Background

Technical Field

The present invention relates to an electrical power controller. In particular, a power node that provides energy management features in a networked data

communications and control environment.

Description of Related Art

Electric power strips typically have a plurality of electrical outlets mounted within an enclosure and an attached power cord for electrically interconnecting the outlets with an AC power source. While modern power strips may include overload protection and/or surge protection, they do not include signal and power electronics enabling the power strip to be incorporated into a networked energy management system.

Summary

Various embodiments of a power node for energy management include a power input plug, a power supply bus coupled to the power input plug, and a power switch having a control port, a first power terminal and a second power terminal. The first power terminal is coupled to the power supply bus, the control port is configured to control an electrical connection between the first power terminal and the second power terminal and a outlet is coupled to the second terminal of the power switch. A voltage sensor is operable to measure voltage of the power supply bus, and a current sensor is operable to measure current flowing through the outlet. A selector device is configured to provide a selected environmental variable from a plurality of selectable environmental variables. A signal electronics section including a communications block is configured to communicate over a network, and the signal communications block is in signal communication with the selector device, the control port of the power switch, the voltage sensor and the current sensor. The signal electronics section is configured to monitor current flowing through the outlet, monitor voltage of the power supply bus, control the power switch to electrically disconnect and reconnect the power supply bus and the outlet, and communicate across a network via the communications block. An enclosure houses the outlet, the power switch, the power supply bus, the signal electronics section, the current sensor and the voltage sensor.

Embodiments of energy management systems utilizing embodiments of power nodes and embodiments of methods for using power nodes are also described.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute part of the specification, illustrate various embodiments of the invention. Together with the general description, the drawings serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:

Figure 1 A shows a power node for energy;

Figure 1 B shows a block diagram of an energy management system including the power node of Figure 1 A;

Figure 2 shows a first block diagram of the power node of Figure 1 A;

Figure 3 shows a second block diagram of the power node of Figure 1 A;

Figure 4 shows a diagram of an insertion switch of the power node of Figure 1 A; Figure 5 shows a diagram of a dial selector of the power node of Figure 1 A; Figure 6 shows a diagram of a temperature sensor of the power node of Figure

1 A;

Figure 7 shows a first view of messages associated with the energy management system of Figure 1 B; and

Figure 8 shows a second view of messages associated with the energy management system of Figure 1 B.

Detailed Description

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings.

However, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures and components have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present concepts. A number of descriptive terms and phrases are used in describing the various embodiments of this disclosure. These descriptive terms and phrases are used to convey a generally agreed upon meaning to those skilled in the art unless a different definition is given in this specification.

Reference now is made in detail to the examples illustrated in the accompanying drawings and discussed below.

Figure 1 A shows an embodiment of a power node 1 00A. A power node housing or enclosure 10 includes one or more outlets 14 (sometimes referred to as power outlets or electrical outlets) that are electrically coupled with a power node cord 1 8 that is typically terminated with a power plug 20. Accessible to the power node user is a dial selector 12, and in some embodiments, an "On" button 15. Within the power node housing are power and signal electronics discussed more fully below.

Figure 1 B shows an embodiment of a power management system 100B. In an embodiment, one or more power nodes 100A include respective power 1 14 and signal 1 16 electronics sections (electronics for one power node shown). Within the signal electronics section 1 16 is a communications and control means 132 for exchanging data with a local network 107. The network may be any suitable network known to persons of ordinary skill in the art including; wired, such as Ethernet or other IEEE 802 wired standards; wireless, such as 802.1 1 a/b/g/n or other IEEE 802 wireless standards, or Zigbee, or Z-Wave; or, power line communications, such as INSTEON® and X10 networks. In some embodiments a Zigbee mesh network is used. And, in other embodiments a Z-Wave mesh network is used.

In some embodiments, the communications means 132 includes a power line communications ("PLC") device such as a PLC modem for communicating with a gateway 1 08a, 1 90a that is also equipped with a PLC device, the two PLC devices being coupled for communication via electric power lines such as the electrical wiring of a building or structure. In an embodiment, an Ethernet switch in the power node 100A is coupled to the power node PLC and provides one or more Ethernet connections such as an Ethernet connection enabling functions of the power node and an Ethernet connection available to devices external to the power node.

