FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[001] This disclosure relates to a catalytic method for depolymerizing plastic feedstock, and to certain catalyst for the depolymerization. More particularly, it relates to methods for the depolymerizing plastic feedstock in the presence of supported heteropolyacids catalysts.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[002] Plastics are inexpensive and durable materials, which can be used to manufacture a variety of products that find use in a wide range of applications, so that the production of plastics has increased dramatically over the last decades. Due to the durability of the polymers involved in plastic production, an increasing amount of plastics are filling up landfill sites and occupying natural habitats worldwide, resulting in environmental problems. Even degradable and biodegradable plastics may persist for decades depending on local environmental factors, like levels of ultraviolet light exposure, temperature, presence of suitable microorganisms and other factors.

[003] Currently plastic recycling primarily includes mechanical recycling and chemical recycling. Globally speaking, mechanical recycling is the most used method for new uses of plastics, and through this method, plastics are mechanically transformed without changing their chemical structure, so they can be used to produce new materials. Typical mechanical recycling steps include collecting plastic wastes; sorting plastic wastes into different types of plastics and colors; packaging plastics by pressing or milling plastics; washing and drying the plastics; reprocessing the plastics into pellets by agglutinating, extruding and cooling the plastics; and finally recycled raw materials are obtained. This is the most widely used technology for the polyolefins like polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP).

[004] Chemical recycling, on the other hand, reprocesses plastics and modify their structure so that they can be used as raw material for different industries or as a basic input or feedstock for manufacturing new plastic products. Chemical recycling typically includes the steps of collecting plastics, followed by heating the plastics to a temperature at which the polymers break down into small fragments. This process, also called depolymerization, is a basic process whereby plastic waste material is converted to liquid fuel by thermal degradation (cracking) in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is typically first melted within a stainless steel chamber under an inert purging gas, such as nitrogen. This chamber then heats the molten material to a gaseous state that is drawn and then condensed in one or more condensers to yield a hydrocarbon distillate comprising straight and branched chain aliphatic, cyclic aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The resulting mixture can then be used as a fuel or used as a feedstock for further thermocatalytic process in order to obtain refined chemicals such as monomers that can be reintroduced into the plastic manufacturing cycle.

[005] The step of converting the molten plastic mass into a gaseous stream can in principle take place only by the action of the heat (thermal depolymerization). However, it has been proved that the presence of a catalyst in this stage allow the depolymerization to take place at a lower temperature and more efficiently.

[006] To this end, various catalysts have been proposed often based on depolymerization tests carried out on virgin polymers or accurately presorted recycled plastics composed of a substantially single polymer. Under these “non real” conditions the catalysts may show a somewhat higher depolymerization activity with respect to thermal depolymerization only. However, these tests does not provide any information as to how the catalyst may perform under real conditions and in particular no information as to whether it will be affected, and to what extent, by the poisoning effect coming from the components of the real plastic waste.

[007] Zeolites based catalyst for example, show a good depolymerization activity with virgin or singled out recycled plastics but when used with more complex plastic waste feedstock suffer from a pronounced decay of catalyst activities. As a matter of fact, the performance of a catalyst in the depolymerization of complex plastic waste feedstock is unpredictable.

[008] We have surprisingly found that certain supported heteropolyacids can give with high efficiency pyrolytic products with improved quality to be used as cracker feedstock.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[009] It is therefore an aspect of the present disclosure a process for depolymerizing plastics, comprising the steps of: a) providing a melt plastic waste feedstock comprising at least recycled polypropylene and polyethylene; b) subjecting the melt product obtained in (a) to a temperature ranging from 280°C to 600°C to obtain a depolymerization product; said process being characterized by the fact that either or both of the melt product and depolymerization product are contacted with a catalyst comprising a supported heteropolyacid in which the transition metal portion contains transition metals selected from the group consisting of W, Mo and V and the non-metal portion contains non-metal elements selected from Si, P and As.

[0010] Preferably, the amount of catalyst used ranges from 0.1 to 20 wt.%, more preferably 0.1-10 wt.% and especially from 0.1 to 5 wt.% with respect to the total weight of plastic waste feedstock and catalyst.

[0011] Preferably, the plastic waste feedstock comprises a mixture of polyethylene and polypropylene in a weight ratio 85:15 to 15:85 more preferably 80:20 to 20:80. The polyethylene can be one or more of high density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Polypropylene (PP) can be either propylene homopolymer or a propylene copolymer with lower amount of ethylene and/or butene. In addition, the feedstock may comprise other polyolefins like polybutene. In a particular embodiment, the feedstock may comprise also polymeric mixtures that incorporates other materials like polystyrene (PS), ethyl-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethyl-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the feedstock is constituted by more than 80% wt of a mixture between polyethylene and polypropylene in which polypropylene accounts for more than 50%wt of the polypropylene/polyethylene mixture.

