Field of the invention

The present invention relates to protective films for use in agriculture, in particular silage production.

Background

Plastic film is used for many different purposes. For example, plastic stretch film is frequently used in different fields of application, in particular for wrapping various products, for example wrapping goods for shipping or storing, or for wrapping agricultural bulk products, such as grass, straw, various crops, etc. In agricultural applications, stretch film may for instance be used as fodder protection and silage film. For the production of silage, anaerobic conditions are desirable, and so the film should provide a barrier against moisture and oxygen.

Silage can be produced and stored in the form of bales or in a bunker silo or a pit silo. In the production of baled silage, a baler is first used to form a compact bale of the crop/vegetable product intended to be ensiled, and the bale is subsequently wrapped tightly with net, twine or film to retain the shape of the bale. Once the net, twine or film is lying around the bale, the formed bale is ejected from the baling chamber. The bale is then wrapped with an agricultural stretch wrap film using a bale wrapper. In the bale wrapper the agricultural stretch wrap film is stretched, typically in the range of 50-75% and the stretched agricultural stretch wrap film is wrapped multiple turns around the bale to form an airtight and waterproof bale suitable for silage production. For production of silage in silos, a large volume of crop (e.g. grass) is deposited in an open bunker, or formed into a heap on the ground, and subsequently covered with a protective silage film to provide an airtight cover. The crop may be compacted prior to covering with the protective film. The film is often secured by placing heavy objects, such as tyres, on top of the film. Conventionally, agricultural silage films are made primarily of one or more polymers, in particular polyolefins (e.g. polyethylene). The polyolefin is extruded and blown to form a tubular film. Usually various additives such as pigments, tackifiers, UV stabilizers, etc, are added to the film composition in order to meet the requirements of the intended use. Silage films typically contain UV stabilizers, and often pigments to reflect sunlight and/or to reduce transmission of sunlight into the bale or silo. Stretch film for baled silage also requires high cling, and high mechanical performance in terms of good resistance to puncturing and tearing. Also for use in bunker or pit silos the mechanical properties of the film are of importance.

Conventionally, silage films have consisted of a single layer, although in recent years multilayer films for silage applications have emerged.

Nevertheless, current silage films allow leakage of oxygen into the bale which results in undesirable aerobic decomposition of the crop. Even under good conditions, up to 5 % of the nutritional value of the silage may be lost due to such oxygen leakage. This also means a considerable economic loss for the farmer. For baled silage, one or more extra turns of wrapping film can be applied around the bale to increase protection and reduce oxygen leakage into the bale. However, using more film increases the materials cost, and a more time-consuming wrapping procedure also means an economic loss.

As an alternative, special oxygen barrier films are available, containing a core layer of an oxygen barrier material such as ethylene-vinyl alcohol or polyamide. However, such films are relatively expensive and may be difficult to produce, process and/or recycle due to the content of ethylene-vinyl alcohol or polyamide.

Hence, there is a demand for silage films with improved barrier properties. Summary of the invention

It is an object of the present invention to at least partly overcome the problems in the prior art, and to provide a film with mechanical properties suitable for use as a silage film and which offers desirable barrier properties.

According to a first aspect of the invention, this and other objects are achieved by a polyethylene-based film useful in the production of silage, said film comprising polyethylene at a content of 60-90 % by weight of the film, wherein the polyethylene is selected from linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) and combinations thereof, and a dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin at a content of 3-20 % by weight of the film.

The present inventors surprisingly found that by including dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin in a film based on linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and optionally low density polyethylene (LDPE), considerably improved oxygen barrier property was obtained, while preserving the excellent mechanical properties of polyethylene of low density making the film useful as a silage film. It was found that the oxygen transmission rate was reduced by up to 35-40 % compared to films that did not contain the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. Meanwhile, the strength at break (MD and TD,

respectively) was largely unaffected or only slightly decreased, elongation at break was largely unaffected or slightly increased, and Elmendorf tear strength was largely unaffected.

As used herein, "low density" when referring to polyethylene typically refers to a density of 0.930 g/cm ³ or less, such as 0.925 g/cm ³ or less.

In addition, the it was found that during production of the film using a blown film co-extrusion process that the extruder engine intensity decreased by 15 % in the three screws used, and the pressure before the filter also decreased in all three screws used. This may allow a further increase of the output of one or more of the screws, so as to produce layer(s) of higher thickness. Increasing the relative thickness of a layer comprising mainly mLLDPE may improve the mechanical properties of the film. Alternatively, a reduced engine intensity means energy savings. Advantageously, a film according to the present invention is readily

recyclable, and the polyethylene content can be recycled in its entirety. The films according to the invention may further be free of conventional barrier materials such as, for instance, ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) or polyamide, which are not easily recyclable and/or obstructs recycling of the polyethylene content of such conventional barrier films.

