[0001] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The field of the invention is manufacture and use of electronic displays comprised of electro-optic pixels.

[0003] BACKGROUND

[0004] The internet of things (IoT) and other emerging markets for inexpensive, and often disposable, intelligent electronic devices are creating demand for smaller, thinner, often flexible, ruggedized, and fit-for-purpose electro-optic displays. Currently known display devices are constructed of multiple pixels, that when viewed together, display a message or symbol to the user. The pixels of these conventional displays, are of the same type. A mono-stable display for example will have only mono-stable pixels while a bistable display will have only two stable-states, electrically switchable pixels. The pixels of common (non cholesteric) LCDs are mono-stable, but each is the same as the others. The pixels of three-color electrophoretic displays are multi-stable, that is they are stable in three states, but the pixels themselves are all the same.

[0005] SUMMARY

[0006] Described herein is a polymorphic display, which is a unitary apparatus constructed such that a wide variety of electro-optic functions are enabled. The polymorphic display, even when having multiple pixels, enables sharing of selected structures among the pixels. In a multi-pixel construction, there is a set of pixels in the display that exhibit one set of operable properties, such as particular stability, sequencing, and switching properties, and another set of pixels that are different from the first set. That is, they have different stability, sequencing, or switching properties. In such a way, a highly flexible polymorphic display may be construed to satisfy a wide range of display need.

[0007] The ability to create different, fit-for-purpose transition sequences is an important benefit of polymorphic displays and as described below, of polymorphic pixels. Of particular benefit of the property of transition sequencing is the ability to selectively and dynamically determine and effect a transition sequence, and therefore the operable properties of a polymorphic pixel or polymorphic display, responsive to different electrical signals. And further, where the electrical signals are generated responsive to various conditions, events and actions etc., such as those common to intelligent display devices described later herein.

[0008] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing operable states and corresponding optical states for a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0010] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing operable states and corresponding optical states for a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0011] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing operable states and corresponding optical states for a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0012] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing operable states and corresponding optical states for a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0013] FIG. 5A is a block representative of a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0014] FIG. 5B is a block representative of a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0015] FIG. 6A is a block representative of a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0016] FIG. 6B is a block representative of a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0017] FIG. 6C is a block representative of a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0018] FIG. 6D is a block representative of a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0019] FIG. 6E is a block representative of a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0020] FIG. 7 is a diagram showing operable states and corresponding optical states for a display in accordance with the present invention. [0021] FIG. 8 is a diagram showing operable states and corresponding optical states for a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0022] FIG. 9A is a block representative of a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0023] FIG. 9B is a block representative of a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0024] FIG.10A is a block representative of a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0025] FIG. 10B is a block representative of a display in accordance with the present invention.

[0026] FIG. 11 is a legend to the stippling used in the Figures. [0027] DESCRIPTION

[0028] Described herein are polymorphic electro-optic displays ("polymorphic displays"). Polymorphic displays are unitary apparatus having multiple operable properties. Of particular interest are the operable properties, individually and in combination, of stability, switching and transition sequencing.

• Mono-stable, bi-stable, multi-stable, permanent

• Electrically switchable, self-switchable, non-switchable

• Reversible, irreversible, repeatable

[0029] Polymorphic displays may be constructed to have multiple types of electro-optic display pixels ("pixels"), each type having different operable properties. Polymorphic displays may also constructed with "polymorphic pixels" described herein, that individually have multiple operable properties, and are independently operable to produce different operating states.

[0030] The operable properties of a polymorphic display's pixels determine its possible operating states, e.g. whether the pixel is stable or volatile, switchable or self-switching from one state to another or not switchable once in a previously switched to state, or the transition sequence is forward, forward-only (irreversible), reverse, or branching, or a combination thereof. [0031] The optical state of a polymorphic display's pixel corresponds to the pixel's operating state[s] according to the pixel's optical properties. For example, one polymorphic display pixel may be white in a stable, first state, and dark blue in a volatile, second state, and red in a third, stable state.

[0032] It is important to note that the pixels of conventional electro-optic displays, are of the same type. A mono-stable display for example will have only mono-stable pixels while a bi-stable display will have only two stable, electrically switchable pixels. The pixels of common (non cholesteric) LCDs are mono-stable, but each is the same as the others. The pixels of three-color electrophoretic displays are multi-stable, that is they are stable in three states, but the pixels themselves are all the same.

[0033] Pixels have at least two optical states according to their optical properties that typically include color perceptible to the human eye. For a passive (non-emissive) display pixel the optical state of the pixel may in general be determined by the resulting optical reflectivity, transmission, or polarization, of the pixel (at a specific wavelength or wavelength range of the illuminating source), whereas for an emissive display it may be determined by the intensity, polarization and spectral composition of the emitted light. In the case of displays intended for machine reading, the optical state of the pixel may, e.g., be determined by a pseudo-color in the sense of a change in reflectivity at

electromagnetic wavelengths outside the human visible range.

[0034] Pixels may be of various sizes, shapes, patterns and configured to stand alone or in groups (e.g. as segments to create alphanumeric characters, or RGB super pixels). Pixels typically comprise an electro-optic layer with electrodes either in direct contact with, or in close proximity to, the electro-optic layer. Depending on desired operable properties of the display pixels, the composition of their electro-optic layers be comprise for example, electrochromic materials, liquid crystals, electrophoretic particles, electrowetting fluids, electro-liquid powder materials, etc.

[0035] Display pixels may be categorized according to the operable properties associated with them being mono-stable, bi-stable and multi-stable, and polymorphic. Descriptions of the pixel types are described in general below, and later in detail. [0036] Mono-stable pixels

[0037] Mono-stable pixels have one, stable operating state (and corresponding optical state) and a second, volatile operating state (and corresponding optical state). Mono- stable pixels also have the stability operable properties of being reversible and self- switching. That is, they automatically, or "self, switch from their volatile operating state to back their stable, first operating state when power to the pixel is terminated (or drops below a threshold necessary to maintain the state).