[0012] When carrying out the depolymerization process, care should be taken for not introducing oxygen containing atmosphere into the depolymerization system. The barrier to the potentially oxygen-containing atmosphere can be obtained with a series of expedients such as nitrogen blanketing and vacuum system connected to a barrel of the extruder.

[0013] More specifically, the plastic feedstock mixture, can be charged into the feeding system of the depolymerization reactor by means of a hopper, or two or more hoppers in parallel, and the oxygen present in the atmosphere of the plastic waste material is substantially eliminated inside the hopper(s). [0014] Plastic feedstock can be fed directly into the depolymerization reactor for small scale tests. For larger scale it is preferred to fed to the depolymerization reactor by means of an extruder which is turn fed with the plastic feedstock.

[0015] Preferably, plastic scrap is brought to a temperature at which substantially all the mass is melted and then injected into the depolymerization reactor. The extruder receives the plastic scrap cut in small pieces into the feed hopper, conveys the stream in the melting section and heat the polymer by combined action of mixing energy and heat supplied by barrel heaters. Usually, the melting temperature ranges from 250°C to 350°C.

[0016] Additives can optionally be incorporated in the melt aimed at reducing corrosivity of plastic scrap or improving depolymerization efficiency.

[0017] During the extrusion, one or more degassing steps can be foreseen to remove residual humidity present in the product.

[0018] Before being fed to the reactor, the melt stream can be filtered by in order to remove solid impurities present in the plastic waste.

[0019] Any extrusion systems can be applied, as single screw extruders, twin screw extruders, twin screw extruders with gear pump, or combination of the above.

[0020] The mixing of the plastic waste feedstock and catalyst can take place either directly into the depolymerization reactor or beforehand outside the reactor. When the mixing takes place in the depolymerization reactor, the catalyst can be fed according to several options. The simplest one, preferably used in small scale systems, is to directly pour the solid catalyst in the reactor under a nitrogen atmosphere. According to another option, the powdery catalyst may be fed to the reactor in a form of a liquid hydrocarbon slurry or a semisolid paste using dedicated devices.

[0021] As an alternative, the mixing can take place outside the depolymerization reactor. Also in this case several options are possible. According to one of them, catalyst is mixed with plastic scrap in a homogenizer apparatus and the mixture is then pelletized. The so obtained pellets, which can also contain other additives, may then be charged to the extruder hopper which is used to feed the polymerization reactor. It is also possible to charge into the hopper plastic scrap and catalysts separately. In this case, the mixing can take place into the extruder at the time of plastic scrap melting which is subsequently fed to the depolymerization reactor. [0022] The depolymerization reactor is preferably an agitated vessel operated at temperature ranging from 300°C to 550°C, more preferably from 350°C to 500°C and especially from 350°C to 450°C with inlet for plastic feedstock and catalyst and outlet for the gaseous depolymerization product.

[0023] In fact, as a result of the depolymerization process, a gaseous stream is generated that is sent to a condensation unit which totally or partially liquifies said stream.

[0024] The condensation section receives effluent gases from the depolymerization reactor and partially condense them in an oily depolymerized product substantially made up of hydrocarbons. A fraction of incondensable gases can be collected and stored separately. The condensation section can be composed by one or more stages, operated in pressure or not, at different temperatures in order to recover the maximum amount of products according to the volatility of the resulting formed compounds. The temperature range can vary of course depending on the operative pressure.

[0025] Preferably the condensation section has at least two condensation stages preferably operating at descending temperatures. As an example, in small scale equipment the first condensation stage is operated at a temperature range of 100-120°C and the second at a temperature range of from 2°C to -20°C:

[0026] It is also possible to subject the depolymerization product coming from the condensation stage to a second depolymerization stage carried out in the presence of the supported heteropolyacid already described. The second depolymerizaztion stage can be carried out under similar conditions described for the previous depolymerization stage. When this set-up is issued, it is also preferred to recycle back the catalyst and part of the liquid or semiliquid mass to the first depolymerization reactor from which the solid residue is discharged. In analogy with the first depolymerization step, the gaseous effluent can be condensed in a subsequent condensation stage.

[0027] At the end of the process preferably at least 80% wt., and preferably at 90% wt., of the plastic feedstock has been converted in liquid or gaseous depolymerization product.