At least part of the polyethylene content of the film may originate from regranulated polyethylene, that is, recycled polyethylene. The regranulated polyethylene may contain a combination of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE), and may have a density of up to 930 g/cm ³ s, such as in the range of from 0.860 to 0.930 g/cm ³ .

According to preferred embodiments, the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin has a softening point in the range of 100-145 °C, preferably 130- 145 °C. A dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin having a softening point above 130 °C, such as between 130-145 °C, may have increased barrier properties.

In embodiments, the film comprises a dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin at a content of 4.5-15 % by weight of the film, such as 5-15 % by weight of the film, such as 6-13 % by weight of the film. A film having more than

In embodiments, the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin is at least 90 % hydrogenated.

In embodiments, the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin originates from thermal cracking of hydrocarbons, such as naphtha. In embodiments, the film comprises at least one layer containing a mixture of linear low density polyethylene and dicyclopentadiene.

In embodiments, the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin is present at a content of 5-13 % by weight of the film.

In embodiments, the film has an oxygen gas transmission rate (OTR) of 250 cm ³ /m ² /24h or less, as measured according DIN 53380-3 using air instead of oxygen gas. As an example the film may have an OTR of 200 cm ³ /m ² /24h or less, such as an OTR of 160 cm ³ /m ² /24h or less. A film having such OTR levels may have a thickness of about 90-150 μιτι, such as about 100-120 μιτι, such as about 1 10 μιτι.

In embodiments, the film is a multilayer film, preferably comprising at least a first outer layer, a second outer layer, and a core layer arranged between said first outer layer and said second outer layer.

In embodiments, the film has a thickness in the range of from 15 to 180 μιτι. As an example, the film may have a thickness that is more than 70 μιτι, such as more than 80 μιτι.

The film may further comprise pigments. The film may further comprise dyes. The film may further comprise fillers. The film may further comprise UV stabilizers. The film may further comprise tackifiers. The film may further comprise slip agents. The film may further comprise nucleating agents. The film may further comprise processing aids. Thus, in embodiments, the film further comprises one or more additives selected from pigments, dyes, fillers, UV stabilizers, tackifiers, slip agents, nucleating agents, and processing aids. In embodiments, the film comprises one or more pigments at a content of from 3 to 10 % by weight of the film, such as from 5 to 7 % by weight of the film. In embodiments, the film has a density in the range of from 0.920 to 1 .00 kg/m ³ .

In embodiments, the film has a thickness in the range of from 80 to 180 μιτι, preferably from 90 to 125 μιτι and optionally a width in the range of 5-20 m, preferably 6-18 m.

In embodiments, the film is cut to a length of 400 m or less, preferably 100 m or less.

In embodiments, the film has a thickness in the range of from 15 to 30 μιτι and optionally a width in the range of from 500 to 1500 mm, preferably 500- 750 mm or 1 100 to 1500 mm. As an example, the film may be cut to a length of 1500-2500 m, preferably 1800-2200 m.

In embodiments, the film is prestretched. In embodiments, the film is a stretch film.

Typically, the film according to embodiments of the present invention allows an anaerobic environment to be formed and thereby nutrients and energy content of the silage to be preserved during storage. A silage film should form a gas barrier, in particular an oxygen barrier. The oxygen barrier properties can be measured according to known standards, such as ASTM D3985 or DIN 53380-3. A silage film as disclosed herein may have an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of 10 000 cm ³ /m ² /24h or less as determined according to DIN 53380-3.

A silage film according to embodiments of the present invention suitable for use as a stretch wrap silage film for baling may have an oxygen permeability of less than 10 000 cm ³ /m ² /day, such as within the range of from 1 000 to 10 000 cm ³ /m ² /24 h measured according to DIN 53380-3 Stretch wrap films are thin, but are wrapped multiple turns around a bale.

Silage films for bunker or pit silos, on the other hand, are typically thicker than stretch wrap silage films, and as such may have an OTR which is

considerably lower than a thin stretch wrap film. Silage films according to the invention suitable for use in such applications may have an OTR of

250 cm ³ /m ² /day or less as determined according to DIN 53380-3. The film may be a monolayer film or a multilayer film, and may be produced by conventional means, such as cast extrusion or blow extrusion. According to an embodiment, the polyethylene film is a coextruded multi-layer blown film comprising at least two layers. Preferably, the polyethylene film is a multilayer film comprising at least three layers: at least one core layer arranged between two exterior layers.

