An example of the sort of material with which this invention is concerned is provided by the oil exploration industry. When oil wells are drilled, the cuttings from the drilling operations are brought up onto the drilling platform. For a large part of the drilling operation, a special type of oil is pumped down to the drilling bits as a lubricant. The oil contaminated material which comes up onto the drilling platform has until recently been dumped into the sea. For environmental reasons, such disposal is no longer permitted and the material now has to be transported to the shore for processing.

On the drilling rig, the oil contaminated cuttings are screened to remove a high proportion of the oil for re-use on the rig. The cuttings, which are still contaminated with some oil, are transported ashore in the form of a very thick heavy paste.

Typically the material is put into special skips of about 10 ton capacity which are loaded by crane from the rig onto supply boats. This is a difficult and dangerous operation in bad weather and is laborious and expensive.

We have now surprisingly found a novel method of transferring thick heavy pastes material e. g. drill cuttings which has not been previously possible.

Accordingly, the present invention is based on surprising discovery that it is possible to transport a material in the form of a thick heavy paste by means of pneumatic conveying from a relatively large vessel Hitherto, it has been supposed that pneumatic conveying systems were only suitable for relatively free flowing material or conveying of small batches of wet sticky materials.

Thus, according to the present invention there is provided a method of conveying a non-free flowing paste comprising loading the paste into a transportable vessel and applying a compressed gas to the vessel to cause the material to flow out of the vessel.

The non-free flowing paste may be a thick and/or heavy paste or clay like material, e. g. oil rig drill cuttings.

Thus the transportable vessel is preferably a combined storage and pneumatic conveying vessel.

The compressed gas is preferably compressed air, because it is relatively inexpensive although in certain instances an inert gas may be used, for example, compressed nitrogen.

The vessel is provided with an inlet and an outlet, such that loading of the vessel is via the inlet. Preferentially the outlet is connected to a conduit which leads to the final desired destination of the material.

In a preferred embodiment the method of the invention also includes the step of transporting the vessel, having at least partially filled it with said material, from its filling station to a discharge station. At the discharge station, compressed air is applied to the interior of the vessel to convey the material out of the vessel to its destination.

Preferably the vessel includes a conical hopper portion which, at least during discharge of the material, forms the lower section of the vessel. In a further preferred embodiment, the lower conical hopper portion is the outlet end of the vessel.

Because of the nature of the material being handled in the method of the present invention, there is a tendency for the flow of the material out of the vessel to be less

than complete. This is because the type of flow which occurs during discharge is of a form known as core flow or funnel flow. When this type of flow occurs, the material directly above the outlet falls through the outlet, e. g. the outlet valve, so that a falling core of material is created directly above the outlet. However, with sticky materials, the material around this core does not move. As the core falls, a depression occurs in the top surface of the material and the material surrounding that depression falls into the core. In the case of a sticky material there is a tendency for material around the core to remain in the vessel.

It has been discovered that even for the sort of material with which this invention is concerned, it is possible to change the nature of the flow out of the vessel by altering the cone angle of the lower conical portion of the vessel. If the included cone angle is changed below a certain or critical value, then the flow changes from core flow to so-called mass flow. In the case of mass flow, the material descends as a mass in a uniform way towards the outlet with all the material moving. Accordingly the combination of the use of a vessel designed to achieve mass flow and the application of a compressed gas above the surface of the material is such that it is possible to push the contents of the vessel through the outlet so as fully to empty the vessel.

It is well known that the critical cone angle will vary depending upon the material being conveyed as such would be well understood by those skilled in the art.

The pressure used in the vessel in the method may also vary depending upon the nature of the material. However, we have found that a pressure of between 4 and 8 bar is suitable.

In an embodiment of the present invention the drill cuttings are loaded into a first relatively small vessel capable of being pressurised from which said material is fed under pressure via a pipe to one or more further vessels also capable of being pressurised. Said further vessels may be transported to a position where discharge of material takes place or said further vessels may remain in their original position and

the material is discharged from them into yet further vessels which are themselves transported to the destination.

The present invention also provides apparatus for conveying a material in the form of a thick, heavy paste, the apparatus comprising a vessel capable of being pressurised by compressed gas, said vessel having a material inlet, a material outlet and a pipe connected to said material outlet, means for loading the material into said vessel through said inlet, gas supply means for supplying compressed gas to said vessel to cause the material to flow out of the vessel via said outlet and along said pipe.

Conventionally known pressure vessels are expected to withstand a maximum pressure of 2 bar. Thus, in a preferred embodiment the apparatus of the invention comp [rises a vessel adapted to be pressurised by compressed gas to between 4 and 8 bar.

