CORRESPONDING METAL CLUSTERS

Cross reference to related applications

This application claims the benefit of European Patent Application Serial No. 16154310.3, filed 4 February 2016, and European Patent Application Serial No. 16181690.5, filed 28 July 2016.

Field of the invention

This invention relates to new polyoxometalates (POMs) and metal clusters. Furthermore, this invention relates to processes for the preparation of said new POMs and metal-clusters and to their use in catalytic reduction reactions with organic molecules.

Background of the invention

POMs are a unique class of inorganic metal-oxygen clusters. They consist of a polyhedral cage structure or framework bearing a negative charge which is balanced by cations that are usually external to the cage, and may also contain internally or externally located heteroa- tom(s) or guest atom(s). The framework of POMs comprises a plurality of metal atoms, which can be the same or different, bonded to oxygen atoms. In the plurality of known POMs the framework metals are dominated by a few elements including transition metals from Group 5 and Group 6 in their high oxidation states, e.g. tungsten (VI), molybdenum (VI), vanadium (V), niobium (V) and tantalum (V).

The first example in the POM family is the so-called Keggin anion [XM12O40 ^" with X being a heteroatom selected from a variety of elements, e.g. P, and M being a Group 5 or

Group 6 metal such as Mo or W. These anions consist of an assembly of corner- and edge- shared MOg octahedra of the metals of Groups 5 or 6 around a central XO4 tetrahedron.

There have been increasing efforts towards the modification of polyoxoanions with various organic and/or transition metal complex moieties with the aim of generating new catalyst systems as well as functional materials with interesting optical, electronic, magnetic and medicinal properties. In particular, transition metal- substituted POMs (TMSPs) have attracted continuously growing attention as they can be rationally modified on the molecular level including size, shape, charge density, acidity, redox states, stability, solubility etc. To date many 3d transition metal-containing POMs are known, but still only a minority of POMs contains 4d and 5d metals. However, the introduction of 4d and 5d metals, especially of late 4d and 5d metals, in a POM would be of fundamental interest en route to new, more efficient and more selective catalysts. Especially Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag and/or Au-containing POMs would be of high interest, because they are thermally and oxidatively stable and possess highly attractive catalytic properties.

For example, Kortz and coworkers reported the first molecular palladium oxide polyanion [Pdi 3Asg034(OH)6] ⁸ - in 2008 (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 9542-9546). Twelve palla- dium atoms surround the thirteenth, the central palladium atom, resulting in a distorted icosa- hedral arrangement. In US 2009/0216052 Al closely related POMs are disclosed based on this common structural motif comprising [M 3XgRqOy] ^m~ with M being selected from Pd,

Pt, Au, Rh, Ir, and mixtures thereof, while X is a heteroatom such as As, Sb, Bi, P, Si, Ge, B, Al, Ga, S, Se, Te, and mixtures thereof. These POMs were demonstrated to be useful as cata- lysts and precursors for mixed metal-oxide catalysts and metal-clusters.

Kortz and coworkers also developed a related class of POMs displaying a similar structural arrangement but a different elemental composition. In the [MPdi 2Pg04()H _z ] ^m~ polyanions the 'inner' 'MOg' motif is surrounded by twelve square-planar 'Pd04' units and M is represented by Mn, Fe, Co, Cu and Zn (Chem. Eur. J. 2012, 18, 6167-6171).

In 2014 Kortz and coworkers published the first fully inorganic discrete gold-palladium-oxo polyanion [NaAu4PdgOg(As04)g] H ^~ without the stabilization of any organic ligands and with both Au and Pd occupying the atom positions of the metal framework. With regard to the structure the cubic 'NaOg' moiety is surrounded by 12 noble metal centers forming a cub- octahedron, which is capped by eight tetrahedral arsenate groups (Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 8556-8560).

Cronin and coworkers found three new Pd-containing POMs K2g[Hi 2Pdi Q &\ 0W52O2O6]' K26[Hi 4Pdi oSei ()W520206] ^an< ^ Na4Q[Pd Tei 9W42O1 99] demonstrating the structural complexity of some of the late transition metal-containing POMs (Inorg. Chem. Front. 2014, 1, 178-185).

WO 2007/142729 Al discloses a class of Pd and W as well as Pt and W-based POMs and mixtures thereof with the general formula [My(H20)(p y)X2W22074(OH)2] ^m~ with M being

Pd, Pt, and mixtures thereof, y being 1 to 4, p being the number of water molecules bound to one M and being 3 to 5 and X being Sb, Bi, As, Se and Te. Protocols for the preparation of these POMs were provided. Furthermore, the POMs were found to be useful as catalysts. WO 2008/089065 Al discloses a class of W-based POMs including late transition metals with the formula [M _y (H ₂ 0) _p X _z Wi g066] ^m" with M being Cu, Zn, Pd and Pt and X being Sb, Bi,

As, Se and Te. The POMs prepared are useful as catalysts.

WO 2007/142727 Al discloses a class of transition metal-based POMs including W having the formula [Μ4(Η2θ)ι o(XW9033)2] ^m~ with M being a transition metal and X being select- ed from As, Sb, Bi, Se and Te. These POMs are particularly useful as catalysts featuring high levels of conversion in selective alkane oxidation.

WO 2008/1118619 Al discloses another class of transition metal-based POMs including W which is illustrated by the general formula [HqMi gXgW4gOi g4(HO)32] ^m" with M being selected from the group of transition metals and X being selected from As and/or P. Protocols for the preparation of these POMs were developed. Furthermore, the POMs were found to be useful as catalysts.

US 2005/0112055 Al discloses a POM including three different transition metals Ru, Zn and W with the formula NaT _4[Ru2Zn2(H20)2(ZnWc)034)2]. This particular POM was found to be highly efficient as an electrocatalyst in the generation of oxygen.

WO 2007/139616 Al discloses a class of W-based POMs including Ru with the formula [Ru2(H20)gX2W2o07o] ^m" with X being selected from Sb, Bi, As, Se, and Te. Protocols for the preparation of these POMs are described. Furthermore, the POMs were found to be useful as catalysts.

WO 2009/155185 Al discloses a class of Ru and W-based POMs provided by the general formula [Ru2L2(XWi \ 039)2W02] ^m" with L being a ligand and X being Si, Ge, B and mixtures thereof. The POMs are useful as catalysts and precursors for the preparation of mixed metal-oxide catalysts.

US 4,864,041 in general demonstrates the potential of POMs as catalysts for the oxidation of organic compounds. A variety of different POMs with different metal species was investigated, including those with W, Mo, V, Cu, Mn, Fe, Fe and Co.

WO 2010/021600 Al discloses a method for preparing POMs and reducing them. Thus, for example metallic nanoparticles can be derived. Specifically W-based POMs are discussed.

Two reviews on POM containing late transition metals and noble metals (Coord. Chem. Rev. 2011, 255, 1642-1685 and Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 9492-9510) reveal that, although there is a noticeable development in this area in recent years and decades, the POMs containing noble metals are almost exclusively still based on early transition metals, including Group 5 and 6 metals. Very few of these POMs are solely based on noble metals. In many cases the noble metals are incorporated in structural frameworks primarily composed of early transition metals, including Group 5 and 6 metals.

Thus, there is a need for new POMs containing a major proportion of noble metal atoms, based on the overall metal content of said POMs, and showing useful properties in homogeneous or heterogeneous catalytic applications. In this regard, also those POMs which solely contain noble metals, i.e. which do not contain any other metal atoms than noble metal atoms, and those which contain more than one different type of noble metal atom species are highly promising candidates en route to new, more efficient and more selective catalysts due to the well established unique catalytic properties of noble metals.

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide POMs containing a major proportion of noble metal atoms, based on the overall metal content of said POMs. Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide one or multiple processes for the preparation of said POMs. In addition, it is an object of the present invention to provide supported POMs containing a major proportion of noble metal atoms, based on the overall metal content of said POMs as well as one or multiple processes for the preparation of said supported POMs. Another object of the present invention is the provision of metal-clusters, in particular the provi- sion of highly dispersed metal-cluster particles, and processes for the preparation of said metal-clusters either in the form of a dispersion in a liquid carrier medium or in supported form, immobilized on a solid support. Finally, it is an object of the present invention to provide one or multiple processes for the homogeneous or heterogeneous reductive conversion of organic substrate using said optionally supported POM(s) and/or said optionally supported or dis- persed metal-cluster(s).

Summary of the invention

An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of POMs represented by the formula

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ] }m- or solvates thereof, wherein

each A independently represents a cation,

n is the number of cations,

all M are the same, and are selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, Ag, and Au, and each M has d valence electron configuration,

each M' is independently selected from the group consisting of Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au,

Cd, Hg and mixtures thereof,

s is a number from 1 to 10,

M" is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg and lan- thanide metal,

each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, Si, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te and mixtures thereof, each R is a substituent group which is covalently bonded to X, and each R is independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a substituent group bonded to X via a carbon atom of said substituent group, a substituent group bonded to X via an oxygen atom of said substituent group, a substituent group bonded to X via a sulfur atom of said substituent group, and a substituent group bonded to X via a nitrogen atom of said substituent group,

y is a number from 40 to 50,

z is a number from 0 to 10,

q is a number from 0 to 20, and

m is a number representing the total positive charge m+ of n cations A and the corresponding negative charge m- of the oxo-cluster {M' _s [M''Mi 5Xi ()OyR _z Hq] }.

These noble metal-containing POMs are based on square planar MO4 building blocks. The metal centers of these building blocks have d 8 valence electron configuration. Based on the d 8 valence electron configuration, the oxidation state of the respective M can be identified, so that M is Irl, AgM or AuM. Hence the requirement for M having a d ⁸ valence electron configuration is synonymous to M being selected from the group consisting of Pd^, Pt ⁿ , Rh ¹ , Ir ¹ , Ag ⁱⁿ , and Au ⁱⁿ .

An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of a process for the preparation of any one of the POMs provided by the present invention, said process comprising:

(a) reacting at least one source of M, at least one source of M' and at least one source of M' ' with at least one X-containing and optionally R-containing starting material to form a salt of the oxo-cluster {M' _s [M"Mi 5Xi ()OyR _z Hq] } or a solvate thereof,

(b) optionally adding at least one salt of A to the reaction mixture of step (a) to form a POM of formula (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi 5X1 ₀ O _y R _z H _q ] } ^m - or a solvate thereof, and

(c) recovering the POM or solvate thereof.

An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of a process for the preparation of any one of the POMs provided by the present invention, said process comprising: (al) reacting at least one source of M and at least one source of M" with at least one X-containing and optionally R-containing starting material to form a salt of the polyanion [M"Mi 5X 1 QOyR _z Hq] or a solvate thereof,

(a2) isolating and optionally purifying the product of step (al),

(a3) reacting the product of step (a2) with at least one source of M' to form a salt of the oxo-cluster {M' _s [M"Mi 5X1 QOyR _z Hq]} or a solvate thereof,

(b) optionally adding at least one salt of A to the reaction mixture of step (c) to form a POM of formula (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi 5X1 ₀ O _y R _z H _q ]} ^m - or a solvate thereof, and

(c) recovering the POM or solvate thereof.

An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of supported POMs comprising any one of the POMs provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention, on a solid support.

An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of a process for the preparation of the supported POMs provided by the present invention, said process comprising the step of contacting any one of the POMs provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention, with a solid support.

An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of metal- clusters of the formula

{ M'0 _s [M"M0 ₁₅ ] } wherein

all MO are the same, and are selected from the group consisting of PdO, PtO, RhO, IrO, AgO, and AuO,

each M'O is independently selected from the group consisting of RhO, IrO, p^O _^ pj _^ AgO, AuO, CdO, HgO and mixtures thereof,

s is a number from 1 to 10, and

M" is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg and lan- thanide metal, and the oxidation state of M" is 0 or greater than 0. An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of the metal- clusters provided by the present invention in the form of a dispersion in a liquid carrier medium.

An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of supported metal-clusters comprising any one of the metal-clusters provided by the present invention immobilized on a solid support.

An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of a process for the preparation of any one of the metal-clusters provided by the present invention, in the form of a dispersion of said metal-clusters dispersed in a liquid carrier medium, said process comprising the steps of

(a) dissolving any one of the POMs provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention in a liquid carrier medium,

(b) optionally providing additive means to prevent agglomeration of the metal- cluster to be prepared, and

(c) subjecting the dissolved POM to chemical or electrochemical reducing conditions sufficient to at least partially reduce said POM into corresponding metal- clusters.

An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of a process for the preparation of supported metal-clusters, i.e. any one of the metal-clusters provided by the present invention, in the form of metal-clusters immobilized on a solid support, said process comprising the steps of

(a) contacting the dispersion of metal-clusters provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention, with a solid support, thereby immobilizing at least part of the dispersed metal-clusters onto the support and ob- taining supported metal-clusters; and

(b) optionally isolating the supported metal-clusters.

An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of a process for the preparation of supported metal-clusters, i.e. any one of the metal-clusters provided by the present invention, in the form of metal-clusters immobilized on a solid support, said pro- cess comprising the steps of

(a) subjecting any one of the supported POM provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention to chemical or electrochemical re- ducing conditions sufficient to at least partially reduce said POM into corresponding metal-clusters provided by the present invention; and

(b) optionally isolating the supported metal-clusters.

An objective of the present invention among others is achieved by the provision of a process for the homogeneous or heterogeneous reductive conversion of organic substrate comprising contacting said organic substrate under addition of hydrogen with any one of the optionally supported POMs provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention, and/or with any one of the optionally dispersed or supported metal-clusters provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention.

In the context of the present invention the term noble metal comprises the following elements: Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, and Au.

With regard to the present invention the expressions Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 etc. refer to the Periodic Table of the Elements and the expressions 3d, 4d and 5d metals refer to transition metals of respective Periods 4, 5 and 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements.

With regard to the present invention the term nanostar describes the structural arrangement of the 15 M atoms in (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi 5X1 ₀ O _y R _z H _q ] } ^m -.

With regard to the present invention the term guest atom describes the centrally located M' ' atom within the nanostar in (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁ oO _y R _z H _q ] } ^m -.

With regard to the present invention the term peripheral atom(s) describes the M' atom(s) located outside of the nanostar in (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi 5X1 ₀ O _y R _z H _q ] } ^m -.

With regard to the present invention the term polyanion describes the negatively charged structural arrangement without the peripheral M' atom(s) [Μ'ΊνΙτ QOyR _z Hq].

With regard to the present invention the term oxo-cluster or M' -capped oxo-cluster describes the negatively charged structural arrangement including the peripheral M' atom(s) {M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ] } .

With regard to the present invention the term metal-cluster describes the structural arrangement {M'0 _s [M"M0 ₁₅ ] } .

With regard to the present invention the term nanoprism describes the structural arrangement formed by the M, M" and X atoms M"Mi 5X1 Q. With regard to the present invention the term immobilizing means to render immobile or to fix the position. In the context of a solid support the term immobilizing describes the adhesion to a surface by means of adsorption, including physisorption and chemisorption. Adsorption is based on interactions between the material to be adsorbed and the surface of the solid support such as van-der-Waals interactions, hydrogen-bonding interactions, ionic interactions, etc.

With regard to the present invention the expression primary particles of POM or POMs primary particles describes isolated particles that contain exactly one negatively charged oxo- cluster {M' _s [M"Mi 5X1 QOyR _z Hq] } . The POMs primary particles of the present invention are substantially mono-dispersed particles, i.e. the POMs primary particles have a uniform size, corresponding to the size of one oxo-cluster. The expression POMs secondary particles describes agglomerates of POMs primary particles.

With regard to the present invention the term supported POM describes POM immobilized on a solid support.

With regard to the present invention the expression primary particles of metal-cluster or metal-cluster primary particles describes isolated particles that contain exactly one metal-cluster {M'° _s [M"M ⁰ i ₅ ] }. The metal-cluster primary particles of the present invention are substantially mono-dispersed particles, i.e. the metal-cluster primary particles have a substantially uniform size, corresponding to the size of one metal-cluster. The expression metal-cluster secondary particles describes agglomerates of metal-cluster primary particles.

The particle size of the non-aggregated and aggregated POM, and of the non-aggregated and aggregated metal-cluster, respectively, can be determined by various physical methods known in the art. If the particles are dispersed in a liquid medium, the particle size can be determined by light scattering. If the particles are supported on a solid support, solid state techniques are required for determining the particle size of the supported particles, and to distinguish between primary particles (non-aggregated) and secondary particles (aggregated). Suitable solid state techniques include scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction or crystallography (powder XRD), etc. Another suita- ble technique for determining the particle size is pulsed chemi-/physisorption.

With regard to the present invention the term supported metal-cluster describes metal-clusters immobilized on a solid support.

Brief description of the Figures 1-6

Figure 1: Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of Na ₁ 4 75{Ag4 25[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o] }-43H20- 0.25Na3P04 ("Na-Ag ₅ .25Pdl5") from 20 to

600 °C.

Figure 2: Ball-and- stick representations of the ({Ag4 25[AgPd ₁ 5P ₁ o05 _Q ] }-2H20)14.75- oxo-cluster ("Ag5.25Pdl5") coordinated by two water molecules (Figure 2a) and the environment of its guest atom Agl (Figure 2b). Legend: Pd, black spheres; Ag, grey spheres with gridding; P, grey spheres with cross-line; O, grey spheres; Ag-Pd interaction, black-grey bond; Ag-Ag interaction, grey bond.

