SENSORS

Cross-Reference to Related Applications

[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/833,562 filed April 12, 2019 and entitled“Polycyclic Aromatic Bridges for Molecular Electronic Sensors,” the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Field

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to molecular electronic sensors, and more particularly to the design, synthesis and use of electron conducting polycyclic aromatic molecules as components in molecular electronic sensors.

Background

[0003] The broad field of molecular electronics was introduced in the 1970’s by Aviram and Ratner. The thought was the smallest possible electrical circuits would incorporate single molecules as circuit components. Molecular circuit elements could provide diverse functions, operating as switches, rectifiers, actuators or sensors, depending on the molecule. Such constructs could be applied as sensors because molecular interactions could provide a basis for single molecule sensing.

[0004] For example, one class of molecular elements usable in electronic circuits, which has been studied extensively, is carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A carbon nanotube can be used to bridge between two electrodes, thereby forming a molecular wire. CNTs are extensively studied because, amongst all nano-scale circuity options, they are easily formed in bulk. For example, they occur as byproducts of combustion at the molecular level and they have good electrical conductivity properties. However, they are not formed in precise, highly controlled reactions, and there is very little ability to engineer, prescribe or design and control their dimensions, or to make modifications to them with atomic precision in terms of location and elemental composition.

[0005] Molecular sensors may comprise various biopolymers as bridges between two electrodes and may rely on at least some degree of molecular self-assembly in their fabrication. In spite of the advancements recently seen in the field of molecular electronic sensors, new macromolecules are desired for such sensors, rather than CNTs or biomolecules, such as to reduce cost, ease self-assembly attachment of macromolecules to other components, and to improve performance, durability and reliability of the molecular sensors comprising macromolecular circuit components.

Summary

[0006] In various embodiments, synthetic macromolecules are disclosed that are usable in various molecular electronic sensors. In various aspects, the design and synthesis of polycyclic aromatic compounds are described, in addition to the use of the molecules herein as bridge molecules in molecular electronic sensor circuits.

[0007] In various embodiments, polycyclic aromatic bridge molecules herein comprise molecular ribbons having a core structure consisting essentially of fused benzene rings and/or heteroaromatic rings, such that the ribbon includes only sp ² hybridized carbon atoms throughout. In various examples, the molecular ribbon is functionalized at specific positions to aid bonding of the molecular ribbon to metal electrodes and to other molecules such as probe molecules, and to optimize desired solubility of the molecular ribbon in various solvents.

Brief Description of the Figures

[0008] Figure 1 illustrates the general concept of molecular electronics, wherein a molecular circuit element bridges between two spaced-apart electrodes;

[0009] Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of a molecular electronics sensor and an example of its functioning;

[0010] Figure 3 illustrates an embodiment of a self-assembly process in the fabrication of a molecular electronic sensor;

[0011] Figure 4 illustrates an embodiment of a molecular electronic sensor usable for DNA sequencing;

[0012] Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of a molecular sensor structure comprising a polymerase conjugated to a bridge molecule spanning an electrode gap, usable for DNA sequencing experiments; [0013] Figure 6 illustrates an embodiment of a set-up for electrical measurements on molecular sensors;

[0014] Figure 7 sets forth electron microscope (EM) images of spaced-apart electrodes comprising gold metal dot contacts for molecular bridge binding;

[0015] Figure 8 illustrates an example of sequencing signals generated from an experimental molecular sensor in a DNA sequencing trial;

[0016] Figure 9 illustrates a general structural scheme and design rational for polycyclic aromatic ring bridge molecules in accordance with the present disclosure, represented by a polycyclic ribbon structure, Compound (I);

[0017] Figure 10 illustrates a general structural scheme and design rational for various polycyclic aromatic ring bridge molecules represented by polycyclic ribbon structure, Compound (II);

[0018] Figure 11 illustrates a genus of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bridge molecules, Compound (III) in accordance with the present disclosure;

[0019] Figure 12 illustrates a 3D space-filling model of an embodiment of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bridge molecule Compound (IV) comprising PEG side chains to promote water solubility;

[0020] Figure 13 illustrates the 3D space-filling model of an embodiment of a bridge and probe molecule complex Compound (V) comprising an E. coli Klenow fragment polymerase linked to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (“PAH”) nanoribbon further comprising PEG sidechains;

[0021] Figure 14 illustrates embodiments of low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons usable as building blocks or intermediates in the synthesis of bridge molecules herein or representative of monomeric moieties or sub-structures within the bridge molecules disclosed herein;

[0022] Figure 15 illustrates embodiments of homocyclic carbon ring structures usable as building blocks for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bridge molecules herein or representative of monomeric moieties or sub-structures within the bridge molecules disclosed herein; [0023] Figure 16 illustrates embodiments of heterocyclic ring structures usable as building blocks for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bridge molecules herein or representative of monomeric moieties or sub-structures within the bridge molecules disclosed herein;

[0024] Figure 17 illustrates a genus of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bridge represented by Compound (III), with the functional regions of the molecule labeled below the chemical structure;

[0025] Figure 18 illustrates a genus of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bridge molecules represented by Compound (VI), comprising a single continuous 13-atom wide polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon conductor, (herein,“13-APAH”), wherein the aromatic portion of the ribbon is about 1.4 nm wide;

[0026] Figure 19 illustrates a genus of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bridge molecules represented by Compound (VII), comprising a single continuous 9-atom wide polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon conductor, (herein,“9-APAH”);

[0027] Figure 20 illustrates a genus of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bridge molecules represented by Compound (VIII), comprising 2-mono PEG-PAH structure;

[0028] Figure 21 illustrates a genus of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bridge molecules represented by Compound (XV), comprising 2-mono PEG-PAH structure, having variable length based on number of monomer units and thiomethyl substituents at each end for electrode binding;

[0029] Figures 22-30 illustrate an embodiment of a synthesis route to the synthetic bridge molecules represented by Compound (XV) of Figure 21;

[0030] Figures 31a and 31b illustrate the 2D chemical structure of a synthetic bridge molecule comprising a polyanthracene nanoribbon with a single dendron attached, and the corresponding 3D structural model, respectively;

[0031] Figure 32 illustrates an embodiment of a molecular component for a sensor circuit wherein the molecular component comprises two PAH molecules acting as arms to wire the sensor probe molecule into the circuit;

[0032] Figure 33 illustrates an embodiment of a single PAH electrode bridge molecule usable in DNA sequencing;

[0033] Figure 34 illustrates an embodiment of a single PAH electrode bridge molecule usable in DNA sequencing; [0034] Figures 35a and 35b illustrate the 2D chemical structure of a synthetic bridge molecule comprising a zigzag edge PAH bridge, Compound (XIII), and the corresponding 3D structural model, respectively;

[0035] Figures 36-42 illustrate an embodiment of a synthetic route to Compound (VI) of Figure 18;

[0036] Figure 43 illustrates an embodiment of polycyclic bridge molecules represented by Compound (XII) comprising a phenyl substituted 12-APAH ribbon structure with a zigzag edge; and

[0037] Figures 44a-44e illustrate an embodiment of a PAH bridge molecule, wherein Figure 44a illustrates the 2D chemical structure of Compound (XIX); Figure 44b shows a 3D model of Compound (XIX); Figure 44c shows a picture of a bulk sample and a TEM image of the compound; Figure 44d shows the mass spectrum of the compound; and Figure 44e shows the ¹ H-NMR spectrum of the compound.

Detailed Description

[0038] Molecular electronics refers to circuits that use single molecules or molecular assemblies as components of an electronic circuit. Figure 1 illustrates the general concept of molecular electronics wherein a molecule participates as a critical element in an electrical circuit. In the example illustrated, a molecule is used as a conducting bridge that completes an electrical circuit between positive and negative, or source and drain, electrodes. Such a circuit may be a sensing circuit, in which the single molecular bridge constitutes a transducer interacting with a test solution to produce an electrical signal related to the composition of the test solution. In particular, such a sensor complex may comprise a single conducting bridge molecule, where the signal relates to modulation of an electrical current passing through the molecular conductor.

[0039] Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of a molecular electronic sensor comprising a circuit that further comprises a probe molecule in addition to a bridge molecule. In the upper portion of the figure, a probe molecule is depicted interacting with various target molecules in solution, wherein the probe molecule is coupled to a molecular bridge molecule that is directly in the circuit. The lower portion of the figure shows the sensor functioning through a monitoring of the current through the bridge molecule, and the generation of discrete current spikes indicating various interactions of the probe molecule with various target molecules. [0040] Figure 3 illustrates the general concept of self-assembly in the fabrication of molecular sensors. In various aspects, molecular electronic sensors are able to self-assemble via chemical reactions, allowing for efficient fabrication on a commercial scale. Figure 3 illustrates a bridge molecule having chemical groups L, R and P capable of self-assembly, whereby a probe molecule (“Probe”) conjugates to the P functional group, the left electrode conjugates to the L functional group, and the right electrode conjugates to the R functional group. In various embodiments, L and R are chemically different substituents such that the bridge molecule may self-assemble in a particular orientation to the electrodes. In other examples, L and R are identical groups. Note that“left” and“right” are used throughout the present disclosure to simplify discussions regarding the orientation of a molecule having two ends that can attach to spaced apart electrodes, one end of the molecule attaching to one electrode and the other end of the molecule attaching to the other electrode so as to bridge the gap between the two spaced-apart electrodes. Depending on the spatial orientation of the viewer, the left electrode may be a source electrode and the right electrode a drain electrode, or vice versa. Likewise, a long and narrow molecule (e.g., a DNA oligomer, a polypeptide, or a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon nanoribbon) will have a far left end and a far right end, such as the ends of a piece of string or the short ends of a rectangular strip or ribbon.

[0041] Of interest are molecular sensors designed for and applied to DNA sequencing. An embodiment of a molecular sensor for DNA sequencing is illustrated in Figures 4 and 5. In these examples, an electronic circuit comprises a molecular complex further comprising an enzyme such as a polymerase conjugated to a bridge molecule. The enzyme processively engages with a DNA strand causing electrical perturbations in the molecular electronic circuit detectable with a sensitive current meter. The conducting bridge molecule may comprise a biopolymer, e.g., a double stranded DNA molecule, and the probe molecule may comprise a DNA polymerase capable of engaging targets of single stranded DNA to produce sequence- related signals. Electrical signals may comprise electrical current spikes over time as shown. The current signals thus observed may contain distinctive spikes that correspond to a particular DNA base, allowing a determination of the DNA sequence.

