RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part appli¬ cation of my copending application serial number 328,686 filed December 8, 1981. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to foam composi¬ tions which may be -flame retardant and methods for making same wherein reaction pressures can be controlled during the foaming process. The foam may be produced with a variety of densities, tensile strength, cell structures and other physical properties.

Plastic foams have been utiliεed as thermal insulating materials, light weight construction materials, and flotation materials and for a wide variety of other uses because of their excellent properties. Heretofore, their use has been limited in environments where there is danger of fire because of their substantial fuel contri¬ bution, their contribution to rapid flame spread and the fact that they ^' generate large quantities of noxious smoke on thermal decomposition when burned or heated to an ele¬ vated temperature. This has limited the commercial devel¬ opment of plastic foams. Large amounts of money and much research time have been expended in attempts to alleviate these problems. With the present interest in conserving heating fuel, many. existing buildings are installing additional

insulation, and newly constructed buildings are includ¬ ing more insulation than was formerly used.

The most commonly used type of foam insulation for existing structures are urea formaldehyde foams, which are foamed in place between the outside wall and the inside wall of the structure. Unfortunately, the urea formaldehyde foam spontaneously decomposes, -.releas¬ ing formaldehyde fumes in quantities which may be toxic. The use of urea formaldehyde foams in construction is prohibited in some building codes for this reason.

Another type of material often used for insu¬ lation is polyurethane foam. However, polyurethane foam provides a substantial fuel contribution, spreads flame rapidly, and releases toxic gases including carbon di- oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide when burned.

The use of polyurethane foam for retrofit is not completely satisfactory because of the high reaction pressures generated during the foaming process, which can be sufficient to separate the wallboard from the wall studs. Rigid polyurethane foams are generally prepared by reacting an organic polyisocyanate with a polyol. For most commercial purposes, the reaction is conducted in the presence of a foaming agent, surfactant, catalyst and possibly other ingredients. In order to reduce the cost of preparing these foams, efforts have been made to employ polysaccharides such as starch or cellulose as a polyol reactant in their preparation. The use of such

substrates has been unsatisfactory because of the poor physical properties of the foams produced unless they have been modified in some way or supplemented with con¬ ventional industrial polyols. Oxyalkylated starch yields satisfactory foams, but the direct oxyalkylation of starch results in uncontrolled degradation or decomp¬ osition of the starch. When such products are used in the production of foams, the foams do not have uniform chemical or physical properties. A satisfactory process for utilizing starch as a compenent in the preparation of polyurethane foams is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,277,213. In this process, starch is added to a polyhydric alcohol containing at least two hydroxyl groups in a proportion equivalent to . at least 0.5 mole of the alcohol per mole of glucose unit weight of starch in the presence of an acid catalyst. The resulting mixutre is then oxyalkylated to yield a polyether polyol suitable for use in preparating poly¬ urethane foams of excellent physical properties. • U.S. Patent No. 3,674,717, discloses a process for preparing flame-retardant polyurethane foams by ad¬ mixing starch with phosphoric acid at an elevated tem¬ perature and oxyethylating the resulting mixture to yield a starch-phosphorus-based polyether useful as a reactant in the preparation of urethane foams with flame-retardant properties.

Another method of producing flame retardant poly-

CMPI

urethane foams, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,658,731 is by reacting either dry whey containing lactose or torula yeast protein with a polyisocyanate in the pre¬ sence of dimethyl sulfoxide. U.S. PatI No. 3,629,162 discloses a similar process. Both patents emphasize the important role of the protein in the whey or yeast as a participant in the reaction.

British Patent Specification 1,440,831 claims the production of isocyanurate foams by reactions of isocyanates with tri-, tetra- or higher polysaccharides. The examples however, all require the presence of con¬ ventional polyols. Moreover, the reactions require the presence of isocyanurate ring producing catalysts as opposed, to polyurethane producing catalysts. An article in Journal of Cellular Plastics,

August, 1967 by Bennett et al describes the preparation of polyurethane foams by reaction of a specific polyol, N, N, N , N -tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylene diamine with a polyisocyanate in non-aqueous media in the pre- sence of starch containing not more than 10% moisture. Other products were similarly prepared by replacing the starch with dextrin.