Figure 3: Two different perspective presentations of the P/Pd/Ag skeleton of {Ag4.25[AgPdi 5P10O50]} 14.75- (Figure 3a and Figure 3b). Legend: Pd, black spheres; Ag, grey spheres with gridding; P, grey spheres with cross-line; Ag-Pd interaction, black-grey bond; Ag-Ag interaction, grey bond.

Figure 4: Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrum of Na ₁ 4. ₇ 5{Ag4.25[AgPd ₁ 5P ₁ 0O50] }-43H2O- 0.25Na ₃ PO4 ("Na-Ags^Pdis").

Figure 5: Ball- and- stick representation of the ID zigzag chain assembly built by ({Ag4.25[AgPd ₁ 5P ₁ o05o] }-2H ₂ 0)14.75- ₀ xo-cluster ("Ags^Pdis").

Figure 6: ³¹ P NMR spectrum of Nai 4_75{Ag4_25[AgPdi 5Pi o05o] }-43H20- 0.25Na3P04 ("Na-Ag ₅ .25Pdl5").

Detailed description

According to one embodiment, the POMs of the present invention are represented by the for- mula

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ] }m- or solvates thereof, wherein

each A independently represents a cation, preferably each A is independently selected from the group consisting of cations of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au,

Hg, La, lanthanide metal, actinide metal, Sn, Sb, Te; or phosphonium, ammonium, guanidinium, tetraalkylammonium, protonated aliphatic amines, protonated aromatic amines; or combinations thereof. More preferably, A is selected from lithium, potassium, sodium cations and combinations thereof,

n is the number of cations,

all M are the same, and are selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, Ag, and Au, preferably Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, and Au, more preferably Pd, Pt and Rh, most prefer- ably Pd and Pt, in particular Pd, and each M has d valence electron configuration, each M' is independently selected from the group consisting of Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg and mixtures thereof, preferably Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au and mixtures thereof, more preferably Pd, Pt, Ag, Au and mixtures thereof, most preferably Ag, Au and mixtures thereof, in particular Ag, s is a number from 1 to 10, preferably 2 to 7, more preferably 3 to 7, most preferably 4 or 5, in particular 4, for instance a mixture of 4 and 5,

M" is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg and lan- thanide metal, preferably Sr, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd,

Ag, Cd, Lu, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au, more preferably Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au, most preferably Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt and Au, in particular Ag,

each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, Si, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te and mixtures thereof, preferably AsV, SbV, BiV, pV silV Ge ¹ ^,

Al ¹¹¹ , Ga ¹¹¹ , S ^VI , SeVI, _Te VI _; As ¹¹¹ , Sb ¹¹¹ , Bi ^m , Se ¹ ^, Te ^J V and mixtures thereof, more preferably AsV, SbV, BiV, _P V SilV, Ge!V, Al ^m , Ga ^m , S ^y I and mixtures thereof, most preferably AsV, SbV, BiV, pV _an d mixtures thereof, in particular P, preferably pV,

y is a number from 40 to 50, preferably 40 or 50, in particular 50,

m is a number representing the total positive charge m+ of n cations A and the corresponding negative charge m- of the oxo-cluster {Μ^ΙΊνΓ'Μτ ()Oy] } .

According to a second embodiment, the POMs of the present invention are represented by the formula

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z ] }m- or solvates thereof, wherein

A, n, m, M, M', M", s, X and y are the same as defined above,

each R is a substituent group which is covalently bonded to X, and each R is independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a substituent group bonded to X via a carbon atom of said substituent group, a substituent group bonded to

X via an oxygen atom of said substituent group, a substituent group bonded to X via a sulfur atom of said substituent group, and a substituent group bonded to X via a nitrogen atom of said substituent group, wherein each R may be the same or different; preferably the substituent group R bonded to X via a carbon atom of said substituent group is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, al- kynyl, and aryl, wherein each of said substituent groups may be unsubstituted or substituted, and each of said substituent groups optionally may contain one or more het- eroatoms resulting in hetero-alkyl, hetero-cycloalkyl, hetero-alkenyl, hetero- cycloalkenyl, hetero-alkynyl, and hetero-aryl, and -CF3, -CN, -C(0)OR ² , -C(0)R ² , and -C(0)NR ² R ³ ; the substituent group R bonded to X via an oxygen atom of said substituent group is selected from the group consisting of -OR ² , -0(S0 ₂ )R ² , -0(SO)R ² , -0(S0 ₂ )OR ² , -0(SO)OR ² , -OS(0 ₂ )NR ² R ³ , -OS(0 )NR ² R ³ , -OPO(OR ² ) ₂ , -0P0(0R ² )0R3, -OPO(R ² )OR ³ , -OC(0)R ² , -OC(0)NR ² R3, and -OC(0)OR ² ; the substituent group R bonded to X via a sulfur atom of said sub- stituent group is selected from the group consisting of -SO3R ² , -SR ² , -S(0 ₂ )R ² , -S(0)R ² , -S(0)OR ² , -S(0)NR ² R ³ , and -S(0 ₂ )NR ² R ³ ; and the substituent group R bonded to X via a nitrogen atom of said substituent group is selected from the group consisting of -NR ² R ³ , -N(R ² )S(0 ₂ )R3, -N(R ² )S(0 ₂ )NR3R4 -N(R ² )S(0 ₂ )OR ³ , -N(R ² )S(0)R ³ , -N(R ² )S(0)NR3R4 -N(R ² )S(0)0R3, -N(R ² )PO(OR ³ ) ₂ , -N(R ² )PO(OR ³ )OR ⁴ , -N(R

² ) PO(R3)OR ⁴ , -N(R ² )C(0)R3, -N(R ² )C(0)OR ³ , -N(R ² )C(0)NR ³ R4 and -N0 ₂ , wherein R ² , R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, al- kyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hetero-alkyl, hetero-cycloalkyl, hetero-alkenyl, hetero- cycloalkenyl, hetero-alkynyl, hetero-aryl and cycloalkyl; more preferably the substitu- ent group R bonded to X via a carbon atom of said substituent group is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl, wherein each of said substituent groups may be unsubstituted or substituted and each of said substituent groups optionally may contain one or more heteroatoms resulting in hetero-alkyl, hetero-cycloalkyl, and hetero-aryl, and -CF3, -C(0)OR ² , and -C(0)NR ² R ³ ; the substituent group R bonded to X via an oxygen atom of said substituent group, is selected from the group consisting

of -OR ² , -0(S0 ₂ )R ² , -0(S0 ₂ )OR ² , -OS(0 ₂ )NR ² R ³ , -OPO(OR ² ) ₂ , -OC(0)R ² , -OC(

0)NR ² R ³ , and -OC(0)OR ² ; the substituent group R bonded to X via a sulfur atom of said substituent group, is selected from the group consisting of -SO3R ² , -SR ² , -S(0 ₂ )R ² , and -S(0 ₂ )NR ² R ³ ; and the substituent group R bonded to X via a nitrogen atom of said substituent group is selected from the group consisting of -NR ² R ³ , -N(R ² )S(0 ₂ )R3, -N(R ² )S(0 ₂ )NR3R4 -N(R ² )S(0 ₂ )OR ³ , -N(R ² )PO(OR

³ ) ₂ , -N(R ² )C(0)R3, -N(R ² )C(0)OR3, and -N(R ² )C(0)NR ³ R4, wherein R ² , R3 and

R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, hetero-alkyl, hetero-cycloalkyl, hetero-aryl and cycloalkyl; most preferably the substituent group R bonded to X via a carbon atom of said substituent group is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, and aryl, wherein each of said substituent groups may be unsubstituted or substituted and each of said substituent groups optionally may contain one or more heteroatoms resulting in hetero-alkyl, and hetero-aryl, and -C(0)OR ² , and -C(0)NR ² R3; the substituent group R bonded to X via an oxygen atom of said substituent group is selected from the group consisting of -OR ² , -0(S0 ₂ )R ² , -OC(0)R ² , -OC(0)NR ² R ³ , and -OC(0)OR ² ; the substituent group R bonded to X via a sulfur atom of said substituent group is selected from the group consisting of -SR ² , and -S(02)R ² ; and the substituent group R bonded to X via a nitrogen atom of said substituent group is selected from the group consisting of -NR ² R ³ , -N(R ² )S(0 ₂ )R ³ , -N(R ² )C(0)R3, -N(R ² )C(0)OR ³ , and -N(R ² )C(0)NR3R4, wherein R ² , R ³ and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, hetero-alkyl, and hetero-aryl, and

z is a number from 0 to 10, preferably 0 or 10, in particular 0.

According to a third embodiment, the POMs of the present invention are represented by the formula

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ] }m- or solvates thereof, wherein

A, n, m, M, M', M", s, X, y, R and z are the same as defined above, and

q is a number from 0 to 20, preferably 0 to 10, more preferably 0 to 6, most preferably 0.

In a preferred variant of the one, second or third embodiment, all M' are the same, especially all M' are the same and all M' are different from M at the same time.

The polyanion [Μ' ΊνΙτ QOyR _z Hq] of the POMs according to the invention has been found to be based on a nanostar-shape structural arrangement. It comprises 15 noble metal atoms M forming a nanostar around the central guest atom M" . With regard to the present invention the term nanostar describes the structural arrangement of the 15 M atoms, wherein in a preferred embodiment 10 of the 15 M atoms form a pentagonal M-prism while the remaining 5 M atoms are capping the rectangular faces of said pentagonal M-prism forming 5 new rectangular pyramids. Each of said 5 rectangular pyramids consists of one rectangular face of said pentagonal M-prism as base and as apex the nearest one M atom of the remaining 5 M atoms not being part of the pentagonal M-prism. Thereby, each base of each of said rectangular pyramids is connected with each of the bases of each of the adjacent two rectangular pyramids via one edge of its base, respectively. The M atoms of every two of the corresponding triangles being connected by one of said edges form a quadrangular arrangement, wherein one of said triangles is part of one of said rectangular pyramids while the other of said trian- gles is part of one of the adjacent rectangular pyramids. Hence, 5 of said quadrangular arrangements are formed. In contrast to other known POMs in which the framework metal atom geometry is distorted octahedral (or more rarely, tetrahedral, square-pyramidal, or seven- coordinated), the 15 noble metal atoms M have a square-planar coordination sphere. The M cations provide a d^ valence electron configuration. In a preferred embodiment, the large pos- itive charge of the M and M" metal cations is compensated by oxo anions resulting in a Μ' ΊΜ^Ο^ assembly.

In a preferred embodiment 10 oxygen atoms of the IVHM^C^o assembly are located inside the nanostar, wherein preferably each of said 10 oxygen atoms coordinates the guest atom M" and 3 of the noble metal atoms M, respectively. In a very preferred embodiment the remaining 30 oxygen atoms are located outside the nanostar with each of said 30 oxygen atoms coordinating one of the noble metal atoms M each and accordingly each of the noble metal atoms M being coordinated by two of said 30 oxygen atoms and any 3 of said 30 oxygen atoms are bonded to one of the 10 X atoms, respectively, wherein each set of 3 oxygen atoms of said 30 oxygen atoms is bonded to a different one of the 10 X atoms. In a very preferred embodiment said 10 X atoms form a pentagonal X-prism hosting the nanostar.

In a preferred embodiment, the M'-capped oxo-cluster {M' _s [M"Mi 5Xi oOyR _z Hq] } is composed of M"Mi 5X1 o nanoprisms, with the central M" being 4 to 10-coordinated, preferably

4, 6, 8 or 10-coordinated, more preferably 8 or 10-coordinated, most preferably 10- coordinated. The oxo-cluster {M' _s [M"Mi 5X1 QOyR _z Hq] } is surrounded by 1 to 10 M' ions, preferably 4 or 5 M' ions. In a preferred embodiment wherein s equals 7, 7 faces of the M"Mi 5Xi o nanoprism are covered by 7 M' ions. In a very preferred embodiment said 7 peripheral M' atoms can be divided into two subsets with 2 of said 7 peripheral M' atoms capping the 2 pentagonal faces of the pentagonal M-prism, wherein said 2 peripheral M' atoms and the centrally located M" atom form an almost linear arrangement with M'-M" distances in a range from 1.8 to 4.2 A, more preferably 2.5 to 3.5 A, most preferably 2.9 to 3.0 A. Furthermore, 5 of said 7 peripheral M' atoms capping said 5 quadrangular arrangements of the nanostar, wherein said 5 peripheral M' atoms form one belt around the M-based nanostar with

M'-M distances in a range from 1.8 to 4.2 A, more preferably 2.5 to 3.5 A, most preferably 2.7 to 3.0 A. The M'-M" distance in the structures, where M' is the same as M", is in a range that provides good proof for the presence of homometallic M'-M" interactions. The M-M' distance in the structures, where M' is different from M, is in a range that provides good proof for the presence of heterometallic M-M' interactions. In a most preferred embodiment not all of said 7 peripheral M' positions capping the 2 pentagonal faces of the pentago- nal M-prism and said 5 quadrangular arrangements of the nanostar are occupied by M' atoms, preferably only 4 or 5 of said 7 positions are occupied by M' atoms, more preferably both of the 2 pentagonal faces of the pentagonal M-prism are capped with one M' atom each while only 2 or 3 of said 5 quadrangular arrangements of the nanostar are occupied by M' atoms, most preferably both of the 2 pentagonal faces of the pentagonal M-prism are capped with one M' atom each while only 3 of said 5 quadrangular arrangements of the nanostar are occupied by M' atoms. In a preferred embodiment, the framework of the oxo-cluster {M' _s [M"Mj 5X1 QOyR _z Hq] } can be divided into three parts (e.g., Figure 3): the central preferably 10-coordinated M" ion encapsulated in the M 5 nanostar and then surrounded by 1 to 10, preferably 4 or 5, M' ions with M-M' interactions. According to the present invention, none of the X atoms is centrally located. All X atoms are external to the M 5 nanostar.

In a preferred embodiment, in the solid state, each oxo-cluster is surrounded by n, preferably 1 to 50, more preferably 1 to 30, most preferably 1 to 20 cations A to compensate the charge balance, and those cations, together with optional crystal water and Na3P04 molecules, isolate the oxo-clusters from each other. In one embodiment the polyanions may be packed in the solid state, so that every two oxo-clusters are connected with each other through 1 to 20, preferably 2 to 10, more preferably 3 to 5, in particular 4 cations A and 1 to 70, preferably 2 to 30, more preferably 5 to 15, in particular 10 water molecules.

In a preferred embodiment, where z equals 0, the 10 triangular faces of the Μ"Μ ₁ 5θ40 assembly are each capped by a positively charged XOp ^v+ group to form a non-protonated poly- anion M"Mj5XjQOy ^{sucn AS} M"M ₁ 5X ₁ Q05Q. In a preferred embodiment, in the above XOp ^v+ group, p is 1 if X is AsV, SbV, _Bl V, pV SilV, Ge!V, Al ^m , Ga ^m , S ^y I, SeVI _{or Te} _ VI. In another preferred embodiment p is 0, if X is a heteroatom having a lone pair of electrons, i.e., X is As ¹¹¹ , Sb ^m , Bi ^m , Se!V or Te!V. v is the positive charge of the XOp ^v+ group and is dependent on the oxidation state of X as well as the number of oxygen atoms p. If p is 1, then v is +1 (Al ^m , Ga ^m ), +2 (Si ^IV , Ge!V), +3 (AsV, SbV, BiV, _P V) _or +4 (s _e VI, TeVI). If p is 0, then v is equal to the oxidation state of X, such as +3 (As^I, Sb^ BiM) or +4 (SelV, TelV).

In a preferred embodiment, each of the 10 triangular faces of the M"M 5040 assembly can also be capped by a positively charged XR ^t+ group to form a non-protonated polyanion M"M ₁₅ 04o(XR)io wherein X is Al, Ga, Si, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te, preferably As ^v , SbV, _Bl V, _P V silV, _Ge IV, AlHI, GaUI, _S VI, SeVI, _Te VI, _As in _Sb in _Βι ΠΙ, _Se IV and/or TelV, more preferably AsV, _P V SilV and/or Ge!V and R is as defined above such as -H, -C ₆ H ₅ , -CH3, -C ₂ H ₅ , -CH ₂ COOH or -CH ₂ NH ₂ . t is the positive charge of the XR ^t+ group and is dependent on the oxidation state of X. In a preferred embodiment, if X is pV or AsV, t is +4 and if X is Si^V or Ge^V t is +3. Group R covalently bonded to the heteroatom allows for tuning of (i) the steric and electrostatic parameters on the surface of the POM, and (ii) the solubility properties of the POM ranging from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Furthermore, if group R is substituted by one or more X-containing moieties, e.g., -P03H ₂ , -As03H ₂ , -Si03H3 or -Ge03H3, a POM oxo-cluster can be linked via such X- containing moieties to one or more other POM oxo-clusters, thus, forming chains or networks of POM oxo-clusters. In a preferred embodiment, each of the 10 triangular faces of the M"M 15040 assembly can also be capped by a positively charged X-containing group independently selected from the groups comprising XR ^t+ species and XOp ^v+ species. In general, if a group R is covalently bonded to X, X is selected preferably from the group consisting of As^, pV $[TV and/or Gel .