In various embodiments, a networked power node 100A utilizes the network to communicate with other devices. For example, a host gateway device 1 08 having a network interface 108a can transmit commands to or receive data from a power node 100A. In this embodiment, a user device and/or processor 1 10 such as a controller, a special purpose controller, a personal computer, or a special purpose computer, is capable of issuing commands to or receiving data from a power node via the local network 107 by using a connection 109 to the gateway 108,. In some embodiments, the host gateway includes one or more of the user device functions. Connections 1 09 between the user device 1 10 and the gateway 1 08 can use any suitable wired or wireless connection including the network connection types mentioned above, USB, RS-232, Bluetooth, or other wired or wireless connections.

A gateway 108 is configured in various embodiments to handle known TCP/IP based devices utilizing, for example, an IP based API available from the gateway. In an embodiment, the gateway 108 uses a simple SSDP discovery daemon allowing IP devices on the network 107 to find it. Typical TCP/IP devices include one or more of an iPhone®, iPad, iPod®, network connected tablet, TV, bluray player, personal computer, and the like.

In some networked embodiments a network management device 106 having a means for communicating with the network 107, such as a network controllers or network coordinators 1 06a, is included for implementing network management functions. Network management functions can include, among other things, maintaining a list of interconnected devices and maintaining routing tables. In particular, network coordinators are used with Zigbee networks and controllers are used with Z-Wave networks. Network management devices may supplement and/or duplicate the functionality provided by gateway device(s) 108 and their interconnected user devices 1 10.

And, in some networked embodiments, a second gateway 190 with second gateway communications block 1 90a interconnects via an external network 1 93 with a data center 194 (as shown). In other embodiments, the datacenter external network communicates via the host gateway connection 109.

In an exemplary system including one or more power nodes 100A, a host gateway 1 08 and a user device 1 10, each of these devices includes memory for storing a device identification code. Device identification codes enable messages to be routed to the correct device. In an embodiment, a common group or home identification code is used to enable communication among members of the group. Figure 2 shows an embodiment 200 of power node 100A. As described above, the power node 100A includes a signal electronics section 1 16 and a power electronics section 1 14.

Signal electronics include an input/output ("I/O") block 210 coupled to each of a processor and memory block 212, and a communications block 1 32. In various embodiments, one or more of a power analyzer block 208, a dial selector block 216 and a temperature sensor block 21 8 are coupled to the I/O block. And, in some

embodiments, an Ethernet switch is included in the communications block 132 or in addition to the communications block 132.

In various embodiments of the signal electronics section 1 16, a wireless module such as a Z-Wave or Zigbee module is used to implement the I/O block 210, processor block 212, and communications block 1 32. For example, a Sigma Designs ZM31 02 Z- wave module is used in one embodiment and a ZigBEE chipset is used in another embodiment. In some embodiments, the input/output functionality is enhanced with a general purpose I/O expander integrated circuit such as an NXP PCA9534BS 8-bit I2C- bus and SMBus low power I/O port with interrupt.

In an embodiment, a power/energy integrated circuit such as a Cirrus Logic CS 5463 integrated circuit may be used to implement the power analysis functionality of the power analyzer block 208. Power consumption and other data available from the power analysis device includes one or more of real/active power, instantaneous and/or RMS values of current and voltage, apparent power, reactive power, fundamental power, and temperature sensing. As will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art, waveform profiles of one or more of voltage, current, and power can be constructed by any processor in signal communication with the I/O block.

The power section 1 14 includes a power sensor block 202, a power switch block

204, and a power outlet block 206. The power sensor block is coupled to a power source 1 1 9 via a first power circuit 138. The switch block 204 is coupled to the power sensor block via a second power circuit 140 and to an outlet 206 via a third power circuit 142. A load 121 is coupled to the outlet via a fourth power circuit 144.