[0038] A mono-stable pixel's first, operating state is stable without power. When an electrical switching signal is applied to a mono-stable pixel, the pixel transitions from a stable, first operating state to a volatile, second, operating state. The volatile operating state is maintained as long as a maintenance signal is applied to the pixel. When the maintenance signal is terminated (for whatever reason) the pixel self-switches from the second operating state back to the first, stable operating state. Examples of mono-stable displays comprised of mono-stable pixels are common LCDs (liquid crystal displays), EPDs (electrophoretic and ECDs (electrochromic displays), and LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and OLEDs (organic light-emitting diodes).

[0039] The operable states and corresponding optical states of an exemplary mono-stable pixel 100 are illustrated in FIG. 1. In this example, the first operating state 111 is stable and switchable, and its corresponding optical state (color) is white. Note that FIG. 11 presents a legend for colors-to-patterns, shapes and symbols used in the other figures. The second operating state 113 is volatile, self-switchable (reversible), and its corresponding optical state is purple. When self-switched (power is terminated to the pixel) the pixel transitions back (reverses) to the stable, first operating state 111, and corresponding optical state (white).

[0040] FIG. 1 Also illustrates a mono-stable pixel 200 similar to mono-stable pixel 100. Mono-stable pixel 200 however has an optional second volatile, self-switching operating state 216, and a corresponding blue optical state. As with the first volatile, self- switching operating state of pixel 100, pixel 200 self-switches from the optional second volatile operating state 216 to the stable, first operating state 212 when power to the pixel is terminated or disrupted. [0041] The pixel 200 has the transition sequence property (described later) of branching, that is the property whereby the transition sequence depends on the current state of the pixel and the switching signal. In this example, a first switching signal transitions the pixel from its stable, switchable first operating state 212 to a first volatile, self-switchable operable state 214, and a corresponding optical state, in this case purple. After the pixel 200 has self-switched to the stable, switchable first operating state 212, a second switching signal (different than the first) transitions the pixel to a second volatile, self- switchable operable state 216, and corresponding optical state, in this case blue.

[0042] Bistable and multi-stable pixels

[0043] Bi-stable pixels have two stable operating states. Switching between the two, stable operating states is accomplished with an electrical switching signal. Once switched, the operating state (and the corresponding optical state) persists when the power is terminated (without a maintenance signal).

[0044] Bi-stable pixels may be reversible (e.g. EPDs, conventional ECDs, cholesteric, ferroelectric or zenithal bistable LCDs) or irreversible (as described in US patent No. 9,030,724 Flexible and Printable Electrooptic Devices). Conventional bi-stable pixels are electrically switched and are not self-switching (but always switchable). Some pixels characterized as bi-stable however, have limited persistence in one or the other optical states. In other words, some bi-stable pixels are self-switching over time. Such pixels, may therefore be more accurately considered mono-stable with limited persistence in the second operating state (the first being unpowered).

[0045] The operable states and corresponding optical states of exemplary bi-stable pixels are illustrated in FIG. 2. Pixel 300 has a first operating state 310 that is stable and switchable, and a corresponding optical state (color) that is white. The second operating state 320 is also stable and switchable (and reversible), and it's corresponding optical state is red. Note that a maintenance signal is not required for the pixel to remain in the second operating state once switched from the first operating state. Note further that the second operating state is not self-switching, and a switching signal is required to switch from the second, stable operating state, and corresponding optical state, back to the first stable operating state. [0046] Pixel 400 is also bi-stable however unlike the pixel 300 in the previous example, once switched from the first stable, switchable operable state 430 to the second, stable operable state 440, pixel 400 is non-switchable (not switchable or self-switching). In the second operable state, pixel 400 is irreversible and permanent. It cannot be switched (transitioned from the second operable state to the first) and has the stability property of being non-switchable and a transition sequence property of being irreversible.

[0047] In addition to bi-stable pixels there are a few types of multi-stable pixels, typically having three, stable states. One example are the pixels in three-color, electrophoretic displays. Each pixel contains three distinct particle types (e.g., pigment or dye particle) corresponding to different colors. Note however that as with conventional mono-stable and bi-stable displays, the the operable properties of the pixels are the same.

[0048] The operable states of a multi-state pixel 500 are illustrated in FIG. 3. In the first operating state 510 pixel 500 is stable, switchable (forward-only, irreversibly) with a corresponding optical state (color) that is white. The second operating state 520 is also stable and switchable, with a corresponding optical state (color) that is blue. In the second operating state however, the transition sequence is forward-only to the third operating state 530. It cannot be switched to the first stable operating state from the second stable operating state. The third operating state 530 is also stable and switchable, and has a corresponding optical state (color) that is red. Unlike the pixel when in the second operating state 520, when the pixel is in the third stable operating state 530, it can be switched back to its previous operable state 520. And further, unlike the transition from the first operating state to the second, the transitions from the second operating state to the third operating state, and the reverse, are repeatable. The transition sequence therefore comprises three inter-state transitions (described later), one which is forward- only and irreversible, and two that are forward-only, reversible and repeatable.

[0049] Polymorphic pixels

[0050] Polymorphic pixels may be constructed to have various combinations of operable properties. Polymorphic pixels have at least two stable operating states, an unpowered, first state and at least one other stable state which may for example be irreversible and permanent as previously described. They also have one or more volatile operating states. [0051] FIG. 4 illustrates the operable states of a polymorphic pixel 600. The pixel has two stable operating states 610 and 630 and one volatile operating state 620. Pixel 600 also has two transition sequence branches 601 and 602. The transition sequence branch is selected with a switching signal that determines the next operating state. Branch 601 comprises a first operating state 620 that is stable, switchable with a corresponding optical state (color) that is white. Branch 601 also comprises a second operating state 620 that is volatile, self-switching with a corresponding optical state (color) that is red. Upon termination or disruption of a maintenance signal, pixel 600 will self-switch and transition from the volatile, self-switching state 620 to the previous operating state 620. Branch 601 comprises two inter-state transitions which are both reversible and repeatable, until and unless, transition sequence branch 602 is selected with a switching signal that transitions to operating state 630.