Thus, the multilayer film may comprise at least a first outer layer, a second outer layer, and a core layer arranged between said first outer layer and said second outer layer. The core layer may comprise low density polyethylene (LDPE), such as LDPE originating from regranulated polyethylene.

Furthermore, at least two layers of the multilayer film may comprise the dicydopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. As an example, all layers of the film may comprise the dicydopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. It has been found that it is advantageous to put dicydopentadiene in all layers since too much dicydopentadiene in the same layer may decrease the tear resistance of the film.

In embodiments, no single layer of the multilayer film comprises more than 20 % of the dicydopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. As an example, all layers of the film comprise the dicydopentadiene hydrocarbon resin and no single layer of the multilayer film may comprise more than 20 % of the dicydopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. In embodiments, the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin is present in an amount that is less than 20% such as less than 15%, in all layers of the film. Thus, dicyclopentadiene may be present in all layers but to an amount that is less than 20%, such as less than 15%, in each layer. Having an amount of dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin in an amount that is above 20 % in a single layer may lead to a decrease in tear resistance of the film.

As an example, the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may be present at a content of 5-13 % by weight of a multilayer film.

As an example, the multilayer film may be polyethylene-based film consisting of a first outer layer, a second outer layer, and a core layer arranged between said first outer layer and said second outer layer; wherein said outer layers comprises linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and said

dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. The LLDPE may give the film desired mechanical properties and bubble stability.

The core layer arranged between said first outer layer and said second outer layer may comprise low density polyethylene (LDPE). Further, the core layer may also comprise the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. The low density polyethylene (LDPE) of the core layer may originate from regranulated polyethylene. Furthermore, when using LDPE that originates from

regranulates, it is advantageous to have the dicyclopentadiene in all layers since too much dicyclopentadiene in the same layer may decrease the tear resistance of a film with regranulates.

Consequently, the polyethylene-based film may be a multilayer film having a three-layer structure, in which the first and second outer layers comprises LLDPE and the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin and wherein the core layer comprises the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin and LDPE that originates from regranulated polyethylene. By the term "mechanical properties" or "mechanical performance" is herein mainly meant the mechanical strength of the material, measured in terms of at least one of tensile strength, tear strength and puncture resistance. Tensile strength, measured as force per unit area, is defined as the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking. Tear strength, typically measured as force per unit length, is defined as the resistance of a material to the growth of e.g. a cut when under tension. Elongation at break is defined as the ultimate elongation (given as percentage of the initial length) of a material before it breaks under tension. Puncture resistance, typically measured as mass per unit length, is defined as the relative ability of a material to withstand a falling dart without breaking.

According to an embodiment, the prestretched polyethylene film is a silage film, such as an agricultural bale wrap film or a silage cover film for use in a bunker silo or a pit silo.

In another aspect, the invention provides use of a film as defined herein as a protective film for the production of silage. In embodiments, the use of the film is for covering a pit silo or a bunker silo.

In embodiments, the use of the film is for wrapping of silage bales.

It is noted that the invention relates to all possible combinations of features recited in the claims.

Brief description of the drawings

The invention will hereinafter be described in detail by reference to exemplary embodiments as illustrated in the following drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a schematically illustrates, in cross-section, a multilayer film according to embodiments of the present invention. Fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of a production line for producing a film according to embodiments of the invention.

Detailed description

Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described in more detail. The invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided for thoroughness and completeness, and fully convey the scope of the invention to the skilled person.

Fig. 1 schematically illustrates, in cross-section, a film, for instance a silage film, according to embodiments of the present invention, the film 100 is a multilayer film comprising three layers: a first outer layer 101 , a middle layer or core layer 102, and a second outer layer 103. The first and second outer layers are arranged on opposing sides of the core layer, and in this

embodiment having only three layers, are in contact with the core layer while each outer layers forms an exterior surface of the film. The outer layers 101 , 102 may be referred to as outermost layers or skin layers. However, in embodiments having more than three layers, e.g. five or seven layers, additional skin layers may be provided outwardly of the outer layers 101 , 103 in relation to the core layer. Alternatively, or additionally, additional layers may be provided in the form of additional core layers, e.g. on opposing sides of the core layer 102 but in between the outer layers 101 , 103.

The layers 101 , 102, 103 may have the same or different composition. Each of the layers 101 , 102, 103 may comprise, as a base material, a polyethylene or a blend of polyethylenes, having a density of up to 0.930 g/cm ³ , such as from 0.860 to 0.930 g/cm ³ or to 0.925 g/cm ³ . The polyethylene or blend of polyethylenes may include virgin polyethylene material such as metallocene catalyzed LLDPE (mLLDPE) or Ziegler-Natta catalyzed LLDPE (znLLDPE), or recycled polyethylene material, which may comprise a blend of LLDPE and LDPE. The outer layers 101 , 103 may contain mLLDPE as base material. The core layer(s) may contain as base material a blend of LLDPE and LDPE obtained from recycled polyethylene.