[0042] Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of a working sensor 200 in detail, used herein as a DNA reader device for a DNA sequencing system. Molecular sensor structure 200 comprises two electrodes 201 and 202, comprising titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), ruthenium (Ru), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), chromium (Cr) or other metal. Electrodes 201 and 202 may comprise the source and drain electrodes in a circuit. The electrodes 201 and 202 are separated by a nanogap of about 10 nm. Other gap distances may be required to accommodate other lengths of biomolecular bridges and relative size of a probe molecule conjugated thereto. In this example, the bridge molecule 203 comprises a double-stranded DNA oligomer molecule of about 20 nm in length (e.g., 60 bases; 6 helical turns), with thiol groups 204 and 205 configured at both the 3’ and 5’ ends of the oligomer for coupling of the bridge molecule 203 to gold contacts 206 and 207 provided on each metal electrode 201 and 202. The bonds between the ends of the DNA oligomer and the gold contact points comprise sulfur-gold bonds, available from thiol groups on 5’ ends of the DNA bridge molecule binding to the gold. The probe molecule in this sensor comprises Klenow Fragment of E. coli Polymerase I molecule 210, chemically crosslinked at covalent linkage 211 to a Streptavidin protein 212, using a biotinylated site on the polymerase, which in turn is coupled to a binding site 214 via a biotinylated nucleotide in the synthetic DNA oligomer 203. In operation, the sensor 200 further comprises a DNA strand 220 being processed by the polymerase 210. Figure 5 approximates the relative sizes of the molecules and atoms. In accordance to the present disclosure, this exemplary double stranded DNA bridge molecule 203 can be replaced with synthetic bridge molecules, such as the fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ribbons described herein.

[0043] In various embodiments, a molecular sensor for DNA sequencing further comprises arrays of nano-scale electrodes, such as electrodes arranged in a plurality of pairs of electrodes. The two electrodes in a pair of electrodes may be spaced apart (gapped) by a nano-scale gap referred to herein as a“nanogap.” An example of a measurement system usable to generate sensor signals corresponding to DNA bases is illustrated in Figure 6.

[0044] As illustrated in Figure 6, such a nano-scale sensor can be placed by post-processing onto the pixels of a CMOS sensor pixel array, which further comprises all the supporting measurement, readout and control circuitry needed to produce these signals from a large number of sensors operating in parallel. Figure 6 illustrates an embodiment of various electrical components and connections in molecular sensors. In the upper portion of the figure, a cross-section of an electrode-substrate structure 300 is illustrated, with attachment to an analyzer 301 for applying voltages and measuring currents through the bridge molecule of the sensor. In the lower portion of the figure, a perspective view of electrode array 302 is illustrated, usable for bridging circuits. Each pair of electrodes comprises a first metal (e.g., “Metal-1”), and a contact dot or island of a second metal (e.g.,“Metal-2”) at each electrode end near the gap separating the electrodes. In various examples, Metal-1 and Metal-2 may comprise the same metal or different metals. In other aspects, the contact dots are gold (Au) islands atop metal electrodes comprising a different metal. In various experiments, contact dots comprise gold (Au) beads or gold (Au)-coated electrode tips that support self-assembly of a single bridge molecule over each gap between electrode pairs, such as via thiol-gold binding or reactive carbene-gold binding at each end of the bridge molecule.

[0045] Figure 7 illustrates reduction to practice of an embodiment of a DNA sequencing sensor. Electron microscope images show electrodes with gold metal dot contacts for bridge binding. In this example, electrodes are disposed on a silicon substrate, and were produced via e-beam lithography. At the left is shown an array of electrodes, in this case titanium with gold dot contacts. The middle image in the figure is a close-up showing an electrode gap of 7 nm, and the gold dot contacts on the electrodes spaced apart by about 15 nm. The image at the right is a close-up showing approximately 10 nm gold dots at the tips of the electrodes.

[0046] The resulting measured signals from DNA sequencing are shown in Figure 8. These signals were obtained from the polymerase sensor, processing a template having the sequence G4A8-G4A8-G4A8-G4A8. The signals show current versus time during an experimental run. The inset from t = 34 seconds to 39 seconds shows electrical signals reflective of this underlying sequence. In various embodiments, the enhancing of such signals provides for more accurate sequencing.

[0047] The bridge molecule in a molecular electronic sensor, such as the sensors discussed herein, may comprise molecules other than DNA, and in some cases these bridge molecules may be entirely synthetic molecules, such as polycyclic aromatic compounds comprising fused aromatic rings. In various embodiments herein, a novel class of bridge molecules is disclosed for use in molecular electronic sensors. Further disclosed herein are the means for synthesizing these novel molecules and their methods of use for applications in sensing DNA template-driven single molecule nucleotide (dNTP) incorporation events mediated by an attached polymerase, and in particular, for DNA sequencing.

[0048] In various aspects of the present disclosure, polycyclic aromatic molecules are disclosed. The synthetic molecules comprise specific structures and various functional groups and form a class of bridge molecules suitable for molecular sensor applications. One general class of such molecules disclosed herein is represented by Compound (I) illustrated schematically in Figure 9. Figure 9 sets forth a general structural scheme and design rationale for polycyclic aromatic ring bridge molecules in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 9, the general class of molecules represented by Compound (I) comprises a polymeric ribbon-like structure, or nanoribbon, comprising fused aromatic rings that provide desirable structural and electrical conduction properties. The aromatic rings may be homocyclic (e.g., entirely carbocycbc) or heterocyclic (e.g., one or more heteroatoms in any of the aromatic rings in the ribbon), or any combination of carbocycbc and heterocyclic aromatic rings such as to define a particular structure for a nanoribbon. As used herein, the acronym“PAH” refers to a carbocycbc nanoribbon structure, or in other words, a “polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon” comprising fused aromatic rings. In various embodiments, all of the aromatic rings within a PAH are benzene rings and the entire ribbon comprises delocalized electrons from the p-orbitals.

[0049] As shown in Compound (I) in Figure 9, left and right terminal groups (L and R groups, respectively) are provided on any location at opposite edges of the ribbon. These functional groups are chosen to support self-assembly to individual circuit electrode pairs, ensuring bridge-to-electrode conductivity when the nanoribbon is bonded and thus bridging between a pair of electrodes. Optionally, and depending on the nature of the functional groups L and R, a nanoribbon such as Compound (I) may be designed with the ability to spatially orient itself and bond with specificity, namely L to one electrode and R to the other electrode in a pair of spaced-apart electrodes. Compound (I) also comprises one or more attachment groups P that support self-assembly of a probe molecule to the nanoribbon to form a probe-molecule complex. The P-functionality may be positioned anywhere along one of the parallel long edges of the molecular ribbon, such as at or near the midpoint in the length of the PAH ribbon. As further illustrated schematically in Figure 9, Compound (I) may also comprise one or more diverse functionalizing side chains SI, S2, S3, etc., chosen to promote solubility of the PAH ribbon, sensor self-assembly, and enhanced signaling performance. Figure 9 schematically shows these side chains SI, S2, S3, etc. bonded to any one of two edges of the nanoribbon Compound (I) to provide for various solubility, structural, conformational and/or self-assembly properties. However, it’s important to note that there can be any number of SI, S2, S3, etc. side chains, bonded to any location along any of the four edges of the ribbon, in order to provide the desired structural and functional properties in the ribbon.

[0050] The schematic structure of Compound (I) is not intended to be limited to uniform width ribbons as illustrated. For example, various embodiments of polycyclic bridge molecules may comprise repeating periodicity in the width, such as sections of 3-ring width and 5-ring width. These non-uniform width ribbons are discussed in more detail herein.

[0051] With reference now to Figure 10, the genus of nanoribbons can be more clearly appreciated by the structure of Compound (II), comprising a rectangular shaped PAH core ribbon structure consisting entirely of fused benzene rings. As illustrated, Compound (II) has a sheet-like structure, with width (w) and length (1) determined primarily by the number of fused rings in the core structure of the molecule. Certainly, long extending functional groups bonded to the ribbon may exaggerate the width and/or length of the molecular bridge and even eclipse the width and/or length of the core ribbon structure, but herein reference is made to the core ribbon structure dimensions, w and 1 for simplicity. The sheet-like structure of Compound (II) results in four edges to the ribbon, defined as Edge 1, Edge 2, Edge 3 and Edge 4, as illustrated. Edges 1 and 3 are referred to herein as the longer parallel edges, whereas Edges 2 and 4 are referred to herein as the shorter parallel edges. The“ends” of the PAH ribbon are necessarily the edges Edge 2 and Edge 4. As mentioned above for Compound (I), the various substituents L, R, P and S ¹ , S ² , S ³ , etc. can be situated anywhere around the ribbon, although for bridging the gap between spaced-apart electrodes, it is practical to have the L and R functional groups on Edges 2 and 4, i.e., the opposing shorter edges or“ends” of the ribbon. In various embodiments, the P functional group, for bonding to a probe molecule, may be situated along one of the longer edges, Edge 1 or Edge 3, somewhere near the midpoint of the length (1). There may be more than one P functional group configured to bond to a probe molecule. It is important to understand that the number and positions of the various side chains S ¹ , S ² , S ³ , etc. is entirely variable. For example, there may be just one S ¹ group bonded very specifically to a particular benzene ring in Compound (II) and no S ² or S ³ groups. Or there may be several or more different groups S ¹ , S ² , S ³ , etc. bonded to various distinct sites. Since the core PAH ribbon comprises a fused aromatic system, the one or more substituent groups S ¹ , S ² , S ³ , etc. can only be bonded to carbon atoms along the edges of the ribbon. In various embodiments, any combination of two or more S ¹ , S ² , S ³ groups may form additional aromatic rings, or non-aromatic rings.

[0052] In various embodiments, a ribbon comprises fused benzene rings such that the ribbon is entirely carbocyclic and each carbon atom sp ² hybridized. The synthetic bridge molecules herein having such a nanoribbon core are electrically conducting through delocalization of electrons. Depending on the spatial orientation of the fused benzene rings, a PAH ribbon comprising a rectangular ribbon structure of constant width will necessarily have zig-zag periodicity on two of its opposing parallel edges and tooth-like periodicity on the other two opposing parallel edges, but in no instances would all four edges of the ribbon be zig-zag or tooth-like because of the hexagonal shape to each of the rings in the ribbon. Two parallel edges will necessarily have a tooth-like periodicity whereas the other two parallel edges will necessarily have a zig-zag periodicity. For Compound (II) in Figure 10, Edge 2 and Edge 4, the shorter edges, comprise a zig-zag periodicity, whereas Edge 1 and Edge 3, the longer edges, comprise a tooth-like periodicity. A ribbon where the width (w) is stretched out to be longer than length (1) will reverse this orientation and the shorter edges of the PAH ribbon will have the tooth-like periodicity. These strict rules are not followed when the core structure is just a linear string of fused benzene rings (i.e., a single ring width ribbon). These aspects will become more evident as various sub-genus and species molecules are discussed.