Yet another method for preparing flame-retar¬ dant polyurethane foams is disclosed in Applicant';s U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,129, wherein the foam composition is based on a polyurethane made from a polyisocyanate, a conven¬ tional industrial polyol, an aqueous slurry or solution

of untreated carbohydrate, calcium acid phosphate, sodium aluminum sϋlfate, and sodium bicarbonate. The reactive mixture may contain one or more flame retardants to pro¬ duce flame resistant foams. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been discovered that polyurethane foams which may contain fire retardants can be prepared by reac¬ tion in an aqueous medium between a polyisocyanate, a carbohydrate and water in the presence of a surfactant and a polyurethane producing catalyst. The reaction mixture may contain sufficient flame retardant to impart flame resistance to the foams produced. This is an improvement over Applicant's invention as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,129, in that the foam composition is made without an industrial polyol. It is surprising to discover that use¬ ful foams can be produced from readily available, natural carbohydrates as complete replacements for conventional industrial polyols.

The products of this invention are polyurethane foams produced by reaction between a polyisocyanate and an aqueous slurry or solution of carbohydrate such as cornstarch, corn syrup, fructose, dextrose, sucrose, molasses, cellulose and the like, in the presence of a surfactant and a polyurethane producing catalyst. Conven- tional additives such as flame retardants, surfactants, pigments, dyes, clays and other organic fillers, and the like may also be present.

Typical flame retardants which may be employed include, for example, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, borax, alkali-metal borates, tricresyl phosphate, tris- (,2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tri (chloropropyl) hosphate, 0, O-diethyl-N, N-bis-(.2-hydroethyl)aminomethyl phos¬ phate, metal oxides and chlorides such as antimony oxide, alumina, and antimony oxychloride.

The preferred carbohydrates are untreated car¬ bohydrates. _/ - that is; carbohydrates which have not been treated to prevent oxidation or to block any of the functional groups, e.g. oxyalkylation of hydroxyl groups. It- re ers to carbohydrates in which.substantially all of the hydroxyl groups are free.

As in the usual foaming procedure, heat gener- ated by the exothermic polymerization reaction causes the water present in the reaction mixture to vaporize. The vapors become entrapped in the foaming mixture as it rises to form the desired cellular structure. Varying the amount of water in the reaction system can be used as one type of control procedure to modify the density and cell structure of the foams to produce products which may be employed for such divergent uses as house¬ hold .sponges, hair curlers, cushions, packing materials, structural materials, and flotation apparatus. The foams of the present invention are especially useful to retrofit buildings with insulation. For this use, they will usually be prepared in rigid form and will

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contain flame retardants. A particular advantage of such foams is that, unlike most polyurethane foams which melt and collapse when they are exposed to flame, the foams of this invention tend to maintain their cell structure even when exposed to high temperatures. The foams of the present invention used for retrofit purposes can be pre¬ pared under conditions which will generate very low pressure during production so that they can conveniently be used as foam-in-place insulation for existing struc- tures without disengaging the wall parts.

The foams of the present invention can be pro¬ duced in rigid, semi-rigid and flexible form. The rigid and semi-rigid foams can be converted to flexible foams which are particularly well suited for packaging and cushioning material. To effect this modi iciation, the rigid or semi-rigid foam .as produced is fed through heavy rollers to reduce the foam to approximately 2/3 of its original thickness. The conversion to flexible foam does not affect the fire retardant or ^{^} bther properties of the rigid foam.

Polyisocyanates which can be used in the present invention include, for example, methylene diisocyanate; tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate; polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate; tolylene-2,6-diisocyanate; diphenylmethane 4, 4'-diisocyanate* 3-methyldiphenylmethane-4,4 'diisocyanate- m- and p-phenylenediisocyanate; naphthalene-1,5-diiεocya- nate; and mixtures of these products. Either crude or pure

isocyanates can be used. A prepolymer polymeric isocya- nate which can be prepared by the reaction of an excess of polyisocyanate with a lesser amount of a carbohydrate polyol having more than two hydroxyl groups per molecule can be used in this invention. The combined use of more than two polyisocyanates is also possible.

Water is used with, the carbohydrate in the pre¬ sent invention to provide a carrier for the carbohydrates and inorganic salts, and as explained above, is a blowing agent. The amount of water is some formulations is kept at the low end of the hereinafter described range to pre¬ vent "sighing", i.e., the collapse of the foam, as well as to aid -in the reduction of the pressure of the foaming reactio . As stated above, the water in the reaction mix¬ ture causes the evolution of carbon dioxide, by the reac¬ tion of water with isocyanate. The carbon dioxide func¬ tions as a blowing agent. For the purpose of adjusting the density of the rigid foams, auxiliary blowing agents such as low boiling hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, or halohydrocarbons such as chlorofluoroalkanes can be utilized in the reaction mixture. This is analogous to the conventional preparation of polyurethane foams, and the same auxiliary blowing agents are employed. Suitable - blowing agents will, as is known, be chemically inert toward the reactants and have boiling points below 100°C, preferably from -50°C. to 70°C. Suitable halohydrocarbons

include methylene chloride, ethylenetrichloride, trichlor- oomonofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichloro- tetrafluoroethane, and dibromomonofluoroalkane.