The POMs of the present invention are in the form of primary and/or secondary particles. In an especially preferred embodiment, the POMs provided by the present invention are mainly in the form of primary particles (i.e. non- agglomerated primary particles), that is at least 90 wt% of the POMs are in the form of primary particles, preferably at least 95 wt , more pref- erably at least 99 wt , in particular substantially all the POMs particles are in the form of primary particles.

The size of the present POMs primary particles has been found to be about 1.5 nm^ determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

A specific example of a structure of a specific POM of the present invention is also illustrated in Figures 2 and 3.

In comparison to known TMSPs (transition metal- substituted POMs), the present POMs are characterized in that at least a major proportion of the oxo-cluster metal atom positions of the POM framework are occupied by noble metal atoms selected from Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, and mixtures thereof. Due to the exceptionally high concentration and accessibility of the noble metal centers in the nanosized molecular entity described herein a unique catalytic performance in reduction reactions is achieved by the POMs of the present invention.

In the POMs of the present invention, the cation A can be a Group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 metal cation or an organic cation. Preferably, each A is independently selected from the group consisting of cations of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, La, lanthanide metal, actinide metal, Sn, Sb, Te; or phosphonium, ammonium, guanidinium, tetraalkylammonium, protonated aliphatic amines, protonated aromatic amines; or combinations thereof. More preferably, A is selected from lithium, potassium, sodium cations and combinations thereof.

The number n of cations is dependent on the nature of cation(s) A, namely its/their valence, and the negative charge m of the oxo-cluster which has to be balanced. In any case, the overall charge of all cations A is equal to the charge of the oxo-cluster. In turn, the charge m of the oxo-cluster is dependent on the nature and oxidation state of the metals M, M' and M" , the nature and oxidation state of the heteroatoms X and the number of oxygen atoms y. Thus, m depends on the oxidation state of the atoms present in the oxo-cluster, e.g., it follows from the oxidation states of O (-2), X (ranging from +3 to +6 such as +3 for AlM, GaM, AsM, SbM, Bi ^m , +4 for Si ^IV , Ge ¹ ^, Se!V, Te ¹ ^, +5 for AsV, SbV, BiV, pV _or +5 SeVI _{and Te} VI) _{; an} d M, M' and M" (normally ranging from +1 to +3 such as +1 for Ag and Rh and Ir, +2 for Pd and Pt, and +3 for Au). In some embodiments, m ranges from 1 to 50. In particular, m is 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or 35. In a preferred embodiment, m is 15. Thus, n can generally range from 1 to 50. In particular, n ranges from 5 to 30 and more particularly is 5, 10, 15, 25 or 30. In a preferred embodiment, n is 15.

Generally, A is acting as counterion of the oxo-cluster and is positioned outside of the POM oxo-cluster. However, it is also possible that some of the cations A are located within the POM oxo-cluster.

In contrast, if one or multiple protons are present as counterion(s) in a preferred embodiment, said one or multiple protons are located within the oxo-cluster, and said one or multiple protons can be covalently bonded to oxygen atom(s) of the polyanion with the proviso that no more than one proton is bonded per oxygen. Thus, each proton being located inside a POM oxo-cluster and, preferably, being bonded to one or more of the atoms of the polyanion framework, is represented by one of q protons of the oxo- cluster { M ' _s [M " M 1 ₅ X 10 O _y R _z H _q ] } .

Generally, q is ranging from 0 to 20. In a preferred embodiment q is 0, i.e. no group H is present. In another embodiment q is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the q protons are bonded to oxygen atoms of the polyanion framework, with the proviso that each of said protons is bonded to a different oxygen atom of the polyanion framework. Thus, in this specific preferred embodiment the POM is best represented by the formulae

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _(y.q) R _z (HO) _q ] }m-, e.g.,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _(y.q) (HO) _q ] }m-, such as

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"Mi5XioO ₍ 5o _. q)(HO) _q ] }m-, or solvates thereof, wherein A, n, m, M, M', M", s, X, y, R, z and q are the same as defined above.

The M atoms have a square-planar coordination sphere, and they provide a d^ valence electron configuration. Preferably M is selected from Pt^ or Pd^, most preferably M is Pd^. Preferably M" is Ag, most preferably Agl. Preferably all M' are the same. Preferably all M' are different from M. In a most preferred embodiment, all M' are the same, and all M' are different from M at the same time. Preferably M' is selected from Ag or Au, most preferably M' is Ag. Preferably X is selected from P, As, Sb or Bi, most preferably X is P. Preferably s is 4 or 5, more preferably 4, and most preferably z and q are 0. In another embodiment each R is a substituent group which is covalently bonded to X, and R is hydrogen or a substituent group wherein each R that is not hydrogen provides an oxygen atom, a carbon atom, a sulfur atom or a nitrogen atom for coordination to the X atom within the polyanion [M"Mi 5X1 QOyR _z Hq], wherein each R may be the same or different, prefera- bly R is hydrogen or a substituent group wherein each R that is not hydrogen provides an oxygen atom, a carbon atom, a sulfur atom or a nitrogen atom for coordination to the X atom and wherein each R that is not hydrogen comprises one or more moieties independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryalkyl, arylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl and het- eroarylalkyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more moieties which can be the same or different, each of said moieties being independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, ar- ylalkyl, arylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, -CF3, -CF3, -CN, -OR ² , -NR ² R ³ , -C(0)OR ² , -C(0)R, -C(0)NR ² R ³ , -SO3H, -SR ² , -S(0 ₂ )R ² , -S(0 ₂ ) NR ² R ³ , -N(R ² )S(0 ₂ )R ³ , -N(R ² )C(0)R ³ , -N(R ² )C(0)NR ² R ³ , -N0 ₂ , and X-containing moieties through which a POM oxo-cluster can be linked to one or more other POM oxo-clusters, each of R ² and R ³ being selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, het- ero-alkyl, hetero-cycloalkyl, hetero-alkenyl, hetero-cycloalkenyl, hetero-alkynyl, hetero-aryl and cycloalkyl.

In general, R is hydrogen or an unsubstituted or substituted group, preferably an unsubstituted or substituted organic group, as defined in this specification. As used herein, "alkyl" represents a straight or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Preferred alkyl groups contain 1 to about 12 carbon atoms. More preferred alkyl groups con- tain 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and t-butyl. "Alkenyl" represents a straight or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and having 2 to about 15 carbon atoms. Preferred alkenyl groups have 2 to about 12 carbon atoms; and more preferably 2 to about 4 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkenyl groups in- elude ethenyl, propenyl and 2-butenyl. "Alkynyl" represents a straight or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and having 2 to about 15 carbon atoms. Preferred alkynyl groups have 2 to about 12 carbon atoms; and more preferably 2 to about 4 carbon atoms in the chain. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, 2-butynyl and 3-methylbutynyl. "Aryl" represents an aromatic mon- ocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms, preferably about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl. "Heteroaryl" represents an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 5 to about 14 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the ring atoms is an element other than carbon, for example, nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or in combination. Preferred heteroaryls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable heteroaryls include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridine (including N-substituted pyridones), isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, oxindolyl, imidazo[l,2-a]pyridinyl, imidazole, 1-b] thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, quino- linyl, imidazolyl, thienopyridyl, quinazolinyl, thienopyrimidyl, pyrrolopyridyl, imidaz- opyridyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoazaindolyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, benzothiazolyl and the like. "Cyclo- alkyl" represents a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system comprising 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms. Preferred cycloalkyl rings contain about 5 to about 7 ring atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitable multicyclic cycloalkyls include 1-decalinyl, norbornyl, adamantyl and the like, as well as partially saturated species such as, for example, indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl and the like. "Heterocyclyl" represents a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising 3 to about 10 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, for example, nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or in combination. Preferred heterocyclyls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, lactam, lactone, and the like. "Arylalkyl" represents an aryl-alkyl-group in which the aryl and alkyl are as previously described. Non-limiting examples of suitable arylalkyl groups include benzyl, 2-phenethyl and naphthalenylmethyl. The bond to X is through the alkyl. Likewise, also "cycloalkylalkyl", "heterocyclylalkyl" and "heteroarylalkyl" are bound to X via the alkyl. In preferred embodiments, R is H, -CH ₃ , -C ₂ H ₅ , -C3H7, -C4H9, -C ₆ H ₅ , -CH ₂ COOH, -CH ₂ NH ₂ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ COOH, -CH ₂ C H ₂ C1, -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH(NH ₂ )COOH, -(p-C ₆ H ₄ NH ₂ ), -(p-C ₆ H ₄ N0 ₂ ), -(p-C ₆ H ₄ OH) or 3-nitro- 4-hydroxyphenyl.

Generally, z is ranging from 0 to 10. In particular, z is 0 or 10. In a preferred embodiment z is 0, i.e. no group R is present. In another embodiment z is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

The number of oxygen atoms y depends on the nature of the heteroatoms X and the number z of groups R present in the POM. In a preferred embodiment, if z is 0 and X is As^, Sb^, BiV, pV silV Ge!V, Al ⁱⁿ , Ga ⁱⁿ , S ^VI , SeVI _{or Te} VI then y is 50. In another preferred em- bodiment, if z is 0 and X is As ¹¹¹ , Sb ⁿⁱ , Bi ⁱⁿ , Se ^IV or Te ^IV , then y is 40. In another preferred embodiment, if z is 10, then X is preferably As^, pV §jIV _an d Q _e V _an d y j _s 40. Thus, in a preferred embodiment the invention relates to a POM (A _n ) ^m+ {M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁ oO _y R _z H _q ] } ^m -, wherein M" is Ag.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment the invention relates to a POM (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi ₅ Xi oO _y R _z H _q ] } ^m -, wherein M is Pd ⁿ , M' is Ag, X is P, and s is 4 or 5. Thus, in a preferred embodiment the invention relates to a POM (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi ₅ Xi oO _y R _z H _q ] } ^m -, wherein M is Pd ¹¹ , M' is Ag, X is P, and s is 4 or 5, wherein all M' are the same, and all M' are different from M.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment the invention relates to a POM (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi ₅ Xi oO _y R _z H _q ] } ^m -, wherein M is Pd ¹¹ , M" is Ag, M' is Ag, X is P, and s is 4 or 5.

Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment the invention relates to POMs represented by the formula

(A _n )15+{Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o] } ¹⁵ - or

(An^+iAgstAgPd^PioOso] } ¹⁴ - or solvates thereof, wherein A and n are the same as defined above.

Further, suitable examples of POMs according to the invention are represented by the formulae

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ] }m-, e.g.,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y H _q ] }m-,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z ] }m-,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y ] }m-,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"Pd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ] }m-,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"Pd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y ] }m-,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"Pd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O50] } ^m -,

(A _n )15+{M' _s [M"Pd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O50] } ¹⁵ -, or

(A _n )9+{M' _s [M"Pd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O44(HO) ₆ ] }9-,

(A ₁₅ )15+{M' _s [M"Pd ₁₅ X ₁ o05o] } ¹⁵ -,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [AgPd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ] }m-, such as

(A _n )m+{M' _s [AgPd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y ] }m-, (A _n )m+{M' _s [AgPdi5Xio0 ₅ o]} ^m -,

(An^+iM'stAgPd^XioOso]} ¹⁵ -, or (A _n )9+{M' _s [AgPd ₁₅ Xio044(HO) ₆ ]}9-,

(A ₁₅ )15+{M' _s [AgPd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O50]} ¹⁵ -, (A _n )m+{Ag _s [AgPd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ]}m-, such (A _n )m+{Ag _s [AgPdi ₅ Xi ₀ O _y ]}m-,

(A _n )m+{Ag _s [AgPdi ₅ X ₁₀ O50]} ^m -,

(A _n )9+{Ag _s [AgPd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O44(HO) ₆ ]}9-,

(A ₁ 5)15+{Ag _s [AgPd ₁₅ X ₁ o0 ₅ o]} ¹⁵ -, (A _n )m+{Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ]}m-, _suc h

(A _n ) ^m+ {Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y ]}m-, (A _n )m+{Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ X ₁ o05o]} ^m -, (A _n )15+{Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ X ₁ o0 ₅ o]} ¹⁵ -,or (A _n )9+{Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ X ₁ o044(HO) ₆ ]}9-,

(A ₁₅ )15+{Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ X ₁ o0 ₅₀ ]} ¹⁵ -, (A _n )m+{Ag ₄ [AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ oO _y R _z H _q ]}m-, _suc h (A _n )m+ _{ Ag ₄ [AgPd ₁₅ P ₁₀ O _y ]}m-, (A _n )m+ _{ Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁₀ O ₅₀ ]}m-, (A _n )15+{Ag ₄ [AgPd ₁ 5P ₁ o0 ₅ o]} ¹⁵ -,or (A _n )9+{Ag ₄ [AgPd ₁₅ P ₁₀ O50(HO) ₆ ]}9-,

(A ₁₅ )15+{Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o0 ₅ o]} ¹⁵ -, (Na ! 5) 15+{ Ag ₄ [ AgPd! ₅ P ! ₀ O ₅₀ ] } ^15" , or (Na ₉ )9+{Ag4[AgPd ₁ 5P ₁ o044(HO) ₆ ]}9-, (A _n )15+ _{ Au4[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o]} ¹⁵ -,or (A _n )9+{ Au ₄ [ AgPd ! ₅ P ! ₀ O ₄ 4(HO) ₆ ] } 9-,

(A _n )15+{ Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ Asio05o] } ^15' , or (A _n )9+{Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ As _i o0 ₄ 4(HO) ₆ ]}9-,

(A _n )15+{Ag4[PdPt ₁₅ P ₁ o0 ₅ o]} ¹⁵ -, or (A _n )9+{Ag4[AuPt ₁₅ P ₁₀ O44(HO) ₆ ]}9-,and (A _n )15+{Pd ₄ [AgPd ₁ 5P ₁ o0 ₅ o]} ¹⁵ -,or (A _n )9+{Pd ₄ [AgPd ₁ 5P ₁₀ O44(HO) ₆ ]}9- (A _n )m+{ AgstAgPdisXioOyRzHqljm-, such as

(A _n )m+{Ag ₅ [AgPd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y ]}m-,

(A _n )m+{Ag ₅ [AgPdi5Xio05o]} ^m -,

(A _n )8+{Ag5[AgPd ₁₅ X ₁ o044(HO) ₆ ]}8-,

(A _l4 )^+{Ag ₅ [AgPd _l5 X _l0 O ₅₀ ]}^-,

(A _n )m+{ Ag ₅ [AgPdi5P ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ]}m-, such as

(A _n )m+{Ag5[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁₍₎ 05o]} ^m -,

(A _n )14+{Ag5[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o0 ₅ o]} ¹⁴ -,or

(A _n )8+{Ag5[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁₀ O50(HO) ₆ ]}8-,

(Ai^^+iAgSCAgPd^PioOsQ]} ¹⁴ -,

(Na!^W+iAgstAgPd!sP!oOso]} ^14" , or

(Na ₈ )8+{Ag5[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o044(HO) ₆ ]}8-,

(A _n )l +{Au ₅ [AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o0 ₅ o]} ¹⁴ -,or

(A _n )8+{Au5[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o044(HO) ₆ ]}8-,

(A _n )14+{Ag ₅ [AgPdi5Asio05o]} ¹⁴ -,or

(A 8+{Ag5[AgPd ₁₅ As ₁ o044(HO) ₆ ]}8-,

(A _n )8+{Ag ₅ [AuPt ₁₅ P ₁₀ O44(HO) ₆ ]}8-,and

(A _n )14+{Pd ₅ [AgPdi5P ₁₀ O50]} ¹⁴ -,or

(A _n )8+{Pd ₅ [AgPd ₁ 5P ₁₀ O44(HO) ₆ ]}8-.

The invention also includes solvates of the present POMs. A solvate is an association of sol- vent molecules with a POM. Preferably, water is associated with the POMs and thus, the POMs according to the invention can in particular be represented by the formulae

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ]}m-.wH2O, e.g.,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y ]} ^m --wH2O,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O50]} ^m --wH2O, or (A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁ oO ₍ 50- _q )(HO) _q ] }m-.wH ₂ O and (A _n )m+{Ag4[M"Pd ₁ 5X ₁ oO ₍ 50- _q )(HO) _q ] }m-.wH ₂ 0 or (A _n )m+{Ag5[M"Pd ₁ 5X ₁ oO ₍ 50- _q )(HO) _q ] }m-.wH ₂ 0, wherein

A, n, m, M, M', M", s, X, y, R, z and q are the same as defined above, and

w represents the number of attracted water molecules per POM oxo-cluster and mostly depends on the type of cations A. In some embodiments w is an integer from 1 to 100, preferably 1 to 80, more preferably 10 to 60, most preferably 20 to 50 such as 40.