[0028] As mentioned above, the main use of the depolymerization product according to the present disclosure can be as a cracker feedstock. In this connection, it would be preferred to generate from the depolymerization process a high yield in liquid depolymerization product. In a preferred embodiment the amount of liquid depolymerization product is higher than 60%wt more preferably from 65 to 85% wt. of the plastic waste feedstock. [0029] Moreover, it would also be preferable for the liquid depolymerization product to have a composition as much as possible suited for a cracker feedstock. This involves having a very low amount, or even absence, of fractions with C28 or higher. Preferably, in the liquid depolymerization product the amount of the higher than C28 fraction is equal to, or lower than, 4%, preferably lower than 3% and more preferably lower than 2% with respect to the total amount of liquid depolymerization product.

[0030] Also, the quality of cracker feedstock is higher when the depolymerization oil obtained from real plastic waste has low values of C6-C8 aromatics and Internal Olefin Index (I.O.I.). This latter is defined as the molar ratio between internal double bonds with respect to double bond in chain end position (alfa-olefins) determined as described in the characterization section. Preferably, in the liquid depolymerization product the I.O. I. is lower than l%wt and more preferably lower than 0.5%wt.

[0031] As used herein, “C6-C8 aromatics” refers to a hydrocarbon with sigma bonds and delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms forming a circle, wherein total of 6 to 8 carbon atoms are present.

[0032] As already mentioned the catalyst comprises a heteropolyacid deposited on a support.

[0033] Heteropolyacids can be considered to belong to a class of compounds of complex oxygen-containing acids formally deriving from two or more different inorganic acids by elimination of water from two or more molecules of the said acids. In turn, one of the acid can regarded as formed by combination of several molecules of an acid anhydride of a transition metal (for example molybdenum trioxide or tungsten trioxide) while the other acid would derive from a non-metal (for example phosphorus or silicon) anhydride.

[0034] Preferably, in the catalyst according to the present disclosure, the support is selected from inorganic oxides and more preferably from AI2O3, SiCh and TiCh. Preferably, the support is AI2O3 or SiCh. The heteropolyacid can have the formula HnfXMnCho], where X is a heteroatom selected from Si, P and As, M is a transition metal selected from W, Mo and V and n is a number balancing the remaining negative valences of oxygen atoms.

[0035] Preferably the transition metal compound is W or Mo and especially W. It constitutes a preferred embodiment the presence of additional transition metal compounds (ATMC) in amount such that the molar ratio between W or Mo and ATMC ranges from 0.5 to 100, more preferably from 5 to 100, and especially from 20 to 100. It constitutes an especially preferred embodiment the absence of any additional transition metal compound (ATMC). Preferably, the heteropolyacid is selected from those in which the non-metal element is Si or P and especially Si. In particular, supported tungstosilicic acid (TSA) is especially preferred. The silica supported TSA is especially preferred.

[0036] The amount of heteropolyacid on the support, expressed by the amount of transition metal, ranges from 0.5 to 20wt% with respect to the total amount of supported catalyst, preferably from 1 to 15%wt and more preferably from 1.5 to 10%wt. If the weight heteropolyacid complex is considered, its amount based on the total weight of supported catalyst could range from 1 to 26%wt, preferably from 1.5 to 20% and more preferably from 2 to 15%wt.

[0037] Particularly preferred are the catalysts offering high performances and at the same time having a content of transition metal from 1 to 15%wt preferably from 2 to 12% and especially from 2 to 7%wt based on the total weight of the catalyst.

[0038] According to a preferred embodiment, a poison-suppressing agent can be used in association with the catalyst. Preferably, it is selected from the group consisting of Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, CaO, phyllosilicates, aluminosilicates, and Zr(HPO4)2. Among them, the use of Zr(HPO4)2, Ca(OH)2 and phyllosilicate is preferred. Among phyllosilicates, use of bentonite is preferred.

[0039] The data reported in the present disclosure show that the process according to the present disclosure allows conversion of virgin resins, and also complex plastic waste, in a liquid depolymerization product which is obtained in high yields and composition that makes it suitable for use as a cracker feedstock.

CHARACTERIZATION

[0040] The properties are determined according to the following methods.

Analytical Methods

[0041] Characterization of liquid products: The liquid products from the two traps were characterized by Gas Chromatography (GC) and proton NMR (1H NMR).