[0052] Branch 602 comprises the same first operating state 620 as branch 601, however unlike branch 601 it has a second operating state 630 that is irreversible and permanent. Because operating state 630 is irreversible and permanent, branch 602 comprises only one inter-state transition, a forward, irreversible transition from operating state 620 to operating state 630. Once switched (transitioned) along branch 602 to operating state 630 by an appropriate switching signal, the pixel is no longer switchable (non-switchable). In total the transition sequence property for pixel 600 includes three inter-state transitions (two repeatable, and one irreversible).

[0053] FIG. 7 illustrates the operable states of another exemplary polymorphic pixel 900. The pixel in this case has two stable operating states 905 and 908 (and two corresponding optical states, white and black respectively). Pixel 900 also has two volatile operating states 906 and 910 (and two corresponding optical states, red and purple respectively). In total, polymorphic pixel 900 has four possible operating states and corresponding optical states (red, white, black and purple). Unlike polymorphic pixel 600 polymorphic pixel 900 has a transition sequence comprising two branches 902 and 903. The branch selected depends on the switching signals and the prior operating states of the pixel. In the first operating state 905 pixel 900 is stable, switchable with a corresponding optical state (color) that is white. The transition sequence along branch 902 consists of a stable, switchable first operating state and a volatile, self-switching second operating state. Branch 902 is reversible and repeatable until the pixel is operably switched to branch 903.

[0054] The transition sequence along branch 903 consists of the same first operating state 905, stable, switchable with a corresponding optical state (color) that is white. Branch 903 also comprises a stable, switchable second operating state 908 with a corresponding optical state (color) that is black. Once switched from the first operating state 905 to the second operating state 908, the pixel cannot transition back to operating state 905. The transition sequence from 905 to 908 is not reversible (irreversible) and is therefore not repeatable. From operating state 908 the transition sequence is only forward to operating state 910. The third operating state 910 along branch 903 is volatile, self-switching with a corresponding optical state (color) of purple. The inter-state transitions between operating states 908 and 910 are therefore reversible and repeatable.

[0055] The transition sequence along the entire branch 903 from operating state 905 to operating state 910 includes both forward, irreversible transitions and forward, reversible transitions. Note that the once the polymorphic pixel 900 is switched and transitions to branch 903 (from operating state 905 to operating 908) it cannot be switched, transition to branch 902 and operating state 908. The polymorphic pixel 900 can however effect different operating states along branch 902 and then switch be switched, transition to branch 903.

[0056] Transition sequencing

[0057] An operable property of pixels is transition sequencing, that is, the property of being able to transition between multiple, different operating states in sequences that include forward, forward-only (irreversible), reverse (reversible), repeatable and non- repeatable and combinations thereof. A transition sequence is comprised of inter-state transitions, that is transitions between two consecutive operable states of a pixel.

Exemplary transition sequences are described below and illustrated in embodiments 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 900, and 1000. Transition sequencing also includes branching. Branching is the property of being able generate different sequences of inter-state transitions from a particular operable state of the pixel. A branch is created by effecting one of a plurality of transitions according to different electrical signals. Embodiment 200 illustrates simple transition sequence including branching for a mono-stable pixel. Of particular interest are complex transitional sequences for polymorphic pixels including branching properties such as those illustrated in embodiments 900 and 1000.

[0058] Note that the conventional terms reversible and irreversible imply the ability, or lack of ability, of a pixel to reverse or switch back to a previous operating state.

Polymorphic displays introduce the ability to electrically switch (with a switching signal) or self-switch (by terminating a maintenance signal) the operating state from one to another operating state that is other than the previous one. Note as well, that the transition sequencing property of polymorphic pixels can be produced using a variety of different polymers and combinations of them, e.g. with mixtures combining more than one type, or depositing more than one layer of them within the polymorphic pixel.

[0059] The ability to create different, fit-for-purpose transition sequences is an important benefit of polymorphic displays and as described below, of polymorphic pixels. Of particular benefit of the property of transition sequencing is the ability to selectively and dynamically determine and effect a transition sequence, and therefore the operable properties of a polymorphic pixel or polymorphic display, responsive to different electrical signals. And further, where the electrical signals are generated responsive to various conditions, events and actions etc., such as those common to intelligent display devices described later herein.

[0060] Polymorphic displays

[0061] In its simplest embodiment, a polymorphic display is an electro-optic display comprising a single polymorphic pixel. More typically however, a polymorphic display is a unitary apparatus constructed having at least two pixels, the pixels having at least some of the following elements in common: structure, materials, circuitry, and optionally a display driver IC. As previously described, the display pixels may be of different types according to their operable properties.

[0062] The structure of a polymorphic display determines its physical form. The structure comprises for example, substrates, spacers, matrices, separators, spacers, barriers, sealants, transparent/viewing surfaces (e.g. 'windows') etc. typically, but not always, organized in layers that preferably lend themselves to high volume manufacturing processes (e.g., printing, spray casting, roll-to-roll manufacturing etc.). A polymorphic display's structure complements that of the electro-optic materials, other materials (e.g. adhesives) and electrical circuitry (including electrodes). For example, the electro-optic layers of different pixel types (e.g. electrochromics, LCDs, EPDs etc.) are often constructed with materials that are fluid or semi-solid and therefore that depend on various structures to hold them. And importantly, to reliably couple to the electrical circuitry.

[0063] A polymorphic display's electro-optic layer, and the pixels of which they are made, may share common materials. Such materials may for example be constructed as a single, continuous layer across multiple pixels, such as the electrolyte illustrated in FIG. 5 A and 10A. Alternatively, a material (e.g. the electro-optic material 710 of FIG. 5 A and 1310 and 1320 of FIG. 10A) may be common to some but not all the pixels, and may be constructed as discrete, spatially separated elements within same physical layer (or the same manufacturing process). Such patterning advantageously allowing for other common materials to be interspersed among them.