Suitable examples of the POM solvates according to the invention are represented by the formulae

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"Pd ₁₅ X ₁₀ O50] } ^m --wH2O, e.g.,

(A _n )m+{Ag _s [M"Pd ₁ 5X ₁ o05o] } ^m --wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{ _A g4[M"Pd ₁ 5X ₁ o05o] } ^m --wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{Ag5[M"Pd ₁₅ X ₁ o05o] } ^m --wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [AgPd ₁₅ X ₁ o05o] } ^m --wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o] } ^m --wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _(y . _q) (HO) _q ] }m-.wH ₂ O and (A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁ oO ₍ 50- _q) (HO) _q ] }m-.wH ₂ 0, such as

(A _n )m+{Ag4[M"Pd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o] } ^m --wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{Au ₄ [M"Pd ₁ 5P ₁ o05o] } ^m --wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o] } ^m --wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )15+{Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o] } ¹⁵ --wH ₂ 0,

(Na ₁ 5)15+{Ag4[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o] } ¹⁵ --43H ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{Ag4[PdM ₁₅ P4oO _(y . _q) (HO) _q ] }m-.wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{Ag4[M"Pd ₁₅ P ₁ o044(HO) ₆ ] }m-.43H ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{Ag5[M"Pd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o] } ^m --wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{Au ₅ [M"Pd ₁ 5P ₁ o05o] } ^m --wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{Ag5[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o] } ^m --wH ₂ 0,

(A _n )14+{Ag5[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o] } ¹⁴ --wH ₂ 0, (Na ₁ 4)14+{Ag5[AgPd ₁ 5P ₁ o05o] } ¹⁴ --43H ₂ 0,

(A _n )m+{ Ag5[PdM ₁₅ P4oO _(y . _q) (HO) _q ] }m-. _W H ₂ 0, and

(A _n )m+{ _A g5[M"Pd ₁ 5P ₁ o044(HO) ₆ ] }m-.43H ₂ 0.

In a preferred embodiment, water molecules, if present at all, are coordinated to M', protons and/or A cations, while the M and M" cations are not coordinated by water. In a preferred embodiment, a proportion of the water molecules is not directly attached to the POM framework (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"M ₁ 5X ₁ oOyR _z Hq] } ^m - by coordination but rather indirectly by hydrogen-bonding as water of crystallization. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the attracted water molecules, if present at all, are coordinated to M' and/or A cations and/or possibly exhibit weak interactions by hydrogen bonding to protons of the POM and/or the attracted water molecules, if present at all, are water of crystallization.

The guest atom M' ' cannot be replaced or removed without destroying the structural framework of the oxo-cluster, once the polyanion framework is formed.

In another embodiment, the POMs may be further calcined at a temperature not exceeding the transformation temperature of the POM, i.e. the temperature at which decomposition of the POM starts to take place (usually above about 600-700 °C for the present POMs according to their corresponding TGA). Thus, in a preferred embodiment the POMs of the present invention are thermally stable up to temperatures of at least around 600-700 °C. For the calcination, common equipment may be used, that is commercially available. Calcination of the POMs may be conducted under an oxygen containing gas such as air, under vacuum, under hydrogen or under an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen, more preferably under inert gas, most preferably under nitrogen. Calcination may help to activate a POM pre-catalyst by forming active sites. Upon heating, POM salts first loose water molecules (of water of crystallization) and then organic groups (if present) before they start to transform/decompose, e.g. by oxidation. TGA can be used to study the weight loss of the POM salts, and Differential Scanning Calo- rimetry (DSC) indicates if each step is endo- or exothermic. Such measurements may be carried out e.g. under nitrogen gas, air, oxygen or hydrogen.

In many cases, however, and in particular if the POM is used as a catalyst or pre-catalyst under reductive conditions, drying of the POM without calcination may be sufficient.

The invention is further directed to processes for preparing POMs according to the invention.

A first process for preparing POMs according to the present invention is a "one-pot process" comprising:

(a) reacting at least one source of M, at least one source of M' and at least one source of M" with at least one X-containing and optionally R-containing start- ing material to form a salt of the oxo-cluster {M' _s [M"M _j 5X1 QOyR _z Hq] } or a solvate thereof,

(b) optionally adding at least one salt of A to the reaction mixture of step (a) to form a POM of formula (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi 5X1 ₀ O _y R _z H _q ] } ^m - or a solvate thereof, and

(c) recovering the POM or solvate thereof,

wherein A, n, m, M, M', M", s, X, y, R, z and q are the same as defined above.

Within the spirit and scope of the present invention the term "one-pot process" is used to describe the specific one-pot process described herein, vide supra.

A second process for preparing POMs according to the present invention is a "two-pot process" comprising:

(al) reacting at least one source of M and at least one source of M" with at least one X-containing and optionally R-containing starting material to form a salt of the polyanion [Μ"Μτ QOyR _z Hq] or a solvate thereof,

(a2) isolating and optionally purifying the product of step (al),

(a3) reacting the product of step (a2) with at least one source or multiple sources of M' to form a salt of the oxo-cluster or a solvate

thereof,

(b) optionally adding at least one salt of A to the reaction mixture of step (c) to form a POM of formula (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi 5X1 ₀ O _y R _z H _q ] } ^m - or a solvate thereof, and

(c) recovering the POM or solvate thereof.

wherein A, n, m, M, M', M", s, X, y, R, z and q are the same as defined above.

Within the spirit and scope of the present invention the term "two-pot process" is used to de- scribe the specific two-pot process described herein, vide supra. With regard to the present invention step (a) of the two-pot process comprises steps (al), (a2) and (a3).

In step (a) of the one-pot process and in step (al) of the two-pot process, at least one source of M' ' is used, especially one source of M" . Generally, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, salts of the following metals Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg and lanthanide metal such as chlorides, fluorides, hydroxides, nitrates, acetates and/or sulfates can be used as source for M". More preferably, if M" is Pd, Pd(CH ₃ COO) ₂ , PdCl ₂ , Pd(N0 ₃ ) ₂ and/or PdS0 ₄ are used; if M" is Pt, PtCl ₂ is used; if M" is Ag, AgN0 ₃ , AgF and/or AgCl are used; if M" is gold, A11CI3, Au(OH) ₃ and/or HAuCl ₄ .aq are used; if M" is Rh, [(C ₆ H ₅ )3P] ₂ RhCl(CO) and/or [Rh(CO) ₂ Cl] ₂ are used; if M" is Ir, [(C ₆ H ₅ )3P]2lrCl(CO) is used.

In step (a) of the one -pot process and in step (al) of the two-pot process at least one source of M is used, especially one source of M. Generally, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, Pd ¹¹ salts such as PdCl2, Pd(CH3COO)2, Pd(NC>3)2 and PdS0 ₄ , Pt ⁿ salts such as PtCl ₂ , Rh ¹ salts such as [(C ₆ H ₅ )3P] ₂ RhCl(CO) and [Rh(CO) ₂ Cl] ₂ , Ir ¹ salts such as [(C ₆ H ₅ ) ₃ P]2lrCl(CO), Au ^m salts such as AuCl ₃ , Au(OH) ₃ and HAuCl ₄ .aq and Ag ^m salts preferably generated with oxidizing reagents from Agl salts such as AgNC^, AgF and AgCl can be used as source for the noble metal M atoms. More preferably, the Pd^ source is PdCl2 or Pd(CH ₃ COO)2 and the Pt ⁿ source is PtC^.

In step (a) of the one -pot process and in step (a3) of the two-pot process at least one source of M' is used. Generally, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, Pd salts such as PdCl2, Pd(CH ₃ COO)2, Pd(NC>3)2, PdS0 ₄ , Pt salts such as Ρ«¾, Rh salts such as [(C ₆ H ₅ )3P] ₂ RhCl(CO) and [Rh(CO) ₂ Cl] ₂ , Ir salts such as [(C ₆ H ₅ ) ₃ P]2lrCl(CO), Au salts such as AUCI3, Au(OH)3, HAuCl ₄ .aq, Ag salts such as AgNC^, AgF, AgCl, Cd salts such as Cd(CH ₃ COO) ₂ , CdCl ₂ , Cd(N0 ₃ ) ₂ , CdS0 ₄ and/or Hg salts such as HgCl ₂ , Hg(N0 ₃ ) ₂ can be used as sources for the metal M' atoms. More preferably, AgNC^, AUCI3, HgCl2 and/or PtCl2 are used.

In step (a) of the one-pot process and in step (al) of the two-pot process the metal source or metal sources are reacted with at least one X-containing starting material. For instance, an oxide of X or an oxo acid of X may be used as X-containing starting material. It is also possible to use a water-soluble salt such as a halide of X. In one embodiment of the present invention, suitable examples of X-containing starting materials include X2O5 such as AS2O5, P ₂ 0 ₅ , Sb ₂ 0 ₅ or Bi ₂ 0 ₅ , X ₂ 0 ₃ such as As ₂ 0 ₃ , Sb ₂ 0 ₃ or Bi ₂ 0 ₃ , H3PO4, H3PO3, H ₂ Se0 ₃ , H ₂ Se0 ₄ , H ₂ Te0 ₃ , H ₂ Te0 ₄ , H ₂ S0 ₄ , H ₄ Si0 , Na ₄ Si0 , AICI3, GaCl ₃ and GeCl . In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the X-containing starting material is any salt or derivative of P0 ₄ ^3" , such as H ₃ P0 ₄ , NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , Na ₃ P0 ₄ , KH ₂ P0 ₄ , K ₂ HP0 ₄ , K3P0 ₄ , NaKHP0 ₄ , NaK2P0 ₄ , Na2KP0 ₄ or mixtures thereof, preferably Η3ΡΟ NaH2P0 ₄ , Na2HP0 ₄ , Na3P0 ₄ , or mixtures thereof, and most preferably NaH2P0 ₄ , Na2HP0 ₄ or mixtures thereof, in particular NaH2P0 ₄ . In an especially preferred embodiment, the noble metal M source, preferably Pd(CH3COO)2, is reacted with NaH2P0 ₄ .

If the resulting POM is to contain one or more groups R, the X-containing starting material also contains R. In particular, an X-containing starting material is used in which R is cova- lently bound to X. For example, R-containing derivatives of phosphonic acid, arsonic acid, trichlorosilane and trichlorogermanium can be used. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention examples of suitable XR-containing starting materials include methylphosphonic acid, phosphonoacetic acid, 2-carboxyethylphosphonic acid, phenylphosphonic acid, methylarsonic acid, ethylarsonic acid, propylarsonic acid, butylarsonic acid, p-arsanilic acid, DL-2-amino-4-arsonobutanoic acid monohydrate, p-aminophenylarsonic acid, ammonium 4- nitrophenylarsonate, ammonium-4-hydroxyphenyl-arsonic acid chloride dihydrate, 3-nitro-4- hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, methyltrichlorosilane, ethyltri- chlorosilane, β-chloroethyl-trichlorosilane, phenyltrichlorosilane, methylgermanium trichloride, ethylgermanium trichloride, phenylgerrnanium trichloride and methylgermanium triio- dide. In order to link a POM oxo-cluster with at least one other POM oxo-cluster, R can be substituted with at least one further X-containing moiety. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, examples of X-R-X-containing starting materials which can be used in step (a) of the one-pot process and in step (a) of the two-pot process include methylenedi- phosphonic acid, 1,2-ethylenediphosphonic acid, 2-hydroxypropane-l,3-bis(arsonic acid), 1R(S),2S(R)- 1 ,2-bis(trichlorosilyl)- 1 ,2-diphenylethane, 1 ,3-bis(trichlorosilylmethyl)benzene, l,4-bis(trichlorosilylmethyl)benzene and l,l,l,4,4,4-hexachloro-l,4-disilabutane. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention suitable examples of X-containing starting materials which comprise more than two X moieties include nitrilotris(methylphosphonic acid) and hexakis(3-(trichlorosilyl)propyl)benzene. Most preferably, the X-containing starting material which also contains one or more R is water-soluble.

In a preferred embodiment, step (a) of the one -pot process and step (al) of the two-pot process are carried out in an aqueous solution. If the X-containing starting material has only a low solubility in water (for example, because it also contains one or more groups R) it is possible to dissolve the X-containing starting material in a small volume of organic solvent and then adding this solution to an aqueous solution of the sources of M and M" or vice versa. Examples of suitable organic solvents include, but are not limited to acetonitrile, acetone, toluene, DMF, DMSO, ethanol, methanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, isobutanol and mixtures thereof. It is also possible to use emulsifying agents to allow the reagents of step (a) of the one-pot process and step (al) of the two-pot process to undergo a reaction.

Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (a) of the one-pot process, the concentration of the noble metal ions originating from the at least one source of M ranges from 0.005 to 5 mole/1, preferably from 0.01 to 1 mole/1, more preferably from 0.01 to 0.1 mole/1, the concentration of the metal ions originating from the at least one source of M' ranges from 0.0005 to 0.5 mole/1, preferably 0.001 to 0.1 mole/1, more preferably 0.005 to 0.05 mole/1, the concentration of the noble metal ions originating from the at least one source of M" ranges from 0.0005 to 0.5 mole/1, preferably 0.001 to 0.1 mole/1, more preferably 0.005 to 0.05 mole/1, and the concentration of the at least one X-containing starting material ranges from 0.0005 to 5 mole/1, preferably 0.001 to 1 mole/1, more preferably 0.005 to 0.6 mole/1, with the proviso that the ratio of the molar concentration of the metal ions originating from the at least one source of M to the molar concentration of the metal ions originating from the at least one source of M' is in the range from 0.1 to 50, preferably from 1 to 20, more preferably from 1 to 10.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (al) of the two-pot process, the concentration of the noble metal ions originating from the at least one source of M ranges from 0.005 to 5 mole/1, preferably from 0.01 to 1 mole/1, more preferably from 0.01 to 0.1 mole/1, the concentration of the noble metal ions originating from the at least one source of M" ranges from 0.0005 to 0.5 mole/1, preferably 0.001 to 0.1 mole/1, more preferably 0.005 to 0.05 mole/1, and the concentration of the at least one X-containing starting material ranges from 0.0005 to 5 mole/1, preferably 0.001 to 1 mole/1, preferably 0.005 to 0.6 mole/1.

Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment, the pH of the aqueous solution in step (a) of the one- pot process and step (al) of the two-pot process ranges from 2 to 14, preferably from 5 to 12 and more preferably from 6 to 11. Most preferably, the pH is about 8.0 to 10.5. Generally, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention a buffer solution can be used for maintaining the pH value in a certain range. It is particularly preferred to use a buffer having a concentra- tion of 0.5 M and a pH of about 6.5 to 8.5, preferably a pH of about 8.1, in particular a pH of 8.0, as aqueous solvent. In another embodiment, the concentration of the aqueous buffer solution is from 0.05 to 1.5 M, preferably 0.1 to 1.0 M, more preferably from 0.25 to 0.75 M, most preferably about 0.5 M. Generally, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention additional base solution can be used for adjusting the pH to a certain pH value. It is particularly preferred to use aqueous sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 6 M. In another embodiment, the concentration of the aqueous base solution (preferably aqueous sodium hydroxide solution) is from 0.1 to 12 M, preferably 1 to 10 M, preferably from 3 to 8 M, preferably about 6 M.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the buffer is a phosphate or acetate buffer or a mixture thereof and preferably said phosphate or acetate buffer is derived from H3PO4, NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , Na ₃ P0 ₄ , KH ₂ P0 ₄ , K ₂ HP0 , K ₃ P0 , NaKHP0 , NaK ₂ P0 , Na ₂ KP0 , Na(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ), K(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ), Mg(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ) ₂ , Ca(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ) ₂ , CH ₃ C0 ₂ H or mixtures thereof, preferably H ₃ P0 ₄ , NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , Na ₃ P0 ₄ , Na(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ), K(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ), CH ₃ C0 ₂ H or mixtures thereof, and most preferably NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , Na(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ), K(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ) or mixtures thereof, in particular NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ) or mixtures thereof. It is more preferred to have either a phosphate or an acetate buffer, whereas it is less preferred to have a mixture of phosphate and acetate buffer. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention said phosphate buffer is preferably derived from NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , whereas said acetate buffer is preferably derived from Na(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ). In a very preferred em- bodiment of the present invention the buffer is a phosphate buffer, most preferably derived from NaH ₂ P0 ₄ .A very preferred embodiment of the present invention is the one-pot process, wherein in step (a) the at least one source of M, the at least one source of M', the at least one source of M", the at least one source of X-containing and optionally the at least one source of R-containing starting material are dissolved in a solution of phosphate buffer derived from NaH2P04, preferably an 0.1 to 1.0 M phosphate buffer solution derived from NaH2P04, in particular a 0.25 to 0.75 M phosphate buffer solution derived from NaH2P04, and most pre- ferred a 0.5 M phosphate buffer solution derived from NaH2P04.

Another very preferred embodiment of the present invention is the one-pot process, wherein in step (a) the buffer already comprises the X-containing starting material. In this embodiment the buffer is most preferably a phosphate buffer, wherein said phosphate buffer is derived preferably from H3PO4, NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , Na ₃ P0 ₄ , KH ₂ P0 ₄ , K ₂ HP0 ₄ , K3PO4, Na- KHPO4, NaK2P04, Na2KP04 or mixtures thereof, more preferably from H3PO4, NaH2P04, Na2HP04, Na3P04, or mixtures thereof, and most preferably from NaH2P04, Na2HP04, or mixtures thereof, in particular from NaH2P04.

A very preferred embodiment of the present invention is the two-pot process, wherein in step (al) the at least one source of M, the at least one source of M", the at least one source of X- containing and optionally the at least one source of R-containing starting material are dissolved in a solution of phosphate buffer derived from NaH2P04, preferably an 0.1 to 1.0 M phosphate buffer solution derived from NaH2P04, in particular a 0.25 to 0.75 M phosphate buffer solution derived from NaH2P04, and most preferred a 0.5 M phosphate buffer solution derived from NaH2P04.

