The closures of the present invention may be classified as internal closures or as external closures-internal closures are those which have at least a part thereof configured for engagement with an internal portion of a container, and external closures are those which make no contact with the interior of a container.

The present invention relates most particularly to non-threaded, internal closures for use with liquid containers having relatively narrow necks and thus relatively narrow openings. Such containers may be wine bottes, champagne bottes, liqueur or spirit bottes, or other similar containers for beverages, and such internal closures are commonly referred to as stoppers.

However, it must be appreciated that the closures of the present invention are to be in no way limited to only these types of closures for only this type of container.

Background of the Invention By far the most commonly used material for such container closures is natural cork. However, natural cork closures have inherent performance problems that sometimes result in spoilage of the container's contents, be it by loss of flavour, oxidation, tainting or leakage.

The wine closure industry in general has observed a phenomenon known as cork taint over many years. Industry estimates of the incidence of cork taint can

range from a 1% to a 10% spoilage of bottled wines. The most common chemical associated with cork taint is 2,4,6 Trichloroanisole (TCA) which can affect wines at exceptionally low levels when they come into contact with infected cork.

Leakage of wine past the cork is another commonly observed problem and this can manifest itself in two ways. Firstly, the wine may travel through the main body of the cork due to imperfections and defects, particularly in the case of poor quality cork. Secondly, wine travel between the cork and the neck of the bottle can occur due to a lack of seal between the two surfaces. Such leakage may ultimately lead to oxidation of the contents of the bottle.

Natural cork performance is also related to the humidity or moisture content of the closure and the cork can loose its elastic properties if it dries out. Such a situation can lead to breakage and crumbling on extraction, resulting in particles of cork entering the contents of the container. Similarly, dust and small particles can also enter the wine after compression during the corking process due to cracks and imperfections in the cork.

In the past, problems such as these have generally been accepted as a necessary evil in the use of natural cork as the material of choice. However, in more recent times, different types of synthetic substitutes to natural cork have been developed. Thus, there have been attempts at developing closures made of synthetic materials, and many such developments have aimed at producing closures which do not exhibit the same performance problems which are known to be inherent in natural cork closures.

It is an aim of the present invention to produce a closure which would be an acceptable substitute for natural cork closures, whilst reducing or removing the properties that tend to induce spoilage.

Summary of the Invention In the past, manufacturers of synthetic closures have often failed to understand the precise nature of the problems that exist in developing an acceptable substitute for natural cork closures. However, the present invention has arisen as a result of the identification and understanding of these problems by the present inventors.

Indeed, the inventors have identified that the development of an acceptable substitute for natural cork is reliant on an understanding that the problem lies with the resistance to movement and frictional force created between the closure and the container wall, not with the permeability or chemical reactivity of the closure composition.

In this respect, most past attempts at developing suitable synthetic closures have centred on the use of materials which are chemically inert and/or which do not allow gas permeation into or out of the container. However, these properties are obvious matters of material selection that do not greatly effect the ultimate performance of the closure. In particular, it is a relatively simple exercise for a skilled person to select a suitable plastic material that is chemically inert, and virtually every such suitable plastic material will be virtually gas impermeable due to the closure thicknesses which are used.

However, the present invention has identified that the crucial aspect of such closures performing successfully is their ability to rapidly seal with the wall of a container, and permanently maintain their position in the neck of the container until removal.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a foamed closure for a container, wherein the closure consists essentially of: (a) a major proportion of at least one material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene and copolymers of ethylene; and (b) a minor proportion of at least one resilient compound.

The group consisting of polyethylene and copolymers of ethylene includes ethylene polymerised with comonomers such as vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate and the like, where the comonomer imparts flexibility or softness to the polyethylene. In this respect, the major component may comprise a combination of any one or more of these materials.