Linear low density polyethylene ("LLDPE") comprises, in polymerized form, a majority weight percent of ethylene based on the total weight of the LLDPE. LLDPE can be an interpolymer of ethylene and at least one ethylenically unsaturated comonomer. The comonomer can be a C3-C20 a-olefin.

Alternatively, the comonomer can be a C3-C8 a-olefin. The C3-C8 a-olefin can be selected from propylene, 1 - butene, 1 -hexene, or 1 -octene. The LLDPE used in the present invention may be selected from the following copolymers: ethylene/propylene copolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer, and ethylene/octene copolymer. In a further embodiment, the LLDPE is an ethylene/octene copolymer. LLDPE typically has a density in the range from about 0.890 g/cm ³ to about 0.940 g/cm ³ , or from about 0.91 g/cm ³ to about 0.94 g/cm ³ . LLDPE may have a melt index (Ml) from about 0.1 g/10 min to about 10 g/10 min, or about 0.5g/10 min to about 5g/10 min. LLDPE can be produced with Ziegler-Natta catalysts, or single-site catalysts, such as vanadium catalysts and metallocene catalysts (mLLDPE). In an embodiment, the LLDPE is produced with a Ziegler-Natta type catalyst.

LLDPE is linear and is different than low density polyethylene ("LDPE") which is branched or heterogeneously branched polyethylene. LDPE has a relatively large number of long chain branches extending from the main polymer backbone. LDPE can be prepared at high pressure using free radical initiators, and typically has a density from 0.915 g/cc to 0.940 g/cc.

The film may contain, as a whole, polyethylene a content of 60-95 % by weight of the film, for instance from 70 to 90 %, or from 75 to 88 %. In embodiments, any one layer 101 , 102 or 103 may contain from 40 to 99 % of polyethylene base material having a density of 0.930 g/cm ³ or less, such as 0.860-0.930 g/cm ³ . The film may contain mLLDPE at a content of from 20 to 90 % by weight of the film. In embodiments, the film may contain mLLDPE at a content of from 20 to 40 % by weight of the film, and regranulated polyethylene material at a content of from 20 to 75 % by weight of the film. In addition to a polyethylene base material, at least one layer of the film 100 contains a dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. In an embodiment, the core layer 102 contains a dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. In another embodiment, each of the layers 101 , 102, 103 contains a dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. The total content of the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin is typically from 3 to 15 % by weight of the film. Where the

dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin is present in more than one layer, the content of the dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may be the same in each layer, or the content may be different in the different layers. In an

embodiment, the outer layers 101 , 103 may be free of dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. In embodiments of the film having more than three layers, any skin layer may be free of dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin.

Dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resins are known and may be obtained e.g. by from thermal polymerization of olefin feeds rich in dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), or by other means e.g. as described in WO 98/55537 A1 . The dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may be provided in the form of a masterbatch mixed with polyethylene, such as LLDPE. Preparation of a masterbatch is known and is described e.g. in WO 98/55537 A1 .

Masterbatches containing dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin are commercially available.

The dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may originate from thermal cracking of hydrocarbons, such as naphtha. The hydrocarbon may be a higher hydrocarbon, such as a hydrocarbon having 5-12 carbon atoms, such as 6-12 carbon atoms. The dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may be produced by fractionating C6-C12 products produced in the process of ethylene

manufacturing. The dicyclopentadienes of the dicydopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may comprise less than 50 %, such as less than 20 %, such as less than 10 %, such as less than 5 %, of polydicyclopentadienes (PDCPD). As an example, the dicydopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may be free of poly- dicyclopentadienes (PDCPD)

The dicydopentadiene hydrocarbon resin for use in the present invention may have a softening point in the range of from 100 to 140 °C, or about 140 °C. The dicydopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may be at least partially

hydrogenated, for instance at least 90 % hydrogenated. In embodiments, the dicydopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may be at least 95 %, 99 %, or fully hydrogenated. The dicydopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may be provided in the form a masterbatch e.g. blended with polyethylene.