Another very preferred embodiment of the present invention is the two-pot process, wherein in step (al) the buffer already comprises the X-containing starting material. In this embodiment the buffer is most preferably a phosphate buffer, wherein said phosphate buffer is derived preferably from H3PO4, NaH ₂ P04, Na ₂ HP04, Na ₃ P04, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, K3PO4, NaKHP04, NaK^PC^, Na2KP04 or mixtures thereof, more preferably from H3PO4, NaH2P04, Na2HP04, Na3P04, or mixtures thereof, and most preferably from NaH2P04, Na2HP04, or mixtures thereof, in particular from NaH2P04.

In step (a) of the one-pot process or the two-pot process of the present invention, the reaction mixture is typically heated to a temperature of from 20 °C to 100 °C, preferably from 50 °C to 90 °C, preferably from 70 °C to 80 °C preferably from 75 °C to 80 °C, and most preferably about 80 °C.

In step (a) of the one-pot process or the two-pot process of the present invention, the reaction mixture is typically heated for about 10 min to about 4 h, more preferably for about 30 min to 2 h, most preferably for about 100 or 60 min. Further, it is preferred that the reaction mixture is stirred during step (a).

With regard to step (a) of the two pot process of the present invention the term reaction mixture refers to the mixture of reaction steps (al) and (a3) exclusively, but not to the mixture of isolating step (a2) which is referred to as crude mixture. With regard to the present invention the term crude mixture relates to an unpurified mixture after a reaction step and is thereby used synonymously with reaction mixture of the preceding reaction step.

In a preferred embodiment of the two-pot process of the present invention, the crude mixture is filtered between step (al) and (a2). Preferably, the crude mixture is filtered immediately after the end of step (al), i.e. immediately after the stirring is turned off, and is then optionally cooled. Alternatively, if applicable, the crude mixture is cooled first, preferably to room temperature, and subsequently filtered. The purpose of this filtration is to remove solid impurities after step (al). Thus, the product of step (al) remains in the filtrate.

In step (a2) of the two-pot process the product of step (al) is isolated from the reaction mixture of step (al) or from the corresponding filtrate. For example, isolation of the product of step (al) can be effected by common techniques including bulk precipitation or crystallization. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the product of step (al) is isolated as crystalline or amorphous solid, preferably as crystalline solid. Crystallization or precipitation can be effected by common techniques such as evaporation or partial evaporation of the solvent, cooling, change of solvent, solvents or solvent mixtures, addition of crystallization seeds, etc. In a preferred embodiment the addition of any suitable cation species can induce crystallization or precipitation of the desired salt of the product of step (al), wherein fractional crystallization is preferable. In a preferred embodiment, fractional crystallization might be accomplished by the slow addition of a specific amount of any suitable cation to the reaction mixture of step (al) of the two-pot process or to its corresponding filtrate.

Optional purification in step (a2) of the two-pot process can be accomplished by re- crystallization or re-dissolution and re-precipitation. In a preferred embodiment the isolated product of step (a2) of the two-pot process is dissolved in a suitable solvent or solvent mix- ture, preferably water or an aqueous mixture. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the purified product of step (a2) is isolated as crystalline or amorphous solid, preferably as crystalline solid. Crystallization or precipitation can be effected by common techniques such as evaporation or partial evaporation of the solvent, cooling, change of solvent, solvents or solvent mixtures, addition of crystallization seeds, etc. In a preferred embodiment the addi- tion of any suitable cation species can induce crystallization or precipitation of the desired salt of the purified product in step (a2), wherein fractional crystallization is preferable. In a preferred embodiment, fractional crystallization might be accomplished by the slow addition of a specific amount of any suitable cation to the mixture in optional purification step (a2) of the two-pot process which might be beneficial for product purity and yield.

With regard to the present invention the any suitable cation in step (a2) of the two-pot process can be any cation capable of inducing crystallization of a species comprising the desired ani- onic product. In one embodiment the any suitable cation is a cation "A". In another embodiment the any suitable cation is different from cation "A".

In a preferred embodiment, step (a3) of the two-pot process is carried out in an aqueous solution. If any of the substrates, including the product of step (a2) and the at least one source of M', or reagents has only a low solubility in water it is possible to add small volumes of organic solvent or aqueous organic solvent to the, preferably aqueous, reaction mixture or vice versa. Examples of suitable organic solvents include, but are not limited to acetonitrile, acetone, toluene, DMF, DMSO, ethanol, methanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, isobutanol and mixtures thereof. It is also possible to use emulsifying agents to allow the substrates and reagents of step (a3) of the two-pot process to undergo a reaction.

Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention in step (a3) of the two-pot process the concentration of the product of step (a2) ranges from 0.0001 to 1 mole/1, preferably from 0.0005 to 0.5 mole/1, more preferably from 0.001 to 0.1 mole/1 and the concentration of the metal ions originating from the at least one source of M' ranges from 0.0005 to 0.5 mole/1, preferably 0.001 to 0.1 mole/1, more preferably 0.005 to 0.05 mole/1.

In a preferred embodiment, the pH of the aqueous solution in step (a3) of the two-pot process ranges from 2 to 14, preferably from 5 to 12 and more preferably from 6 to 11. Most preferably, the pH is about 8.0 to 10.5. Generally, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a buffer solution can be used for maintaining the pH value in a certain range. It is partic- ularly preferred to use a buffer having a concentration of 0.5 M and a pH of about 6.5 to 8.5, preferably a pH of about 8.1, in particular a pH of 8.0, as aqueous solvent. In another embodiment, the concentration of the aqueous buffer solution is from 0.05 to 1.5 M, preferably 0.1 to 1.0 M, more preferably from 0.25 to 0.75 M, most preferably about 0.5 M. Generally, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, additional base solution or acid solution can be used for adjusting the pH to a certain pH value. It is particularly preferred to use aqueous sodium hydroxide or HNO3 solution having a concentration of 6 M. In another embodiment, the concentration of the aqueous base or acid solution (preferably aqueous sodium hydroxide or HNO3 solution) is from 0.1 to 12 M, preferably 1 to 10 M, preferably from 3 to 8 M, preferably about 6 M.

In the context of the present invention the pH of the aqueous solution in step (a) of the one- pot process and steps (al) and (a3) of the two-pot process refers to the pH as measured at the end of the reaction. In the preferred embodiment where e.g. an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is used for adjusting the pH-value, the pH is measured after the adjustment at the end of the reaction. pH values are at 20°C, and are determined to an accuracy of + 0.05 in accord- ance with the IUPAC Recommendations 2002 (R.P. Buck et al., Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 74, No. 11, pp. 2169-2200, 2002). A suitable and commercially available instrument for pH measurement is the Mettler Toledo FE20 pH meter. The pH calibration is carried out as 2-point calibration using a pH = 4.01 standard buffer solution and a pH = 7.00 standard buffer solution. The resolutions are: 0.01 pH; 1 mV; and 0.1 °C. The limits of error are: + 0.01 pH; + 1 mV; and + 0.5 °C.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the buffer is a phosphate or acetate buffer or a mixture thereof and preferably said phosphate or acetate buffer is derived from H3PO4, NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , Na ₃ P0 ₄ , KH ₂ P0 ₄ , K ₂ HP0 , K ₃ P0 , NaKHP0 ₄ , NaK ₂ P0 , Na ₂ KP0 , Na(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ), K(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ), Mg(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ) ₂ , Ca(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ) ₂ , CH ₃ C0 ₂ H or mixtures thereof, preferably H ₃ P0 ₄ , NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , Na ₃ P0 ₄ , Na(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ), K(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ), CH ₃ C0 ₂ H or mixtures thereof, and most preferably NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , Na(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ), K(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ) or mixtures thereof, in particular NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ) or mixtures thereof. It is more preferred to have either a phosphate or an acetate buffer, whereas it is less preferred to have a mixture of phosphate and acetate buffer. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention said phosphate buffer is preferably derived from NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , whereas said acetate buffer is preferably derived from Na(CH ₃ C0 ₂ ). In a very preferred embodiment of the present invention the buffer is a phosphate buffer, most preferably derived from NaH ₂ P0 ₄ .

A very preferred embodiment of the present invention is the two-pot process, wherein in step (a3) the product of step (a2) and the at least one source of M' are dissolved in a solution of phosphate buffer derived from NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , preferably an 0.1 to 1.0 M phosphate buffer solution derived from NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , in particular a 0.25 to 0.75 M phosphate buffer solution derived from NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , and most preferred a 0.5 M phosphate buffer solution derived from NaH ₂ P0 ₄ . In step (a3) of the two-pot process of the present invention, the reaction mixture is typically heated to a temperature of from 20 °C to 100 °C, preferably from 50 °C to 90 °C, preferably from 70 °C to 80 °C preferably from 75 °C to 80 °C, and most preferably about 80 °C.

In step (a3) of the two-pot process of the present invention, the reaction mixture is typically heated for about 10 min to about 4 h, more preferably for about 30 min to 2 h, most preferably for about 100 or 60 min. Further, it is preferred that the reaction mixture is stirred during step (a3).

In a preferred embodiment of the one-pot process or the two-pot process, between step (a) and (b), the crude mixture is filtered. Preferably, the crude mixture is filtered immediately after the end of step (a), i.e. immediately after the stirring is turned off, and is then optionally cooled. Alternatively, if applicable the heated crude mixture is cooled first, preferably to room temperature, and subsequently filtered. The purpose of this filtration is to remove solid impurities after step (a). Thus, the product of step (a) remains in the filtrate. In a preferred embodiment, in case cation A is not present in the crude mixture or filtrate already, or the concentration of A in the crude mixture or filtrate should be increased, in step (b) of the one -pot or two-pot process, a salt of the cation A can be added to the reaction mixture of step (a) of the one-pot or two-pot process or to its corresponding filtrates to form (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi 5X1 ₀ O _y R _z H _q ] } ^m" . Preferably, the salt of A is added as a solid or in the form of an aqueous solution. The counterions of A can be selected from the group consisting of any stable, non-reducing, water-soluble anion, e.g., halides, nitrate, sulfate, acetate, phosphate. Preferably, the acetate or phosphate salt is used. However, the addition of extra cations A in step (b) of the one-pot or two-pot process is not necessary if the desired cations are al- ready present during step (a) of the one-pot or two-pot process, for example, as a component of the buffer preferably used as solvent in step (a) of the one-pot process or steps (al) or (a3) of the two-pot process or a component of any of the sources of X, M, M' and/or M" including, for example, palladium and platinum cations themselves or a component used in the isolation step (a2) of the two-pot process. Preferably, all desired cations are already present dur- ing step (a) of the one-pot or two-pot process, thus, that there is no optional addition of extra cations necessary.

In step (c) of the one -pot or two-pot process, the POMs according to the invention or solvate thereof, formed in step (a) or (b) of the one-pot process or step (a3) or (b) of the two-pot process, are recovered. For example, isolation of the POMs or solvate thereof can be effected by common techniques including bulk precipitation or crystallization. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the POMs are isolated as crystalline or amorphous solids, preferably as crystalline solids. Crystallization or precipitation can be effected by common techniques such as evaporation or partial evaporation of the solvent, cooling, change of solvent, solvents or solvent mixtures, addition of crystallization seeds, etc. In a preferred embodiment the addi- tion of cation A in step (b) of the one-pot or two-pot process can induce crystallization or precipitation of the desired POM (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi 5X1 ₀ O _y R _z H _q ] } ^m -, wherein fractional crystallization is preferable. In a preferred embodiment, fractional crystallization might be accomplished by the slow addition of a specific amount of cation A to the reaction mixture of step (a) of the one-pot process or step (al) of the two-pot process or to its corresponding fil- trates which might be beneficial for product purity and yield.

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a process according to the one-pot process or the two-pot process, wherein water is used as solvent, the at least one source of M is a water-soluble salt of PtII or Pd^, preferably selected from platinum chloride, palladium nitrate, palladium sulfate, palladium chloride or palladium acetate, in particular a salt of Pd^ selected from palladium nitrate, palladium sulfate, palladium chloride or palladium acetate, such as palladium chloride or palladium acetate; the at least one source of M' is a water-soluble gold or silver salt, preferably selected from gold chloride, gold hydroxide, silver nitrate, silver fluo- ride or silver chloride, in particular a silver salt such as silver nitrate; the at least one source of M" is a water-soluble salt of M", for instance silver nitrate, silver fluoride and/or silver chloride when M" is Ag; and the at least one source of X is a salt or derivative of P0 ₄ 3 ^_ , such as H3PO4, NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , Na ₃ P0 ₄ , KH ₂ P0 ₄ , K ₂ HP0 , K ₃ P0 , NaKHP0 , NaK ₂ P0 and/or Na ₂ KP0 ₄ , most preferably NaH ₂ P0 ₄ and/or Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , in particular NaH ₂ P0 ₄ .

A very preferred embodiment of the present invention is a process according to the one -pot process or the two-pot process, wherein water is used as solvent, the at least one source of M is a water-soluble salt of Pd^, preferably palladium nitrate, palladium sulfate, palladium chloride or palladium acetate, the at least one source of M' is a water-soluble silver salt, prefera- bly silver nitrate, the at least one source of M" is a water-soluble salt of M", for instance silver nitrate, silver fluoride and/or silver chloride when M" is Ag, and the at least one source of X is an oxide of X, preferably any salt or derivative of P0 ₄ 3 ^" , in particular NaH ₂ P0 ₄ .

A most preferred embodiment of the present invention is a process according to the one-pot process or the two-pot process, wherein water is used as solvent, the at least one source of M is a water-soluble salt of Pd^, preferably palladium nitrate, palladium sulfate, palladium chloride or palladium acetate, the at least one source of M' is a water-soluble silver salt, preferably silver nitrate, the at least one source of M" is a water-soluble salt of M", for instance silver nitrate, silver fluoride and/or silver chloride when M' ' is Ag, the at least one source of M" is the same as or different from the source of M, and the at least one source of X is an oxide of X, preferably any salt or derivative of P0 ₄ 3 ^" , in particular NaH ₂ P0 ₄ .

According to one embodiment, the present POMs can be immobilized on a solid support. The present invention thus also relates to supported POMs comprising the POMs of the present invention or prepared by the process of the present invention on a solid support. Suitable supports include but are not limited to materials having a high surface area and/or a pore size which is sufficient to allow the POMs to be loaded, e.g., polymers, graphite, carbon nano- tubes, electrode surfaces, aluminium oxide and aerogels of aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicates, active carbon, mesoporous materials, like mesoporous silica, such as SBA-15 and MCM-41, zeolites, alumi- nophosphates (ALPOs), silicoaluminophosphates (SAPOs), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs), and mixtures thereof and modified compounds thereof. Preferred supports are, for instance, mesoporous silica, more preferably SBA-15 or MCM-41, most preferably SBA-15. A variety of such solid supports is commercially available or can be prepared by common techniques. Furthermore, there are various common techniques to modify or functionalize solid supports, for example with regard to the size and shape of the surface or the atoms or groups available for bonding on the surface. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the immobilization of the POMs to the surface of the solid support is accomplished by means of adsorption, including physisorption and chemisorption, preferably physisorption. The adsorption is based on interactions between the POMs and the surface of the solid support such as van-der-Waals interactions, hydrogen- bonding interactions, ionic interactions, etc.

In a preferred embodiment the negatively charged oxo-clusters }

are adsorbed predominantly based on ionic interactions. Therefore, a solid support bearing positively charged groups is preferably used, in particular a solid support bearing groups that can be positively charged by protonation. A variety of such solid supports is commercially available or can be prepared by common techniques. In one embodiment the solid support is functionalized with positively charged groups, preferably groups that are positively charged by protonation, and the negatively charged oxo-cluster {M' _s [M"M _j 5X1 QOyR _z Hq] } is linked to said positively charged groups by ionic interactions. In a preferred embodiment the solid support, preferably mesoporous silica, more preferably SBA-15 or MCM-41, most preferably SBA-15, is functionalized with moieties bearing positively charged groups, preferably tetra- hydrocarbyl ammonium groups, more preferably groups that can be positively charged by protonation, most preferably mono -functionalized amino groups -NH2. Preferably said groups are attached to the surface of the solid support by covalent bonds, preferably via a linker that comprises one or more, preferably one, of said groups, preferably an alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, al- kynyl, hetero-alkyl, hetero-cycloalkyl, hetero-alkenyl, hetero-cycloalkenyl, hetero-alkynyl, hetero-aryl or cycloalkyl linker, more preferably an alkyl, aryl, hetero-alkyl or hetero-aryl linker, more preferably an alkyl linker, most preferably a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n- pentyl, n-hexyl linker, in particular a n-propyl linker. Preferably said linkers are bonded to any suitable functional group present on the surface of the solid support, such as to hydroxyl groups. Preferably said linkers are bonded to said functional groups present on the surface of the solid support either directly or via another group or atom, most preferably via another group or atom, preferably a silicon-based group, most preferably a silicon atom. In a most preferred embodiment of the present invention the POMs are supported on (3- aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (apts)-modified SBA-15.