[0042] The GC analysis of the liquid product for each run was performed using an Agilent 7890 GC (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) equipped with a standard non-polar column and a flame ionization detector. For the GC data, the weight percent for x < nC7 (having boiling point <98°C named LF1), nC7 < x < nCl l (having boiling point 98°C <BP< 203°C named LF2), nC12 < x < nC28 (having boiling point 203°C <BP< 434°C named LF3) , x > C28 (having boiling point >434°C named LF4) were used to characterize the liquid product.

[0043] NMR data were used to characterize the percent of aromatic protons, paraffinic protons and olefinic protons in the liquid product. The examples were analyzed with an addition of CDC13 (0.6 g of depolymerize polymer/metal oxide mixture with 0.4 g of CDC13). The data were collected on a Bruker AV500 MHz NMR spectrometer (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA) at 25°C with a 5mm Prodigy probe. One dimension 1H NMR data were processed using TOPSPIN® software (Bruker) with an exponential line broadening window function. Quantitative measurements were performed with a 15 second relaxation delay, a 30° flip angle pulse, and 32 scans to facilitate accurate integrals. The spectral integrations for aromatic olefinic, and paraffinic protons were obtained and used to quantify relative ratios of these protons.

[0044] Commercial samples of Silicon Dioxide SiCh (White sand) and Aluminum (III) oxide AI2O3 as well as Titanium Dioxide TiCh are commercially available from Sigma Aldrich, while CBV400 HY Zeolite is commercially available from Zeolyst International.

[0045] Heteropoly acids used in the different examples are commercially available from common suppliers like Merk, Alfa Aesar, ABCR.

[0046] Determination of Al, Ti

The determination of Al, Ti content in the solid catalyst component has been carried out via inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy on “TC P Spectrometer ARL Accuris”. The sample was prepared by analytically weighting, in a “Fluxy” platinum crucible”, 0.1H).3 grams of catalyst and 2 grams of lithium metaborate/tetraborate 1/1 mixture. After addition of some drops of KI solution, the crucible is inserted in a special apparatus "Claisse Fluxy” for the complete burning. The residue is collected with a 5% v/v HNO3 solution and then analyzed via ICP at the following wavelengths: aluminum, 394.40 nm; titanium, 368.52 nm.

[0047] Determination of Si, W

The determination of Si, W content in the solid catalyst component has been carried out via inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy on “TC P Spectrometer leap 7000”. The sample was prepared by analytically weighting, in a plastic 100 mL volumetric flask 0.01^-0.10 grams of catalyst. 20 mL of hydrofluoric acid (48%) were diluted at ten percent in demineralized water and added into the flask. Subsequently, a cold solution of 1.5 g of boric acid (purity > 99.5%) in 50 mL of demineralized water was also added. Finally, the content of the flask is make up to the mark with demineralized water and mix. The resulting solution was then directly analyzed via ICP at the following wavelengths: tungsten, 224.875 nm; silicon, 212.412 nm.

EXAMPLES

General Depolymerization Procedure

[0048] General procedure for depolymerization test in a 500 ml round glass reactor

[0049] 30 g of the polymer plastic were loaded in a 500 mL round glass reactor having three necks equipped with thermocouple and nitrogen inlet. Polymer plastic could be both a virgin resin obtained directly from the polyolefins production plants (examples 1-7 and comparative examples 1-3) and samples of real plastic wastes (rpw) from municipal collection previously sorted (Examples 8- and comparative examples .

[0050] The real plastic waste used in the examples was analyzed and it resulted to be composed of about 97wt% of polyolefin in which the PP/PE ratio was about 30/70) with the residual containing traces of other common polymers (PET, PS, PA, PU) plus inorganic contaminants.

[0051] The solid catalyst (2.5wt% with respect to plastics) is then introduced in the proper amount into the glass reactor. Blank test without any catalyst can be also performed. Two glass condenser are connected in series and kept at 110°C and -8°C respectively using an oil bath (Cryostat Julabo). The reactor is placed in electrically heating system (mantle bath), and setting the desired power, the temperature was raised up to 450°C. The pyrolysis process takes place and the following experimental parameters are recorded:

• L%, sum of the yield of liquid condensable at 110°C + liquid condensable at -8°C (with respect the polymer charged)

• S%, yield of solid/waxy residue in the reactor, excluding catalyst (with respect to the polymer charged)

• G% yield in gaseous products not condensable in both condensers (with respect the polymer charged)

The results are reported in tables 1 and 2.

Comparative example 1 [0052] A depolymerization run was carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using virgin polypropylene as a depolymerization feedstock and without using a depolymerization catalyst. The results are reported in Table 1.

Comparative example 2

[0053] A depolymerization run was carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using virgin polypropylene as a depolymerization feedstock and SiCh as depolymerization catalyst. The results are reported in Table 1.