For the preparation of the foams of this inven- tion, the carbohydrate may be added to the reaction mix¬ ture in the ^* form of an aqueous slurry or solution, which will hereinafter be referred to as a "syrup". The car¬ bohydrate may be conrstarch, cellulose, corn syrup, dextrose, fructose, sucrose, molasses, or the like. The carbohydrate mixture which presently appears to be most suitalbe is corn syrup, a mixture of sucrose and dextrose, and about 40% fructose. The high-fructose corn syrup is less viscous than regular corn syrup and thus can be poured more readily. In addition, the syrup containing fructose gives a lower density foam with more and smaller' cells.

The preferred carbohydrates employed in this invention are water soluble, mono- and disaccharides such as glucose, fructose and sucrose. These are the most readily available carbohydrates, the easiest to react in aqueous media, and presently appear to give the most satisfactory products, especially for packaging foams. The fact that reaction can take place in a mix¬ ture containing a relatively high water content markedly decreases the cost of the product.

Oligo and polysaccharides may be used to produce useful foams, but because of their lesser water solubility

and reduced reactivity are less preferred. Unless the reaction conditions are appropriately selected, some un- reacted carbohydrate may be dispersed in the finished foam. In view of the disclosure of the Bennett et al article referred to above., it is surprising to f,ind that useful products can be produced for these polymeric car¬ bohydrates in the presence of large amounts of water.

The foams of this invention can be prepared by the usual prepolymer and one-shot procedures used with conventional polyols. The usual polyurethane producing catalysts employed in these procedures are also applic¬ able with the process of this invention. These include tin compounds such as stannous octoate, stannous oleate, dibutyltin dioctate, tributyltin acetate, dibutyltin diacetate and dibutyltin dilaurate. The also include certain tertiary amine catalysts such as aliphatic ter¬ tiary amines, N-substituted morpholines and N,N'-substi¬ tuted piperazines; more specifically, triethylamine, di- methylaminoethanol, diethylcyclohexylamine, lauryldi- ~ methylamine, triethanolamine, tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine, N,N,N' ,N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-eth lmorpholine, bis(2-hydropropyl) 2-methylpiperazine, 2,2,2-(.diazabicyclooctane)triethylene- diamine, 1,214-trimethylpiperazine, triethylenediamine, 2-methyl imidazole, 1,2-dimethyl imidazole, and other polyurethane producing catalysts known to those skilled in the art.

Other catalysts which have been found to be particularly useful in the present invention are amino- hydroxy compounds, such as 2-amino-2-methyl-l,l-propanol, tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and 2-amino-2-ethyl-l, 3-propanediol.

Surfactants which have been found useful in the present invention include, for example, Dow Corning (R) 92-5098 also known as DC 5098, which is a nonhydrolyzable silicone glycol copolymer. Union Carbide's (R) L 5420 is another nonhydrolyzable silicone glycol copolymer which may be used. Other surfactants include Air Products' LK- 221 (R)', LD-332, and L -443, all organic' surfactants which can be used as a total replacement for the usual • ^* ; silicone surfactants. Other Dow Corning silicone surfac- tants which can be used in foams made according to the present invention include Dow Corning 190, 191, 193, 196, ^; 197, 198, 1312, F-ll-630, 1315, Q2-5023 and Q2-5103.

In the presently preferred process for the pro¬ duction of foams in accordance with this invention, two separate mixtures are first prepared and then blended together. The first mixture is a combination of isocya- nate and surfactant. If a flame retardant is employed, i it is incorporated in this first mixture. The second mixture contains the carbohydrate, the catalyst and water. Carbohydrate syrups are ^* commercially available containing varying amounts of water, up to about 30% by weight. These syrups can be employed with or without the addition

of .supplemental water. Alternatively, a dry carbohydrate may be taken up in the selected amount of water.

The final foaming mixture of this invention will normally contain from about 5 to 30% polyisocyanate, 0.05 to 0.4% surfactant, 5 to 30% water, 30 to 60% dry carbo¬ hydrate, 0.5 to 2.5% catalyst, all by weight based on the total weight. As stated above, there may be components in the mix such as flame retardants, dyes, pigments and the like. The amount of flame retardants on a percent by weight basis is 5 to 11%.