[0053] Herein, a “zig-zag” nanoribbon refers to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon nanoribbon having fused benzene rings oriented such that the longer parallel edges comprise the zig-zag periodicity whereas the shorted parallel edges comprises the tooth-like periodicity (Figure 35a is an example of what is referred to herein as a“zig-zag” nanoribbon structure).

[0054] Herein, a“non-zig-zag” nanoribbon refers to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon nanoribbon having fused benzene rings oriented such that the longer parallel edges comprise the tooth-like periodicity whereas the shorter parallel edges comprises the zig-zag periodicity (Compound (II) in Figure 10 is an example of what is referred to herein as a“non-zig-zag” nanoribbon structure because the shorter parallel edges Edge 2 and Edge 4, rather than the longer parallel edges, have the zig-zag periodicity).

[0055] For zig-zag nanoribbons, (e.g., the structures exemplified in Figures 35a, 35b and 43), each fused benzene ring contributes 0.23 nm to the length of the nanoribbon and 0.46 nm to the width of the nanoribbon. In various embodiments, the length of a zig-zag nanoribbon ranges from about 12 to about 434 benzene rings, (from about 3 nm to about 100 nm), and the width from about 1 to about 50 benzene rings (from about 0.46 nm to about 23 nm). For the non-zig-zag nanoribbon, (e.g., Compound (I) in Figure 9 and Compound (II) in Figure 10), the orientation of the benzene rings is reversed, and each benzene ring contributes 0.46 nm to the length of the nanoribbon and 0.23 nm to the width of the nanoribbon. In various embodiments, the length of a non-zig-zag nanoribbon such as Compound (II) ranges from about 6 to about 217 benzene rings, (from about 3 nm to about 100 nm), and the width from about 1 to about 100 benzene rings (from about 0.23 nm to about 23 nm). [0056] In the illustrated embodiment of Compound (II) (Figure 10), there are 8 aromatic rings across the width of the ribbon shaped molecule and 36 aromatic rings down the length. As shown, the longer parallel edges Edge 1 and Edge 3 have the tooth-like periodicity whereas the shorter parallel edges have the zig-zag periodicity, and thus this molecule comprises a “non-zig-zag” nanoribbon structure in accordance to the nomenclature convention herein, since the longer edges are non-zig-zag (i.e. they comprise the tooth-like periodicity).

[0057] In various embodiments, a synthetic bridge molecule for use in a molecular sensor comprises a fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PAH ring core structure, wherein the ribbon core structure is rectangular and sheet-like, having two generally parallel longer edges, designated the top and bottom edges of the molecule, and two general parallel short edges designated the left and right edges (or ends) of the molecule, wherein the two longer edges of the ribbon comprise a zig-zag periodicity and the two shorter edges of the molecule comprise a tooth-like periodicity (a“zig-zag” nanoribbon), or vice versa (a“non-zig-zag” nanoribbon), as explained above, and wherein the synthetic bridge molecule further comprises at least one left substituent“L” bonded to the left (short) end of the molecule and at least one right substituent“R” bonded to the right (opposite short) end of the molecule, L and R being capable of bonding to a metal electrode or to a metal contact point disposed on an electrode, and wherein the bonding of the functional groups L and R to the ribbon core structure may comprise direct covalent bonding to a carbon atom of one of the peripheral benzene rings, or L and/or R may be linked to the ribbon core structure by any number of intervening atoms (referred to as a“linker”). In general, both L and R have functionality to facilitate bonding of the nanoribbon to a metal such as gold. In various aspects, L and R comprise a sulfur atom, and in some examples L and R each comprise a thiol, thiol ether, disulfide or disulfide ether. In other embodiments, either or both L and R comprise reactive carbene moieties that are able to bond to gold and other metals. In certain aspects, L or R may comprise a thiol functionality whereas the other group L or R may comprise a reactive carbene, such as to provide for orientation of a PAH bridge molecule. In various examples, L and/or R comprise a carbene precursor that can form a reactive carbene for bonding to gold or other metals.

[0058] In various embodiments, L and/or R may comprise a reactive carbene atom or a carbene precursor that can lead to a reactive carbene atom, which can then bind to gold or other metal. Herein, the term“reactive carbene” is used broadly to include any substituent having a carbene atom, which is defined in chemistry as a bivalent neutral carbon atom having one additional unshared pair of electrons. Thus, in various embodiments, L and/or R include at least one carbene atom. The carbene atom may be flanked by any other types of atoms. In various aspects, the carbene atom may be flanked on both sides by N atoms. If the N atoms and the central carbene atom are contiguous and within a ring, the reactive carbene moiety is referred to as a“N-heterocyclic carbene,” or an“NHC.” The stability and/or persistence of the reactive carbene in an NHC is sometimes sterically promoted by having bulky substituents on each N-atom, such as i-propyl groups, t-butyl groups, or adamantyl groups, and so forth. Further, the term“carbene precursor” is used to indicate a moiety that generates a reactive carbene atom, such as upon reaction with a base. In various aspects, carbene precursors comprise the structure, - ⁺ N=CH-N-, which upon reaction with base (to deprotonate the central alkenyl carbon atom), generates the reactive carbene, -N-C-N-. Various aspects of stabilized carbenes and carbene binding to gold is disclosed in Crudden, C. M., et al,“Ultra Stable Self- Assembled Monolayers of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes on Gold,” Nature Chemistry, 6, 409-414 (2014), incorporated herein by reference.

[0059] In various embodiments, L and/or R comprise carbene precursors further comprising a diazole or benzodiazole group. Each N-atom may further comprise sterically bulky groups, e.g., i-propyl, t-butyl or adamantyl groups. In certain examples, L and/or R end groups for binding to gold comprise the following structure, 6-[l,3-diisopropyl-lH-benzo[d]imidazol-3- ium]-yl, which can be deprotonated by a base, e.g., KO ^l Bu, to yield an NHC:

[0060] In the structure above, the wavy line indicates an attachment point to a nanoribbon core structure, either directly or through intervening atoms, to one of the aromatic rings around the periphery of the nanoribbon. The NHC-precursor substituent above is symmetrical, thus linkage to the 6-yl or 5-yl positions are equivalent. Note the substituent can isomerize as well, with the position of the double bond and positive charge moving to the other N-atom. As mentioned, the i-propyl groups may be replaced by other sterically bulky groups. [0061] In other embodiments, L and/or R end groups for binding to gold or other metals comprise the following structure, 6-[l,3-diisopropyl-lH-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium]-thioyl, which can be deprotonated by a base, e.g., KO ^l Bu, to yield an NHC:

[0062] In the structure above, the wavy line indicates an attachment point to a nanoribbon core structure, either directly or through intervening atoms to one of the aromatic rings around the periphery of the nanoribbon. The NHC-precursor substituent above is symmetrical, thus linkage to the 6-yl or 5-yl positions are equivalent. Note the substituent can isomerize as well, with the position of the double bond and positive charge moving to the other N-atom. As mentioned, the i-propyl groups may be replaced by other sterically bulky groups. The two carbene precursor structures present above only differ in their attachment linkage to a nanoribbon, namely with or without an intervening S-atom.

[0063] With continued reference to Compound (I) in Figure 9 and Compound (II) in Figure 10, nanoribbons in accordance with the present disclosure further comprise at least one substituent P capable of bonding to a probe molecule, such as an enzyme or other binding probe. In various examples, P is bonded to the top or bottom edge of the ribbon, either directly bonded to an available site on a peripheral benzene ring along one of the long edges of the ribbon or bonded through any number of intervening atoms. In various non-limiting examples, P may comprise an azide, an alkyne, a thiol, a biotin, a carboxylic acid, a ketone, an aldehyde, an alcohol or streptavidin. In various embodiments, these functional choices for P, i.e., P having a reactive azide, alkyne, thiol, biotin, carboxylic acid, ketone, aldehyde, or alcohol moiety as part of the structure of the P-group, or comprising a streptavidin, may be spaced apart from the portion of poly aromatic core structure to which it is bonded by an AHX linker (6-aminohexanoic acid), any length of PEG, or any other configuration of a tether having various combinations of C- and heteroatoms. [0064] In various embodiments, P may be selected from:

-CH(CH ₃ )-SH;

-C(CH ₃ ) ₂ -SH;

-CH ₂ -C(CH ₃ ) ₂ -SH;

-(CH ₂ )IO-N ₃ ;

-PEG-5 -biotin;

-(CH ₂ ) ₇ -C(=0)NH-(CH ₂ CH ₂ 0)4-(CH ₂ ) ₃ -N ₃ ;

-(CH ₂ )9-C(=0)NH-(CH ₂ CH ₂ 0)6-(CH ₂ ) ₂ -0-NH ₂ ;

any other azide or alkyne for click chemistry;

an alkoxyamine, or a ketone or aldehyde for alkoxime click chemistry; or

streptavidin for a biochemical linkage.

[0065] The probe molecule, such as a DNA polymerase or other processive enzyme, may be derivatized with complementary moieties to allow linkage of the probe molecule to the P- group on the polycyclic aromatic bridge compound, such as through formation of a triazole, an alkoxime, a biotin-streptavidin complex, or any combination thereof.

[0066] The synthetic bridge molecules represented by Compounds (I) and (II) further comprise one or more side chains, S ¹ , S ² , S ³ , and so forth, each bonded to any of the four edges of the ribbon, such as to the top or the bottom longer parallel edges. These one or more side chains may comprise PEG esters or PEG ethers, a dendron, or other groups such as short or long chain esters or ethers, as set forth herein.