[0064] As noted previously, a pixel comprises an electro-optic layer with electrodes either in direct contact with, or in close proximity to, the electro-optic layer. The electrodes are configured for applying electrical signals to the pixels individually or in groups and are typically formed on common structure (e.g. flexible substrates or layers). The electrodes may be configured in various ways including vertical (e.g. on the top and bottom surfaces of an electro-optic layer, interdigitated (both electrodes are on the same layer), or combinations of both. Typically, but not always, the electrodes on the side or sides of the electro-optic layer facing the viewing surface or surfaces, are transparent e.g. ITO or transparent, conductive silver-inks patterned on PET.

[0065] The pixel electrodes may be exposed for connection to circuitry of another device such as an intelligent display device describe herein. The electrodes may also be coupled to additional circuitry and components (e.g. display driver IC, backplane etc.) constructed as part of the polymorphic display apparatus (e.g. using common structure), for pixel addressing, signal management/noise reduction, visible verification (such as that described in US patent applications 14,927,098 Symbol Verification for an Intelligent Label Device, and 15/368,622 Optically Determining Messages on a Display) etc. [0066] As illustrated in FIGs. 5 A, 6A and 9A, exemplary display pixels 700, 800 and 1100 are configured with electrodes on the surfaces of the electro-optic layer (e.g. front and back). The electrodes however may be configured as interdigitated pairs located on a single surface. This may allow for simpler, lower cost manufacture, thinner devices, and in some cases may advantageously enable different operable and optical properties. And in some designs, interdigitated electrodes may work cooperatively with conventional surface electrodes. FIG. 10A and 10B is an exemplary four-pixel structure employing interdigitated electrodes and different, patterned material layers to create pixels having different operable (and associated optical) properties. The viewing perspective is from the back of the structure. Note that the illustrations are intended only to focus on certain elements of a polymorphic display and not completed devices. Note further, the common material layers of which some are patterned and some continuous across the pixels.

[0067] The first layer 1200 of the four-pixel structure (viewed from the back) is a transparent substrate 1230 having interdigitated electrode 1220 and four companion electrodes 1210 (of which only one is numbered). Electrode 1220 is common to the four companion electrodes, all of which are collectively part of the display circuitry. Each of the interdigitated patterns are the foundation for four individual pixels. Structure 1300 shows layer 1200 with printed (or otherwise deposited) polymer 1310 and a different polymer 1320. Polymer 1310 spans two pairs of interdigitated electrodes so the corresponding pixels will have the same operable properties. Polymer 1310 covers a single electrode pair and the corresponding pixel will have operable properties different from the other three. Structure 1400 shows layer 1300 with a printed (or otherwise deposited) opaque electrolyte 1410. Electrolyte 1410 is an opaque EC mix. In this example, all three of the pixels with polymer layers will have the properties of being volatile, self-switchable. The fourth interdigitated electrode pair (the one without a polymer layer) will have the properties of being stable, switchable, irreversible and permanent. Structure 1500 is the same as structure 1400 with a transparent EC mix instead of the opaque EC mix 1410. This integrated, process friendly structure comprises four separately operable pixels, three having the properties of being volatile, self- switching (two of one type, and one of another) and one having the same operable properties of being irreversible and permanent. [0068] Signal protocol

[0069] A signal protocol is used by the processor to manage the different switching signals and maintenance signals according to the types of pixels which comprise the polymorphic display. The signal protocol provides the timing, duration, pattern (e.g. pulse shape, sequence), frequency, voltage or current, polarity etc. required by the processor to generate the appropriate signals.

[0070] Switching signal

[0071] A switching signal is an electrical signal applied to a pixel for setting the operating states of the pixel (e.g. for switching from one operating state to another).

[0072] Maintenance signal

[0073] A maintenance signal is an electrical signal applied to a pixel in a volatile state (self-switching) to maintain its current operating state. The maintenance signal is often different from the switching signal that switched the pixel to the current volatile operating state that is maintained by the maintenance signal.

[0074] Intelligent display device

[0075] An intelligence display device is an apparatus comprising a polymorphic display, and some or all of electronics, a power apparatus and appropriate to the application, a communication apparatus, sensors, and actuators. An intelligent display device is typically a unitary apparatus configured to be coupled or combined with a good or its packaging. Often, but not always, the intelligent display device is low cost, often disposable, low power and small in size. In some applications, though the intelligent display device is significantly larger and designed to present high-content messages or messages to be read by humans or machines at a distance. Exemplary configurations include labels, patches, tags, smart-cards, loyalty cards, packaging, containers, seals, caps, documents, test/sensing/monitoring devices, terminals, electronic-shelf labels, freestanding displays, electronics devices etc. [0076] Electronics

[0077] In addition to a polymorphic display, intelligent display device includes electronic functions, for example, processor, memory, clock/timer, security, verification, communications and sensors, etc. that may be integrated into a single electronic device or implemented with discrete components.

[0078] The electronics will also typically include display driver circuitry configured to store and process appropriate data and algorithms (e.g. a signal protocol), temperature compensation etc.to generate the electricals to the polymorphic display and pixels it comprises. The display driver circuitry may be advantageously configured with the processor and memory or one or more separate components. And further, the display driver circuitry may be configured as part of the polymorphic display or as part of the electronic functions of the intelligent display device, or, distributed between the two.

[0079] Power apparatus

[0080] The intelligent display device includes one or more power apparatus for powering the electrical functions in the intelligent label including a polymorphic display.

Exemplary power apparatus include internal energy storage such as a batteries or charged capacitors, wired interfaces capable of receiving electrical energy, wireless energy harvesters, or a combination thereof. The energy harvester for example, may produce electric energy from light (e.g. solar cell), RF energy (e.g., antenna/rectifier), thermal energy (e.g., thermopile), or shock and vibration (e.g. strain gauges, nanogenerators, MEMS devices) that the intelligent label device is subject to.