The desired quantities of each component in the final mix can be obtained by mixing the first ^' mixture with the second mixture at a first to second ratio of from about 0.75:1 to 2;1 by weight, if the mixtures con- tain the following components in parts by weight based on the total weight of each mixture.

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First Mixture ' 5 to 200 parts by weight polyisocyanate 0.1 to 2.0 parts by weight surfactant 5 to 75 parts by weight flame retardant (option- al) .

Second Mixture 25 to 120 parts by weight carbohydrate 0.5 to 5 parts by weight catalyst 0.1 to 10 parts by weight auxiliary blowing agent (optional) . up to 30 parts by weight water As aforesaid, a portion of the water may be provided as the carrier for the carbohydrate, as in the case of commercial syrups. There may be appreciable variation from the above defined quantities without appreciable adverse effect on the reaction or on the products produced.

To make the foam according to the present inven¬ tion, the mixture of isocyanate and the mixture of carbo- hydrate syrup are thoroughly mixed together. The result¬ ing mixture, which is liquid, may be introduced into a mold or behind a wall to form the foam into the desired shape. The ingredients can be combined in a commercially available mixing gun for introduction into a mold. The procedures employed are, in fact, the. same procedures which are applicable to the preparation of foams with industrial polyols.

The mixing ratio of isocyanate mix to carbohy¬ drate mix is from 0.75:1 to 2:1, preferably 1:1 to 1.5:1, by weight.

The flame retardant foams of this invention mani- fest excellent properties when exposed to flame generating conditions. The following results have been achieved when samples of the foam have been tested under tests recommended by Underwriter Laboratories and the American Society For Testing Materials. ASTM E84-80 Flame Spread 20

UL-94 94 VO Classification

ASTM 2863-77 Limiting oxygen index, more than

31% ASTM D-240-80 Heat of combustion - 8630 BTU/lb ASTM E-84-80 Steiner Tunnel Test is used to test and rate the performance of building materials under high intensity fire conditions. The best fire rating given under this well known test procedure, Class I, requires a flame spread of no higher than 25 on a scale which gives a flame spread value to untreated red oak of 100.

UL 94 Devised by Underwriters Laboratories, this procedure tests the flammability of plastic materials used for parts in devices and appliances in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions. This ^' vertical burn test provides for four classifications - 94 V-0, 94 V-l _/ 94 V-2, and 94-5V. The 94 V-0 classi¬ fication is the best given under, this demanding flamma-

bility test procedure.

ASTM D-2863-77. This procedure measures how much oxygen is required (the Limiting Oxygen Index) to support flaming combustion and is used in testing various kinds of plastic materials.

Air under standard conditions contains just under 21% oxygen by volume. To support burning of the foam tested requires 48% more oxygen than is contained in earth's atmosphere. A limiting oxygen index in excess of 30% is quite high and indicates a material which will not burn except with great difficulty under normal circum¬ stances.

ASTM D-240-80 Emerson Bomb Calorimeter Test measures the amount ^" of heat (Btu's per pound) that a given material contributes in a fire situation measured under specific laboratory conditions. It is assumed that the lower the figure obtained in this test, the less the material will contribute in a real fire situation. The normal test figures for urethanes is 13,000 Bfcu's. The following non-limiting examples are given by way of illustration only.

EXAMPLE 1 An isocyanate mix was made containing 100 parts by weight poly ethylene polyphenyl isocyanate (Mobay MONDUR MR) , 1 part by weight Union Carbide L 5340 surfac¬ tant, and 25 parts by weight Stauffer FYROL CEF tris(2- chloroethyl)phosphate, flame retardant. A carbohydrate ^*

syrup mix was made containing 100 parts by weight corn syrup (about 6% water) and one part by weight 2-amino-2- methyl-1-propanol catalyst. The two mixtures were mixed in a mixing tank of suitable capacity with an electric mixer. The final mixture was poured into a mold simulat¬ ing a wall cavity, where it foamed and provided excellent bonding to all the surfaces of the mold.

EXAMPLE 2 An isocyanate mix was made containing 100 parts by weight polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate (Mobay MONDUR MR), 1 part by weight Dow 02 5098 silicone surfactant, and 20 parts by weight Stauffer FYROL CEF,: tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate, flame retardant. A carbohydrate syrup mix was made containing 100 parts by weight high-fructose corn syrup (about 40% fructose, 6% water) and one part by weight 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol catalyst. The two mixtures were mixed in a mixing tank of suitable capacity with an electric mixer. The final mixture was poured into, a mold, where it foamed and provided excellent bond- ing to all surfaces of the mold. The foam was lighter in weight and had more and smaller cells than the foam of Example 1.