[0067] As used herein, the shorthand notation “X-APAH” indicates the width of a nanoribbon bridge molecule based on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structure and comprising X atoms along its width. A PAH ribbon may comprise a fusion of aromatic rings defining a width and length to the ribbon, such as exemplified by Compound (II) of Figure 10 having a width (w) defined by the (8) fused benzene rings and 17 contiguous carbon atoms therefrom. For example, a molecule with tetracene (naphthacene) units fused side-to-side may be designated as having a“9-APAH” structure because such a molecule has 9-carbon atoms in a line from end to end in the tetracene structure. Hexacene, a linear fusion of six benzene rings, provides 13 atoms from end to end, and thus structures based on hexacene may be referred to herein as having a“13-APAH” structure. The structure of Compound (II) in Figure 10 may be referred to as having a“17-APAH” structure. In various embodiments, X for X-APAH nanoribbons is from about 2 (e.g., a string of cyclobutadiene fused linearly) to about 201 (e.g., a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ribbon having about 100 benzene rings fused together across the width of the ribbon). For non-zigzag fused benzene ring systems, such as the illustrated Compounds (I) and (II) structures, X = 2 times (the number of benzene rings) - 1. Thus, for Compound (II) in Figure 10, X = (2 x 8) -1 = 17. Thus, the ribbons denoted as Compounds (I) and (II) may be designated as 17-APAH ribbons.

[0068] Functionalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon nanoribbons have been described previously. However, the molecules disclosed are not precisely functionalized with appendages such as the L, R, P, S ¹ , S ² , S ³ , etc. groups as disclosed herein, (see Y. Huang, et al.,“Poly(ethylene oxide) Functionalized Graphene Nanoribbons with Excellent Solution Processability,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2016, 138 (32), pp 10136-10139.

[0069] Another embodiment of a polycyclic aromatic bridge molecule, Compound (III) is illustrated in Figure 11. Compound (III) comprises a ribbon formed from aromatic hydrocarbon rings, and further comprises diverse groups that provide any combinations of self-assembly anchors and/or water solubilizing side chains. In various embodiments, Compound (III) comprises substituent groups that facilitate probe molecule complex formation and bonding of each end of Compound (III) to electrodes. As noted in the structure, various groups may bond to the ribbon at more than one carbon atom, such as where the substituent comprises a cyclic structure fused to one of the peripheral benzene rings of the ribbon. The length of the ribbon as determined by the integers n and m, and the scope of the various substituents R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , R ⁴ , R ⁵ , R ⁶ , R ⁷ , Y, W, Y’, W’, Y”, W” are discussed herein below. With particular election of the various substituents, Compound (III) will have various rotational symmetries. [0070] Figure 12 illustrates the 3D space-filling model of an embodiment of a polycyclic aromatic bridge molecule, Compound (IV), comprising a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fused-ring nanoribbon structure with polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) polymer sidechains for enhanced water solubility and terminal thiol groups for coupling to metal electrodes. The width of the nanoribbon portion of Compound (IV) is about 0.95 nm and length is about 6 nm. In various embodiments, this molecule may be synthesized to have a length from about 5 nm to about 50 nm by adding additional fused aromatic rings to the core ribbon portion of the molecule.

[0071] Figure 13 illustrates the 3D space-filling model of an embodiment of a polycyclic aromatic bridge complex, Compound (V), which is specifically applicable for DNA sequencing. Shown in a 3D space-filling model is an E. coli Klenow fragment polymerase with dNTP complexed thereon, linked to a PAH nanoribbon that also carries a number of PEG sidechains. In this case, the polymerase is conjugated to a self-assembly side group, the remaining PEG side chains provide for water solubility, and thiol end groups are provided on each of the two opposing short ends of the ribbon for coupling to gold electrodes via thiol- gold bonding. The Compound (V) complex measures about 16 nm long by about 6 nm wide by about 7 nm deep. The PAH portion of the molecule measures about 5.7 nm in length. In other variations, the PAH component may be from about 5 nm to about 50 nm in length and may comprise longer PEG sidechains and/or varying numbers of PEG sidechains. The central atoms 130 indicated in the model of Figure 13 are the phosphorous atoms of a dNTP molecule complexed with the polymerase.

[0072] Figures 14, 15, and 16 illustrate non-limiting embodiments of low molecular weight cyclic aromatic rings usable as building blocks or reaction intermediates in the synthesis of the polycyclic aromatic bridge molecules herein, or as examples of the various substructures or polymeric units appearing in final bridge molecule structures disclosed herein.

[0073] In various embodiments of the present disclosure, polycyclic aromatic bridge molecules are “precision-manufacturable,” meaning herein, manufacturing comprising a bottom-up synthesis using techniques of synthetic organic chemistry and polymer chemistry to achieve an atomically precise molecular structure. This synthesis method provides the benefit of reduced variation in sensor performance, as well as providing for efficient, precision mass production at scales needed for commercial applications using self-assembly chemical synthesis methods. It is another benefit that such molecules can be designed to be highly conductive, or semi-conducting with an energy bandgap, such as through the use of orderly carbon ring polymeric structures or other aromatic ring groups that provide beneficial electrical performance properties as a transducer in the molecular electronic circuit. Such aromatic molecules are known to promote electron conduction, and nano-scale dimensions of such structures are known to promote energy bandgaps. Higher currents may provide for more efficient measurement of signal current and improved signal to noise ratio. Further, the introduction of a band gap may provide for a larger or nonlinear current signal response to the modulating factors. It is another benefit that such molecules comprise self-assembly groups that enable precise self-assembly of the sensor constructs. The chemical structures herein provide a benefit for commercial deployment in highly scalable multi-sensor formats, and in particular as large-scale sensor arrays on CMOS chips. This CMOS format provides for thousands, millions or even billions of sensors, in an economical, mass producible format.

[0074] It is a further benefit of the molecules disclosed herein that the side chains on a particular nanoribbon can be used to promote solubility, as is important for their use in different solutions of interest. In various embodiments, such as in aqueous solutions, side chains like PEG render water solubility to a core aromatic ribbon that would otherwise have low solubility in the absence of such side groups.

[0075] Use of Polycyclic aromatic bridge molecules for DNA sequencing applications

[0076] In various embodiments, polycyclic aromatic bridge molecules disclosed herein find use in molecular electronic sensors for DNA sequencing. For DNA or genome sequencing applications, a bridge molecule in a molecular sensor may be conjugated to a polymerase probe molecule, such as illustrated conceptually in Figures 4 and 5, and in Figure 13 for a particular embodiment of a PAH bridge-probe complex, Compound (V). For this application, electric current through the bridge molecule, under the pressure of an applied voltage, is monitored as the polymerase synthesizes the complementary strand of a test DNA template. The signals of incorporation events, and base-specific incorporation events, provide the sensing capacity for DNA sequencing applications. In one embodiment, a native polymerase enzyme and native dNTPs (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP) are used, in a standard enzyme buffer, resulting in such electrical signals.

[0077] In another embodiment, elements of the use of the molecular sensor may be modified to directly or indirectly enhance the modulation of current, and to increase the sequence-related signals of incorporation or base discrimination, such as the use of modified dNTPs and modified buffer compositions. In all of these settings, the use of a properly designed and optimized polycyclic aromatic bridge molecule can provide the benefits of enhanced signals, or enhanced signal-to-noise ratios, or improved self-assembly processes, or improved precision manufacturing for such DNA sequence sensors, as compared to other options for the molecular bridge— such as biopolymer molecular wires (DNA in Figure 4, or proteins), molecular scale wires formed from materials such as carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires, or metal nanowires, or bridges formed from 2D materials such as graphene, molybdenum disulfide (M0S2), etc. These benefits relate as above to precise control over structure, assembly, solubility, electrical conductivity, and efficient mass production and manufacturing.

[0078] In the context of sensors for DNA sequencing, two or more polycyclic aromatic bridge molecules according to the present disclosure may be attached as“arms” to two distinct sites on a polymerase probe molecule, with the other ends of the arms coupling to the electrodes so that the polymerase directly forms a central element of the overall conducting pathway between the electrodes. The coupling of bridge molecule arms to the polymerase can be based on a variety of conjugation methods. For example, the polymerase may be mutated to comprise surface cysteine groups, and cysteine binding ends, such as maleimide, may be provided on the terminus of the arm intended to couple to the polymerase. In other example, two or more of such arms may be used for this application. Further, bridge molecules structured so as to promote interactions with dNTPs (native or modified) or with the polymerase (native or mutant) during incorporation may further enhance signaling. For example, such interactions may alter the kinetics of the enzyme processing the dNTP substrate, such as slowing it down, amplifying the conformational changes, or directly interacting with the incoming dNTPs (native or modified). For polycyclic aromatic bridges comprising hydrocarbon rings, the stacking of pyrene or other polycyclic aromatic substructures on a bridge may promote bridge-polymerase or bridge-dNTP interactions, or promote bridge-polymerase self-assembly, through the addition of pyrene-type groups to the polymerase, or dNTPs. In such cases of hydrocarbon aromatic ring bridges, various detergents, or specifically pyrene-based detergents may provide beneficial effects to prevent aggregation of the bridge molecules during assembly or prevent unwanted interactions during sensor operation.

[0079] Below are set forth a variety of embodiments for polycyclic aromatic bridge molecules, as well their manufacture by synthetic chemistry processes, and the methods for their use, in particular for the application of DNA sequencing. [0080] Structure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Bridge Molecules

[0081] One genus class of polycyclic aromatic bridge molecules herein are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bridge molecules, such as represented schematically by Compound (I) shown in Figure 9 and Compound (II) shown in Figure 10, wherein the aromatic nanoribbon backbone of the molecule comprises fused hydrocarbon rings, such as benzene rings, or other building blocks and substructures such as those indicated more generally in Figures 14 and 15. Specific embodiments of both single- and multiple- component PAH bridge molecules are set forth herein.

[0082] Single PAH Electrode Bridge (PAHEB) molecules for DNA Sequencing

[0083] Single conductor PAH electrode bridge molecules (herein“PAHEB”) intended for use in DNA sequencing sensors are disclosed herein. For these embodiments, the probe molecule to which the PAHEB is to bind may comprise a polymerase. It is understood that other binding probe molecules could replace polymerase for other sensing applications, and otherwise derive benefits from the bridge molecule structures disclosed herein.

[0084] Two exemplary structural classes of PAHEB are represented by Compounds (IX) in Figure 33 and Compound (X) in Figure 34. In both Compound (IX) and Compound (X), the structure“Cap-Polymerl-Branch-Polymer2-Cap” depicted in Figures 33 and 34 comprises a contiguous, fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon nanoribbon derivatized at each of the shorter edges, and measuring from about 3 nm to about 1000 nm long, from about 5 nm to about 100 nm long, from about 10 nm to about 50 nm long, or from about 15 nm to about 30 nm long. For a non-zig-zag nanoribbon, the structure“Cap-Polymerl-Branch-Polymer2-Cap” comprises from 6 to about 2173 benzene rings, from about 10 to about 217 benzene rings, or from about 21 to about 108 benzene rings down its length. For a zig-zag nanoribbon, the structure“Cap-Polymerl-Branch-Polymer2-Cap” comprises from about 12 to about 4346 benzene rings, from about 20 to about 434 benzene rings, or from about 42 to about 216 benzene rings down its length.