In the supported POMs of the present invention, the POMs that are immobilized on the solid support are in the form of primary and/or secondary particles. In an especially preferred embodiment, the immobilized POMs particles are mainly in the form of primary particles (i.e. non-agglomerated primary particles), that is at least 90 wt% of the immobilized POMs particles are in the form of primary particles, preferably at least 95 wt , more preferably at least 99 wt , in particular substantially all the immobilized POMs particles are in the form of primary particles. The invention is further directed to processes for preparing supported POMs according to the invention. Solid supports used in the context of this invention are as defined above. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the surface of the solid supports is modified with positively charged groups, more preferably groups that can be positively charged by protona- tion. Those charged solid supports can be prepared by techniques well established in the art, for example by the surface modification of a mesoporous silica, such as SBA-15, with a suitable reagent bearing a positively charged group or a group that can be positively charged by protonation, such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (apts), is conducted by heating, preferably under reflux, under inert gas atmosphere, such as argon or nitrogen, in an inert solvent with a suitable boiling point, such as hexane, heptane or toluene, for a suitable time, such as 4-8 hours, and finally the modified solid support is isolated, preferably by filtration, purified, preferably by washing, and dried, preferably under vacuum by heating, most preferably under vacuum by heating at about 100 °C.

The optionally treated support may be further calcined at a temperature of 500 °C to 800 °C. For the calcination, common equipment may be used, that is commercially available. Calcination of the optionally treated support may for instance be conducted under an oxygen containing gas such as air, under vacuum, under hydrogen or under an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen, more preferably under inert gas, most preferably under nitrogen.

The POMs according to the present invention or prepared by the process of the present inven- tion can be immobilized on the surface of the solid support by contacting said POMs with the solid support. The present invention therefore also relates to a process for the preparation of supported POMs, comprising the step of contacting the POMs provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention with the solid support, thereby immobilizing at least part of the POMs onto the support; and optionally isolating the resulting supported POMs.

Said contacting may be conducted employing common techniques in the art, such as blending both the solid support and the POM in the solid form. In a preferred embodiment the POM is mixed with a suitable solvent, preferably water or an aqueous solvent, and the solid support is added to this mixture. In a more preferred embodiment the solid support is mixed with a suit- able solvent, preferably water or an aqueous solvent, and the POM is added to this mixture. In case a solid support with groups that can be positively charged by protonation is used, the mixture is preferably acidified, for instance by addition of H2SO4, HNO3 or HC1, most preferably by addition of H2SO4 or HNO3, so that the pH value of the mixture ranges from 0.1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4 and more preferably from 1.5 to 3, most preferably is a pH of about 2. The mixture comprising POM, solid support and solvent is preferably stirred, typically for 1 min to 24 h, more preferably for 30 min to 15 h, more preferably for 1 h to 12 h, most preferably for 6 h to 10 h, in particular about 8 h. While stirring, preferably the mixture is heated to a temperature of from 20 °C to 100 °C, preferably from 20 °C to 80 °C, preferably from 20 °C to 60 °C preferably from 20 °C to 40 °C, and most preferably about 25 °C. Afterwards, the supported POM can be kept in the solvent as suspension or can be isolated. Isolation of the supported POM from the solvent may be performed by any suitable method in the art, such as by filtration, evaporation of the solvent, centrifugation or decantation, preferably by filtration or removal of the solvent in vacuum, more preferably by filtration. The isolated supported POMs may then be washed with a suitable solvent, preferably water or an aqueous solvent, and dried. Supported POMs may be dried in an oven at a temperature of e.g. about 100 °C.

In another embodiment, the supported POMs may be further calcined at a temperature not exceeding the transformation temperature of the POM, i.e. the temperature at which decomposition of the POM starts to take place (usually above about 600-700 °C for the present POMs according to their corresponding TGA). Thus, in a preferred embodiment the POMs of the present invention are thermally stable up to temperatures of at least around 600-700 °C. For the calcination, common equipment may be used, that is commercially available. Calcination of the supported POMs may for instance be conducted under an oxygen containing gas such as air, under vacuum, under hydrogen or under an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen, more preferably under inert gas, most preferably under nitrogen.

In many cases, however, and in particular if the supported POM is used as a catalyst or pre- catalyst under reductive conditions, drying of the supported POM without calcination may be sufficient.

In supported POMs, the POM loading levels on the solid support may be up to 30 wt. % or even more but are preferably up to 10 wt , for instance up to 5 wt% or even up to 2 wt . Accordingly, the POM loading level on the solid support is typically of 0.01 to 30 wt. , par- ticularly 0.05 to 20 wt. , more particularly 0.1 to 10 wt. , often 0.2-6 wt. , more often 0.3-5 wt. , and most often 0.5-2 wt. %. POM loading levels on the solid support can be determined by elemental analysis such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP- MS) analysis, for instance using a Varian Vista MPX.

According to one embodiment, the present invention also relates to metal-clusters of the for- mula

{ M'0 _s [M"M0 ₁₅ ] }

wherein

all MO are the same, and are selected from the group consisting of PdO, PtO, RhO, IrO, Ag°, and Au°, preferably Pd°, Pt°, Rh°, Ir°, and Au°, more preferably Pd°, Pt° and RhO, most preferably PdO and PtO, in particular PdO, each M'O is independently selected from the group consisting of RhO, IrO, PdO, PtO, Ag°, Au°, Cd°, Hg° and mixtures thereof, preferably Rh°, Ir°, Pd°, Pt°, Ag°, Au° and mixtures thereof, more preferably PdO, PtO, AgO, AuO and mixtures thereof, most preferably AgO, AuO and mixtures thereof, in particular AgO,

s is a number from 1 to 10, preferably 2 to 7, more preferably 3 to 7, most preferably 4 or 5, in particular 4, and

M" is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg and lan- thanide metal, preferably Sr, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Lu, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au, more preferably Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn,

Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au, most preferably Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt and Au, in particular Ag and the oxidation state of M" is 0 or greater than 0, preferably 0 to V, more preferably 0 to IV, most preferably 0 to III, in particular 0.

The above definition of the metal-cluster {M'° _S [M"M°15] } allows all of M°, M'° and M" to be the same metal. However, this is not preferred.

Preferably the metal-cluster } comprises at least two different types of metal atoms. There are e.g. the following alternative possibilities for metal-clusters comprising at least two different types of metals:

(a) MO≠ M'O and MO≠ M" and M'O≠ M"

(b) MO = M'O and MO φ M" and M'O φ M"

(c) M0 φ M'O and MO = M" and M'O M"

(d) M0 φ M'O and MO φ M" and M'O = M"

The M'O _g are independently selected and hence may be different among each other.

MO = M'O means that all M'O are the same among each other and are the same as MO. M'O = M" means that all M'O are the same among each other and are the same as M", but the oxidation state of M" may be different from that of M'°. M° = M" means that MO is the same metal as M" , but the oxidation state of M" may be different from that of MO.

MO φ M'O either means that all M' ^u are the same among each other, and hence all M' ^u are different from MO; or that the M'O are different among each other, but still all M'O are differ- ent from MO; or that the M'O are different among each other, and only some of the M'O are different from MO. The latter alternative is less preferred.

M'O φ M" either means that all Μ'υ are the same among each other, and hence all Μ'υ are different from M" ; or that the M'O are different among each other, but still all M'O are differ- ent from M"; or that the M'O are different among each other, and only some of the M'O are different from M". The latter alternative is less preferred.

Thus, alternative (c) above encompasses the less preferred embodiment wherein MO and M' ' are the same and are the same as some of the M'O while the remainder of the M'O are differ- ent.

Alternatives (a), (c) and (d) are particularly preferred with the proviso that all M'O are different from MO Thus, metal-clusters are preferred wherein all M'O are different from MO. Particularly preferred are metal clusters wherein all M'O are the same and all M'O are different from MO. Alternative (d) is the most preferred, wherein all M'O and M" are the same and all M'O and M' ' are different from M°.

The above considerations apply mutatis mutandis also to the formula (A _n ) ^m +{M' _s [M"Mi ₅ XioO _y R _z H _q ]} ^m - of the POM.

In an especially preferred embodiment, the invention relates to metal-clusters represented by the formula {Ag ₄ [AgPdT 5]} or {Ag5[AgPd ₁ 5]}.

Further, suitable examples of metal-clusters according to the invention are represented by the formulae

{M'0 _s [M"M0 ₁₅ ]}, _e .g.,

{Μ'0 ₄ [Μ"Μθ ₁₅ ]},

{M'0 _s [M"Pd0 ₁₅ ]}, such as

{M'0 ₄ [M"Pd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₄ [M"Pd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₄ [PtPd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₄ [AuPd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Au0 ₄ [AuPd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Pt0 ₄ [AgPd0 ₁₅ ]},or

{M'0 ₂ [M"M0 ₁₅ ]}, such as

{M'0 ₂ [M"Pd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₂ [M"Pd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₂ [PtPd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₂ [AuPd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Au0 ₂ [AuPd0 ₁₅ ]}, {Pt0 ₂ [AgPd0 ₁₅ ]},or

{ΜΌ ₅ [Μ"Μ0 ₁₅ ]}, such as

{M' ⁰ 5[M"Pd ⁰ ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₅ [M"Pd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₅ [PtPd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₅ [AuPd0 ₁₅ ]},

{Au0 ₅ [AuPd° ₁₅ ]},

{Pt0 ₅ [AgPd0 ₁₅ ]}, or

{M'0 ₇ [M"M0 ₁₅ ]}, such as

{M'0 ₇ [M"Pt0 ₁₅ ]},

{M' ⁰ 7[M"Au ⁰ ₁₅ ]},

{Au0 ₇ [CrAg0 ₁₅ ]},

{Pt0 ₇ [NiIr0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₇ [ZnRh0 ₁₅ ]},

{Pd0 ₇ [RhP _t 0 ₁₅ ]},

{Rh0 ₇ [IrAu0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ir0 ₇ [ReAg0 ₁₅ ]},

{Pt0 ₇ [OsIr0 ₁₅ ]},

{Pd0 ₇ [ZrRh0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₇ [HgPt0 ₁₅ ]},

{Ag0 ₇ [RuAu0 ₁₅ ]},

{Au0 ₇ [VAg0 ₁₅ ]},

{Au0 ₇ [PtIr0 ₁₅ ]}, and

The metal-clusters of the present invention are in the form of primary and/or secondary particles. In an especially preferred embodiment, the metal-clusters provided by the present invention are mainly in the form of primary particles (i.e. non-agglomerated primary particles), that is at least 90 wt of the metal-clusters are in the form of primary particles, preferably at least 95 wt%, more preferably at least 99 wt%, in particular substantially all the metal-clusters are in the form of primary particles. This includes metal-clusters dispersed in liquid carrier media. The metal-clusters of the present invention preferably have a primary particle size of about 1.0-2.0 nm, for instance about 1.5 nm.

In a further embodiment, the metal-clusters are dispersed in a liquid carrier medium, thereby forming a dispersion of metal-clusters. In one embodiment of the present invention the liquid carrier medium is an organic solvent, optionally combined with one or more dispersing agents. The organic solvent is preferably capable of dissolving the POMs used as starting material for the preparation of the metal-clusters, for instance liquid n-alkanes, e.g., hexane or heptane.

The dispersing agent (or surfactant) is added to the liquid carrier medium to prevent agglom- eration of the primary particles of metal-cluster. Preferably, the dispersing agent is present during formation of the primary particles of metal-cluster. An example of a surfactant useful as dispersing agent is citric acid or citrate. The dispersing agent preferably forms micelles, each micelle containing one primary particle of metal-cluster thereby separating the primary particles from each other and preventing agglomeration thereof.

In another further embodiment, the metal-clusters can be immobilized on a solid support thereby forming supported metal-clusters. Suitable supports include but are not limited to materials having a high surface area and/or a pore size which is sufficient to allow the metal- clusters to be loaded, e.g. polymers, graphite, carbon nanotubes, electrode surfaces, aluminium oxide and aerogels of aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicates, active carbon, mesoporous materials, like mes- oporous silica, such as SBA-15 and MCM-41, zeolites, aluminophosphates (ALPOs), sili- coaluminophosphates (SAPOs), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs), and mixtures thereof and modified compounds thereof. Preferred supports are, for instance, mesoporous silica, more preferably SB A- 15 or MCM-41 , most preferably SB A- 15.

A variety of such solid supports is commercially available or can be prepared by common techniques. Furthermore, there are various common techniques to modify or functionalize solid supports, for example with regard to the size and shape of the surface or the atoms or groups available for bonding on the surface. In a preferred embodiment of the present inven- tion the immobilization of the metal-clusters to the surface of the solid support is accomplished by means of adsorption, including physisorption and chemisorption, preferably phy- sisorption. The adsorption is based on interactions between the metal-clusters and the surface of the solid support, such as van-der-Waals interactions.

In the supported metal-clusters of the present invention, the metal-clusters that are immobi- lized on the solid support are in the form of primary and/or secondary particles. In an especially preferred embodiment, the immobilized metal-cluster particles are mainly in the form of primary particles (i.e. non-agglomerated primary particles), that is at least 90 wt% of the immobilized metal-cluster particles are in the form of primary particles, preferably at least 95 wt , more preferably at least 99 wt , in particular substantially all the immobilized metal- cluster particles are in the form of primary particles.

In the supported metal-clusters of the present invention, the metal-cluster loading levels on the solid support may be up to 30 wt. % or even more but are preferably up to 10 wt. , for instance up to 5 wt% or even up to 2 wt . Accordingly, the metal-cluster loading level on the solid support is typically of 0.01 to 30 wt. , particularly 0.05 to 20 wt. , more particularly 0.1 to 10 wt. %, often 0.2-6 wt. %, more often 0.3-5 wt. %, and most often 0.5-2 wt. %. Met- al-cluster loading levels on the solid support can be determined by elemental analysis such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis, for instance using a Var- ian Vista MPX.

The invention is further directed to processes for preparing metal-clusters according to the invention.

Among the preferred processes for preparing any one of the metal-clusters of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a dispersion of said metal-clusters dispersed in liquid carrier media. Said process comprises:

(a) dissolving any one of the POMs provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention in a liquid carrier medium, , (b) optionally providing additive means to prevent agglomeration of the metal- clusters to be prepared, preferably adding compounds capable of preventing agglomeration of metal-clusters to be prepared, more preferably adding surfactants to enable micelle formation, and

(c) subjecting the dissolved POM to chemical or electrochemical reducing condi- tions sufficient to at least partially reduce said POM into corresponding metal- clusters.

In a preferred embodiment in step (a), the liquid carrier medium capable of dissolving the POM used for the preparation of the metal-clusters is an organic solvent, such as liquid n- alkanes, e.g., hexane or heptane.

In a preferred embodiment in step (b), classical capping groups such as diverse types of inorganic and organic anions, such as carboxylates, e.g. citrate, may be used to prevent agglomeration of the metal-clusters to be prepared.

In a preferred embodiment in step (c), the chemical reducing conditions comprise the use of a reducing agent selected from organic and inorganic materials which are oxidizable by Pd^, PtII, Rhl, and AuM. Such a chemical reduction can for example be effected by using borohydrides, aluminohydrides, hydrazine, CO or hydrogen, preferably hydrogen, more preferably hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure, preferably by using hydrogen. In the alternative, the POM in step (c) is reduced electrochemically using a common electrochemical cell.

The metal-clusters of the present invention can be immobilized on the surface of a solid support. The present invention therefore also relates to processes for the preparation of supported metal-clusters according to the present invention. A first process for the preparation of supported metal-clusters comprises contacting the dispersion of metal-clusters provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention with a solid support, thereby immobilizing at least part of the dispersed metal-clusters onto the support; and optionally isolating the supported metal-clusters.

In a preferred embodiment, the solid support is added to the dispersion of metal-clusters. The resulting mixture is preferably stirred, typically for 1 min to 24 h, more preferably for 30 min to 15 h, more preferably for 1 h to 12 h, most preferably for 6 h to 10 h, in particular about 8 h. While stirring, preferably the mixture is heated to a temperature of from 20 °C to 100 °C, preferably from 20 °C to 80 °C, preferably from 20 °C to 60 °C preferably from 20 °C to 40 °C, and most preferably about 25 °C. Afterwards, the supported metal-clusters are preferably isolated. Isolation of the supported metal-clusters from the solvent may be performed by any suitable method in the art, such as by filtration, evaporation of the solvent, centrifugation or decantation, preferably by filtration or removal of the solvent in vacuum, more preferably by filtration. The isolated supported metal-clusters may then be washed with a suitable solvent, preferably water or an aqueous solvent, and dried, for instance by heating under vacuum.

Another suitable process for the preparation of supported metal-clusters according to the pre- sent invention comprises: subjecting supported POM provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention to chemical or electrochemical reducing conditions sufficient to at least partially reduce said POM into corresponding metal-clusters; and optionally isolating the supported metal-clusters.

In a preferred embodiment, the chemical reducing conditions comprise the use of a reducing agent selected from organic and inorganic materials which are oxidizable by

Irl, Agl and AgM, and Au^ and AuM. Such a chemical reduction can for example be effected by using borohydrides, aluminohydrides, hydrazine, CO or hydrogen, preferably hydrogen, more preferably hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure. In the alternative, the POM in is reduced electrochemically using a common electrochemical cell.

The invention is also directed to the use of optionally supported POMs provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention and/or optionally supported or dispersed metal-clusters provided by the present invention or prepared according to the present invention, for catalyzing homogeneous and heterogeneous reductive conversion of organic substrates.