Comparative example 3

[0054] A depolymerization run was carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using virgin polypropylene as a depolymerization feedstock and CBV400 HY Zeolite as depolymerization catalyst. The results are reported in Table 1.

Example 1

Preparation of Silica modified (32% wt.) with phosphomolybdic acid (SiPMo-A)

[0055] Into a 250 mL round-bottom flask, equipped with magnetic stirrer, were charged at r.t. 4.6 g of phosphomolybdic acid hydrate H3[P(MO30IO)4] x H2O [MW = 1825.25 g/mol (anhydrous basis)] and dissolved in the minimum amount of demineralized water (20 mL). After 15 min stirring at r.t., 10.0 g of silicon dioxide SiCh were added. Additional water was slowly added (total amount 150 mL), and stirring was continued for 30 min at r.t., in order to obtain a wet homogeneous slurry. The latter was stirred for Ih at r.t. by using a rotary evaporator. Subsequently, the solid was dried at first under stirring by using the rotary evaporator increasing the temperature up to 100°C and applying vacuum (ca. 50 mmHg). Finally, the solid was dried at 105°C under vacuum for 2 h in an oven. Obtained 13.8 g of a free-flowing powder. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using virgin polypropylene as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 1.

Example 2

Preparation of Alumina modified (50% wt.) with tungstosilicic acid (AlWSi-A) [0056] Into a 100 mL round-bottom flask, equipped with magnetic stirrer, were charged at r.t. 4.5 g of tungstosilicic acid hydrate H4[Si(W30io)4] x H2O [MW = 2878.17 g/mol (anhydrous basis)] and dissolved in the minimum amount of demineralized water (20 mL). After 15 min stirring at r.t., 4.5 g of aluminum (III) oxide AI2O3 were added. Additional water was slowly added (total amount 60 mL), and stirring was continued for 30 min at r.t., in order to obtain a wet homogeneous slurry. The latter was then stirred for Ih at r.t., thus filtered on a G5 frit. Subsequently, the solid was dried at 105°C under vacuum for 8 h. Obtained 6.2 g of a free flowing powder: Al = 39.6%wt. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using virgin polypropylene as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 1.

Example 3

Preparation of Alumina modified (50% wt.) with phosphotungstic acid (A1PW-A)

[0057] Into a 100 mL round-bottom flask, equipped with magnetic stirrer, were charged at r.t. 4.6 g of phosphotungstic acid hydrate H3[P(W30IO)4] x H2O [MW = 2880.05 g/mol (anhydrous basis)] and dissolved in the minimum amount of demineralized water (20 mL). After 15 min stirring at r.t., 4.5 g of aluminum (III) oxide AI2O3 were added. Additional water was slowly added (total amount 60 mL), and stirring was continued for 30 min at r.t., in order to obtain a wet homogeneous slurry. The latter was then stirred for Ih at r.t., thus filtered on a G5 frit. Subsequently, the solid was dried at 105°C under vacuum for 8 h. Obtained 8.9 g of a free flowing powder: Al = 26.4%wt. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using virgin polypropylene as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 1.

Example 4

Preparation of Zeolite beta modified (50% wt.) with tungstosilicic acid (BetaWSi-A)

[0058] Into a 250 mL round-bottom flask, equipped with magnetic stirrer, were charged at r.t. 4.5 g of tungstosilicic acid hydrate H4[Si(W30io)4] x H2O [MW = 2878.17 g/mol (anhydrous basis)] and dissolved in the minimum amount of demineralized water (20 mL). After 15 min stirring at r.t., 4.5 g of ZEOLITE H-BETA POWDER were added. Additional water was slowly added (total amount 150 mL), and stirring was continued for 30 min at r.t., in order to obtain a wet homogeneous slurry. The latter was stirred for Ih at r.t. by using a rotary evaporator. Subsequently, the solid was dried at first under stirring by using the rotary evaporator increasing the temperature up to 100°C and applying vacuum (ca. 50 mmHg). Finally, the solid was dried at 105°C under vacuum for 2 h in an oven. Obtained 7.9 g of a free flowing powder. Si = 19.4%wt., Al = 0.6%wt. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using virgin polypropylene as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 1.