[0085] In both Compound (IX) and Compound (X), each“Cap” depicted in Figures 33 and 34 represents a single monomer unit that can bind specifically and with self-assembly to each of two spaced-apart electrodes in a pair of electrodes to span a gap there between, such as specific binding to gold electrode surfaces through use of thiols, thioethers, disulfides, disulfide ethers, gold-binding peptide, dithiocarboxylate, or reactive carbene, or any combinations thereof on the PAH ribbon. There may be a left and right“cap” moiety of different chemical structure in order to promote oriented binding to distinct left and right electrode materials or anchor sites.

[0086] In both Compound (IX) and Compound (X),“Polymerl” and“Polymer 2” depicted in Figures 33 and 34 each represent portions of polymer derivatized with at least one solubilizing group, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), to enable solubility in organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and dispersibility in water. The length of the PEG moiety may be of any suitable length to overcome solubility issues the unsubstituted polymer may have in a particular solvent, such as water.

[0087] In both Compound (IX) and Compound (X),“Branch” depicted in Figures 33 and 34 represents a single monomer unit or short molecular linker (either of which being bivalent) linked to 1 or more sites on a DNA polymerase, e.g., via surface cysteine residues on the polymerase, through one or more S-alkyl or S-aryl connections. Such surface cysteines sites may comprise native or mutated sites on the enzyme.

[0088] In both Compound (IX) and Compound (X),“- S represents a bivalent sulfide linkage to a polymerase. Compound (IX) in Figure 33 exemplifies the use of one sulfide linkage whereas Compound (X) in Figure 34 exemplifies the use of two sulfide linkages to a polymerase.

[0089] In various embodiments, a single conductor PAHEB, such as Compounds (IX) and (X) would be attached to each of two electrodes in a pair of spaced-apart electrodes, through the“Cap” functionalities provided on opposite ends of the PAH ribbon.

[0090] Embodiments of Polycyclic Aromatic Bridge Molecule for Molecular Electronic Sensors

[0091] The following are non-limiting illustrative embodiments of bridge molecules for various molecular electronic sensor applications. It is understood that each such embodiment could have many further variations obvious to those skilled in the art of organic chemistry and molecular sensing. It is also understood that these embodiments are provided for the purposes of highlighting beneficial structures, for teaching and for improved understanding, and do not limit the scope of the disclosure in any way.

[0092] Substantially rectangular nanoribbon structures with approximately uniform width

[0093] In various embodiments, bridge molecules in accordance to the present disclosure comprise the general structure represented conceptually by Compound (I) in Figure 9 and more definitively by genus structure Compound (II) in Figure 10. In Compounds (I) and (II), the electrically conductive nanoribbon comprises aromatic rings fused together in polycyclic systems. The rings may be carbocyclic or heterocyclic, and the ribbon may be formed from one ring type or a mixture of ring types arranged into a definite structure. In various embodiments, the fused ring system such as exemplified by Compound (II) of Figure 10 may comprise any number of nitrogen atoms at various positions in the ribbon. For example, any number of the rings may comprise pyridine or pyrimidine, e.g., interspersed throughout the structure. Nanoribbons may be conceived in accordance with the following design rational: the ring structure of the ribbon provides conductivity and structural properties. Left (L) and right (R) end groups provide for self-assembly to electrodes, potentially with orientation of left and right ends of the molecule depending on the chemical nature of L and R. The end groups provide bridge-to-electrode electrical conduction through direct bonding interactions (e.g., for example, S-Au bonds), through aromatic p-cloud interaction with the electrode surface, or through both kinds of contact. Functional substituent (P) provides for self- assembly conjugation to a probe molecule. Side chains on any of the edges of the nanoribbon core structure provide for solubility, structural and/or conformational properties.

[0094] In various embodiments, bridge molecules in accordance to the present disclosure comprise structures represented by Compound (III) in Figure 11, with the conductive oligomer ribbon = 7-APAH (7 atoms wide polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, via anthracene units spanning across the width of the molecule). Compound (III) is approximately 0.7 nm in width. Figure 17 shows genus Compound (III) with the functional regions of the molecule appropriately labeled below the structure. In various embodiments, the probe molecule, such as a polymerase, may be bonded to a central monomer in the synthetic molecular bridge, such as via R ³ and/or R ⁴ in the branch region, directly or through a bivalent linker, and may further comprise from 1 to 3 linkable groups chosen from the following, cross-compatible sets:

a. Azide or alkyne (for click chemistry);

b. Alkoxyamine, or ketone/aldehyde (for alkoxime click chemistry); or

c. Biotin or streptavidin (for biochemical linkage).

[0095] The probe molecule (such as a DNA polymerase or other binding probe) may be derivatized with complementary moieties to allow linkage of the probe molecule to the conductive PAH ribbon, such as through formation of a triazole, an alkoxime, a biotin- streptavidin complex, or any combination thereof. [0096] In various embodiments, a synthetic bridge molecules in accordance with the present disclosure comprises Compound (IV), illustrated as a 3D space-filling model in Figure 12. Compound (IV) is a species molecule within the genus structure represented by Compound (III) (Figure 11), wherein:

R ¹ = PEG-20;

Y and W are -0-;

R ³ and R ⁴ are azido-(CH2)io and biotin-PEG-5;

R ⁵ = H;

R ⁶ = methylthiol; and

R ⁷ = H.

[0097] In various embodiments, a synthetic bridge molecule in accordance to the present disclosure comprises Compound (III) illustrated in Figure 11, wherein:

n and m are independently 0 to 30;

W and Y are independently selected from -0-, -CEE-, CR ⁸ R ⁹ , CH2CR ⁸ R ⁹ , CR ⁸ CR ⁹ CH2, OCR ⁸ R ⁹ , and CR ⁸ R ⁹ 0, wherein R ⁸ and R ⁹ are attached to the same carbon atom and independently selected from H, CEE, C2H5, CH2CH2CH3, or (CEE)x(OCEECEE)yOR ¹⁰ , wherein x is 2 to 10, y is 10 to 40 and R ¹⁰ is H, Me, or Et, and wherein R ⁸ and R ⁹ can optionally link to form a ring, wherein O is optionally linked directly to the aromatic ring, and wherein W and Y can optionally be exchanged with one another within a ring;

W’ and Y’ are independently selected from -O-, -CEE-, CR ⁸ R ⁹ , CEECR ⁸ R ⁹ , CR ⁸ CR ⁹ CH2, OCR ⁸ R ⁹ , and CR ⁸ R ⁹ 0, wherein R ⁸ and R ⁹ are attached to the same carbon atom and independently selected from H, CEE, C2H5, CEECEECEE, or (CEEMOCEECEE^OR ¹⁰ , wherein x is 2 to 10, y is 10 to 40 and R ¹⁰ is H, Me, or Et, and wherein R ⁸ and R ⁹ can optionally link to form a ring, wherein O is optionally linked directly to the aromatic ring, and wherein W’ and Y’ can optionally be exchanged with one another within a ring;

R ¹ is a moiety selected from ester linked PEG chains (CH2)xCO(OCH2CH2)yOR ¹³ or (CH2)xOC=OCH2CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)yOR ¹³ , wherein x is from 0 to 10, y is from 10 to 40, and R ¹³ is Me or H; R ¹ can also be a water-soluble, ester-linked dendron linked from the core site with 8 to 64 branches derivatized with water-solubilizing PEG chains (CEECEEO)zR ¹⁴ , wherein z is from 1 to 8 and R ¹⁴ is H or Me; R ¹ can optionally include a 1) photocleavable, 2) redox-cleavable, 3) acid cleavable or 4) base-cleavable linker between the atom and the PEG chain or dendron so that the PEG chain or dendron can be removed using 1) light, 2) an oxidizing or reducing agent, 3) + acid or 4) base, respectively, after the cap portion of the molecule is linked to gold electrodes;

R ² is a moiety selected from ester linked PEG chains (CH2)xCO(OCH2CH2)yOR ¹³ or (CH2)xOC=OCH2CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)yOR ¹³ wherein x is from 0 to 10, y is from 10 to 40, and R ¹³ is Me or H; R ² can also be a water-soluble, ester-linked dendron linked from the core site with 4 to 16 branches derivatized with water-solubilizing PEG chains (GEGEC zR ¹⁴ wherein z is from 1 to 4 and R ¹⁴ is H or Me; R ² can optionally include a 1) photocleavable, 2) redox-cleavable, 3) acid cleavable or 4) base-cleavable linker between the atom and the PEG chain or dendron so that the PEG chain or dendron can be removed using 1) light, 2) an oxidizing or reducing agent, 3) + acid or 4) base, respectively, after the cap is linked to gold electrodes;

W” and Y” are independently selected from -S-, -GE-, CH2CH2, CR ⁿ R ¹² , and SCR ⁿ R ¹² , wherein R ¹¹ and R ¹² are bonded to the same carbon atom and independently selected from H, CTE, C2H5, CH2CH2CH3, CH2CH2SCH3, SCEE, or SCH2CH2SCH3, and wherein R ⁸ and R ⁹ can optionally link to form a ring, wherein S is optionally linked directly to the aromatic ring, and wherein W” and Y” can optionally be exchanged with one another within a ring;

R ⁵ is H, SMe, or CH ₂ CH ₂ SMe;

R ⁶ is H, SMe, SCH ₂ CH ₂ SMe, SCH ₂ C(CH ₂ SMe)3, SH, CS2H, CTESMe, CH2SH, CH2CS2H, 6-[l,3-diisopropyl-lH-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium]-yl, or 6-[l,3-diisopropyl-lH- benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium]-thioyl; and

R ⁷ is H, SMe, SCH ₂ CH ₂ SMe, SH, CS2H, CTESMe, CTESH, or CH2CS2H.