[0081] Communication apparatus

[0082] Typically, the intelligent display device also has electronics that enable wireless or wired communication to or from the intelligent label. Exemplary wireless

communication apparatus includes those that support Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, BLE, RFID (e.g. RAF or NFC), ZigBee and other local area wireless networks, low power wide area (LPWN) and cellular and other wide area networks. Intelligent display devices may include support for portable memory chips, cards, sticks and other portable memory storage devices. [0083] Sensors

[0084] An intelligent display device may have one or more sensors sensing the inside or outside environment (outside or inside the intelligent display device), the polymorphic display or other components or systems of the intelligent display device. Exemplary sensors include a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, and altitude sensor, a pressure sensor, an optical sensor, a vibration sensor (including a shock sensor), a humidity sensor, biological or a chemical sensor (including a gas sensor, a pH sensor), a magnetic sensor, a smoke sensor, a radiation sensor etc. It will be appreciated that a wide variety of sensors could be used depending upon the particular application.

[0085] Actuators

[0086] Depending on the application, an intelligent display device, may have one or more actuators. Actuators activate, deactivate or otherwise effect control over electrical functions in the intelligent display device in response to external or internal stimulus, e.g. mechanical action, sensor input, electrical or wireless signals etc. Actuators may be used to activate different electrical functions at different times, e.g. when an item is shipped (the package is sealed) or when an item is received (the package is opened).

[0087] Actuators may also minimize power consumption, and thereby maximizing the shelf-life/operating life of intelligent display devices having internal power apparatus, by activating electronics only when appropriate to the application. Actuators, in cooperation with timers/clocks may also be used to establish the time/date an event occurs.

[0088] Exemplary actuators include mechanical switches (e.g. the open or close an electrical circuit), electro-optic, electrochemical, electro-mechanical and electro-acoustic devices, wired connectors (for receiving electrical signals), wireless receivers (for harvesting RF energy, receiving RF signals) etc., and are described in US patent

9,471,862 An Intelligent Label Device and Method.

[0089] Example 1 (Polymorphic Display)

[0090] FIG. 5A shows an exemplary configuration of a polymorphic display 700 comprising two pixels, each having different operable properties, in side view and front view. For illustration purposes, only two pixels are shown although it is to be understood that a polymorphic display may comprise many such pixels. The right pixel 701 is bistable, having a bi-stable, permanent and irreversible second operating state (such as 200 in FIG. 2), whereas the left pixel 702 is mono-stable and self-switchable (such as 100 in FIG. 1).

[0091] In regards to bi-stable pixel 701, detailed embodiments of bi-stable, permanent and irreversible display devices and pixels, are disclosed in US patent 9,030,724 Flexible and Printable Electrooptic Devices. For simplicity, only the key aspects pertaining to the configuration and function of such pixels within a polymorphic display are described herein and presented in 700 in FIG. 5A. Exemplary embodiment 700 consists of an electro-optic layer 703 further including an electropolymerizable monomer, an electrolyte (e.g. ionic liquid), and (optionally) highly reflective particles (e.g. Ti0 ₂ ) collectively, here and throughout, referred to as an "EC mix" ("electrochromic mixture"). The EC mix as illustrated is of a substantially uniform composition. The electro-optic layer 703, in this example, the EC mixture, is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes; a front electrode 704 and a back electrode 705. The front electrode is at least partially transparent (e.g. ITO) and configured on a substantially transparent substrate 706 (e.g., glass, plastic, etc.) and is advantageously sealed with a barrier/protective layer. The back electrode 705 and back substrate/barrier 709 may both either be transparent (for front and back side viewing of the display) or opaque (front side only viewing).

[0092] An advantageous mono-stable pixel 702 is now described that is complementary to the exemplary bi-stable pixel 701. Mono-stable pixel 702 uses a conjugated

(conductive) polymer film 710 that can switch reversibly between two distinctly different operable states when the polymer is in contact with an electrolyte (such as the one contained in the EC mix 703). The operable states correspond to a conductive (oxidized chemical) state and an insulating (neutral or reduced chemical) state according to the presence of a switching signal followed by a maintenance signal, or the termination or disruption of the maintenance signal. In the presence of an electrical switching signal, the pixel 702 transitions from a stable, first state to a volatile second state. The pixel remains in the volatile second state for the duration of the maintenance signal. When the maintenance signal is terminated (or disrupted for any reason) the pixel self-switches (transitions back) to the stable, first state.

[0093] Note that the EC mix 703 of pixel 701 comprises an electrolyte that can function as the electrolyte for pixel 702. The monomer and other materials in the EC mix do not prevent the electrolyte from use in both pixels. Furthermore, as illustrated in FIG. 5A, the two pixels can have in common electrode 705, top and bottom substrates 706, 709, and barrier/protective layer 707. Additionally, they can share a common, patterned electrode layer (and manufacturing process) comprising the pixel's respective front electrodes 704 and 711. They can also share mask layer 708 described below. Not shown is the structure that would encapsulate the entire apparatus (e.g. the side barrier/protective structure) and the appropriate display driver circuitry with connections to the pixel electrodes.

[0094] In summary, polymorphic display 700 is a unitary apparatus comprising two pixels, each a different type according to their respective operable properties (bi-stable, permanent and irreversible, and mono-stable), and further that have in common, structure, materials and circuitry.

[0095] As noted above, the two pixels 701 and 702 share a single, common electrolyte layer. Furthermore, the switching voltages for the polymer films in the mono-stable pixel 702 are typically significantly lower (near IV) than that typically required for

electropolymerization (near 3 V) in the bi-stable pixel 701. This provides an upper threshold means to keep the monomer in the EC mix from electropolymerizing yet allowing the self-switching polymer 710 to switch between operating states by applying a switching signal followed by applying and then terminating maintenance signal across the common back electrode layer 705 and the front electrode 711. Although, the front electrodes, 704 and 711, for the two operable pixel types of the polymorphic display 700 can be made of different (transparent conductor) materials, it is preferably made of the same material by patterning a single front electrode layer deposited onto the single substrate 706. Depending on the locations of the address lines/circuitry to the pixel electrodes of the display (not shown in FIG. 5A), while providing a high display contrast (dark background of the pixel openings), it may be advantageous to mask certain areas by an opaque, light absorbing material 708. [0096] Of particular interest are self-switching mono-stable electrochromic polymers having one stable and one volatile operating states, and two corresponding optical states. These self-switching polymers may be divided into two groups according to their chemical properties corresponding to their operable properties. The mono-stable polymers may for example:

[0097] One group of electrochromic polymers are switchable from a stable, un-powered operating state corresponding to an oxidized chemical state, and a corresponding clear optical state, to a volatile, self-switching operating state corresponding to a neutral chemical state, and corresponding colored optical state, and self-switching back to the stable, un-powered operating state and corresponding oxidized chemical state, and corresponding clear optical state. Exemplary polymers of this type include

dioxythiophenes (e.g. certain XDOT, such as PProDOT, PEDOT).