Example 5

Preparation of Silica modified (50% wt.) with tungstosilicic acid (SiWSi-A)

[0059] 9.0 g of tungstosilicic acid hydrate H4[Si(W30io)4] x H2O [MW = 2878.17 g/mol (anhydrous basis)] were dissolved at r.t. into few mL of demineralized water. This solution was added dropwise at r.t. to a slurry of Silica ES70Y, commercial by PQ (9.0 g), in 40 mL of demineralized water, previously prepared into a 250 mL, round-bottom flask, equipped with mechanical stirrer. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h in order to obtain a wet homogeneous slurry. Subsequently, water was removed under stirring by using a rotary evaporator increasing the temperature up to 100°C and applying progressive vacuum (to ca. 5 mmHg). Finally, the solid was dried at 105°C under vacuum for 2 h in an oven. Obtained 12.0 g of a free flowing powder. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using virgin polypropylene as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 1.

Example 6

Preparation of Silica modified (33% wt.) with phosphotungstic acid (SiPW-A)

[0060] 4.91 g of phosphotungstic acid hydrate H3[P(W30IO)4] x H2O [MW = 2880.05 g/mol (anhydrous basis)] were dissolved at r.t. into 10 mL of demineralized water. This solution was added dropwise at r.t. to a slurry of Silica ES70Y, commercial by PQ (10.05 g), in 120 mL of demineralized water, previously prepared into a 250 mL, round-bottom flask, equipped with mechanical stirrer. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h in order to obtain a wet homogeneous slurry. Subsequently, water was removed under stirring by using a rotary evaporator increasing the temperature up to 100°C and applying progressive vacuum (to ca. 5 mmHg). Finally, the solid was dried at 105°C under vacuum for 2 h in an oven. Obtained 14.7 g of a free-flowing powder: Si = 31.2%wt., W = 20.8%wt. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using virgin polypropylene as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 1. Example 7

Preparation of Silica modified (18% wt.) with tungstosilicic acid (SiWSi-A)

[0061] Into a 1 L round-bottom flask, equipped with mechanical stirrer, were charged 11.25 g of tungstosilicic acid hydrate H4[Si(W30io)4] x H2O [MW = 2878.17 g/mol (anhydrous basis)] and dissolved into 20 mL of demineralized water. This solution was stirred for 15 min at room temperature, then Silica ES70Y, commercial by PQ (50.0 g) was added. Demineralized water (120 mL) was added and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h in order to obtain a wet homogeneous slurry. Subsequently, water was removed under stirring by using a rotary evaporator increasing the temperature up to 75°C and applying progressive vacuum (to ca. 5 mmHg). Finally, the solid was dried at 105°C under vacuum for 2 h in an oven. Obtained 50.5 g of a free flowing powder: Si = 36.7%wt., W = 12.5%wt. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using virgin polypropylene as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 1.

Comparative example 4

[0062] A depolymerization run was carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above but using real plastic waste as a depolymerization feedstock and without using a depolymerization catalyst. The results are reported in Table 2.

Example 8

Preparation of Titanium Dioxide with tungstosilicic acid (TiWSi-A)

[0063] Titanium (IV) isopropoxide (Sigma Aldrich, 28.0 mL, d = 0.955 g/mL) was charged at r.t. under nitrogen atmosphere into a 500 mL round-bottom flask, equipped with mechanical stirrer, and mixed with ethanol (Silcompa, 240 mL, d = 0.789 g/mL) for 10 min, in order to obtain a homogeneous solution. Then, a 0.28 M HC1 aqueous solution (0.33 mL) was slowly added, obtaining a white slurry. In a second 250 mL round-bottom flask, equipped with mechanical stirrer, were charged at r.t. urea (Merck, 17.2 g), ethanol (Silcompa 109 mL) and deionized water (17.2 mL) obtaining a colorless solution. This urea-alcohol -water solution (total volume ca. 144 mL) was added to the first hydrolyzed solution of titanium (total volume ca. 268 mL) and the resulting mixture stirred for few hours at r.t. under nitrogen atmosphere. An aliquot of this mixture (205 mL) was taken, and added of a solution of 2.25 g of tungstosilicic acid hydrate H4[Si(W30io)4] x H2O in 22.5 mL of ethanol (30%wt. of tungstosilicic acid in the final material): the final sample was kept in a beaker till dryness and then extracted with distilled water for two days, in a system with continuous stirring, to remove urea. Subsequently, the solid was dried at 100°C under vacuum for 20 h in an oven. Obtained 6.0 g of a free-flowing powder: Ti = 41.5%wt. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using real plastic waste as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 2.