One or more of the layers of the film may comprise a pigment. Suitable pigments for use in polyethylene films e.g. for silage making, are known to persons of skill in the art and include, for instance, titanium dioxide and carbon black. Different layers of the film may contain different pigments and/or amounts of pigment. In general, silage films may include a pigment providing a light colour, such as white, light blue or light green, to the side of the film intended to face outwards, such that sunlight is reflected. Hence, at least an outer layer, e.g. layer 101 may contain a pigment providing a light color. Further, silage films, in particular film intented for use in bunker or pit silos, may have a dark colored second side intended to face the crop, in order to prevent light transmission into the silo. Hence, a layer, such as the layer 103, may contain a dark pigment, such as a black pigment.

The film may optionally contain a UV stabilizer, present in one or more of the layers, e.g. in outer layer 101 , and optionally in each of the layers 101 , 102, 103. By the term "UV stabilization" is meant protection of a material from the long-term degradation effects from light, most frequently ultraviolet radiation (UV). A UV stabilizer may be advantageous for preventing chain reactions caused by e.g. radicals within the polyolefin layer(s) of the prestretched polyethylene film e.g. during storage outdoors of the prestretched

polyethylene film.

The film may optionally contain other conventional additives, such as fillers, slip agents, tackifiers, processing aids, nucleating agents, and the like.

The film 100 may be a silage film, e.g. intended as a cover for a bunker silo or a pit silo. For this purpose, certain mechanical properties are desirable or required. The film may have one or more of the following properties: an Elmendorf tear strength (machine direction, MD) of at least 400 cN, preferably at least 500 cN; an Elmendorf tear strength (transverse direction, TD) of at least 1500 cN, preferably at least 2000 cN; a strength at break (MD and/or TD) of at least 17 MPa, preferably at least 23 MPa; an elongation at break (MD) of at least 250 %, preferably at least 500 %; an elongation at break (TD) of at least 250 %, preferably at least 500 %; and a dart resistance of at least 200 g, preferably at least 400 g.

Bunker silo films and pit silo films typically have a thickness in the range of from 80 to 180 μιτι, such as from 90 to 130 μιτι, or from 100 to 120 μιτι, or about 1 10 μιτι. In order to cover such a silo with a single film, the film may have a width in the range of from 5 to 20 meters, such as from 10 to 18 meters or from 12 to 18 meters. For instance, for a 12 m wide film, the film weight per meter of film may be in the range of from 1 .0 to 1 .5 kg/m, or from 1 .2 to 1 .4 kg/m. The film may be supplied at a film length up to 400 m, e.g. from 50 to 400 m.

Furthermore, the bunker silo film may be a multilayer film, such as a multilayer film comprising two outer layers sandwiching at least one core layer. As an example, the multilayer film may consist of a single core layer sandwiched between two outer layers (skin layers). The at least one core layer of a silage film may have a thickness that is between 40-60% of the whole film thickness. For example, the at least one core layer may have a thickness that is between 40-80 μιτι, such as between 50-70 μιτι, such as about 60 μητι, whereas the outer layers each may have a thickness that is between 15-35 μιτι, such as between 15-25 μιτι or between 25-35 μιτι. The outer layers may have the same thickness or have different thicknesses. Moreover, since a silage film of the present disclosure has a lower oxygen permeability, i.e. better barrier properties, than conventional silage films, the silage film of the present disclosure may be thinner than conventional silage films for the same application, but still have the same barrier properties as a conventional film. It may be advantageous to have a thinner silage film since such a film may be of lower weight, and therefore easier to handle and use. Therefore, a bunker or pit silo film of the present disclosure may have a thickness that is less than 100 μιτι, such as between 60-100 μιτι, such as between 70-90 μιτι. In other embodiments, the film may be a stretch wrap film intended for wrapping of silage bales, also referred to as a bale wrap film. Such films are typically thinner than the abovementioned silo films, having a thickness typically in the range of from 15 to 30 μιτι. bale wrap films are typically provided in the form of rolls, having a film width to match the operating width of the wrapper, often from 500 to 750 mm. The length of the film on a single roll may be at least 1000 m, or at least 1500 m and up to 2500 m, or up to 2200 m.

In embodiments, the film may be prestretched. The expression prestretched film means that the film is stretched in the longitudinal direction during the film production process before being wound to a roll. Stretching is typically performed in a prestretch unit of the production line and involves passing the film between two or more stretching rollers rotating at different speeds. The prestretching may preferably be performed directly after the extrusion or film blowing steps, while the film is still hot. The degree of prestretching is intended to mean the difference in speed, in percent, between the stretching rollers in the prestretch unit. The difference in speed corresponds to the elongation of the prestretched film between the stretching rollers in the prestretch unit.