The power analyzer 208 of the embodiment shown in Figure 2 is coupled to the power sensor block 202 via a signal line 158 and to the I/O block via a signal line 157. Switch block 204 is coupled to the I/O block by a signal line 160. Outlet block 206 is coupled to the I/O block via a signal line 161 . The processor block is coupled to the I/O block 210 via a signal line 168. Where used, dial selector block 216 is coupled to the I/O block via a signal line 146 and temperature sensor block 218 is coupled to the I/O block via a signal line 166. The communications block is coupled to the I/O block via a communications a signal line 169.

In some embodiments, a metering system 309 is implemented in the processor 212. The metering system 309 may aggregate power consumption for each outlet 206 to produce a meter report. In some embodiments an over current protection system ("OCPS") 313 is implemented in the processor 212. The over current protection system compares measured current for each outlet 206 and for all outlets against safety limits and disconnects offending appliances in case of excess loads. And, in some

embodiments a change detection system ("CDS") 31 1 is implemented in the processor 212. These systems are discussed more fully below.

Figure 3 shows a power node having a single outlet 300. This single outlet embodiment provides a single power channel 308 including an outlet 206, a power switch 204 and a current sensor 304. The power channel receives electric power via a bus tap 1 39 on a power bus 138. In other embodiments, a plurality of power channels provide respective outlets in multi-outlet power nodes.

Power supplied to the outlet 206 is sensed by a power bus voltage sensor 302 and the power channel current sensor 304, together the power sensor block 202.

Voltage and current sensor output signal lines 310, 312 are coupled to the power analyzer block 208 which is coupled to the I/O block 21 0. In some embodiments, voltage is measured at a gateway 1 08, 190 rather than at individual power nodes 100A. This may provide valid measurements as it can be assumed that in most instances, the power node 100B and the gateway 108, 1 90 are on the same voltage distribution leg in the home so the voltage between devices will not vary that much.

In an embodiment, a voltage sensor 302 measures the power node bus voltage. Here, the power supplied to each outlet 206 is known since outlet voltage for all outlets should be the same, and the respective outlet currents are measured by the respective current sensors 304. Further, the power being supplied to the power node 1 00A from the power supply 1 1 9 is approximately equal to the power drawn by all of the power node outlets and is also know. In some embodiments, the voltage at each outlet is monitored by a respective voltage sensor located between the outlet 206 and the power switch 204. This embodiment provides for, inter alia, measuring a load's voltage decay after the power switch is opened. In other embodiments, an analog multiplexor consisting of relays, field effect transistors (FETs), or other electro-mechanical or electronic devices, may be interposed between the voltage sensors and each outlet 206 to allow a single voltage sensor to selectively measure the voltage at each outlet 206 individually, independent of the state of the power switches 204

Interposed between the power supply 1 19 and the outlet 206 is a power switch 204. A power switch signal line 160 couples the I/O block 210 with the power switch. The switch may be any switch known in the art that allows for automated control, such as a mechanical or solid state relay, or a semiconductor switch. In one embodiment a latching type relay is used and in another embodiment a TRIAC type switch may be used.

The outlet 206 is coupled to a power output of the power switch 204 via the third power circuit 142. In some embodiments, an insertion switch 306 senses 314 whether a plug is inserted in the outlet 206 and provides an insertion signal to the I/O block 31 6.

In an embodiment, consumption of each connected load or appliance 121 is monitored during appliance standby periods such that standby power consumption is measured. Typically, an appliance's standby power level is the lowest non-zero power level associated with the appliance. Here, gateway and/or user device 1 08, 1 10 selections enable the user to interrupt power flow to an appliance in a standby mode. In some embodiments, the user can define a standby time period which, if exceeded, automatically opens the associated power switch 204 to interrupt the appliance standby power flow.

Plug insertion sensing may be accomplished by any means/device known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. For example, various embodiments employ a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and a mechanical sensor. All of these devices are referred to herein as an "insertion switch."