Example 9

Preparation of Silica modified (20% wt.) with tungstosilicic acid (SiWSi-A)

[0064] Tungstosilicic acid hydrate H4[Si(W30io)4] x H2O [62.5 g, 0.0217 mol, MW = 2878.17 g/mol (anhydrous basis)] was dissolved at r.t. into 120 mL of deionized water, obtaining a colorless solution. The latter was stirred for 30 min at r.t. Silica ES70Y, commercial by PQ (250.8 g), was suspended at r.t. into IL of deionized water into a 2L round-bottom flask, equipped with mechanical stirrer. The solution of tungstosilicic acid in water was slowly added on the slurry of silica in water: the resulting mixture was stirred for 12 h at room temperature. The final slurry was filtered on a G4 frit, the white solid washed with deionized water, and subsequently dried under vacuum at 105°C/24h. The final compound is a free flowing white powder (275.6 g): Si = 35.9%wt., W = 5.2%wt. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using real plastic waste as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 2.

Example 10

Preparation of Silica modified (20% wt.) with phosphotungstic acid (SiPW-A)

[0065] 7.85 g of phosphotungstic acid hydrate H3[P(W30io)4] x H2O [MW = 2880.05 g/mol (anhydrous basis)] were dissolved at r.t. into 20 mL of demineralized water. This solution was added dropwise at r.t. to a slurry of Silica ES70Y, commercial by PQ (39.25 g), in 100 mL of demineralized water, previously prepared into a 250 mL, round-bottom flask, equipped with mechanical stirrer. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h in order to obtain a wet homogeneous slurry. Subsequently, water was removed under stirring by using a rotary evaporator increasing the temperature up to 75°C and applying progressive vacuum (to ca. 5 mmHg). Finally, the solid was dried at 105°C under vacuum for 2 h in an oven. Obtained 43.4 g of a free-flowing powder: Si = 39.5%wt., W = 9.5%wt. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using real plastic waste as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 2.

Example 11

Preparation of Silica modified (18% wt.) with tungstosilicic acid (SiWSi-A)

[0066] 2.25 g of tungstosilicic acid hydrate H4[Si(W30io)4] • x H2O [MW = 2878.17 g/mol (anhydrous basis)] were dissolved at r.t. into few mL of demineralized water. This solution was added dropwise at r.t. to a slurry of Silica ES70Y, commercial by PQ (10.0 g), in 40 mL of demineralized water, previously prepared into a 250 mL, round-bottom flask, equipped with mechanical stirrer. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h in order to obtain a wet homogeneous slurry. Subsequently, water was removed under stirring by using a rotary evaporator increasing the temperature up to 100°C and applying progressive vacuum (to ca. 5 mmHg). Finally, the solid was dried at 105°C under vacuum for 2 h in an oven. Obtained 16.5 g of a free-flowing powder: Si = 46.0%wt., W = 11.2%wt. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using real plastic waste as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 2.

Example 12

Preparation of Silica modified (20% wt.) with tungstosilicic acid (SiWSi-A) and copper di chi pride (10% wt.)

[0067] Into a 250 mL round-bottom flask, equipped with mechanical stirrer, were charged at room temperature 12.00 g of silica modified (20% wt.) with tungstosilicic acid hydrate, prepared as described in Example 6. A 0.16 M solution of copper dichloride (1.29 g, MW = 134.45 g/mol) into 60 mL of demineralized water was slowly added. At the end of the addition, the temperature was increased up to 80°C and the resulting reaction mixture stirred at this temperature for 1 h in order to obtain a homogeneous slurry. The latter was filtered on a G4 frit, the solid washed with deionized water, and subsequently dried under vacuum at 120°C/lh in an oven. Finally a calcination step was performed at 550°C/3.5h on air. The final compound is a free flowing white powder (7.65 g): Si = 42.4%wt., W < 0. l%wt., Cu = 0.5%wt., Cl = 85 ppm. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using real plastic waste as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 2.

Example 13 Preparation of Silica modified (20% wt.) with tungstosilicic acid (SiWSi-A) and zinc di chi pride (10% wt.)

[0068] Into a 250 mL round-bottom flask, equipped with mechanical stirrer, were charged at room temperature 12.00 g of silica modified (20% wt.) with tungstosilicic acid hydrate, prepared as described in Example 6. A 0.48 M solution of zinc dichloride (1.30 g, MW = 136.29 g/mol) into 20 mL of demineralized water was slowly added. Subsequently, 30 mL of demineralized water were further added, the temperature was increased up to 80°C and the resulting reaction mixture stirred at this temperature for 1 h in order to obtain a wet homogeneous slurry. Water was then removed under stirring by applying progressive vacuum and the solid was dried under vacuum at 120°C/l h in an oven. Finally a calcination step was performed at 550°C/3.5h on air. The final compound is a free flowing white powder (10.20 g): Si = 39.0%wt., W = 4.5%wt., Zn = 5.05%wt., Cl = 1300 ppm. The so obtained catalyst was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using real plastic waste as a depolymerization feedstock. The results are reported in Table 2.