The resilient compound may be any elastomeric material (or any combination of elastomeric materials) which provides the closure with an ability to deform elastically. For example, in the application of an internal closure to a wine bottle or the like, elastic deformation allows for pressure to be exerted and maintained on the internal surface of the neck of the bottle for long periods. This pressure needs to be maintained for the expected shelf life of the contained liquid. The resilience of the closure also serves to minimise the effect of variations in the surface and dimensions of the neck on the sealing of the closure with the wall of the bottle. However, many materials used in the past have not had the required resilience, and thus may have provided an initial seal but have not provided an acceptable seal over time. Such materials have been materials that have deformed plastically, thereby relaxing the pressure exerted.

The resilient compound is preferably selected from the group consisting of polyethylenes, metallocene catalysed polyolefins, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymers or styrene-ethylene- butylene-styrene copolymers. A preferred resilient compound is a metallocene catalysed polyethylene (such as Dow-"AFFINITY", Exxon-"EXACT", DuPont- "ENGAGE"or Mitsui-"INVOLUE") Such materials also have the advantage of being chemically inert.

In the broadest form of the invention, it will be appreciated that the percentage amounts of the components will vary according to the size of the closure and the grade selection of component being used. However, reference to a"major proportion"in the preferred form of the invention is to be understood to mean that the major component is provided in an amount from about 60% to about

90% (by weight), preferably from about 65% to 80% (by weight) and more preferably from about 70% to 75% (by weight). In determining the percentage amount of major component in any given composition, reference should be made to all materials present which are members of the group consisting of polyethylene and copolymers of ethylene.

Furthermore, in relation to the resilient compound of the closure of the present invention, reference to a"minor proportion"in the preferred form is to be understood to mean that the resilient compound is provided in an amount from about 10% to about 40% (by weight). In determining the percentage amount of the minor component in any given composition, reference should be made to all materials present that are elastomeric materials that allow the closure to deform elastically, thus providing the required sealing characteristics.

Therefore, the present invention also provides a foamed closure for a container, wherein the closure consists essentially of: (a) from about 60% to about 90% (by weight) of at least one material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene and copolymers of ethylene; and (b) from about 10% to about 40% (by weight) of a resilient compound, which is preferably a metallocene catalysed polyethylene.

More preferably, the resilient compound is provided in a minor proportion that is from about 10% to about 25% (by weight). In this respect, some materials that are suitable for use as the resilient compound (in terms of their resilience) may lead to undesired tainting and flavour modification of the contents of the container at levels above about 25% (by weight). For example, it has been found that the preferred metallocene catalysed polyethylene is more suitably maintained at levels below about 25% (by weight).

The foamed closures of the present invention are formed by use of a blowing agent. The blowing agent reacts in the composition under heat. and shear conditions to produce a gas, thus creating a cellular structure. The closure is

thus referred to as being a'foamed'closure. However, it should be appreciated that the closure itself does not contain any blowing agent, just the resultant cells -it is the composition from which the closure is formed that contains the blowing agent.

The blowing agent may be any suitable type of blowing agent and may be used in any suitable amount. For example, the blowing agent may be of the chemical type that decomposes when influenced by heat and that forms gaseous decomposition products, such as Boehringer's hydrocerol blowing agents. The blowing agent will most likely be used in an amount of up to about 3% (by weight). However, it will be appreciated that a skilled addressee will be able to determine a suitable type and amount of blowing agent, depending upon the nature and amount of the major component and the resilient compound, upon other ingredients used, and upon the moulding method and conditions used.

It will be noted that the term"consists essentially of'has been used in this specification. In this respect, a skilled addressee will appreciate that this term allows for the addition of normal additives, such as lubricants and colouring agents (such as pigments), although in relatively small amounts, such as amounts up to about 2 or 3% (by weight) for the colouring agent, and in trace amounts for the lubricants.

It will also be appreciated that fillers such as calcium carbonate and talc may be added in amounts that would normally be accepted for such components. Such additives are present to provide specific known benefits, rather than interact with the major component and/or the resilient compound. However, if fillers are added, care still needs to be taken as the presence of too much filler may alter the properties of a closure. For instance, amounts of filler over about 20% (by weight) may be undesirable due to a possibly detrimental effect on the cellular structure of the foamed closure.