Figure 4 shows an electro-mechanical insertion switch 400. This switch utilizes a spring arm 414 that is depressed by a blade of a plug 402 when the blade is inserted in the outlet opening 404 and between spring contacts 406 of an outlet power circuit. The inserted blade contacts a pressure pad such as an insulator 408 at one end of the spring arm and pushes a moving contact 409 against a stationery contact 410 closing the circuit 412. The closed circuit is the signal that a plug is inserted in the outlet 206.

In some embodiments, a dial selector 216 is coupled to the I/O block 208. The dial selector provides a means for selecting an environmental variable through the use of symbols, letters, numbers, colors, or other indicia associated with dial selector positions. For example, one setting might be used for a power node located in a home theatre while another setting might be used for a power node located in a bedroom. Environmental variables are used in various embodiments to designate a particular room, a category of electrical loads such as a home theatre, a predefined scene such as conserve energy, a particular use such as entertainment, and a particular time or season such as winter.

Figure 5 shows one embodiment of a dial selector 500. A dial selector wheel 502 is used to rotate a shaft 504 that actuates a dial selector switch 506. Switch signals corresponding to selected states are coupled to the I/O block 208 via dial selector switch signal line 320. Any suitable switch known to persons of ordinary skill in the art may be used. Suitable switches include rotary and slider type switches and analog and digital switches. In an embodiment, a switch opens and closes circuits such as digital circuits corresponding to each switch position. In another embodiment, a binary coded decimal ("BCD") rotary switch is used. In yet another embodiment, an analog switch such as a potentiometer together with an analog to digital converter is used.

Where the dial selector 500 is used to designate location, an embodiment includes a multi-colored dial selector wheel 502 having eight colored segments arranged around the periphery of the wheel. In addition to the eight colored segments, black and white segments are included. Each segment corresponds to a switch 506 position. The colors may be used to indicate particular rooms or spaces within a home or another multi-space, multi-use environment such as an office suite or building. Black may be used to indicate a spare or user designated variable and white may be used to indicate a power node monitoring only state where control functions are disabled.

In some embodiments, a temperature sensor 21 8 is used to sense a temperature of the environment where the power node is located. Signals from the temperature sensor are coupled to the I/O block 208 via a temperature sensor signal line 322.

Figure 6 shows one embodiment of a temperature sensor located in a power node housing 600. A first surface area of a power node housing 604 has an air inlet 606 and a second surface area of the power node housing 605 has an air exhaust 607. In various embodiments, the air inlet and exhaust are located to facilitate a natural draft 608, 610 through the power node housing such as a draft created by a heated electrical component. The temperature sensor 218 is located near the inlet and temperature sensor signals are coupled to the I/O block via temperature sensor signal line 322.

In operation, various embodiments of the power node 100A are capable of supplying power to a load or, in embodiments with multiple power channels 308, to multiple loads. Load control including switching loads on and off is enabled by network communications 1 07 between a command issuing device such as a user device 1 10, network manager 106, or data center 194, and a command receiving device for a particular power node 132. For example, a command issued from the user device to turn a particular outlet on may be routed via the network to a particular power node communications block 132. The power node processor 21 2 receives the command from the I/O block 21 0, interprets the command, and sends the power switch an on signal 204 via the I/O block and signal line 1 60.

Outlets 206 may be capable of being turned on and off by direct commands from a user as described above. Outlets can also be turned on and off under program control. For example, under program control an outlet's state may be selected based on one or more of time, a selected load, energy pricing, power consumption during a particular period of time, environmental conditions, or other data available to a processor in signal communication with the power node I/O block 208.

Energy reporting and management functions are enabled by the bus voltage sensor 302, power channel current sensor 304, the outlet insertion switch 306, and the power node power analyzer 208. Power analyzer inputs include power node bus voltage sensed by the power node bus voltage sensor and outlet current(s) sensed for each power channel 308 by a respective power channel current sensor.