[0098] In various embodiments, the presence of -SH, -SSH, 6-[l,3-diisopropyl-lH- benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium]-yl or 6-[l,3-diisopropyl-lH-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium]-thioyl moieties in the selections for at least one of R ⁶ and R ⁷ allow self-assembly of the ends of the ribbon shaped Compound (III) to gold electrodes or gold contacts disposed on metal electrodes. Bridge molecules functionalized with the groups -SH and -SSH link to gold through Au-S bonds, whereas bridge molecules functionalized with the groups 6-[l,3- diisopropyl-lH-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium]-yl or 6-[l,3-diisopropyl-lH-benzo[d]imidazol-3- ium]-thioyl link to gold electrodes or gold contacts through Au-C bonds. In various examples, the selections for the two R ⁶ groups and the four R ⁷ groups determine the overall rotational symmetry of the molecule. In various embodiments, all four instances of R ⁷ are H and the two instances of R ⁶ are identical functional groups capable of bonding to metal.

[0099] In various embodiments, Compound (III) is covalently bonded to a probe molecule, such as a polymerase. In certain examples for DNA sequencing, the probe molecule comprises a DNA polymerase such as E. coli Klenow fragment, with linkage to Compound (III) obtained through a“click chemistry” linker (a triazole formed from an alkyne and an azide, and/or an O-alkyl-oxime formed from a ketone or an aldehyde and an alkoxyamine, R- O-NH2) and/or through a biological linker (e.g., a biotin linker, which can link to streptavidin in a streptavidin-detector conjugate). In various embodiments of Compound (III), R ⁴ is optionally: (i) covalently linked to a distinct cysteine residue in the DNA polymerase molecule (or two links from PAH to polymerase via the selections for R ³ and R ⁴ ); (ii) covalently linked to R ³ to form a ring; or is hydrogen (i.e., leaving a single link from PAH to polymerase via a non-H choice for R ³ ). In various aspects, R ³ and R ⁴ can optionally contain from 1 to 4 aromatic side chains (such as, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, pyrenyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, ferrocenyl) on a flexible chain such as PEG or polyglycine, linked to one or more cysteine residues in the polymerase that are close in proximity to the g-phosphate in dNTP and or close to the delta phosphate in a modified dNTP such as dN4P-R, where R is a rigid, water soluble group such as glucose, mannose or a-cyclodextrin. The chains can bind to the PAH through hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions, which are disturbed when dN4P-R binds to the active site of the polymerase and undergoes incorporation into the oligonucleotide chain.

[00100] In various embodiments, synthetic bridge molecules in accordance to the present disclosure comprise Compound (III), as illustrated in Figure 11, wherein:

m + n = 10 to 24;

Y= W = -CH2- or -0-;

Y’= W = -CH2- or -0-;

Y” = W” = -S-;

R ¹ = -C0-0-(CH2CH20) _n -0CH3, wherein n is between 2 and 7 or between 20 and 48;

R ² = -C0-0-(CH2CH20) _n -0CH3, wherein n is between 2 and 7 or between 20 and 48;

R ⁵ = CTECTESMe;

R ⁶ = SCTECTESMe; and R ⁷ = H.

[00101] In various embodiments, synthetic bridge molecules in accordance to the present disclosure comprise Compound (III) illustrated in Figure 11, wherein:

m + n = 10 to 24;

Y= W = -CH ₂ - or -0-;

Y’= W’ = -CH ₂ - or -0-;

Y” = W” = -S-;

R ¹ = H;

R ² = -C0-0-(CH ₂ CH ₂ 0) _n -0CH3, wherein n is between 2 and 7 or between 20 and 48;

R ³ =

-(CH ₂ )nC(0)NH-CH[(CH ₂ )r(CH ₂ )R ¹⁸ ] [CH ₂ CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ CH ₂ 0-(CH ₂ ) _s -R ¹⁹ ), wherein n, r and s are independently between 2 and 7; and wherein R ¹⁸ and R ¹⁹ are chosen from the combinations in TABLE 1 such that R ¹⁸ and R ¹⁹ cannot react with one another;

R ⁴ = R ⁵ = p- or m - CT H 4 - ( CH ₂ ) t C O O ( CH ₂ CH ₂ O ) C H . wherein t is from 0 to 10 and u is from 5 to 50;

R ⁶ = SCFLCFhSMe; and

R ⁷ = H.

[00102] In various embodiments, a synthetic bridge molecule in accordance to the present disclosure comprises Compound (XIII), illustrated as both the chemical structure in Figure 35a, and as the 3D space-filling model in Figure 35b (illustrating two rotations of the model). The molecule comprises zig-zag long edges, PEG side chains, caps with thiol linkages, and a site comprising a tethered biotin for probe molecule binding, such as through self-assembly.

[00103] In various embodiments, synthetic bridge molecules in accordance to the present disclosure comprise Compound (VI), as illustrated in Figure 18. Compound (VI) comprises the single continuous 13-APAH (13-atom width polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) conductor), wherein the aromatic portion is about 1.4 nm wide. [00104] In various embodiments, synthetic bridge molecules in accordance with the present disclosure comprise Compound (VI) (Figure 18), wherein:

R ⁴ = R ⁵ = H; and

R ³ = NR ⁹ R ¹⁰ , wherein R ⁹ is linked to a DNA polymerase cysteine residue and R ¹⁰ is either H, or forms a ring with R ⁹ that does not include the polymerase, or is linked to a DNA polymerase cysteine residue that is distinct from the residue linked to R ⁹ . In other embodiments where R ³ = H, R ⁴ is linked to a DNA polymerase cysteine residue and R ⁵ is either H, or forms a ring with R ⁴ that does not include the polymerase, or is linked to a DNA polymerase cysteine residue that is distinct from the residue linked to R ⁹ .

[00105] An embodiment of an organic reaction scheme useful for the synthesis of Compound (VI) is shown in Figures 36-42. Compound (VI) comprises a single continuous 13-APAH conductor, wherein the aromatic ribbon portion of the molecule is about 1.4 nm wide.

[00106] In various embodiments, a synthetic bridge molecule in accordance to the present disclosure comprises Compound (VI) (Figure 18), wherein:

R ¹ = R ² = (CH ₂ ) ₄ C(0)0-PEG-48;

R ³ is (CH2)4C(0)NH-CH2CH2CH(CH2CH2CH2N3)(CH2CH20CH2CH20CH2CH ₂ NH- biotin);

R ⁴ = R ³ = H;

R ⁶ = CH2SCH2CH2SCH3 or H;

R ⁷ = CH2SCH2CH2SCH3 or H; and

R8 = CH2SCH2CH2SCH3 or -SH.

[00107] In various embodiments, synthetic bridge molecules in accordance to the present disclosure are represented by Compound (VII), illustrated in Figure 19. Compound (VII) comprises a conducting oligomer further comprising a single continuous 9-APAH (9-atom width polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) conductor, wherein the aromatic portion is about 0.95 nm wide.

[00108] In various embodiments, synthetic bridge molecules in accordance to the present disclosure comprise Compound (VII), illustrated in Figure 19, wherein:

3 of the 4 substituents R ¹ , R ² , R ³ , and R ⁴ are hydrogen, and the remaining 4 ^th substituent is selected from: (1) an ester linked PEG chain having the structure (CH2)xCO(OCH2CH2) _y OR ¹³ or (CH2)xOC=OCH2CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)yOR ¹³ , wherein x is from 3 to 10, y is from 10 to 40, and R ¹³ is Me or H;

(2) an ether linked PEG chain having the structure (CH2)xO- CEECEbCEbiGCEbCEb^OR ¹³ , wherein x > 2, y is from 10 to 40, and R ¹³ is Me or H; or

(3) a water-soluble, ester-linked dendron linked from the core site with 8 to 64 branches derivatized with water-solubilizing PEG chains (CEbCEEC^zR ¹⁴ , wherein z is from 1 to 8 and R ¹⁴ is H or Me; and wherein R ¹ can optionally include a 1) photocleavable, 2) redox-cleavable, 3) acid cleavable or 4) base-cleavable linker between the atom and the PEG chain or dendron so that the PEG chain or dendron can be removed using 1) light, 2) an oxidizing or reducing agent, 3) + acid or 4) base, respectively, after the cap portion of the molecule is linked to gold electrodes;

3 of the 4 R ⁸ substituents appended at either end of the molecule are hydrogen, and the 4 ^th R ⁸ substituent is a short alkyl group (1-5 carbons), optionally substituted with a methoxy or carboxyl group; and

R ⁷ is CEbSCEbCEbSCEb or -SH.

[00109] In various embodiments, synthetic bridge molecules in accordance to the present disclosure comprise Compound (VIII), as illustrated in Figure 20. This compound is referred to herein as“2-Mono PEG-PAH single component polymer and is a bridge molecule not having a branch monomer. The central monomer shown enables PAH bridges of various lengths as desired. This genus of compounds has optional number of monomeric units and optional PEG chains to affect solubility.

[00110] In various embodiments, synthetic bridge molecules comprise compound (VIII) in Figure 20, wherein:

n = 3;

m = 3 to 1000, or in various embodiments, from 3 to 10;

3 of the 4 R ¹⁵ substituents are hydrogen, and the 4 ^th R ¹⁵ substituent is a PEG chain having the structure (CH2CH2)0(CH2CH20)24CH3;

6 of the 8 R ¹⁶ substituents are hydrogen, and two of the remaining R ¹⁶ substituents are 2-methoxyethyl; and

each R ¹⁷ are -S-CH3. [00111] In various embodiments, synthetic bridge molecules in accordance to the present disclosure comprise Compound (XV), as illustrated in Figure 21. Compound (XV) includes methylthiol end groups and an optional number of central monomeric units n and in. wherein n = 2 and m = 3 to 1000 or from 3 to 10. The presence of the PEG side chains improves solubility of an otherwise hydrophobic aromatic core structure.

[00112] Figures 22 to 30 set forth an embodiment of a synthetic protocol for preparing Compound (XV). In various embodiments, Compound (XV) comprises 3 or more carbons situated between the aromatic ring and the PEG oxygen atom, or an ester linkage to any PEG substituent.

[00113] Figure 22 sets forth the synthesis of tosyl-PEG-24 (22b), comprising the reaction of PEG-24 (22a) with tosyl-Cl and KOH in aqueous THF. Figure 23 shows a synthesis of tetraphenyl diiodobenzene methoxy ether (23 c) beginning with perbromobenzene, l-bromo-4- (2-methoxyethyl)benzene and bromobenzene. Figure 24 show a synthesis of the monomer alcohol (24e) by demethylation of the previous methoxy monomer with trimethyliodosilane in dichloromethane. Figure 25 shows a synthesis of PEG monomer (251) by SN2 reaction of the previous tosyl-PEG-24 with the anion of the alcohol monomer formed with NaH in THF. Figures 26 and 27 show thermal and microwave Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions to generate the various fused ring systems from 1 ,4-benzenediboronic acid bis(pinacol) ester (26a) and the PEG monomer (251). Figure 28 sets forth additional Suzuki-Miyaura coupling to generate the nanoribbon intermediate CX-13-336. Figure 29 shows additional Suzuki- Miyaura coupling to produce the nanoribbon intermediate CX-13-337. Lastly, Figure 30 illustrates the synthesis of Compound (XV) by treatment with FeCh.

