.4 equipped with optional thermocouple 415, flow meter 416, and flow control valve 417. The air and propane combine in mixing zone 418 of conduit 403. A mixer, for example, a static mixer such as in-line mixer 419, and/or vortex- creating helical grooves formed within the internal surface of conduit 403, or an externally powered mixer (not shown), are disposed within mixing zone 418 of conduit 403 in order to provide a more uniform propane-air gaseous CPOX reaction mixture than would otherwise be the case.

|0Θ73] The propane-air mixture (gaseous CPOX reaction mixture) enters manifold, or plenum, 440 which functions to distribute the reaction mixture more evenly into tubular CPOX reactor units 409. hi a start-up mode of operation of CPOX reformer section 401, igniter 423 initiates the CPOX reaction of the gaseous CPOX reaction mixture within CPOX reaction zones 41.0 of tubular CPOX reactor units 409 thereby commencing the production of hydrogen-rich reformate. Once steady-state CPOX reaction temperatures have been achieved (for example, from about 250 °C to about 1 ,100 °C), the reaction becomes self-sustaining and operation of the igniter can be discontinued. Thermocouple 425 is positioned proximate to one or more CPOX reaction zones 410 to monitor the temperature of the CPOX reaction occurring within CPOX reactor units 409. The temperature measurements can be .relayed as a monitored parameter to reformer control system. 426.

[0074] Reformer section 401 can also include a source of electrical current, for example, rechargeable lithium-ion battery system 427, to provide power, for example, during start-up mode of operation of integrated reformer- fuel cell system 400 for its electrically dri ven components such as blower 402, flow meter 404, flow control valve 417, igniter 423, and, if desired, to store surplus electricity, for example, produced by SOFC section 428 during steady- state operation, for later use. [0075] SOFC section 428 includes SOFC stack 429, preferably of the tubular variety, an afterburner, or tail gas burner. 432, a blower 430 for introducing air, evenly distributed by manifold 431, to the cathode side of fuel cell stack 429 to support the electrochemical conversion of fuel to electricity therein and to afterburner 432 to support, combustior! of tail gas therein, and optional thermocouple 433 and flow meter 434 to provide temperature and pressure

measurement inputs to control system 426. Hydrogen-rich reform ate produced in gaseous

CPOX reformer section 401 enters SOFC stack 429 and undergoes electrochemical conversion therein to electricity, delivered though line 434 to one or more external loads such as grow lights 109 and/or a any of the electrical power-consuming devices referred to above in connection with greenhouse 100 of FIGS. 1A and I B, the power grid and/or storage battery system, and gaseous effluent, or tail gas, containing by-product water (as steam), carbon dioxide, and in many cases, combustibles gas(es), such as hydrocarbon(s), unconsumed hydrogen and/or other

electrochemically oxidizable gas(es) such as carbon monoxide. This gaseous effluent from

SOFC stack 429 then enters afterburner 432 where any combustible components contained therein undergo combustion to water (steam) and carbon dioxide utilizing air provided by blower 430, The hot. exhaust gas from afterburner 432, containing carbon dioxide and water vapor, can be introduced into greenhouse 100 of FIGS. I A and I B to maintain .a plant growth- conducive temperature therein and augment the ambient carbon dioxide level which further promotes plant growth,

|0076) Control system 500 illustrated in FIG. 5A can control the operations of an integrated gaseous fuel CPOX reformer-SOPC system 516 in accordance with the present teachings. As shown in FIG, 5 A, control system 500 includes controller 501 to manage gaseous fuel CPOX reformer 502 in its start-up, steady-state, and shut-down modes of operation. The controller can be software operating on a processor. However, it is within the scope of the present teachings to employ a controller that is implemented with one or more digital or analog circuits, or combinations thereof.

[00771 Control system 500 further includes a plurality of sensor assemblies, for example, thermocouple and associated gaseous fuel pressure meter 504, thermocouple and associated CPOX/anode air pressure meter 509, CPOX reformer zone thermocouple 514, thermocouple and associated cathode air pressure meter 518, fuel cell stack thermocouple 519, and afterburner thermocouple 520, in communication with controller 501. and adapted to monitor selected operating parameters of reformer section 502 and SOFC section 515.

10078] In response to input signals from the sensor assemblies, user commands from a user- input device and/or programmed subroutines and command sequences, a controller can manage the operations of a gaseous fuel CPOX reformer-fuel cell system. More specifically, as shown, controller 50 communicates with a control signal-receiving portion of the desired, section or component of integrated CPOX reformer-fuel cell system 516 by sending command signals thereto directing a particular action. Thus, for example, in response to temperature and flow rate input signals from thermocouples and associated pressure meters 504. 509 and 518, and temperature input signals from thermocouples 514, 519 and 520, controller 501 can send control signals to fuel flow control valve 505, for example, to control the flow of gaseous fuel from gaseous fuel storage tank 503 through fuel line 506 to conduit 507, to centrifugal blower 5Θ8 to control the flow of air into conduit 507 and drive the flow of heated gaseous CPOX reaction, mixture within and through reformer section 502 and hydrogen-rich reformate within and through the anode side of SOFC section 515, to control on-off states, and to battery battery recharger system 51.2 to manage its functions. Similarly, in response to input signals from various sensor assemblies, controller 501 can send control signals to centrifugal blower 522 to control the flow of air within and through the cathode side of SOFC section 515 and to the afterburner where the air supports combustion of the combustible components) of the tail gas therein.