The power provided to each outlet 206 is know because the current supplied to each outlet is measured 304 and a single bus voltage that is common to all outlets is measured 302. From these measurements, the power analyzer 208 can send data to the I/O module 210 including instantaneous current and voltage. In various

embodiments, the power analyzer can send additional data to the I/O module including one or more of real power, RMS voltage and current, apparent power, reactive power and fundamental power. Data from the power analyzer 208 is available to any processor in signal communication with the I/O block 210. For example, a user device 1 10 can receive data from the power analyzer via the network 107. Instantaneous values, trends, and summaries of data are available from power analyzer data stored in the user device or another network accessible memory device, any of which can be reported to the user. In addition, outlet insertion switch 306 status is available to the I/O block, a first state indicating a plug is inserted in the outlet and a second state indicating no plug is inserted in the outlet.

In some embodiments, data from external sources, such as energy prices reported by an electric utility or electric system operator, are available whether manually entered or acquired from the network via a connection such as an internet connection via the data center 1 94 or an internet gateway. Using this electric rate/cost information and the electric consumption information, the user device is capable of reporting cost metrics such as instantaneous electric supply costs, summarized electric costs, period specific electric costs, and suggestions for lowering electric costs such as shifting electric loads to less costly times of the day.

In a power node with multiple outlets, a default mode designates one of the outlets 206 as a master outlet. Depressing the power node "On" button 15 enables the master outlet by closing the respective power switch 204. In the default mode, all power node outlets other than the master outlet are slave outlets. If the master outlet is supplying power to a load 121 , the slave outlets are similarly enabled. If the master outlet is not supplying power to a load, the slave outlets are disabled. Where

interrelated components of a system such as an entertainment system connect with a common power node 100A, default mode operation allows one of the components to function as a master for turning slave components on and off.

In various embodiments, a processor in signal communication with the power node I/O block 210 infers the nature of the load 121 by analyzing data available from the power node 100A. The method for inferring the nature of the load is referred to herein as Basic Analysis.

A variety of output data may be input and output from the power node power analyzer 208, the insertion switch 306, and the dial selector 216. The power node analyzer 208 may use inputs such as, but not limited to, instantaneous voltage measurements from the voltage sensor, instantaneous current measurements from the current sensor, and/or temperature measurements from the temperature sensor. It may output information such as, but not limited to, instantaneous, average, or root-mean- square (RMS) voltage, instantaneous, average, or root-mean-square (RMS) current, real, apparent, reactive or fundamental instantaneous, RMS or average power, or instantaneous or average temperature. The insertion switch may use plug insertion as an input and may output a state of the switch as open or closed contacts to indicate whether or not a plug is inserted. The dial selector may take a position of the color wheel (or other selection device) as its input and output information such as, but not limited to, a number, a room location, a set of neighbor appliances, a time of use, and/or type of power strip (single outlet or multiple outlets).

Basic analysis uses power clues and contextual information to identify likely device classes for a load, typically a home appliance. Basic analysis may detect whether a plug is inserted and consider standby and operational power consumption, power factor, and peak versus RMS current. In addition, one or more environmental factors including room location, neighbor appliances (in the same room), time of use, and type of power node (single outlet or multiple outlet) may be considered.

In basic analysis, load assessment typically utilizes a few data snapshots. For example, an appliance requiring 1 0 watts standby power and 200 watts operational power is located in a family room. These data fit the profile of a television and assuming no contra indication from the power factor and peak versus RMS currents, this load would likely be matched with a television.

Data for matching loads to appliances is in various embodiments maintained in storage accessible to the local network 107 or the external network 193. Local data storage devices include the gateway host 1 08 and the user device 1 1 0. External data storage devices include storage devices such as semiconductor and hard disc storage located in the datacenter 1 94.

Once an outlet/load is matched to a particular appliance, there is no need to run the matching process again unless the appliance is unplugged. In various

embodiments, the plug insertion switch 306 sets a flag when a plug is inserted in a respective outlet 206. A set flag results in the load assessment being run for the indicated outlet/load; once the assessment runs, the flag is cleared. With respect to a particular outlet, removal of a plug and reinsertion of a plug resets the flag, and causes the matching process to execute again. Intermediate analysis examines patterns of use or behavior patterns to perform load assessments. Intermediate analysis may include monitoring power consumption to determine a load's duty cycle including frequency of use and duration of use.