According to some embodiments, a prestretched polyethylene film may have a longitudinal degree of prestretching above 70%. The longitudinal degree of prestretching of the prestretched polyethylene film may for example be between 70% and 150%, such as between 70% and 125%, between or 70% and 100%. According to some embodiments, a prestretched polyethylene film may have a longitudinal degree of prestretching between 70% and 85%, preferably between 71 % and 79%, preferably between 73% and 77%, preferably about 75%. According to some embodiments, the prestretched polyethylene film has a remaining longitudinal elongation capability of at least 320%, preferably at least 340%, as determined according to ASTM D882.

The term elongation capability as used herein means the elongation percentage at break, as measured in accordance with the ASTM D882 standard, wherein a strip of film with a width of 20 mm, clamped between two clamps at a distance of 50 mm from each other is stretched at a rate of 500 mm/min until the film breaks. At least five strips of the film must be measured, and the elongation capability corresponds to the mean value of the

measurements.

According to some embodiments, the stress required in order to stretch the prestretched polyethylene film by 70% in the longitudinal direction is less than 19 MPa, preferably less than 18 MPa, as determined according to ASTM D882. The stress required in order to stretch the prestretched film by 70% in the longitudinal direction can be read from the tensile strength graph obtained when measuring the elongation percentage at break in accordance with the ASTM D882 standard as described herein. At least five strips of the film must be measured, and the stress at 70% elongation corresponds to the mean value of the measurements.

According to an embodiment, at least one outer layer, or if present, a skin layer, of the film 100 may comprise a soft polymer. A soft polymer may provide a relatively soft surface to the outer surface of the film which may increase friction and reduce slip in a direction substantially parallel to the film surface. A soft polymer may particularly be advantageous in a stretch wrap film, which in use is wrapped with an overlap such that the film may adhere, or cling, to itself. By the term "cling" is meant the ability of a material to adhere to itself or an adjacent object. The adjacent object may be a layer of the same or a different film.

According to an embodiment, the film may comprise a tackifier. By the term "tackifier" is herein meant an agent that provides cling to a film. Such an agent may be added to a layer of the polyethylene film in order to increase the cling of the layer. For instance, a tackifier may be a soft polymer, or a migrating tackifier. A tackifier thus serves to increase the cling of the polyethylene film, in particular, one or both of the outer layers or skin layers.

According to an embodiment, the tackifier is a migrating tackifier. By the term "migrating tackifier" is herein meant a tackifier which is soluble in the film material, e.g. in polyethylene. If a migrating tackifier is added to a film (or film layer) in an amount exceeding the solubility level of the film (or film layer), the excess can migrate within the film material to the film surface (including also migrating from a first layer to and through another layer, when the first layer has been saturated with the migrating tackifier). A migrating tackifier may thus provide an adhesive surface which increases the friction in a direction substantially perpendicular to the film surface. A migrating tackifier may be advantageous when the film is e.g. wrapped, such that an exterior layer of a first portion of the polyethylene film adhere, or cling, to an exterior layer of a second portion of the same, or a different, polyethylene film.

According to an embodiment, the migrating tackifier is present at a content of from 1 to 15% by weight based on the total weight of the core layer. The content of migrating tackifier added to the at least one core layer typically exceeds the content of migrating tackifier required to saturate the at least one core layer with regard to the migrating tackifier. The content required to saturate the at least one core layer may depend on the content of

polyethylene and other polyolefins, in which the migrating tackifier is soluble, in the at least one core layer. According to an embodiment, the film is produced by a blown film process, known to persons of skill in the art. In embodiments where the film is a multilayer film, the film may be a coextruded blown film comprising at least two layers, and typically at least three layers. A monolayer or multilayer polyethylene film according to embodiments of the invention may be produced by a manufacturing process involving the following steps:

a) providing at least a first extrudible composition comprising polyethylene having a density of 0.930 g/cm ³ or less;

b) providing a dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin;

c) mixing dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin with said first extrudible composition;

d) optionally providing one or more additional extrudible compositions comprising polyethylene having a density of 0.930 g/cm ³ or less; e) optionally mixing dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin with said

additional extrudible composition;

f) extruding the first composition obtained in step c) to form at least one first layer;

g) optionally extruding the at least one additional extrudible composition of step d) or step e) to form at least one outer layer on adjacent the first layer.

The first layer may be a core layer, and the at least one additional extrudible composition, optionally mixed with dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin, may form one or more additional layers, such as two outer layers sandwiching the core layer. For instance, a second extrudible composition, optionally mixed with dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin masterbatch, may form an outer layer 101 as described above. A third extrudible composition, optionally mixed with dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may form a second outer layer 103 as described above.