Brief description of the drawings Figure 1 is an elevation showing the operation of a first method in accordance with the present invention; Figure 2 is a plan view of Figure 1; Figure 3 is an elevation showing the operation of a second method in accordance with the present invention; Figure 4 is a planned view of Figure 3; Figure 5 is an elevation showing a continuation of the operation of the method illustrated in Figure 1; Figure 6 is an elevation showing the continuation of the operation of the method of Figure 3; Figure 7 shows details of a standard ISO container sized vessel which may be used in the method of the present invention; Figure 8 shows an assembly of two ISO container sized vessels; Figure 9 shows an oil rig supply boat including vessels which may be used in a method of the present invention;

Figure 10 is an alternative embodiment of an oil rig supply vessel including vessels of use in a method of the present invention.

Detailed description of the invention Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of examples only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Referring to Figure I of the accompanying drawings, an off shore oil rig 1 has located on its platform 3 a pressure vessel 5 into which is loaded the screened drill cuttings arising from the drilling process. This pressure vessel 5 includes an upper material inlet and a lower material outlet as well as means for supplying compressed air to the interior of the vessel. The material inlet includes a valve assembly similar to that described in GB-A-1539079 and the entire vessel may be similar to that manufactured and sold by Clyde Materials Handling Limited (Clyde).

In operation the pneumatic conveying system, including the pressure vessel 5, follows a cycle of filling and discharging material from the pressure vessel. At the start of the cycle, the material inlet valve (in the Clyde system this valve includes a part spherical closure member) is closed. A vent valve is opened to equalise vessel pressure to ambient air. The inlet valve is opened and the oil cuttings/oil mixture is fed into the pressurised vessel. The vent valve is opened to vent displaced air from the vessel. When the pressurised vessel is full, the inlet valve closes. The vent valve also closes and the vessel is now sealed. An air inlet valve is opened and the material is conveyed in the form of a semi solid slug along pipe 7.

As indicated in Figure 1, pipe 7 extends from a position below pressurised vessel 5 to an elevated position above a container assembly 9. Assembly 9 comprises three ISO container sized vessels 11 located within a support framework 13. (In other embodiments, the container assembly may include a number of vessels 11 other than three). Pipe 7 extends above the top of container assembly 9 and has downwardly extending branches leading into the inlets of each of the containers 11.

Each container 11 has a lower conical shaped hopper portion 15 and at the lowermost point of this portion there is a valve inlet 17 whereby the material within the containers 11 may be discharged via pipe 19 to a hose connection pipe 21.

A supply boat 23, fitted with a further container assembly 25, may be brought close to the oil rig 1. A flexible hose 27 is connected to pipe 19 at hose connection pipe 21. At its other end hose 27 is connected to a filling pipe 29 located on boat 23.

Filling pipe 29 leads from the rear of boat 23 to a position above container assembly 25 and branch pipes extends downwardly from pipe 29 to the inlets of each of the containers 31 forming part of the containers assembly 25.

As illustrated in Figure 2, there may be further pressure vessels such as vessels 33 for feeding the drill cuttings/oil mixture to the container assembly 9.

Referring to Figure 3 and 4 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated an arrangement broadly similar to that described above with reference to Figures 1 and 2. However, in this case the drill cuttings/oil mixture is fed from the container assembly 9 located on oil rig platform 3. A container assembly 41 is located on boat 23, the containers in this container assembly being arranged with their longitudinal axes extending horizontally rather than vertically as in the case of the Figure 1 embodiment. The feed pipe 29 again extends to a position above the container assembly 41 and has branch pipes 43 extending downwardly into inlets in each container which are located in the side of the container.

As better shown in Figure 4, there are in fact two container assemblies 41, each of which is provided with a feed pipe 29 which may be connected to flexible hose 27.

Referring to Figure 5 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated a first stage in the method of the present invention described above with reference to Figures 1 and 2. Following the loading of the containers 25 on boat 23, the boat is moved to

shore where the unloading process is carried out. A discharge pipe 51 extends from outlet 17 of each of the containers 25. This pipe 27 may be connected to a flexible hose 53 which extends from connection point 55 located on ship 23 to a further connection point 57 located on land. Extending from connection point 57 is pipe 59 which leads to an elevated position above a large container 61. Pipe 59 is connected to an inlet 63 at the top of container 61. Container 61 is broadly similar in shape to containers 25 having a lower conical shape portion 65. When desired the material loaded into container 61 may be discharged via a lower outlet 67.