In intermediate analysis, load assessment utilizes data snapshots taken at a low frequency. For example, power consumption might be checked and recorded once per minute. If the load being monitored is turned on frequently and operates for an extended period such as one or more hours each time it is turned on, these data might again suggest the appliance is a television.

Data for matching use profiles can be stored on the local network 107 or external to the network. Local data storage devices include the gateway host 108 and the user device 1 1 0. External data storage devices include computers located in the datacenter 194.

Advanced analysis assumes each load has a characteristic electrical signature, for example the frequency content of its voltage and current waveforms. Of particular interest may be the voltage waveform when the device is turned off or cut off from power and/or the current waveform when the device is turned on or connected to power.

As discussed above, information may be transmitted over the local network 107 and, in some embodiments, over the external network 193. In an embodiment, network information exchanges include transmission of one or more network messages such as one or more of: a) waveform profiles; b) change detection system (CDS) filter profile; c) meter report; d) over current alert; and, e) instantaneous power.

Figure 7 shows a system 800 with messages exchanged on the local nework 107 and external network 1 93. On the local network 107, messages are exchanged between power strip 100A and the gateway host 108. The power strip 100A may transmit meter report, instantaneous power, instantaneous voltage/voltage waveform profile, instantaneous current/current waveform profile, and over current alarm to the gateway host 108. In some embodiments (see below), the gateway host 108 may transmit change detection system filter ("CDS") profiles to the power strip 100A.

In some embodiments, either of the power strip 100A or the gateway host 108 polls the other device to obtain information. For example, the gateway host 108 might poll the power strip 100A, requesting a meter report. In response to the polling request, the power strip 100A would send the meter report to the gateway host 108. On the external network 193, messages are exchanged between the gateway host 108 and the data center 1 94. The gateway host 108 transmits waveform profiles to the data center 194 and the data center 194 transmits appliance identifications and matched CDS filter profiles to the gateway host.

Messages may be used in a variety of ways. Instantaneous power shows instantaneous consumption based on on-demand current and/or power readings.

Instantaneous power readings may be transmitted on demand, in response to network query, or upon CDS event. They may be used in ways such as (but not limited to) the generation of composite dashboards, overall household load, and breakdowns of individual contributions. By use of CDS change-threshold detection polling can be eliminated and network traffic reduced.

Meter reports may integrate instantaneous power over time to provide power consumption during particular time periods by aggregating power consumption reports. Smart meter consumption reporting for individual outlet(s) may be voluntary, scheduled, or on-demand. It may be thought of as conventional power consumption metering.

Some embodiments may utilize a Z-Wave standard smart meter class to implement efficient scheduling and automatically send pertinent consumption reports to a gateway host.

Waveform profiles show how voltage and current vary with time; notably, waveform profiles of voltage and/or current may be, as discussed above, available for each outlet/load 206/121 . Waveforms of calculated parameters (such as power) may also be generated by the power analyzer. These messages may be sent from the power strip 10A to a gateway host 108 upon threshold events generated by power strip change detection system (CDS). Waveform profiles may be used to match loads with known appliances. In the datacenter 1 94, waveform profiles may be be matched against a signature database and used as an indicator for device or device class identification. Waveform profiles may also be used for automation purposes in identification of internal appliance states.

Overcurrent alarms may provide a warning that a current rating and/or capacity of the power strip 100A, or a single outlet 206, has been exceeded. They may be sent from the power strip to a gateway host upon a signal from the power node's Over Current Protection System (OCPS). Whenever an over current situation occurs, there may be short circuit hazards involved, or incorrect operation of the device plugged into the power strip 100A. In either case, generating these over current alert messages on the network provides a means to inform users via a user device or via notice from the data center that remedial action should be taken. In some embodiments, the power strip may automatically cut off power to the offending outlet(s) in addition to sending a message.