[0098] Another group of electrochromic polymers are switchable from a stable, un- powered operating state corresponding to a neutral chemical state, and a corresponding first, colored optical state, to a volatile, self-switching operating state corresponding to an oxidized chemical state, and corresponding second, colored or predominately clear optical state, and self-switching back to the stable, un-powered operating state and corresponding oxidized chemical state, and corresponding first, colored optical state. Exemplary polymers of this type include thiophene based polymers (e.g.

poly(methylthiophene)).

[0099] It should be noted that it is possible to achieve various color combinations by blending of two or more of such polymers within the same group and further switching them according to their specific threshold voltages. Additionally, and apart from electrochromic polymers, certain other materials including those based on transition metal oxides or derivatives of bipyridinium, such as, viologen, are self-switching. For instance, viologen can be adsorbed by a porous material, such as nanoparticle-based Ti0 ₂ , to form an active layer (e.g. in place of the polymer layer 710), or added to the EC mix 703, and may additionally function or co-function as the electrolyte.

[0100] It may further be advantageous to include an optional layer (also known as a charge storage layer) consisting of a complementary conducting polymer material 714 on the counter (back) electrode 705, to facilitate the self-switching process and/or to add additional material layers to protect the counter (back) electrode 705 from the electrolyte 703. Examples of such polymers include anodically coloring polymers, such as XDOPs (dioxypyrroles) or alternating copolymers of XDOT and carbazoles such as PEDOT- Me(Cbz), and cathodically coloring polymer such as XDOTs such as PEDOT or PProDOT, which self-switch to an oxidized state. Cathodic materials may also be deposited to protect a bare counter electrode including derivatives of bipyridinium, such as viologen, and anthraquinone and its derivatives in solution. An opaque or reflective (e.g. Ti0 ₂ additive) EC mix may mask the electrochromic characteristics of the above materials, or they may be intentionally included in the resulting optical states as seen from the front side or back side (for a two-sided display).

[0101] Self-switching polymer films are typically prepared by spray casting 5mg/mL polymer solutions in toluene. When cured, the deposited layer may become a film less than sub-micron thick. Self-switching polymers may be deposited onto the electrode using a variety of methods including: spray, spin, or drop casting neutral electrochromic polymer solutions; printing technology such as inkjet printing; dip casting from solution; and oxidative cheniical vapor deposition of conducting polymer films or electrochemical deposition. The properties of self-switching polymer films may further be manipulated through a chemical defunctionalization step rendering the film less soluble, allowing for deposition of additional layers such as the layer of EC mix 703.

[0102] Referring again to FIG. 5 A, an individual pixel of the polymorphic display 700 is switched by an electrical signal applied to its corresponding electrode pair (704 and 705 or 711 and 705). Initially, both the states of the bi-stable pixel 701 and the mono-stable pixel 702 are stable and each having a first, white optical state, 712 and 713, as determined by the reflective Ti0 ₂ of the EC mix and the transmissive property of the electrochromic polymer layer 710. Further, initially the corresponding voltages across each respective electrode pair is 0V (715 and 716).

[0103] FIG. 5B illustrates the respective optical states 718, 720 of the polymorphic display 700 after application of respective independent switching signals. The switching signal for irreversibly transitioning the bi-stable pixel 701 into an irreversible and permanent operating state (e.g. dark blue optical state) can be accomplished through a variety of switching protocols such as those disclosed in US patent 9,030,724 Flexible and Printable Electrooptic Devices and US provisional patent application 14/797,141 Device and Method to Fix a Message on a Display, including e.g. applying a voltage above a certain threshold (as indicated by 719 of e.g. 3 V) for a defined time duration (e.g., 2s). Note that the anode typically is the (front) electrode 704 such that the polymerized monomer 717 is (anodically) formed on or at the electrode, displacing the (white) EC mix and further providing a substantial change of color (e.g. from white to dark blue) as observed from the viewing side. After the switching is complete, the operable (and optical) state will remain as it is permanent and irreversible.

[0104] The switching signal for reversibly transitioning the mono-stable pixel 702 into a volatile operating state (corresponding, e.g., to a red color of the polymer layer 721 resulting in a red optical state 720 of the pixel) can be accomplished by, for example, applying a voltage above a certain threshold (as indicated by 721 of e.g. IV) for a defined time duration (e.g., Is). Note that the cathode is the front electrode 711 in case of electrochromic polymers providing chemically neutral (reduced) volatile states (as shown in FIG. 5B) and oxidized stable states (as shown in FIG. 5A) whereas the anode is the (front) electrode in case of electrochromic polymers providing chemically oxidized volatile states and neutral stable states. After the switching is complete, a maintenance signal is applied with the same effective polarity as the switching signal, in order for pixel to maintain its current state. Upon termination or disruption of the maintenance signal the volatile state will self-switch back to its original white state (713 in FIG. 5 A). It should be noted, that depending on the deposition method employed of the

electrochromic polymer layer in manufacture of the polymorphic display, some cycling ("break-in") between the reversible states of the self-switching polymer may be advantageous to achieve faster switching times and/or higher color saturation. This is in particular applicable to deposition processes not providing for intercalated electrolyte within the polymer layer.

[0105] Example 2 (Polymorphic Pixel)

[0106] In this exemplary embodiment polymorphic functionality is achieved in a single pixel, called a polymorphic pixel. Note that multiple (two or more) polymorphic pixels with the same operable properties can also form a polymorphic display, as discussed above.