In a preferred embodiment, reductive conversion refers to homogeneous or heterogeneous reduction and/or hydroprocessing and/or hydrocracking and/or (hydro)desulfurization of organic substrate.

Within the present reductive conversion of organic substrates, a variety of reducing reagents can be used, including hydrogen or a hydrogen-containing atmosphere.

Since the peripheral M' of the optionally supported POMs of the present invention bear at least partially substitution-labile ligands and since the peripheral M' and the external M metal atoms are not fully sterically shielded by the polyanion backbone, various noble metal coordination sites are easily accessible to the organic substrate and the reducing reagent or reduction active transfer molecule and therefore high catalytic activities are achieved. Further, the remarkable thermal stability of the optionally supported POMs of the present invention permits their use under a great variety of reaction conditions.

Compared with the optionally supported POMs of the present invention, the accessibility of the noble metal atoms in the optionally supported or dispersed metal-clusters of the present invention is even better because of the absence of any ligands. Further, the remarkable thermal stability of the optionally supported or dispersed metal-clusters of the present invention is at least comparable to the one of the optionally supported POMs therefore permitting their use under a great variety of reaction conditions.

It is contemplated that the optionally supported POMs of the present invention can be reduced under the reductive reaction conditions of the reductive conversion described herein. Thus, it might be possible that the optionally supported POMs are reductively converted into metal- cluster-like structures or even into metal-clusters under the conversion reaction conditions and it might be possible that said metal-cluster-like structures or said metal-clusters are actually the catalytically active species. Nevertheless, the optionally supported POMs of the present invention give excellent results in homogeneous and heterogeneous reductive conversion of organic substrates, regardless of the specific nature of the actually catalytically active species. Another useful aspect of this invention is that the optionally supported POMs and/or optionally supported or dispersed metal-clusters of the present invention can be recycled and used multiple times for the reduction of organic molecules.

In a preferred embodiment this invention thus also relates to a process for reducing organic substrates comprising the steps: (a) contacting a first organic substrate under addition of hydrogen with one or more optionally supported POMs and/or one or more supported metal-clusters,

(b) recovering the one or more optionally supported POMs and/or one or more supported metal-clusters;

(c) contacting the one or more optionally supported POMs and/or one or more supported metal-clusters with a solvent at a temperature of 50 °C or more, and/or hydrogen stripping the one or more optionally supported POMs and/or one or more supported metal-clusters at elevated temperature, and/or calcining the one or more optionally supported POMs and/or one or more supported met- al-clusters at elevated temperature under an oxygen containing gas, e.g. air, or under an inert gas, e.g. nitrogen or argon, to obtain a recycled one or more optionally supported POMs and/or one or more supported metal-clusters;

(d) contacting the recycled one or more optionally supported POMs and/or one or more supported metal-clusters under addition of hydrogen with a second organ- ic substrate which may be the same as or different from the first organic substrate; and

(e) optionally repeating steps (b) to (d).

The contacting of organic substrate under addition of hydrogen with optionally supported POM and/or supported metal cluster in step (a) may e.g. be carried out in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), a fixed bed reactor, a fluidized bed reactor or a moving bed reactor.

Thus, e.g., the optionally supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters of the present invention can be collected after a reduction reaction, washed with a polar or non-polar solvent such as acetone and then dried under heat (typically 50 °C or more, alternately 100 °C or more, alternately 125 °C or more, alternately 150 °C or more) for 30 minutes to 48 hours, typically for 1 to 24 hours, more typically for 2 to 10 hours, more typically for 3 to 5 hours.

Alternatively to or in addition to the washing, the optionally supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters may be subjected to hydrogen stripping at elevated temperature. Preferably, the hydrogen stripping is carried out at a temperature of 50 °C or higher, more preferably in the range from 200 °C to 500 °C and most preferably from 350 °C to 500 °C.

Alternatively to or in addition to the washing and/or hydrogen stripping, the optionally supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters may be calcined at elevated temperature under an oxygen containing gas, e.g. air, or under an inert gas, e.g. nitrogen or argon. Preferably, the calcination is carried out at a temperature in the range from 600 °C to 700 °C. The washing and/or hydrogen stripping and/or calcining has the effect of regenerating the optionally supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters for recycling.

The recycled optionally supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters of the present invention may be used on fresh organic molecules, or on recycled organic molecules from a recycle stream.

It is preferred to use supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters of the present invention as catalysts with regard to recovery and recycling of the catalyst in the reductive conversion processes described herein. Advantageously, the supported POMs and/or supported metal- clusters of the present invention may be recycled and used again under the same or different reaction conditions. Typically the supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters are recycled at least 1 time, preferably at least 4 times, preferably at least 8 times, preferably at least 12 times, preferably at least 100 times.

Thus, this invention also relates to a process for reducing organic substrates (typically an arene) which process comprises contacting a first organic substrate with one or more support- ed POMs and/or supported metal-clusters of the present invention, thereafter recovering the supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters of the present invention, contacting the supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters of the present invention with a solvent (such as acetone) at a temperature of 50 °C or more, and/or hydrogen stripping the supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters at elevated temperature, and/or calcining the supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters to obtain recycled supported POMs and/or supported metal- clusters of the present invention, thereafter contacting the recycled supported POMs and/or supported metal-clusters of the present invention with a second organic substrate, which may be the same as or different from the first organic substrate, this process may be repeated many times, preferably at least 4 times, preferably at least 8 times, preferably at least 12 times, pref- erably at least 100 times.

Due to the definite stoichiometry of POMs, the optionally supported POMs of the present invention can be converted (e.g. by calcination at a temperature exceeding the transformation temperature) to mixed metal-oxide catalysts in a highly reproducible manner. Consequently, the optionally supported POMs according to the present invention can also be used as a pre- cursor for mixed metal-oxide catalysts.

Metal-clusters of the present invention, optionally supported or dispersed in a liquid carrier medium, can be described as nanocatalysts of M", M' and M at the atomic or molecular level, i.e., particles of M", M' and M having an average diameter of about 1.0-2.0 nm, for instance about 1.5 nm, obtained by reduction of the POMs. In the case of all M' being the same as M nanocatalysts with at least one noble atom species are obtained. In the preferred embodiment in which at least one or more or all M' being different from M mixed nanocatalysts with at least one noble atom species and at least one other transition metal species, in most cases another noble metal species, are obtained. In some preferred embodiments nanocatalysts with three different noble metals can be obtained. Thus, the bottom-up approach of the present invention allows for the preparation of noble metal-rich customized nanocatalysts of very well defined size and shape, in which three or more than three metal species can be selected individually from groups that contain or consist of the noble metal elements Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, and Au.

The obtained metal-clusters can be used for a wide range of catalytic applications such as in fuel cells, for detection of organic substrates, selective hydrogenation, reforming, hydrocrack- ing, hydrogenolysis and oligomerization. Besides immobilizing the present POMs on a matrix surface and subsequently reducing them, the deposition of the POMs on a surface matrix and their reduction can also be carried out simultaneously.

In addition, e.g., the POMs according to the invention such as a {Ag4[AgPd ₁ 5P ₁ Q05Q] } ^ ^" or {Ag5[AgPd ₁ 5P ₁ Q05()] } 14 ^" oxo-clusters can be used to produce modified electrodes by electrochemical deposition of the POM on an electrode surface such as a glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface. The obtained deposits contain essentially M^ and M'O such as RhO, IrO, PdO, PtO, AgO, AuO, and preferably mixtures thereof with very small amounts MX ⁺ and M'X ⁺ such as Pdll, PtH, Rhl, Irl, Agl, AgM, Au^, and AuM and mixtures thereof, preferably Pd^, PtII, Rhl, Irl, Agl, _anc j A _U I j _{n a} preferred embodiment, the obtained deposits provide im- proved electrochemical behaviors like improved kinetics of electrocatalytic processes compared to a film deposited using a conventional precursor of M and M'. For example, electrodes modified with a deposit of the present POMs can be used for the electrochemical reduction of organic substrates. It has been found that such modified electrodes show a very small overpotential and a remarkably high shelf life. Examples

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.

Example 1: Synthesis of Na _{14 75} {Ag ₄ 25[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁₀ O50] }-43H2O-0.25Na3PO4 ("Na- Ag ₅ .25Pdl5")

Pd(CH ₃ COO)2 (0.034 g, 0.15 mmol) and AgN03 (0.009 g, 0.05 mmol) were dissolved in 0.5 M NaH2P04 buffer (2 ml, 1 mmol; pH 8.0). Under stirring, the solution was heated to 80 °C. During the first 30 min, the pH value of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 9.0 by addition of 6 M NaOH. The resulting solution was heated at 80 °C for another 30 min. Then it was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and allowed to crystallize in an open vial. Needlelike dark red crystals were obtained after 2 weeks, which were collected by filtration and air dried. Yield: 0.018 g (41% based on Pd). This product was analyzed by XRD, IR, elemental analysis, bond valence method and 31p NMR and was identified as {Ag4 25[AgPdT 0O50] } 14-75- oxo-cluster, isolated as hydrated sodium salt Na ₁ 4 75{Ag4 25[AgPd ₁₅ P ₁ o05o] } -43H20- 0.25Na3P04 ("Na-Ag _{5 -} 25Pdi 5"). This product is actually a mixture of 75 mol of {Ag4[AgPdT 0O50] } oxo-cluster ("Ag5Pd ₁ 5") and 25 mol% of { Ag ₅ [AgPd ₁₅ P ₁₀ 05o] } ^14_ oxo-cluster ("Ag ₆ Pd ₁₅ ").

Example 2: Analysis of "Na-Ag5.25?^ 15"

The IR spectrum with 4 cm ^~ l resolution was recorded on a Nicolet Avatar 370 FT-IR spectrophotometer on KBr pellet sample (peak intensities: w = weak; m = medium; s = strong). The characteristic region of the oxo-cluster is between 1000-400 cm ^~ l due to metal-oxygen stretching vibrations: 1635 (s), 1616 (s), 1385 (s), 1078 (m), 991 (m), 935 (w), 781 (w), 609 (s). The FT-IR spectrum is shown in Figure 4. Absorption bands that correspond to different vibrational modes of Pd-0 groups appear in the regions between 781 and 609 cnr 1. Absorption bands at 1078, 991 and 935 cm ^~ l are attributed to the phosphate heterogroups. The absorption band near 1634 cm ^~ l belongs to asymmetric vibrations of the crystal waters.

Elemental analysis data for calculated (found): Na 8.05 (8.18), Ag 12.79 (12.82), Pd 36.05 (35.98), P 7.17 (6.96).

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on a SDT Q 600 device from TA Instruments with 15 mg samples in 100 μΐ _^ alumina pans, under a 100 mL/min N2 flow with a heating rate of 5 °C/min between 20 °C and 600 °C (Figure 1). Only one weight-loss step was observed on the thermogram. This result could be combined with elemental analysis to determine the amount of water of crystallization present in the POM.

Example 3: Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and analysis of "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5"

Besides IR, elemental analysis and TGA, the product was also characterized by single-crystal XRD. The crystal was mounted in Hampton cryoloop at 173 K using light oil for data collec- tion. Indexing and data collection were carried on a Bruker Kappa X8 APEX II CCD single crystal diffractometer with κ geometry and Mo Ka radiation (λ = 0.71073 A). The SHELX software package (Bruker) was used to solve and refine the structure. An empirical absorption correction was applied using the SADABS program as disclosed in G.M. Sheldrick, SA- DABS, Program for empirical X-ray absorption correction, Bruker-Nonius: Madison, WI (1990). The structure was solved by direct method and refined by the full-matrix least squares

2 2 2

method (∑w(\F ₀ \ ~ \F _C \ ) ) with anisotropic thermal parameters for all heavy atoms included in the model. The H atoms of the crystal waters were not located. Also, it was not possible to locate all sodium counter cations by XRD, due to crystallographic disorder. The exact number of counter cations and crystal water in the POM were thus based on elemental analysis. Com- pound "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5" crystallizes in the triclinic space group Pi. Crystallographic data are detailed in Table 1. Table 1 Crystal data for "Na-Ag5.25Pdi 5"

/?, -∑! \F _a \ - ft! i /∑ |F ₃ |. ^m wR ₂ - [∑Η· (Fo ² - f 'fiim'f]

Example 4: Bond valence sum values for different types of oxygen atoms in "Na- Ag5.25Pdl5"

Bond valence sum values were determined following the method disclosed in I.D. Brown and D. Altermatt, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Sci., 1985, 41 , 244-247. These data are detailed in Table 2. Table 2 Bond valence sum values for different types of oxygen atoms in "Na-Ag5.25?^ 15"

Example 5: Structure of "Ag5Pd ₁ 5" and "AggPdT 5" oxo-clusters

The structure of "Ag5Pd ₁ 5" and "AggPd^" oxo-clusters is displayed in Figures 2 and 3. "Ag5PdT 5" and "AggPdj 5" oxo-clusters comprise a 15-palladate nanostar [Pd OO5Q]^ ^" as core, to which five or six Ag+ ions are grafted, position Ag6 (see Figure 2a) being only occupied in "AggPdj 5" oxo-cluster. In both oxo-clusters, each of the 15 Pd^ centers exhibits a square -planar coordination geometry via two "inner" μ5~0 and two "outer" μ2~Ο ligands. Agl position is located in the center, being anchored by ten μ5~0 ligands forming a pentago- nal prism with Ag-0 distances in the range 2.556(10)-2.701(3) A. Ag2 and Ag3 positions reside at both entries of the pentagonal channel in central positions, being stabilized by Ag-O bonds (2.692(3)-2.824(3) A) and by Ag-Pd heterometallic bonds (2.882(2)-3.056(2) A). Ag2 and Ag3 positions thus coordinate with two water molecules. Ag4, Ag5 and Ag6 positions cap three of the five faces in the central belt externally, each bound via four Ag-Pd heterome- tallic bonds (2.762(14)-2.954(8) A), affording an approximate isosceles triangle distribution with two almost equal side distances of 8.9 and 8.8 A. Agl, Ag2 and Ag3 positions are aligned in an almost straight line along the pseudo-C ₅ axis. The Agl-Ag2 and Agl-Ag3 ho- mometallic bonds are respectively 2.960(16) and 2.974(2) A. In the alternative, "Ag5Pd ₁ 5" and "AggPd^" oxo-clusters can also be described as { [Ag4(H ₂ 0)2][AgPd ₁ 504o(PO) ₁ o] } ¹⁵ - and { [Ags^O^AgPd^O^POHo]} ^14" . In the solid state, the Ag4 and Ag5 positions are further ligated by phosphate oxygens of neighbor- ing oxo-clusters, forming a ID zigzag chain (Figure 5).

Example 6: ³¹ P NMR spectrum of "Na-Ag5.25Pdi5"

"Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5" crystals were dissolved in H2O/D2O. 31p NMR spectrum was recorded at room temperature on a 400 MHz JEOL ECX instrument, using 5 mm tube with resonance frequency 162.14 MHz. The chemical shift is reported with respect to the reference 85 wt% H3PO4. The 31p NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 6. This spectrum confirms that Ag6 position is only partially occupied, more than three 31p being observed. Indeed, three signals with an intensity ratio 2:2: 1 would be expected if all the capping silver ion positions were fully occupied and non-labile. The present spectrum confirms the presence of a mixture of 75 mole "Na-Ag5Pd ₁ 5" (three signals with intensity ratio 2:2: 1) and 25 mole "Na-AggPd _} 5" (three signals with intensity ratio 2:2: 1). The resulting spectrum is rather broad due to overlap of neighboring signals.

Example 7: Synthesis of supported "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5"

Synthesis of mesoporous silica support SBA-15

8.0 g of Pluronic® P-123 gel (Sigma- Aldrich) were added to 40 mL of 2M HC1 and 208 mL H ₂ 0. This mixture was stirred for 2 hours in a water bath at 35°C until it was completely dissolved. Then 18 ml of tetraethylortho silicate (TEOS) was added dropwise, and the mixture was kept under stirring for 4 hours. Afterwards, the mixture was heated in an oven at 95 °C for 3 days. The white precipitate was collected by filtration, washed and air-dried. Finally, the product was calcined by heating the as- synthesized material to 550°C at a rate of 1-2°C min ^"1 and kept at 550°C for 6 hours to remove the templates.

Synthesis of modified SBA-15-apts

1.61 mL of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (apts) was added to 3 g of SBA-15, prepared according to the synthesis described above, in 90 mL toluene. This mixture was refluxed for 5 hours and then filtered at room temperature. The obtained modified SBA-15-apts was heated at 100°C for 5 hours. Preparation of "Na-Ag5 25PCI15" supported on SBA-15-apts (supported "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5")

"Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5" was dissolved in water (0.056 mmol/L), resulting in a colored solution. While stirring, SBA-15-apts was slowly added to the solution of "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5" so that the respective amounts of "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5" and SBA-15-apts were 5 and 95 wt , and the mix- ture was kept under stirring for 24 hours at 40°C. The mixture was then filtered and washed three times with water. The filtrate was colorless, indicating that the "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5" POM was quantitatively loaded on the SBA-15-apts support, leading to a "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5" POM loading level on the solid support of about 5 wt . The supported product was then collected and air-dried.