The process of feeding the drill cuttings/oil mixture from containers 25 to large container 61 involves pneumatic conveying similar to that described above in connection with the conveying of the material from pressure vessel 5 to containers 11.

Referring to Figure 6 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated a further stage in the method described above with reference to Figures 3 and 4. Supply boat 23, having had its containers 31 loaded with material, moves from the oil rig 1 to the shore. When berthed, the containers 31 are raised by crane 71 from boat 23 onto a road vehicle 73.

Referring to Figure 7 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated an ISO container sized conveying vessel 31 located within a support frame 81 and being positioned with its longitudinal axis arranged horizontally (Figures 7a and 7b) and with this axis lying vertically (Figure 7c). Vessel 31 has a part spherical shaped upper end 83, a cylindrical main body section 85 and a lower conical section 87. At the lowermost end of conical section 87, the vessel is provided with a discharge valve 89.

Referring to Figure 8 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated a container assembly 91 comprising containers 93, each located with a support frame 95. A filling pipe 97 extends into each container via a valve 99 and, where appropriate a

branch pipe 101, the container inlet being located in the upper end 83 of the container. Also extending into the upper end of each container 93 is a compressed air line 103 having valves 105. Any number of containers may be connected in this way with a common material filling pipe and a common material discharge pipe.

At the lower end of each container 93 is a discharge valve 89 having connected thereto a pipe 107 via, if appropriate, a branch pipe 109. In order to empty a vessel filled via pipe 97, valve 99 is closed, valve 89 is opened and compressed air is fed to the vessel via air line 103. The drill cuttings/oil mixture is forced out of vessel 93 under the pressure of the compressed air and into pipe 107. Due to the conical angle of the conical or hopper section 93 being less than a certain value, the material flow out of container 93 is of the type known as mass flow and results in all of the material exiting uniformly out of the container.

Referring to Figure 9 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated in both elevation (Figure 9a) and in plan (Figure 9b) a supply boat which is fitted with large conveying vessels 111 which extend through the deck of the boat. This arrangement can hold up to thousand tons of drill cuttings/oil mixture and this mixture can be pumped pneumatically from the tanks onto shore based storage containers. The conveying vessels 111 have a cone angle such that mass flow occurs and they work in a similar way to the assembly of Figure 8.

Referring to Figure 10 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated another embodiment of a supply boat illustrated in elevation (Figure I Oa) and in plan (Figure lOb). In this case the boat is for conveying containers 113 which fit within the envelope of a 20ft ISO container frame.

The use of ISO container vessels enables supply boats to be used in substantially unmodified form. Methods of the present invention involving the use of ISO container vessels may be operated in a different way.

In one embodiment in accordance with the present invention, a number of empty ISO container vessels is lifted onto the drilling rig by the rig crane. The vessels are stood on end on support frames incorporating the discharge piping and they are assembled into a line of storage vessels each of which can store about twenty tons of cuttings/oil. A pressurised vessel 5 (see Figure 1) is used to transfer the cuttings/oil from screens or centrifuges into the ISO conveying vessels. These vessels are then used to transfer the stored contents onto the supply boat as described above in connection with Figure 1.

An advantage of this method is that there is a buffer storage on the rig so that drilling can occur when the supply boat is not present. Furthermore transfer rates from the rig are much higher than is possible if a standard pneumatic conveyor system (such as the Clyde system) is used alone. In addition hose sizes can be minimised.

An alternative embodiment making use of the ISO container vessels involves the use of these vessels on the supplied boat. Thirty or forty of these vessels may be stood on end and rafted together to form a stable structure into which 400 or 500 tons of cuttings can be conveyed, as illustrated in Figure 10. When the vessel returns to port, the contents of the container vessels may be pneumatically transferred ashore.

Alternatively, the tanks may be lifted off by cranes, turned horizontal and loaded onto standard ISO container road vehicles. If appropriate they could also be stacked on the quay side in the same way that containers are currently stacked. When the containers are received at the processing plant they are stood on end and used as conveying vessels to transfer the cuttings/oil into their destination.

In a further embodiment in accordance with the present invention the drill cuttings/oil mixture is stored in large volumes in the legs of semi-submersible oil rigs or drilling platforms. The legs are typically 15m diameter. Pressurised vessels located in the legs and operating on the same principles as described above will store the cuttings/oil mixture and then be used as pneumatic conveying vessels to transfer the material onto the supply boat.

With some drill cuttings, it may be necessary or desirable to use low friction linings within the pressure vessels. Such linings may be used in conjunction with the use of the mass flow cone angle, as described above, to aid discharge of the drill cuttings from the internal surfaces of the pressure vessels.