[0107] FIG. 6A illustrates an exemplary embodiment 800 of a polymorphic pixel 801, in side view and front view. The pixel 801 follows the same vertical structure configuration as that of pixel 702 shown in FIG. 5 A, and will thus not be described in detail except wherein there are differences that pertain to the polymorphic functionality. To this end, and for simplicity, the (optional) complementary conducting polymer material 714 is not shown and the EC mix 703, which together with the conducting polymer layer 710 form the electro-optic layer, initially will be assumed to contain highly reflective particles (e.g. Ti0 ₂ ) as an additive to the otherwise natively transmissive (clear) EC mix. Further, the polymer layer 710 is assumed be self-switchable, comprising an initial stable, clear optical state and a corresponding oxidized chemical state, switchable to a volatile red optical state with a corresponding reduced chemical state. A polymer which such characteristics includes, e.g., poly{3,4-di(2-ethylhexyloxy)thiophene-co-3,4- di(methoxy)thiophene) .

[0108] The functionality of the polymorphic pixel 801 will now be described with reference to the corresponding structure FIGs. 6A-E, and FIG. 7 illustrating the operable states 900 through its applicable switching sequences along branches 902 and 903.

[0109] Analogously to pixel 702, the initial (i.e., before any application of an electrical signal to its front 711 and back 705 electrodes) operable state 905 of pixel 801 is stable with a corresponding white optical state 804 (FIG. 6A), as determined by reflected light from the Ti0 ₂ particles of the EC mix 703 transmitted through the clear polymer layer 710. After providing a switching signal (along branch 902) as indicated by 806 in FIG. 6B, the operable state of the pixel switches to a volatile state 906 with a corresponding red optical state 807. As previously discussed, this optical state will remain for the duration of the maintenance signal, after which it will self-switch back to its operable state 905.

[0110] The pixel 801 will remain in a self-switchable state along branch 902 as long as the switching signal level does not exceed the threshold (e.g. 3 V) for electrochemical polymerization of the monomer in the EC mix 703. If, however, the applied voltage reaches the threshold voltage, with the front electrode 711 being the anode, the monomer polymerizes 802 (FIG. 6C) onto (or near) the self-switchable polymer layer 710. Note that during the switching the polymer layer 710 is in an oxidized chemical state, clear optical state, and electrically conductive state, which facilitates the polymerization process. After applying a switching signal (along branch 903) as indicated by 808, the operable state of the pixel switches irreversibly to a stable state 908 with a corresponding, e.g., dark blue optical state 809. This optical state is determined by the color of the polymerized layer 802. Note that after the switching is complete, the self-switchable polymer layer will remain in a clear state.

[0111] It is important to further note that even though operable state 908 sequenced irreversibly from state 905, the pixel is now in a mono-stable and self-switchable operable state, as further applying a switching signal 811 (FIG. 6D) with a continued maintenance signal results in a volatile state 910 with red color of the self-switchable polymer layer 721. Accordingly, the resulting optical state 812 will generally be a combination of 721 (here, red) and 802 (here, dark blue). For instance, and in this particular case, if layer 721 is relatively thick, the optical state will be a predominantly red color; if layer 721 is relatively thin (i.e. largely transmissive), the optical state will closely match the dark blue color of layer 802; or, if 721 has a thickness somewhere in the middle, the color may be a compound purple. Again, after removal of the

maintenance signal, indicated by 813 in FIG. 6E the pixel will self-switch back to operable state 908 (and corresponding optical state 809).

[0112] In an alternative embodiment of pixel 800, the reflective Ti0 ₂ particles are not included in the EC mix 703 resulting in a transmissive (clear) optical property. This alters the optical state of the initial operable state 904, depending on the reflective properties of the back electrode 705. In this alternative embodiment the back electrode 705 is presumed light absorbing (e.g. carbon black) resulting in an initial optical state of black as illustrated by 1001 of the operable states of this embodiment 1000 in FIG. 8. However, the operable and optical states of the other states along branches 1002 and 1003 are the same as those illustrated and discussed in FIG. 7, 902 and 903, respectively (here assuming, for simplicity, that layers 721 and 802 are largely reflective, and the yellow tint of the EC mix 703 does not contribute). [0113] However, this particular embodiment enables additional operable states by analogously polymerizing the monomer of the EC mix onto (or near) the back electrode by applying an opposite polarity of the switching signal onto the pair of electrodes. These additional operable states are shown along an extended branch indicated by 1005, as well as, an additional third branch 1004, with operable states as indicated. Note that the volatile optical states 1006 and 1008 are the same as 906, and that the stable optical states of 1010 and 1011 are virtually the same as 908 (ignoring any effect of viewing through the transmissive EC mix).

[0114] In a further alternative embodiment of pixel 800, the reflective Ti0 ₂ particles are again not included in the EC mix 703, but an inert dye (here assumed yellow) is added resulting in a corresponding yellow tint of the EC mix. In this further alternative embodiment the back electrode 705 is presumed light reflective. Advantageously, the concentration of the dye is such that light will be reflected through a double pass of the pixel stack yielding, in this case, an initial yellow optical state 1001. Note that for this embodiment all other optical states remain the same as above except for states 1010 and 1011, which will have a new optical state of green, resulting from the dark blue polymerized layer on the back electrode viewed through the yellow tinted EC mix. Thus this configuration can exhibit five different optical states, three stable states and two volatile states, with a variety of operable properties including irreversible and mono- stable states.

[0115] Example 3 (Polymorphic Pixel with Non-switchable Operable State)

[0116] FIG. 9A illustrates another exemplary embodiment 1100 of a polymorphic pixel 1101 with a non-switchable operating state, in side view and front view. The pixel 1101 follows the same vertical structure configuration as that of pixel 801 shown in FIG. 6 A, and will thus not be described in detail except wherein there are differences that pertain to the polymorphic functionality. To this end, the reflective Ti0 ₂ particles are not included in the EC mix 703 resulting in a transmissive (clear) optical property. Further, the polymer layer 1102 is again assumed be self-switchable, comprising an initial stable, clear optical state and a corresponding oxidized chemical state, switchable to a volatile red optical state with a corresponding reduced chemical state. However, the self- switching polymer layer 1102 is present on the back electrode 705 (as opposed to the front electrode 711 as in FIG. 6A). Additionally, the back electrode 705 is reflective or transparent with an additional diffuse reflective layer behind it (not shown in FIG. 9A).