EXAMPLE 3 A rigid polyurethane foam made according to the process of Example 1 was prepared in the form of a slab 3 inches thick. The slab was crushed between rollers to a thickness of about 2 inches. . The resulting flexible

foam retained its flame, retardancy, making it suitable for use as a packaging material.

EXAMPLES _. 4 TO 20 A variety of foams of differing densities were prepared from foaming reactants containing different catalysts and different surfactants.

The procedure was to mix the carbohydrate syrup (Isosweet 5500, a high fructose corn syrup available from Staley Industrial Products containing principally fruc- tose and dextrose at a solids content of about 75% and ^' water content of about 25%) and the catalyst in ^' a small plastic container. The polyisocyanat'e, flame retardant and surfactant were mixed in another plastic container. The two compositions were thoroughly mixed and poured into a mold. The foam was allowed to freely rise in the mold and then left standing for a few hours to cure. The results are shown below. The surfactants are silicone surfactants available from Union Carbide (UC)- and Dow Corning .DC) . The catalysts identified by the designation . D-T is Dabco T available from Air Products, Inc. The A- designation refers to catalysts available from Union Carbide. The catalysts are all understood to be tertiary amines.

EXAMPLE SURFACTANT CATALYST ^' DENSITY

4 UC 5340 D-T 0.917

5 UC 5350 A-10 0.906

6 UC 540 D-T 0.927

7 UC 540 ^" A-10 0.965

8 UC 540 D-T 0.967

9 UC 540 A-l 0.921

10 UC 5420 D-T 0.954

11 UC 5420 ^" A-10 1.013

12 UC 5421 D-T 0.956

13 UC 5421 A-l 0.860

14 UC 5750 A-l 0.959

15 UC 5750 A-10 1.072

16 DC 193 D-T 0.970

17 DC 193 A-l 1.008

18 DC 5098 D-T 0.930

19 LK 221 D-T 1.008

20 LK 443 D-T 0.966

The reactants in parts by wed _ght were as follows

Isosweet 5500 98

Catalyst 2

MONDUR MR 105

CEF 45

Surfactant Variable from 0.1 to 1

EXAMPLES 21 TO 26 A similar set of. examples was conducted utilizing the same catalysts and surfactants, but varying the polyisocyanate. The results are shown below. EXAMPLE ISOCYANATE SURFACTANT CCAATTAALLYYSSTT DENSITY

21 Mondur MR - UC 5340 D-T 1.125

22 Luprinate M-20 UC 5340 D-T 1.062

23 Papi 20 UC 5340 D-T 1.092

24 Papi 29 UC 5340 D-T 0.907 25 Papi 135 UC 5340 D-T 0.889

26 Papi 580 UC 5340 D-T 1.130

Mondur MR is available from Mobay, Luprinate is available from BASF-Wyandotte and Papi is available from Upjohn. All are- understood to be principally 4,4'- dipheήylmethane diisocyanate.

EXAMPLE 27 In a one quart wax lined paper cup, 10 parts by weight of water were mixed with 90 parts by weight sucrose by rapid stirring at 2200 rpm with a stirrer with a 2 inch diameter double 3 blade marine type propeller for 30 seconds. To this slurry there was added 150 parts by weight of Mobay E-534 isocyanate blend, and stirring was continued for 15 seconds. The mix was poured into an 8" by 8" by 6" mold at ambient temperature. The resulting foam was well formed, of good appearance and would be classified as a rigid or semi-rigid foam.

Mobay E-534 is a blend of 70 parts by weight

Mondur MR, 30 parts by weight CEF and 1 part by weight Dow Corning 5098 silicone surfactant.

EXAMPLE 28 The procedure of Example 27 was repeated replac- ing the sucrose with dextrose. The results were substan¬ tially the same.

EXAMPLE 29 Example 27 was repeated except that before the E-534 was added to the sucrose slurry, sufficient Freon- F-ll was added to a constant weight into the sucrose slurry so that it contained 10 parts by weight of the auxiliary blowing agent.

The resulting foam was of somewhat lower density than the foam of Example 27, but, both foams were similar in appearance.

EXAMPLE 30 Example 28 was repeated except that before the E-534 was added to the dextrose slurry, sufficient methylene dichloride was added to a constant: weight into the dextrose slurry so that it contained 5 parts by weight of the auxiliary blowing agent.

The resulting foam was of somewhat lower density than the foam of Example 28, but both foams were similar, in appearance.