Example 14

[0069] The depolymerization has been carried out in a larger scale depolymerization apparatus comprising a depolymerization reactor consisting of a mechanically agitated (and jacketed for heating) reactor which is provided with an inlet for the plastic waste coming from the extruder feed, an inlet for the depolymerization catalyst feed and an outlet for the generated gases. The gases withdrawn from the reactor are conveyed to a condensation unit from which an incondensable gas and a pyrolytic oil are obtained. Thermocouples are positioned into the reactor to monitor and record the temperatures.

[0070] The plastic waste feedstock was previously analyzed to check the polyolefin content (97wt%) with the residual containing traces of other common polymers (PET, PS, PA, PU) plus inorganic contaminants.

[0071] The feedstock was homogeneized and pelletized before the loading in the hopper needed to feed the extruder which worked at a temperature of 290°C and discharged continuously into the depolymerization reactor at 4 kg/h. The depolymerization reactor was operated at a pressure of 4 barg and at temperature of about 410°C.

[0072] The catalyst prepared according to the procedure of example 9 was continuously injected into the reactor in form of a suspension in white oil with a syringe system. The ratio between solid catalysts and the reactive phase mass was 3.5%wt. The total depolymerization time was about 3 hours. At the end the reactor was let to cool down and opened for cleaning.

[0073] The gaseous phase of the reactor was sent to a condensation unit formed by a cooling/scrubber column working at a 25°C from which a liquid and gaseous stream were obtained. The resulting gaseous stream has been conveyed to vent while the condensed liquid stream was analyzed via GC-FID. Due to the very high number of compounds, the result of the analysis has been reported by grouping the resulting compounds according to their retention time using specific hydrocarbons as internal retention time references. Results are shown in table 3.

[0074] Residual content was calculated excluding the amount of catalyst and the inorganic component originally present in the real plastic waste used.

Comparative Example 5

Thermal Depolymerization Run

[0075] Using the process set up and conditions described in example 14, a depolymerization experiment was carried out with the only difference that no catalyst was fed.

[0076] Results in terms of mileages in products (with respect to the feedstock) are reported in table 3 as well as the GC-FID analytical report made on the sample of oil produced.

Comparative Example 6

[0077] Using the process set up and conditions described in example 14, a depolymerization experiment was carried out with the only difference that CB V400 HY Zeolite as depolymerization catalyst.

[0078] Results in terms of mileages in products (with respect to the feedstock) are reported in table 3 as well as the GC-FID analytical report made on the sample of oil produced.

Table 1

[0079] The results shown in Table 1 show that examples carried out with heteropolyacid catalysts, and particularly those with supported tungstosilicic acid (for short TSA), provide a higher amount of liquid fraction with respect to the non-catalyzed depolymerization run. Table 2

[0080] When used in depolymerization of real plastic waste, the heteropolyacid catalysts generate a depolymerization product which is better than that obtained from thermal depolymerization only.

Table 3

[0081] When used in depolymerization of real plastic waste, the heteropolyacid catalysts show a combination of depolymerization activity (low solid residue) and product quality which is better than that of the zeolite HY catalyst. Example 15

[0082] The catalyst prepared according to Example 9 was used in a depolymerization run carried out according to the general depolymerization procedure disclosed above using, as depolymerization feedstock, a real plastic waste (RPW) sample composed of about 94wt% of polyolefin in which the PP/PE ratio was about 30/70 with the residual containing traces of other common polymers (PET, PS, PA, PU) plus inorganic contaminants. In addition, 2.5%wt based on the amount of RPW, of Fulcat 435 (commercially available from BYK Chemie GmbH) as a poison-suppressing phyllosilicate was used. The results are reported in Table 4.

Example 16

[0083] The depolymerization was carried out according to the same catalyst and conditions of Example 15 with the difference that ZrH(PO)4 (commercially available from Merck- Sigma Aldrich) was used as poison-suppressing agent instead of Fulcat 435. The results are reported in Table 4.

Example 17

[0084] The depolymerization was carried out according to the same conditions of Example 15 with the difference that the catalyst used was prepared as described in example 2 but using acid treated AI2O3 as catalyst support. The results are reported in Table 4.

Comparative Example 7

[0085] The depolymerization was carried out according to the same conditions of Example 15 with the difference that no catalyst and no poison suppressing agent was used. The results are reported in Table 4.

Table 4

PSA= Poison-suppressing agent