Closures formed in accordance with the present invention are thus soft and flexible. Indeed, it has been found in the preferred form of the invention that by

using polyethylene or copolymers of ethylene as the major component, and by controliing the amount of the major component relative to the minor component, suitable softness is imparted to the closure, such that the hardness of the final compound, unfoamed, is in the desirable range of from 80 to 90 Shore A, and is preferably at about 85 Shore A. In this respect, it will be appreciated that a hardness that is considered desirable in one closure (for use in a particular style or configuration of container) may be unsuitable for another closure (for a different style or configuration of container).

In this respect, it will be appreciated that a closure which is too soft may result in the plunger (which inserts the closure) indenting the closure, or may cause the closure to creep or elongate under compressive forces, causing the closure to relax and reduce the sealing force. On the other hand, a closure that is too hard may not permit the insertion of a corkscrew, may cause the closure to turn in the bottle when turning the corkscrew, or may make extraction of the closure difficult.

Closures formed in accordance with the present invention are also resilient in that they are able to deform elastically, thus recovering their shape after compression. Indeed, it has been found that by using a suitable resilient compound, and by controlling the amount of the major component relative to the resilient compound, suitable resilience is imparted to the closure. The resilience is preferably such that the flexibility of the final compound allows for the insertion and turning of a corkscrew, whilst also providing a suitable pressure against the neck of a container after compression of the closure during insertion. The resilience is also preferably such that the closure may be compressed again after extraction, to be re-inserted.

It has also been found advantageous to incorporate a chamfer or radius to the ends of the closure to enable correct entry and acceptable insertion into the neck of a bottle. The absence of such a chamfer may result in the closure not inserting centrally into the bottle, or in some cases causing the otherwise square edges of the closure to fold back on themselves leading to possible

leakage. To achieve the desired effect, the ends of the closure may be chamfered at an angle of approximately 45° to overcome any variations in alignment of conventional corking machine jaws.

It will finally be appreciated that any known manufacturing method may be used to produce closures in accordance with the present invention. In particular, known extrusion or injection moulding techniques may be used.

One advantageous method of manufacture of closures in accordance with the present invention is by an injection moulding technique whereupon an accurately measured amount of molten and expandable thermoplastic material is forced into a cavity such that the material does not initially occupy all of the cavity but which eventually becomes filled as the material expands. Such expansion is caused by a blowing agent which is incorporated into the material blend and is activated by increasing temperature and shear force.

During the process of expansion the aerated material is forced into contact with the cavity walls which are generally chilled. Subsequently, the material in closest contact with the walls solidifies and forms a controlled thickness skin.

The skin so formed then entraps the gas evolved by the blowing agent within the inner portion of the closure, leading to a foam-like central structure.

The closure will thus conform to the approximate size and shape of the cavity in which it was formed. The combination of the foam structure and the incorporation of a suitable combination of the major compound and the resilient compound will then produce an elastic and resilient article that will allow it to function successfully as a bottle closure.

In one embodiment of the injection moulding process, the bulk polymer resins are preferably mixed together and then blended with a pigment masterbatch and a blowing agent at the throat of the mouler.

The blend of components is preferably heated such that the moulding temperature is generally between 140°C and 200°C but preferably about 180°C.

The blend is injected into the mould over a period generally between 0.1 and 3 seconds (but preferably about 1.4 seconds), and the blend is retained in the chilled cavity generally between 30 seconds and 120 seconds, but preferably between 40 and 60 seconds.

The molten material is preferably injected into the cavity through a single gate located at one end which causes it to form a continuous strand which randomly coils within the cavity and contacts itself continuously. The expansion of this material against the chilled walls of the cavity cause the strands to solidify leaving flow lines on the surface of the object.

The cavity is pressurised by injecting the material in at high speed and pressure and then allowing a portion of the entrapped air to be vented to the atmosphere in a controlled manner such that the expansion of the material is restrained. It is also desirable to maximise the injection pressure and minimise the injection time in order to form a consistent foam structure and avoid large interstitial holes.