A change detection system ("CDS") profile provides filter parameters controlling change detection system filter behavior for a single outlet/load. CDS filter parameters include any of voltage, current, power, insertion switch state, temperature, and metrics based on these parameters. They may be sent from a gateway host to the power strip to modify change detection filter properties for a single outlet 206. Filter profiles are used to fine tune the power strip hosted change detection system which limits network traffic to only significant or interesting traffic such as significant waveform profiles and significant power consumption changes.

As mentioned above, one device may poll another device to obtain information. Another alternative is automatic reporting triggered by a changed state. In this embodiment, the processor 212 includes a change detection system 31 1 that monitors one or more variables such as power, current, and voltage. A change in the variable being monitored that exceeds a threshold value triggers automatic reporting. For example, if a threshold power change of 10 watts is set, a load change from 195 to 200 watts would not be reported by the CDS; but, a load change from 195 to 205 watts would be reported.

From the above, it can be seen that use of CDS triggered reporting rather than polling offers a means to reduce network traffic. Traffic is reduced because only exceptional events are reported over the network. Criteria for defining exceptional events are defined in CDS filter profiles. The filter profile to be applied to a particular outlet/load 206/121 is selected when waveform data sent to the data center is matched with a particular appliance. For example, if load waveform data sent to the datacenter is matched with a television known to consume 10 watts in standby and 200 watts in operation, the CDS filter profile might ignore spurious/uninteresting load changes below 10 watts.

Reporting can also be triggered based on elapsed time. For example, instantaneous power might be reported automatically every 2 seconds, or other time period in other embodiments. In an embodiment, reporting is based on a hybrid system including multiple reporting systems. For example, any plurality of time triggered reporting, CDS triggered reporting, and polling are used together.

Figure 8 shows an embodiment with polled, timed, event, and CDS reporting 1000. Messages may be constructed in block 1001 and sent over the network as the messages in block 1 002. Instantaneous power may be measured 902 every 2 seconds and sent to a metering system 309, an over current protection system 313, and a change detection system 31 1 . Metering reports 906 from the metering system 309 may be triggered based on polling or scheduled messaging. Over current alerts (or alarms) 908 from the over current protection system 313 may be triggered when an over current event occurs. Instantaneous power reports 910 from the change detection system 31 1 may be triggered when a change in instantaneous power exceeds a predetermined threshold value. In some embodiments, the two most recent samples may be used for detecting a change. In other embodiments, more samples may be used to create a moving average, allowing for noise in the samples to be reduced

In some embodiments, advanced analysis such as waveform analysis 904 may be performed and used as an input to the change detection system 31 1 . Measurements may be taken at regular intervals (such as every 1 2 seconds or other intervals) to create the waveforms.

In addition to the uses mentioned above, embodiments of the power node for energy management 100A include informing users of individual appliance power consumption, enabling control of individual outlets to, inter alia, interrupt appliance standby power flows, and managing or lowering one or both of energy consumption and energy cost.

In one commercial embodiment, a consumer kit may include include a plurality of multi and/or single outlet power nodes 1 00A, a gateway 108, and a controller or user device 1 1 0. During manufacture and testing, these devices may be preconfigured with identification codes allowing interoperation. The controller may also be preprogrammed with home, night and away selections. The home selection may enable all of the power node outlets 206 by closing the respective power switches 204. The night selection may enable the default mode of multi outlet power nodes and disable single outlet power nodes. The away selection may disable all of the power node outlets.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of elements, optical characteristic properties, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the preceding specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing the teachings of the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are

approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviations found in their respective testing measurements.

The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g. 1 to 5 includes 1 , 1 .5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5).

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to an element described as "an LED" may refer to a single LED, two LEDs or any other number of LEDs. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term "or" is generally employed in its sense including "and/or" unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

As used herein, the term "coupled" includes direct and indirect connections. Moreover, where first and second devices are coupled, intervening devices including active devices may be located there between.

The description of the various embodiments provided above is illustrative in nature and is not intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. Thus, different variations beyond those described herein are intended to be within the scope of the embodiments of the present invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the intended scope of the present invention. As such, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and equivalents thereof.