The steps of extruding the first extrudible composition to form a first layer (e.g. core layer) and the one or more additional extrudible compositions to at least one outer layer, respectively, may be performed separately from each other e.g. by monoextrusion, or simultaneously e.g. by coextrusion. Typically, the multilayer film is prepared by co-extrusion, using one extruder per layer simultaneously. Monoextrusion and coextrusion are techniques generally known to the person skilled in the art.

Optionally, several extrudible compositions may be provided to form a plurality of core layers, at least one of which is mixed with the

dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin masterbatch. The step of extruding the first composition obtained in step a) to form at least one core layer may imply that the first composition is extruded to a single core layer or to multiple core layers. Typically, in the case of multiple core layers, the multiple core layers are extruded simultaneously by coextrusion and adhere to each other due to substantially identical chemical properties.

The dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin may be provided in the form of a masterbatch mixed with polyethylene, such as LLDPE. The masterbatch may be mixed with the first extrudible composition and optionally with one or more additional extrudible composition(s) as described above. Preparation of a masterbatch containing a hydrocarbon resin derived by thermally

polymerizing olefin feeds rich in dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) is known and is described e.g. in WO 98/55537 A1 . Masterbatches containing

dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin are also commercially available. A blown film production line, such as prestretched balewrap, is schematically depicted in Fig. 2. A film composition as described above is extruded from a blow extruder 1 to form a blown film bubble that is advanced through primary nip rollers 1 a. The nip roller nips together the blown film. From the primary nip rollers, the tubular film 2 is passed via guide rollers to a stretch unit 3, where stretching is performed between two rollers, first draw roller 4 and second draw roller 5, having different speeds. The stretch unit 3 may be omitted, in which case the film is not prestretched. Silage films intended for use in bunker silos or pit silos are typically not prestretched.

Next, the tubular film is passed to a dividing station 6 where the edges of the film 2 may be cut to provide two individual sheets of film. Next, the film 2 is passed to the secondary nip rollers 7 where the individual sheets of film 8 may be separated. Each film sheet 8 may optionally pass through a second dividing station (not shown) where the sheet may be divided longitudinally into two or more parallel sections of desired width. Finally, the film sheets, or film sheet sections, are wound onto the winders 9. In embodiments of the invention where the edges of the tubular film are not cut in the dividing station 6, the tubular film is typically wound onto one of the winders 9.

In embodiments, the film may be a prestretched stretch wrap film having a degree of prestretching above 70 %, for instance in the range from 75 to 100 %.

The film according to the invention may be used in the production of silage. In embodiments, the film is used in a method producing silage using a bunker silo or a pit silo, comprising the step of

i) arranging a volume of bulk crop material in a bunker or on the ground;

ii) optionally compacting the bulk crop material; and

iii) covering the bulk crop material with a film as described herein.

Preferably, the film is arranged over the crop to provide an airtight protective barrier. In other embodiments, the film is used in a method of wrapping a bale of crop for the production of silage bales, comprising the steps of:

i) compacting bulk crop material to form a bale; and

ii) wrapping the bale with the film as described above. Silage can be produced from grasses as well as numerous other crops, including grains (barley, oats, rice, wheat, rye, millet), corn, cornstalk, legumes, beans, soybeans, and vegetables.

Examples Examples 1-5

Test films (monolayer) were produced polyethylene base material (mLLDPE or LDPE or medium density polyethylene, MDPE) of various suppliers as presented in Table 1 , mixed, at different loading contents with a

dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. The "A" sample of each series represented a reference, without dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin. The films were extruded using a lab extruder LABTECH LF 250. Series 1 was made using medium density polyethylene.

Table 1

The films were subjected to the following test: oxygen transmission rate (DIN 53380-3 using air instead of oxygen gas for testing), strength at break (ASTM D882 or ISO 527-3), elongation at break (ASTM D882 or ISO 527-3), Elmendorf tear strength (ASTM D1922 or ISO 6383-2). Additionally, the pressure before and after the extruder filter was recorded as well as engine intensity. Table 2a. Polyethylene base material: HF 513 (Total), density 0.934 g/cm ³ . Film characteristics and ox en transmission data.

Table 2b. Polyethylene base material: HF 513 (Total). Mechanical properties. Table 3a. Polyethylene base material: FE 3000 (Qapco). Film characteristics and ox en transmission data.

Table 3b. Polyethylene base material: FE 3000 (Qapco). Mechanical

properties.