|0079] The sensor assemblies, control signal-receiving devices and communication pathways herein can be of any suitable construction such as those known in the art. The sensor assemblies can include any suitable sensor devices for the operating parameter being monitored. For example, fuel flow rates can be monitored with any suitable flow meter, pressures can be monitored with any suitable pressure-sensing or pressure-regulating device, and the like. The sensor assemblies can also, but do not necessarily, include a transducer in communication with the controller. The communication pathways will ordinarily be wired electrical signals but any other suitable form of communication pathway can also be employed. [0080] As in the case of FIG. 3A, communication pathways in FIG. 5 A are schematically illustrated as single- or double-headed arrows. An arrow terminating at controller 501 schematically represents an input signal such as the value of a measured flow rate or measured temperature. An arrow extending from controller 501 schematically represents a control signal sent to direct a responsive action from the component at which the arrow terminates. Dual- headed pathways schematically represent that controller 501 not only sends command signals to corresponding components of integrated gaseous fuel CPOX reformer-SOFC system 516 to provide a determined responsive action, but also receives operating inputs from reformer section 502, fuel cell section 515, and mechanical units such as fuel control valve 505, and blowers 508 and 522, and measurement, inputs from sensor assemblies such as thermocouple/pressure meters 504, 509 and 518, and thermocouples 514. 519 and 520.

fOOS!J FIG. SB presents a flow chart of an exemplary control routine that can be executed by a controller of a control system to automate the operations of a gaseous fuel CPOX reformer- fuel cell system, for example, integrated gaseous fuel CPOX reformer-SOFC system 51.6. The flow chart can be executed by a controller at a fixed interval, for example, about every 10 milliseconds. The control logic illustrated in FIG. 3B performs several functions including the management of gaseous flows, CPOX reaction temperatures in start-up and steady-state modes of operation, and management of the procedure for the shut-down mode of integrated reformer- fuel cell system operation.

|00S2] FIG _* 6A is a schematic block diagram illustrating an environmental control system for the control of the plant cultivation system according to the present disclosure. Environmental control system provides overall control of the pl ant cultivation system. The environmental _, control system can include a processor for executing programs, a memory for storing data and programs, an input device, e.g. a mouse and or keyboard, and an output device, e.g. a display. The environmental control system can also include switching circuits to control the flow of electricity to the connected environmental systems, e.g. the grow lights, the sensors, and/or the blowers.

j0083j The environmental control system is connected to the SOFC via control lines to receive operating conditions from and provide operating commands to the SOFC. The environmental control system can also be connected to a battery via control lines to monitor the voltage levels and operating conditions of the battery. The SOFC is shown providing voltage to the environmental control system, and the external power grid and/or battery. The environmental control system can also be connected directly to the power grid and/or battery for an additional supply of power. The environmental control system can switch power from the SOFC, power grid and/or battery to the connected plant, cultivation systems, e.g. grow lights.

(0084] hi addition, the environmental control system is shown connected to a network, e.g. the Internet, to provide access to the system via the network. Although the connection is illustrated as a wireless connection, the connection between the environmental control system and the network can be a. hard wired connection. The Environmental control system can be accessed remotely through the network via any compatible device, e.g. a smart phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), table and/or desktop computer; other devices are contemplated.

(0085J The environmental control system can also control the operation of shades used to control the amount of sunlight entering the greenhouse or the amount of ambient light lea ving the greenhouse. The environmental control system can also control the operation of fresh air vents used to open and close air vents to control the amount of air into or out of the greenhouse. (0086] FIG. 6B presents a flow chart of an exemplary control routine that can be executed by a controller of the environmental control system to automate the operation of the plant cultivation system. The thresholds (TH) shown therein can be preset thresholds or controlled by a user depending on the needs of the plants.

(00871 FIG. 6C presents a flow chart of an exemplary control routine tha can he executed by a controller of the environmental control, system to automate the operation of the charging of the battery for the plant cultivation system. Again, the thresholds (TH) shown therein can be preset thresholds or controlled by a user depending on the needs of the plants.,

[0088] FIG. 6D presents a flow chart of an exemplary control routine that can be executed by a controller of the environmental control system to automate the operation of the shades of the plant cultivation system. Although shown controlled on the basis of daylight hours, other bases are contemplated depending on the needs of the plants.

J"7 [0089] The present teachings encompass embodiments in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting on the present teachings described herein. Scope of the present invention is thus indicated by the appended ciaints rather than by the ^' foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.