[00114] In various embodiments, a conducting synthetic organic bridge molecule is solubilized by at least one dendron. For example, Compound (XVI) illustrated in Figure 31a shows a simplified version of a bridge molecule comprising a poly anthracene nanoribbon and only a single dendron attached thereon. Usable embodiments of Compound (XVI) further comprise (i) more than one dendron along both longer edges of the nanoribbon, e.g., as many as 1 dendron per every 1 to 3 nm length of nanoribbon, and (ii) an -SH or -S-alkyl group on each of the left and right ends of the molecule for bonding to metal electrodes.

[00115] Figure 31b shows a 3D structure model of Compound (XVI) comprising only one dendron and no other substituent groups on the nanoribbon. [00116] In various embodiments, a conducting synthetic organic bridge molecule comprises Compound (XVII) illustrated in Figure 32. This schematic illustrates the use of two distinct polycyclic aromatic molecules as arms to wire a sensor probe molecule directly into a sensor circuit. As illustrated, electrical conductivity runs from the Au binding site, through one of the arms, through the sensor probe molecule, and then through the second arm to the second Au binding site, wherein:

“Capl-Polymerl-Branch-Polymer2-Cap2” and “Capl’-Polymerl’-Branch’- Polymer2’-Cap2’” represent two distinct, fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecular arms, derivatized at the edges, which are each about 5 to about 100 nm long, about 8 to about 60 nm long, or about 10 to about 30 nm long;

Capl and Capl’ are single monomer units that can bind to electrode surfaces, such as e.g., gold surfaces, through thioethers, reactive carbenes, gold-binding peptide or other material binding sequences, thiols, and/or dithiocarboxylate;

Cap2 and Cap2’ are single, underivatized monomer units;

Polymerl, Polymerl’, Polymer2, and Polymer2’ are polyaromatic fused ring segments optionally derivatized with any number of solubilizing groups such as PEG groups to enable solubility in organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and dispersibility in water. In various embodiments, Polymerl and Polymerl’ segments may be of any length, and may be the same or different than the Polymer 2 and Polymer 2’ segments;

Branch and Branch’ are each linked to a different finger or helix on the DNA polymerase, chosen so that the distance between Branch and Branch’ changes as the polymerase incorporates a dNTP through one or more S-alkyl or S-aryl connections; and

L are optional connections, such as bivalent anchoring linkages, that (i) tie the distinct polyaromatic arms together; (ii) tie either or both arms to an electrode in the pair of spaced- apart electrodes; (iii) tie either or both arms to the underlying substrate supporting the electrodes as shown; and/or (iv) provide an additional attachment point from any position along either or both arms to the sensor probe molecule. In various embodiments, there can be at least one bivalent linkage as shown to anchor the one or more arms of the bridging complex. In various embodiments, each L, when present, is selected from (poly)methylene, -(CH2)x-, of any length and with any number of intervening heteroatoms instead of C; PEG of any length; a polypeptide; various ring structures, e.g., 1,4-phenylene; or any combinations of the above. [00117] In various embodiments, Compound (XVII) in Figure 32 comprises two functional groups, one at each of the opposite ends, labeled here as“Au-Binder” on each end. The“Au binder” at opposite ends of each arm may comprise a metal binding moiety such as -SH, -SMe, or -CS2H.

[00118] In various embodiments, synthetic bridge molecules in accordance to the present disclosure are based on Compound (II) of Figure 10, wherein the conducting nanoribbon core structure comprises a phenyl-substituted 12-APAH conducting ribbon with a zigzag edge. Various examples are set forth below.

[00119] In various embodiments, a synthetic bridge molecule comprises Compound (XIII) illustrated in Figure 35a. This molecule comprises the zig-zag edge PAH bridge based on the 12-APAH ribbon conductor structure. Compound (XIII) is fully functionalized with PEG ester side chains, caps with thiol linkages for binding to metal electrodes, and a side chain comprising a tethered biotin for binding to a probe molecule and for sensor self-assembly. In various embodiments of Compound (XIII), the PEG ester side chains comprise the structure - / ( C r H 4 ) - ( CH ) t C O O ( CH CH O ) u C H . wherein t is from 0 to 10 and us is from 5 to 50.

[00120] Figure 35b shows a 3D model of Compound (XIII).

[00121] In general, synthetic bridge molecules comprising the fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon nanoribbons as disclosed herein are obtainable by a convergent synthesis scheme based on palladium catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling between a boron compound and an organic halide. A convergent synthesis, rather than a linear synthesis scheme, is practical here due to the size of these molecules. The key steps in assembling these molecules comprise (i) the palladium or microwave catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of an aryl 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolane and an aryl halide to form biaryls and (ii) FeCb catalyzed intramolecular dehydrogenative coupling to form the fused ring nanoribbons (e.g., see Y. Huang, et al., supra). In various embodiments of the synthetic schemes herein, the ordering of the steps in the synthesis can be changed such that key side chain moieties are attached either before or after the palladium or FeCb catalyzed coupling reactions, e.g., based on the compatibility of particular side chains to these reaction conditions.

[00122] An embodiment of a synthetic route to Compound (VI) (Figure 18) is illustrated in Figures 36-42. Figures 36 and 37 illustrate synthesis of the left polymer portion of Compound (VI) by Suzuki coupling. Figures 38 and 39 illustrate synthesis of the right polymer portion of Compound (VI) by Suzuki coupling. Figures 40 and 41 illustrate the Suzuki coupling of left and right polymer portions to a central branch point substructure to produce the pre-13AGNR Compound (Figure 41). Lastly, FeCb treatment completes the aromatization of pre-13AGNR into Compound (VI).

[00123] In various embodiments, a synthetic bridge molecule comprises Compound (XII) illustrated in Figure 43. Compound (XII) comprises a phenyl substituted 12-APAH ribbon with a zigzag edge.

[00124] In various embodiments, a synthetic bridge molecule comprises Compound (XII) of Figure 43, wherein:

n = 2;

m = 3 to 500;

R ¹ is selected from: (1) an ester linked PEG chain having the structure (CH ₂ ) _x CO(OCH ₂ CH2)yOR ¹³ or (CH ₂ ) _x OC=OCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ (OCH ₂ CH ₂ )yOR ¹³ , wherein x is from 3 to 10, y is from 10 to 40, and R ¹³ is Me or H; (2) an ether linked PEG chain having the structure (CH ₂ ) _x O-CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ (OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) _y OR ¹³ , wherein x > 2, y is from 10 to 40, and R ¹³ is Me or H; or (3) a water-soluble ester linked dendron, linked from the core site with 8 to 64 branches derivatized with water-solubilizing PEG chains (CH ₂ CH ₂ 0)zR ¹⁴ , wherein z is from 1 to 8 and R ¹⁴ is H or Me; and wherein R ¹ can optionally include a 1) photocleavable, 2) redox-cleavable, 3) acid cleavable or 4) base-cleavable linker between the atom and the PEG chain or dendron so that the PEG chain or dendron can be removed using 1) light, 2) an oxidizing or reducing agent, 3) + acid or 4) base, respectively, after the cap portion of the molecule is linked to gold electrodes;

R ² is selected from: (1) an ester linked PEG chain having the structure (CH ₂ ) _x CO(OCH ₂ CH ₂ )yOR ¹³ or (CH ₂ ) _x OC=OCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ (OCH ₂ CH ₂ )yOR ¹³ , wherein x is from 3 to 10, y is from 10 to 40, and R ¹³ is Me or H; (2) an ether linked PEG chain having the structure (CH ₂ ) _x O-CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ (OCH ₂ CH ₂ ) _y OR ¹³ , wherein x > 2, y is from 10 to 40, and R ¹³ is Me or H; or (3) -H;

R ³ =

-(CH ₂ )nC(0)NH-CH[(CH ₂ )r(CH ₂ )R ¹⁸ ] [CH ₂ CH ₂ -0-CH ₂ CH ₂ 0-(CH ₂ ) _s -R ¹⁹ ), wherein n, r and s are independently between 2 and 7; and wherein R ¹⁸ and R ¹⁹ are chosen from the combinations in TABLE 1 such that R ¹⁸ and R ¹⁹ cannot react with one another;

R ⁴ is H or SCH2CH2SCH3; and

R ⁵ is -SH or SCH2CH2SCH3.

[00125] In various embodiments, a synthetic bridge molecule comprises Compound (XIX) illustrated in Figure 44a. This bridge molecule comprises PEG side chains, -S-CH3 end groups, and a PAH nanoribbon conducting core structure. Representative diverse lengths of this form, in the range of about 5 nm to 30 nm in length, were synthesized by the methods outlined below. The 3D model of Compound (XIX) is shown in Figure 44b. The synthesis product Compound (XIX) in shown in bulk, suspended in THF and by the TEM image in THF solvent in Figure 42c. The mass spectra of Compound (XIX) is shown is Figure 42d, and the NMR spectra partially characterizing the size and composition of these products are also shown in Figure 42e. The spectra illustrate the range of masses present, and the ratio of PEG groups to aromatic rings.

[00126] Synthetic Protocols

[00127] The following illustrates an embodiment of a synthesis of the series of intermediate components and final ribbon for an embodiment of a PAHEB.

[00128] Synthesis of Tosyl PEG-24 (22b) (Figure 22)

[00129] To a 0 °C suspension of PEG-24 (22a) (0.750 g, 0.689 mmol) and tosyl chloride (0.197 g, 1.03 mmol) in 1.5 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was added 16 M potassium hydroxide (aq.) (0.140 ml) in four portions over 1 hour at that temperature. Once the addition was complete, the reaction was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The reaction was diluted with dichloromethane/water, and stirred until the layers cleared. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with additional dichloromethane. The combined organics were washed three times with water, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified via flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-10% methanol/dichloromethane) to provide Tosyl PEG-24 (22b) (0.678 g, 79% yield) as a white amorphous solid. 'H NMR (499 MHz, Chloroform-d) d 7.80 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.18 - 4.13 (m, 2H), 3.81 - 3.45 (m, 89H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 1.71 (s, 5H). MS: mass calculated for CseHioeC vS: 1242.66; found: positive (m/z): 1243.5 (M+H) ⁺ , 1265.5 (M+Na) ⁺ , 1281.9 (M+K) ⁺ .