[0117] The functionality of the polymorphic pixel 1101 will now be described with reference to the corresponding structure FIGs. 9A-C, and FIG. 4 illustrating the operable states 600 through its applicable switching sequences along branches 601 and 602.

[0118] Analogously to pixel 801, the initial (i.e., before any application of an electrical signal to its front 711 and back 705 electrodes) operable state 610 of pixel 1101 is stable with a corresponding white optical state 1103, as determined by reflected light from back electrode 705. After providing a switching signal (along branch 601) as indicated by 1104 in FIG. 9B, the operable state of the pixel switches to a volatile state 620 with a corresponding red optical state 1106. As previously discussed, this optical state will remain for the duration of the maintenance signal, after which it will self-switch back to its initial operable state 610.

[0119] The pixel 1101 will remain in a self-switchable state along branch 601 as long as the switching signal level does not exceed the threshold (e.g. 3 V) for electrochemical polymerization of the monomer in the EC mix 703. If, however, the applied voltage reaches the threshold voltage, with the back electrode 705 being the anode, the monomer polymerizes 1108 (FIG. 9C) onto (or near) the self-switchable polymer layer 1102. Note, again, that during the switching

the polymer layer 1102 is in an oxidized chemical state, clear optical state, and electrically conductive state, which facilitates the polymerization process. After applying a switching signal (along branch 602) as indicated by 1107, the operable state of the pixel switches irreversibly to a stable state 630 with a corresponding, e.g., dark blue optical state 1109. This optical state 630 is determined by the color of the polymerized layer 1102 as the EC mix 703 is transmissive. Note, again, that after the switching is complete, the self-switchable polymer layer will remain in a clear state. However, in contrast to Example 1 above, this operable state does not allow for any

further switching affecting the corresponding optical state 1109, thus it is in an operable state which is non-switchable. [0120] Example 4 (Inter digitated Electrode Structure)

[0121] In the exemplary embodiments discussed above, the electrode layers for switching the electro-optic layers have been focused on non-patterned configurations with either transparent or opaque optical properties. However, in some cases it may be advantageous to use an interdigitated pair of electrodes. Such configurations enable a single patterned electrode layer instead of two separate non-patterned electrode layers simplifying the manufacturing process of polymorphic pixels and displays. Furthermore, this allows for two activation surfaces per interdigitated electrode pair in a single layer with a multitude of operable states. Note that such an interdigitated transparent electrode structure (e.g. ITO) can also be employed on both sides of the electro-optic layer, e.g., for a two-sided display.

[0122] FIG. 10A shows (in a back side view) a conceptual electrode layout 1200 consisting of four pairs of interdigitated electrodes (corresponding to four pixels of the completed polymorphic display). In this configuration one digitated electrode of each of the four pairs is (optionally) connected to a common electrode connection 1220. Thus any particular pair of electrodes can be addressed using the common electrode 1220 and a pixel specific digitated electrode (e.g. 1210).

[0123] Typically the interdigitated electrode layer is deposited (e.g. directly printed or by patterning of a uniform film using, e.g. photolithography or laser ablation) onto a substrate 1230 (outlined). This process is further followed by deposition (e.g. printing) of one or more self-switching polymers (all in the same layer), such as shown in 1300 by a first self-switching polymer 1310 and a second self-switching polymer 1320. Note that the deposition can continuously span of more than one electrode pair (such as in the case of 1310).

[0124] Advantageously, the widths and separation of the electrode digits are optimized with respect to the particular properties of the self-switching polymer (e.g. thickness) and switching protocol. However, also depending on these properties, it may be preferable (e.g. for better color contrast) to only deposit (e.g. print) the self-switchable polymer along the electrode digits (i.e. with gaps), and further only on one side of the

interdigitated pair (a complementary polymer layer may optionally be deposited on the other side of the interdigitated pair). [0125] After completion of the self-switching polymer layer, the EC mix layer can be deposited (e.g. by a further printing process), as shown by layer 1410 in FIG. 10B. In this particular case, the EC mix is opaque (white, containing Ti0 ₂ particles), however, it may also be transparent (without Ti0 ₂ particles) as shown in 1500 by layer 1510. Note that the EC mix can also be deposited onto select pixels using different EC mix compositions (e.g. a different monomer polymerizing to a unique color). Furthermore, depending on the operable states desired for the polymorphic display, some pixels may only have an electrolyte printed on top (i.e. no EC mix).

[0126] The above examples disclose embodiments of polymorphic displays and pixels with various operable states corresponding to optical states determined by reflective properties of the pixels. However, the method and means can advantageously be extended to transmissive and/or polarization properties. For example, the self-switching polymer or polymerized monomer layers can be designed (with appropriate activation protocols) such that the transmitted light through (the colored layers in) the pixels determine the optical state. In this case, both the back electrode and substrate are at least partially transmissive as well. Advantageously, electrochromic materials could be combined with a liquid crystal material to from an electro-optic layer capable of generating both polarization and color changes to transmitted light through the layer (with corresponding operable states). Optionally, polarizers in front and behind the electro-optic layer (e.g. on the outer surface of front (and back, if transmissive) substrate or cover layer, could, e.g., convert the polarization changes to light intensity changes.

[0127] Additionally, the above exemplary embodiments primarily working in the visible wavelength range. However, as discussed above, the embodiments of the current invention also include wavelength outside of the human visible range (e.g. machine reading). Advantageously, as electrochromic polymers typically exhibit significant reflectivity changes in the IR wavelengths between the oxidized (conductive) and reduced (non-conductive) states, these materials can thus also be utilized for generating operable state changes outside of the visible range for polymorphic pixels and displays.

[0128] While particular preferred and alternative embodiments of the present intention have been disclosed, it will be appreciated that many various modifications and extensions of the above described technology may be implemented using the teaching of this invention. All such modifications and extensions are intended to be included within the true spirit and scope of the appended claims.