Indeed, factors such as pressures, cycle times, venting and machine parameters are important to the nature and form of the final article and are manipulated accordingly by an operator skilled in the art.

After a period of time sufficient for the closure to harden, such that the ejection process will not damage it, the mould is opened and the part mechanically removed.

Description of Preferred Embodiments of the Invention The present invention will now be described in relation to several preferred embodiments as illustrated by the following examples. However, it is to be

understood that the following description is not to limit the generality of the above description.

In relation to all of the following examples, and indeed with reference to this entire specification, all percentages are given by weight and as a percentage of the total compound before the manufacturing process.

Example 1 COMPONENT % (by weight) Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) 75 (16% vinyl acetate content) Metallocene catalysed polyethylene 20 Blowing agent masterbatch 3 Pigment masterbatch 2 Example 2 COMPONENT % (by weight) Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) 65 (18% vinyl acetate content) Low density polyethylene (LDPE) 10 Metallocene catalysed polyethylene 20 Blowing agent masterbatch 3 Pigment masterbatch 2 Example 3 COMPONENT % (by weight) Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) 60 (14% vinyl acetate content) Metallocene catalysed polyethylene 25 Blowing agent masterbatch 3 Pigment masterbatch 2 Filler (talc) 10

Example 4 COMPONENT % (by weight) Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) 60 (18% vinyl acetate content) Metallocene catalysed polyethylene 25 Blowing agent masterbatch 3 Pigment masterbatch 2 Filler (talc) 10 Example 5 COMPONENT % (by weight) Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) 75 (14% vinyl acetate content) Metallocene catalysed polyethylene 20 Blowing agent masterbatch 3 Pigment masterbatch 2 Example 6 COMPONENT % (by weight) Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) 70 (16% vinyl acetate content) Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) 10 (24% vinyl acetate content) Metallocene catalysed polyethylene 10 Blowing agent masterbatch 3 Pigment masterbatch 2 Filler (talc) 5 The functional performance of closures manufactured by the preferred injection moulding process as described above, and in accordance with each of the above examples, is expected to be the same or very similar.

In particular, it is envisaged that the closure of Example 1 may be more suitable for smaller closures due to its slightly lower hardness of about 83 to 86 Shore A, whereas the closure of Example 2 will have a slightly higher hardness of about 87 to 89 Shore A and may be better suited with larger closures. The higher hardness is primarily due to the presence of the LDPE, which is introducedin this example to reduce vinyl acetate content and thus cost.

Examples 3,4 and 6 use a filler in order to reduce cost. In examples 3 and 4, slightly greater amounts of the resilient compound (the metallocene catalysed polyethylene) is thus required to improve the properties that may be reduced by the increased presence of the filler. Also, Example 6 is provided as an improvement over Example 5 as the level of the metallocene is able to be lowered (whilst still maintaining desirable sealing properties) to be further away from the perceived taint threshold for this material of about 25%.

Formulations have also been trialled with quantities of both the major and minor components outside of the ranges that have been found to be suitable. The following comparative examples are provided to illustrate this.

Comparative Example 1 COMPONENT % (by weight) Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) 55 (18% vinyl acetate content) Metallocene catalysed polyethylene 40 Blowing agent masterbatch 3 Pigment masterbatch 2 This formulation was found to produce a closure which functioned well in terms of sealing and extraction but imparted a taint to the contents of a container (wine) after only 48 hours contact.

Comparative Example 2 COMPONENT % (by weight) Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) 90 (18% vinyl acetate content) Blowing agent masterbatch 3 Pigment masterbatch 2 Filler (talc) 5 This formulation produced a closure that was very neutral and did not impart a taint or flavour modification to the contents of the container (wine) and also exhibited suitable extraction forces. However, the closure was ultimately found to leak due to excessive compression set and a lack of resilience.

Finally, it will be understood that there may be other variations and modifications to the matters described above that may also be within the scope of the present invention.