Example 8: Surface area measurements

The BET surface area of the SBA-15 support, before and after treatment with apts, and of the supported "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5", as synthesized and after calcination at 300°C, were measured using a NOVA-4000e instrument. The samples were degassed at 150°C under vacuum for 10 hours prior to the measurement. The specific surface areas were evaluated with the Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) method in the P/P ₀ range of 0.05-0.35.

Table 3 BET surface area measurements

The decreases of the BET surface area shown in Table 3 are a clear indication that apts was grafted in the mesochannels of SBA-15, followed by immobilization of the POM, respective- ly- Example 9: Catalytic activity of supported "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5"

The activity of supported "Na-Ag5.25?^ 15" was tested for catalytic hydrogenation of o- xylene.

Before testing, the supported "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5" was activated by air calcination at 300°C for 3 hours. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that calcination helps to activate the POM by forming active sites. This is indirectly supported by the increased BET surface area measured after calcination (by 170 m ² /g, see Table 3).

The hydrogenation of o-xylene was carried out in a 100 mL Parr 5521 stainless steel high- pressure compact reactor equipped with a magnetically coupled stirrer drive ensuring a well- mixed environment of reactants. The reaction mixture contained 3.5 mL of o-xylene in 47.5 mL hexane and 50 mg of activated supported "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5" (5 wt%) and was stirred at 950 rpm. The absence of a diffusion-limited process was confirmed by measuring a similar reaction rate at 1500 rpm. The autoclave was purged with H ₂ and then heated and pressurized to the desired set point of temperature (180°C or 300°C) and pressure (80-90 bar) respectively. In order to ensure catalyst recyclability, adding a new portion of substrate into the reactor after reaction completion followed all catalytic runs (i.e. running more than one cycle).

The reaction was followed by H ₂ consumption and gas chromatography (GC) analysis. A GC- 2010 Shimadzu instrument equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) was used to measure substrate conversion and selectivity of obtained products via a HP-FFAP column (50 m x 0.32 mm) providing good separation of reaction products. The carrier gas was He. This overall procedure ensured good reproducibility of the catalytic experiments.

The SBA-15-apts support alone did not show any hydrogenation activity while supported "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5" showed excellent catalytic performances with full conversion of o-xylene in 80 minutes at 300°C. The o-xylene was converted to cis/trans-l,2-dimethylcyclohexane with an average selectivity of 40/60. The catalyst was active for at least 5 consecutive catalytic runs, as tested. At 180°C, the reaction time increased by a factor of 12.5 and the conversion decreased by 1 % yielding a selectivity of 50/50. The catalytic performance of the supported "Na-Ag5 25Pdi 5" was thus excellent compared to other commercial catalysts.

All documents described herein are incorporated by reference herein, including any priority documents and/or testing procedures to the extent they are not inconsistent with this text. As is apparent from the foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, while forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereby. Likewise, the term "comprising" is considered synonymous with the term "including" for purposes of Australian law.

Additionally or alternately, the invention relates to:

Embodiment 1 : Polyoxometalate represented by the formula

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ] }m- or solvates thereof, wherein

each A independently represents a cation,

n is the number of cations,

all M are the same, and are selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, Ag, and Au, and each M has d valence electron configuration, each M' is independently selected from the group consisting of Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg and mixtures thereof,

s is a number from 1 to 10,

M" is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg and lan- thanide metal,

each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, Si, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te and mixtures thereof,

each R is a substituent group which is covalently bonded to X, and each R is inde- pendently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a substituent group bonded to X via a carbon atom of said substituent group, a substituent group bonded to X via an oxygen atom of said substituent group, a substituent group bonded to X via a sulphur atom of said substituent group, and a substituent group bonded to X via a nitrogen atom of said substituent group,

y is a number from 40 to 50,

z is a number from 0 to 10,

q is a number from 0 to 20, and

m is a number representing the total positive charge m+ of n cations A and the corresponding negative charge m- of the oxo-cluster {M' _s [M"Mi 5Xi oOyR _z Hq] }. Embodiment 2: Polyoxometalate of embodiment 1, wherein all M' are the same, and all M' are different from M.

Embodiment 3: Polyoxometalate of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein M is Pd or Pt, M' is Ag or Au, X is P, As, Sb or Bi, and s is 4 or 5, preferably wherein z and q are 0; in particular wherein M is Pd, M' is Ag, X is P, and s is 4 or 5; preferably wherein z and q are 0. Embodiment 4: Polyoxometalate of embodiment 3, wherein M" is Ag.

Embodiment 5: Polyoxometalate according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein

the substituent group R bonded to X via a carbon atom of said substituent group, is selected from the group consisting of

alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl; wherein each of said substituent groups may be unsubstituted or substituted; and each of said substituent groups optionally may contain one or more heteroatoms resulting in hetero-alkyl, hetero-cycloalkyl, hetero-alkenyl, hetero-cycloalkenyl, het- ero-alkynyl, and hetero-aryl; and -CF ₃ , -CN, -C(0)OR ² , -C(0)R ² , and -C(0)NR ² R ³ ; the substituent group R bonded to X via an oxygen atom of said substituent group, is selected from the group consisting of -OR ² , -0(S02)R ² , -0(SO)R ² , -0(S02)OR ² ,

-0(SO)OR ² , -OS(0 ₂ )NR ² R ³ , -OS(0)NR ² R ³ , -OPO(OR ² ) ₂ , -OPO(OR ² )OR3,

-OPO(R ² )OR ³ , -OC(0)OR ² , -OC(0)NR ² R ³ , and -OC(0)R ² ;

the substituent group R bonded to X via a sulphur atom of said substituent group, is selected from the group consisting of -SO3R ² , -SR ² , -S(02)R ² , -S(0)R ² , -S(0)OR ² , -S(0)NR ² R ³ , and -S(02)NR ² R ³ ; and

the substituent group R bonded to X via a nitrogen atom of said substituent group is selected from the group consisting of -NR ² R ³ , -N(R ² )S(02)R ³ , -N(R ² )S(02)NR ³ R ⁴ ,

-N(R ² )S(0 ₂ )OR ³ , -N(R ² )S(0)R ³ , -N(R ² )S(0)NR ³ R ⁴ , -N(R ² )S(0)OR ³ ,

-N(R ² )PO(OR ³ ) ₂ , -N(R ² )PO(OR ³ )OR ⁴ , -N(R ² )PO(R ³ )OR ⁴ , -N(R ² )C(0)R ³ , -N(R ² )C(0)OR ³ , -N(R ² )C(0)NR R ⁴ and -N0 ₂ ;

wherein R ² and R ³ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hetero-alkyl, hetero-cycloalkyl, hetero-alkenyl, hetero- cycloalkenyl, hetero-alkynyl, hetero-aryl and cycloalkyl.

Embodiment 6: Polyoxometalate according to any one of the preceding embodiments, where- in, each A is independently selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, La, lanthanide metal, actinide metal, Sn, Sb, Te, phosphonium, ammonium, guanidinium, tetraalkylammonium, protonated aliphatic amines, protonated aromatic amines or combinations thereof; preferably from the group consisting of Li, K, Na and combinations thereof.

Embodiment 7: Polyoxometalate according to any one of the preceding embodiments, represented by the formula

(A _n )m+{M' _s [M"M ₁₅ X ₁₀ O _y R _z H _q ]}m-.wH2O wherein w represents the number of attracted water molecules per oxo-cluster {M' _s [M"Mi 5Xi oOyR _z H _q ]}, and ranges from 1 to 100, preferably from 10 to 60, more preferably from 20 to 50. Embodiment 8: Polyoxometalate according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the polyoxometalate is in the form of particles, preferably wherein at least 90 wt% of the polyoxometalate particles are in the form of primary particles.

Embodiment 9: Process for the preparation of the polyoxometalate according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, said process comprising:

(a) reacting at least one source of M, at least one source of M' and at least one source of M' ' with at least one X-containing and optionally R-containing starting material to form a salt of the oxo-cluster {M' _s [M' 'Mi 5Xi ()OyR _z Hq] } or a solvate thereof,

(b) optionally adding at least one salt of A to the reaction mixture of step (a) to form a polyoxometalate (A _n ) ^m+ {M' _s [M' 'Mi 5X1 oO _y R _z H _q ] } ^m - or a solvate thereof, and

(c) recovering the polyoxometalate or solvate thereof.

Embodiment 10: Process according to embodiment 9, wherein in step (a) the concentration of the metal ions originating from the source of M ranges from 0.01 to 1 mole/1, the concentration of the metal ions originating from the sources of M' ranges from 0.001 to 0.1 mole/1, the concentration of the metal ions originating from the source of M" ranges from 0.001 to 0.1 mole/1, and the concentration of the X-containing starting material ranges from 0.001 to 1 mole/1, with the proviso that the ratio of the molar concentration of the metal ions originating from the source of M to the molar concentration of the metal ions originating from the source of M' is in the range from 1 to 20.

Embodiment 11 : Process according to embodiment 9, wherein step (a) comprises:

first reacting the at least one source of M and the at least one source of M" with the at least one X-containing and optionally R-containing starting material to form a salt of the polyanion [Μ' 'Mi 5X1 oOyR _z Hq] or a solvate thereof, followed by isolating and optionally purifying said salt of the polyanion [M"Mi5XioOyR _z Hq] or solvate thereof, and reacting said isolated and optionally purified product with at least one source of M' to form the salt of the oxo-cluster {M^fM ^{^} M^XioOyRzHq] } or a solvate thereof. Embodiment 12: Process according to any one of embodiments 9 to 11, wherein water is used as solvent, the at least one source of M is a water-soluble salt of Pt^ or Pd^, preferably platinum chloride, palladium nitrate, palladium sulphate, palladium chloride or palladium acetate, in particular a salt of Pd^ selected from palladium nitrate, palladium sulphate, palladium chloride or palladium acetate; the at least one source of M' is a water soluble gold or silver salt, preferably selected from gold chloride, gold hydroxide, silver nitrate, silver fluoride or silver chloride, in particular silver nitrate; the at least one source of M" is a water soluble salt of M", preferably selected from silver nitrate, silver fluoride or silver chloride when M" is silver; and the at least one source of X is a salt or derivative of P0 ₄ 3 ^~ , preferably H3PO4, NaH ₂ P0 ₄ , Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , Na ₃ P0 ₄ , KH ₂ P0 ₄ , K ₂ HP0 , K ₃ P0 , NaKHP0 , NaK ₂ P0 and/or Na ₂ KP0 ₄ , more preferably NaH ₂ P0 ₄ and/or Na ₂ HP0 ₄ , most preferably NaH ₂ P0 ₄ .

Embodiment 13: Process according to embodiment 12, wherein the at least one source of M" is the same as or different from the at least one source of M', preferably the same. Embodiment 14: Process according to any one of embodiments 9 to 13, wherein step (a) is carried out in an aqueous solution, and the pH of the aqueous solution ranges from 5 to 12, preferably from 6 to 11, and most preferred from 8.0 to 10.5.

Embodiment 15: Process according to embodiment 14, wherein in step (a) the at least one source of M, the at least one source of M", the at least one source of M', the at least one source of X containing and optionally the at least one source of R containing starting material are dissolved in a solution of a buffer, preferably a 0.1 to 1.0 M solution of a buffer, in particular a 0.25 to 0.75 M solution of a buffer, and most preferred a 0.50 M solution of a buffer; wherein preferably the buffer is a phosphate buffer and most preferably said phosphate buffer is derived from NaH ₂ P0 ₄ . Embodiment 16: Process according to any one of embodiments 9 to 15, wherein in step (a) the reaction mixture is heated to a temperature of from 20 °C to 100 °C, preferably from 70 °C to 80 °C.

Embodiment 17: Supported polyoxometalate comprising polyoxometalate according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8 or prepared according to any one of embodiments 9 to 16, on a solid support.

Embodiment 18: Supported polyoxometalate according to embodiment 17, wherein the solid support is selected from polymers, graphite, carbon nanotubes, electrode surfaces, aluminium oxide and aerogels of aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicates, active carbon, mesoporous silica, zeolites, alumi- nophosphates (ALPOs), silicoaluminophosphates (SAPOs), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs), and mixtures thereof. Embodiment 19: Process for the preparation of supported polyoxometalate according to embodiment 17 or 18, comprising the step of contacting polyoxometalate according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8 or prepared according to any one of embodiments 9 to 16, with a solid support. Embodiment 20: Metal-cluster of the formula

{M'° _s [M"M ⁰ i ₅ ] } wherein

all M° are the same, and are selected from the group consisting of Pd°, Pt°, Rh°, Ir°, AgO, and Au^, preferably from PdO and PtO , most preferably PdO,

each M'O is independently selected from the group consisting of Rh°, Ir°, Pd°, Pt°,

AgO, AuO, CdO, HgO and mixtures thereof, preferably all M'O are the same and are selected from AgO and AuO , most preferably Ag ^u ,

s is a number from 1 to 10, preferably 4 or 5, and

M" is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Lu, Hf, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg and lan- thanide metal, and the oxidation state of M" is 0 or greater than 0, preferably M" is Ag, most preferably Agl.

Embodiment 21: Metal-cluster according to embodiment 20, wherein the metal-cluster is in the form of particles, preferably wherein at least 90 wt% of the metal-cluster particles are in the form of primary particles.

Embodiment 22: Metal-cluster according to embodiment 20 or 21, wherein the metal-cluster is dispersed in a liquid carrier medium thereby forming a dispersion of metal-cluster in said liquid carrier medium; and wherein preferably a dispersing agent is present to prevent agglomeration of the primary particles of metal-cluster, and in particular the dispersing agent forms micelles containing one primary particle of metal-cluster per micelle.

Embodiment 23: Metal-cluster according to embodiment 20 or 21, wherein the metal-cluster is immobilized on a solid support thereby forming supported metal-cluster.

Embodiment 24: Supported metal-cluster according to embodiment 23, wherein the solid support is selected from polymers, graphite, carbon nanotubes, electrode surfaces, aluminium oxide and aerogels of aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium ox- ide, cerium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicates, active carbon, mesoporous silica, zeolites, alumi- nophosphates (ALPOs), silicoaluminophosphates (SAPOs), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs), and mixtures thereof.

Embodiment 25: Process for the preparation of the dispersion of metal-cluster of embodiment 22, said process comprising the steps of

(a) dissolving the polyoxometalate of any one of embodiments 1 to 8 or prepared according to any one of embodiments 9 to 16, in a liquid carrier medium,

(b) optionally providing additive means to prevent agglomeration of the metal- cluster to be prepared, and

(c) subjecting the dissolved polyoxometalate to chemical or electrochemical reducing conditions sufficient to at least partially reduce said polyoxometalate into corresponding metal-cluster.

Embodiment 26: Process for the preparation of the supported metal-clusters of embodiment 23 or 24, comprising the steps of

(a) contacting the dispersion of metal-cluster of embodiment 22 or prepared according to embodiment 25 with a solid support, thereby immobilizing at least part of the dispersed metal-cluster onto the support and; and

(b) optionally isolating the supported metal-cluster. Embodiment 27: Process for the preparation of the supported metal-clusters of embodiment 23 or 24, comprising the steps of

(a) subjecting the supported polyoxometalate of embodiment 17 or 18 or prepared according to embodiment 19 to chemical or electrochemical reducing conditions sufficient to at least partially reduce said polyoxometalate into corre- sponding metal-cluster; and

(b) optionally isolating the supported metal-cluster.

Embodiment 28: Process according to any one of embodiments 25 or 27, wherein the chemical reducing conditions comprise the use of a reducing agent selected from organic and inorganic materials which are oxidizable by Pd^, PtH, Rhl, Irl, Agl and AgM, and Au^ and AuM.

Embodiment 29: Process for the homogeneous or heterogeneous reductive conversion of organic substrate comprising contacting said organic substrate under addition of hydrogen with the polyoxometalate of any one of embodiments 1 to 8 or prepared according to any one of embodiments 9 to 16, and/or with the supported polyoxometalate of any one of embodiments 17 to 18 or prepared according to embodiment 19, and/or with the metal-cluster of embodiment 20 or 21, and/or with the dispersion of metal-cluster of embodiment 22 or prepared according to embodiment 25 or 28, and/or with the supported metal-cluster of embodiment 23 or 24 or prepared according to any one of embodiments 26 to 28.

Embodiment 30: Process according to embodiments 29, comprising:

(a) contacting a first organic substrate under addition of hydrogen with one or more optionally supported polyoxometalates and/or one or more supported metal-clusters,

(b) recovering the one or more optionally supported polyoxometalates and/or the one or more supported metal-clusters;

(c) contacting the one or more optionally supported polyoxometalates and/or the one or more supported metal-clusters with a solvent at a temperature of 50 °C or more, and/or hydrogen stripping the one or more optionally supported polyoxometalates and/or the one or more supported metal-clusters at elevated temperature, and/or calcining the one or more optionally supported polyoxometalates and/or the one or more supported metal-clusters at elevated temperature under an oxygen containing gas, e.g. air, or under an inert gas, e.g. nitrogen or argon, to obtain recycled one or more optionally supported polyoxometalates and/or one or more supported metal-clusters;

(d) contacting the recycled one or more optionally supported polyoxometalates and/or the one or more supported metal-clusters under addition of hydrogen with a second organic substrate which may be the same as or different from the first organic substrate; and

(e) optionally repeating steps (b) to (d).