Film Strength at Strength at Elongation Elongation Elmendorf Elmendorf

No. break MD break TD at break MD at break TD MD TD

(MPa) (MPa) (%) (%) (cN) (cN)

2A 28.9 27.3 417 497 88 168

2B 24.4 27.4 382 504 128 208

2C 26.6 27.6 451 521 136 248

2D 24.8 26.0 412 445 264 296

2E 24.4 25.1 460 572 336 336

2F 22.5 22.8 428 544 352 352

2G 23.8 22.2 476 581 40 448 Table 4a. Polyethylene base material: Regranulated PE (Trioplast) with MFI:

Table 4b. Polyethylene base material: Regranulated PE (Trioplast).

Mechanical properties.

Film Strength at Strength at Elongation Elongation Elmendorf Elmendorf

No. break MD break TD at break MD at break TD MD TD

(MPa) (MPa) (%) (%) (cN) (cN)

3A 21.6 25.5 567 637 512 880

3B 21.8 22.8 562 570 528 872

3C 22.8 23.2 610 61 1 576 1064

3D 22.3 23.7 607 623 576 1096

3E 21.4 21.7 619 644 512 768

3F 20.2 18.8 643 631 280 424

3G 19.9 18.9 635 624 264 368 Table 5a. Polyethylene base material: Exceed XP 6026ML (Exxon) with film thickness a rox. 50 ηη Film characteristics and ox en transmission data.

Table 5b. Polyethylene base material: Exceed XP 6026ML (Exxon) with film thickness approx. 50μηη. Mechanical properties.

Film Strength at Strength at Elongation Elongation Elmendorf Elmendorf

No. break MD break TD at break MD at break TD MD TD

(MPa) (MPa) (%) (%) (cN) (cN)

4A 67.2 62.7 707 654 416 608

4B 61.9 61.1 630 641 464 672

4C 63.8 62.7 665 669 552 816

4D 61.9 65.7 666 702 624 920

4E 58.2 58.3 667 717 672 1048

4F 56.2 54.4 702 671 840 1096

4G 54.0 50.4 688 681 776 1 160 Table 6a. Polyethylene base material: Exceed XP 6026ML (Exxon) with film

Table 6b. Polyethylene base material: Exceed XP 6026ML (Exxon) with film thickness approx. 107-1 17 μιτι. Mechanical properties.

The above examples demonstrate that the use of dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin in at least one layer of a polyethylene film of low density yields a significant decrease in oxygen transmission rate. Additionally, the mechanical properties were generally maintained at a desirable level or even improved as tear resistance increased. Elongation at break and strength at break were not significantly affected. Finally, is was surprisingly found that the pressure in the screw decreased and the screw engine intensity decreased. However, it was noted that the tear strength (MD) of all the samples based on medium density polyethylene was undesirably low for use in silage

applications (Table 2b).

Example 6

Exemplary films and reference films were produced using a full scale blown film co-extrusion process. The exemplary films had three layers, formed from first, second and third extrudible compositions having the content as shown in Table 7.

Table 7.

The extrudible compositions were each mixed separately using blending devices or mixing devices generally known to a person skilled in the art. By means of coextrusion, a film having an ABC layer structure was formed, wherein a core layer (B) was formed of the first extrudible composition and two exterior layers (A and C, respectively) sandwiching the core layer were formed of the second extrudible composition (A) and the third extrudible composition (C), respectively. During the extrusion process the bubble stability was excellent. 55 rolls were produced. The total film composition was as shown in Table 8.

Table 8.

The film had a width of 12 m, a length of 50 m, a thickness of 1 10 μιτι and an overall density of 0.970 g/cm ³ .

A reference film was produced in the same manner as described above for the exemplary film, except that instead of dicyclopentadiene hydrocarbon resin the film contained a blend of mLLDPE and regranulated polyethylene. The film had a width of 12 m, a length of 50 m, a thickness of 1 10 μιτι and an overall density of 0.958 g/cm ³ .

The OTR and mechanical properties of the films were analyzed. The results of the tests are summarized in Table 9. Table 9.

Sample (roll) no. Comment OTR Dart (g) Elmendorf tear strength Strength at break Elongation at break cm ³ /m ² /24h after 48 h (cN) (MPa) (%)

MD TD MD TD MD TD

reference Without DCPD hydrocarbon 270 520 666 2321 28.0 29.1 563 641 resin

1 With DCPD hydrocarbon resin 180 467 910 2677

21 With DCPD hydrocarbon resin 170 942 2652

31 With DCPD hydrocarbon resin 172 421 1080 2777 29.5 29.4 623 693

41 With DCPD hydrocarbon resin 168 916 2663

51 With DCPD hydrocarbon resin 164 346 912 2730

The person skilled in the art realizes that the present invention by no means is limited to the preferred embodiments described above. On the contrary, many modifications and variations are possible within the scope of the appended claims. Additionally, variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by the skilled person in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measured cannot be used to advantage.