[00130] Synthesis of Tetraphenyl Diiodo Benzene Methoxyether (23c) (Figure 23)

[00131] To a suspension of magnesium turnings (1.22 g, 50.3 mmol) in 47 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was carefully added a mixture of l-bromo-4-(2-methoxyethyl)benzene (1.68 g, 7.80 mmol) and bromobenzene (4.04 g, 25.7 mmol) slowly, as not to boil the solvent, over a period of 1 hour. Once the addition was complete, the reaction was stirred for an additional 1 hour at room temperature until the heating ceased. The reaction was cooled to 0 °C before perbromobenzene (1.85 g, 3.35 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to 0 °C and iodine (8.51 g, 33.5 mmol) dissolved in 10 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added until the deep purple color (characteristic of iodine) remained, and was stirred for an additional 2 hours. The reaction was diluted with water and chloroform and the iodine quenched with saturated sodium thiosulfate solution. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase extracted twice with 100 ml of chloroform. The combined organics were washed twice with saturated sodium bicarbonate, once with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified via flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-40% ethyl acetate/hexane) to provide 3',6'-diiodo-4-(2-methoxyethyl)-4',5'-diphenyl-l,r:2',l"-ter phenyl (23c) (0.328 g) (14-179pl 1) and a less pure sample (djs-14-179pl2) which was re-purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-30% ethyl acetate/hexane) to provide (0.175 g) of additional product (23c) for a total of (0.503 g, 22% yield) as a pale yellow solid. 'H NMR (499 MHz, Chloroform-ri) d 7.20 - 6.92 (m, 19H), 3.50 (t, J= 7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.28 (s, 3H), 2.78 (t , J = 7.2 Hz, 2H); MS: mass calculated for C33H26I2O: 692.01; found: positive (m/z): 715.1 (M+Na) ⁺ , 731.1 (M+K) ⁺ .

[00132] Synthesis of Monomer Alcohol (24e) (Figure 24)

[00133] To a solution of methoxy monomer (23c) (0.190 g, 0.274 mmol) dissolved in 5.0 ml of anhydrous dichloromethane was added iodotrimethylsilane (0.284 g, 1.42 mmol), and the deeply colored reaction was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with 2.0 ml of concentrated ammonia (aq.) and stirred for 20 minutes. The reaction was diluted with water and the phases separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with dichloromethane, and the combined organics were washed with water, brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was used in the subsequent step (silyl ether cleavage) without further purification.

[00134] To a solution of crude silylether monomer (24d) dissolved in 15.0 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was added tetrabutylammonium fluoride TBAF (0.612 mmol, 1.0 M in THF), and the reaction was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature under an inert atmosphere. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo, dissolved in dichloromethane/water, and the phases separated. The aqueous phase was extracted two additional times with dichloromethane, and the combined organics were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified via flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-50% ethyl acetate/hexane) to provide alcohol monomer (24e) (60% yield over the 2-steps) as a white solid. Ή NMR (499 MHz, Chloroform^/) d 7.19 - 6.97 (m, 19H), 3.76 (t, J= 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.77 (t , J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), MS: mass calculated for C32H24I2O: 677.99; found: positive (m/z): 701.0 (M+Na) ⁺ , 716.8 (M+K) ⁺ .

[00135] Synthesis of PEG-24-Monomer (25f) (Figure 25)

[00136] To a 0 °C solution of alcohol monomer (24e) (0.040 g, 0.059 mmol) dissolved in 1.0 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was carefully added 60% sodium hydride (8.0 mg, 0.206 mmol), and the reaction was stirred at reflux for 1 hour under an inert atmosphere. The reaction was cooled, and added tosyl PEG-24 (22b) (0.077 g, 0.062 mmol) dissolved in 1.1 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran dropwise and the reaction was stirred at reflux for 16 hours under an inert atmosphere. The reaction was cooled, charged with additional sodium hydride (10 mg), and stirred at reflux for an additional 24 hours. The reaction was quenched with a few drops of water, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was dissolved in dichloromethane/water, and the phases separated. The aqueous phase was saturated with sodium chloride, extracted six additional times with dichloromethane, and the combined organics were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was purified via flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-10% methanol/dichloromethane) to provide PEG-24-Monomer (25f) (0.058 g, 57% yield) as a clear solid. Ή NMR (499 MHz, Chloroform^/) d 7.22 - 6.90 (m, 19H), 3.81 - 3.45 (m, 211H), 3.38 (s, 7H), 2.79 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), -50% excess PEG by NMR; MS: mass calculated for C81H122I2O25: 1748.64; found: positive (m/z): 1771.7 (M+Na) ⁺ . [00137] Synthesis of nanoribbon polymer by thermal reaction (Figures 26-27)

[00138] A solution a PEG-monomer (251) (29 mg, 0.0166 mmol), 1,4-benzenediboronic acid bis(pinacol) ester (26a) (5.5 mg, 0.0166 mmol) and K3PO4 (7.0 mg, 0.0332 mmol) in 1 ml DMF was degassed 5 times with argon bubbling. Then Pd(PPh3)4 (2.0 mg) was added, and the reaction mixture was degassed 3 times with argon bubbling. The reaction mixture was heated up to 100 °C and stirred under Argon overnight. The“thermal reaction” crude product was used in the following reaction without purification.

[00139] Synthesis of nanoribbon polymer by microwave reaction (Figure 28)

[00140] A solution of the PEG-monomer (251) (47.3 mg, 0.027 mmol) and K3PO4 (11.4 mg, 0.054 mmol) in 1.4 ml DMF was degassed 5 times with argon bubbling. Then Pd(PPh3)4 (7.8mg) was added, and the reaction mixture was degassed 3 times with argon bubbling. This intermediate solution , containing 19 millimolar PEG-monomer (251), is referred to herein as “Solution A.”

[00141] A solution of 1,4-benzenediboronic acid bis(pinacol) ester (26a) (12.7 mg, 0.038 mmol) and K3PO4 (16.1 mg, 0.076 mmol) in 2 ml DMF was degassed 5 times with argon bubbling. This intermediate solution, containing 19 millimolar 1,4-benzenediboronic acid bis(pinacol) ester (26a), is referred to herein as“Solution B.”

[00142] Six (6) microwave reaction solutions were set up, using 200 pL of Solution B for each reaction, and 200 pL (B:A mole ratio 1 : 1), 160 pL (B:A mole ratio 1 :0.8), 140 pL (B:A mole ratio 1:0.7), 124 pL (B:A mole ratio 1:0.62), 100 pL (B:A mole ratio 1 :0.5), and 80 pL (B:A mole ratio 1 :0.4) of Solution A for each reaction separately. Each microwave reaction was microwaved for 10 minutes at 150 °C.

[00143] After microwave reaction, the three reactions at mole ratios of 1 :0.62, 1 :0.5 and 1:0.4 were combined and then mixed with half of the“thermal reaction” product, and then reacted with more diiodo-PEG-monomer (251) (16.7 mg), additional K3PO4 (5.0mg) and Pd(PPh3)4 (3.0mg), following the same procedure as above, which lead to the 13-335-12 polymer (Figure 27), after removing DMF, used directly in the next step without purification.

[00144] The other three reactions at mole ratio of 1 :1, 1:0.8 and 1:0.7 were combined and then mixed with the other half of the“thermal reaction” product, and then reacted with more 1,4-benzenediboronic acid bis(pinacol) ester (26a) (6.4 mg), K3PO4 (5.0 mg) and Pd(PPh3)4 (3.0 mg), following the same procedure above, which lead to 13-335-B2. After removing DMF, the crude product was used directly in the next step (Figure 28). [00145] Synthesis of nanoribbon intermediate CX- 13-336 (Figure 28)

[00146] A solution of 13-335-12 polymer, 13-335-B2 polymer and K3PO4 (27.2 mg, 0.128 mmol) in 1 ml DMF was degassed 5 times with argon bubbling. Then Pd(PPh3)4 (4.2 mg) was added, and the reaction mixture was degassed 3 times with argon bubbling. Then the reaction mixture was heated up to 100 °C and stirred under argon overnight. Solvent was removed, the residue was dissolved in 0.5 ml THF and purified by SEC column to yield 7.0 mg polymer CX-13-336 (Figure 28).

[00147] Synthesis of nanoribbon intermediate CX- 13-337 (Figure 29)

[00148] Polymer CX-13-336, purified by SEC column, (7.0 mg), 1 ,4-benzenediboronic acid bis(pinacol) ester (26a) (16.5 mg, 0.049 mmol,) and K3PO4 (0.128mmol, 27.2mg) in 1 ml DMF was degassed 5 times with argon bubbling. Then Pd(PPh3)4 (4.2 mg) was added, and the reaction mixture was degassed 3 times with argon bubbling. Then the reaction mixture was heated up to 100 °C and stirred under argon overnight. After removing DMF, the crude product was dissolved in 0.5 ml THF and purified by SEC column.

[00149] The resulting polymer (5.0 mg) was dissolved in 0.5 ml DMF, and cap Compound 29a (9 mg, 0.013 mmol) was added, followed by K3PO4 (5.0 mg, 0.023 mmol), was degassed 5 times with argon bubbling. Then Pd(PPh3)4 (3.0 mg) was added. The reaction mixture was microwaved at 150 °C for 1 hour. After cooling, solvent was removed and the residue purified by SEC column to yield 3.5 g polymer CX-13-337 (Figure 29). MALDI/TOF mass spectroscopy suggests increasing fractions of 20 KDalton to 40 KDalton polymer with each Suzuki coupling step and gel permeation chromatography.

[00150] Synthesis of nanoribbon Compound (XV) (Figure 30)

[00151] Polymer CX-13-337 (3.5 mg, purified from SEC column) was dissolved in 20 ml dichloromethane, and argon was bubbled through for 10 minutes. Iron(III) chloride (120 mg) dissolved 3 ml nitromethane was added slowly and the resulting mixture stirred for 1 hour at RT, after which time about 1-2 mg of insoluble black precipitate formed. The reaction mixture was quenched with 20 ml methanol, solvent was removed, and the residue purified with SEC column to afford 1.5 mg product. The soluble product had lost at least 30% of its PEG chains during the dehydrogenation step, as judged from integration of the Ή NMR spectrum.