SCHOBEL-MCHUGH SETH (US)
ELSTER ERIC (US)
US20150377885A1 | 2015-12-31 | |||
US20160312285A1 | 2016-10-27 |
Claims 1. A method of determining if a human subject has an increased risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) prior to the onset of detectable symptoms thereof, the method comprising (a) obtaining a biological sample from the human subject, and (b) measuring the levels of one or more of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐basic), granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF), granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interferon alpha (IFN‐α), interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), interleukin‐1 alpha (IL‐1α), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), interleukin‐1 receptor agonist (IL‐1RA), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), interleukin‐9 (IL‐9), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein‐1 beta (MIP1β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the biological sample to create a biomarker profile, wherein an increase in the biomarker profile compared with a normal biomarker profile is indicative that the human subject has an increased risk of developing ARDS compared to individuals with a normal biomarker profile. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the normal biomarker profile comprises levels of one or more of FGF‐basic, G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, HGF, IFN‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐9, IL‐ 10, MCP1, MIG, MIP1β, and VEGF generated from a population of human subjects that did not exhibit ARDS. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the normal biomarker profile comprises levels of one or more of FGF‐basic, G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, HGF, IFN‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐9, IL‐ 10, MCP1, MIG, MIP1β, and VEGF generated from a population of human subjects that were trauma patients. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the human subject is a trauma patient. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of FGF‐basic, G‐CSF, IFN‐α, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, MCP1, and MIP1β. 6. The method of claims 1 or 2, wherein the human subject is not a trauma patient. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of MCP1 and MIG. 8. The method of claims 1 ‐ 3, wherein the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐15, MCP1, MIG, and VEGF. 9. A method of detecting elevated levels of biomarkers in a human subject, the method comprising measuring serum levels of two or more of FGF‐basic, G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, HGF, IFN‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐9, IL‐10, MCP1, MIG, MIP1β, and VEGF in a serum sample obtained from the human subject. 10. A method of detecting changed elevated levels of biomarkers in a human subject, the method comprising measuring serum levels of two or more of FGF‐basic, G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, HGF, IFN‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐9, IL‐10, IP‐10, IL‐15, MCP1, MIG, MIP1β, and VEGF in a serum sample obtained from the human subject. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the human subject is a trauma patient. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the serum levels of FGF‐basic, G‐CSF, IFN‐α, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐ 1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, MCP1, and MIP1β are measured. 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the human subject is not a trauma patient. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the serum levels of MCP1 and MIG are measured. 15. The method of claims 9, wherein the levels of eotaxin, GM‐CSF, IL‐8, IL‐12, IL‐13, MCP1 and RANTES are measured. 16. A method of treating a human subject for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the method comprising (a) producing a biomarker profile comprising measuring serum levels of two or more of FGF‐basic, G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, HGF, IFN‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐9, IL‐10, MCP1, MIG, MIP1β, and VEGF, and (b) administering a treatment for ARDS to the human subject when the biomarker profile for the subject is greater than the biomarker profile of a normal subject. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the treatment is administered to the human subject prior to the onset of any detectable symptoms of the subject exhibiting ARDS. 18. The method of claims 16 or 17, wherein the human subject is a trauma patient. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of FGF‐basic, G‐CSF, IFN‐α, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, MCP1, and MIP1β. 20. The method of claims 16 or 17, wherein the human subject is not a trauma patient. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of MCP1 and MIG. 22. The method of claims 16 or 17, wherein the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of eotaxin, GM‐CSF, IL‐8, IL‐12, IL‐13, MCP1 and RANTES. |
[0001] This invention was made with government support under HT9404‐13‐1 and HU0001‐15‐2‐ 0001 awarded by The Department of Defense. The gov ernment has certain rights in the invention. Background of the Invention
Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to methods of determini ng if a subject has an increased risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) prior to the onset of any detectable symptoms thereof. The methods comprise analyzing at least one sample from the subject to determine a value of the subject’s biomarker profil e and comparing the value of the subject’s biomarker profile with the value of a normal biomark er profile. A change in the value of the subject’s biomarker profile, over or under normal v alues is indicative that the subject has an increased risk of developing ARDS prior to the onset of any detectable symptoms thereof. Background of the Invention
[0003] Each year in the United States there are approximate ly 190,600 cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which are associated with 7 4,500 deaths and 3.6 million hospital days. Despite recent advancements in the treatment of ARDS, effective treatment options remain limited and there is a need for the development of preventi on strategies and methods of early detection to better guide clinical practice. Given that alveolar inflammation is the major underlying mechanism of ARDS, several serum inflammatory biomarkers have b een identified among ARDS patients with the goal of developing predictive models for ARDS in the future. Summary of the Invention
[0004] The present invention relates to methods of determini ng if a human subject has an increased risk of developing ARDS prior to the onset of any detectable symptoms thereof. The methods comprise analyzing at least one sample from the subject to determine a value of the subject’s biomarker profile and comparing the value of the subject’s biomarker profile with the value of a normal biomarker profile. A change in the va lue of the subject’s biomarker profile, over or under normal values is indicative that the subject h as an increased risk of developing or developing symptoms associated with ARDS prior to the onset of any detectable symptoms thereof. [0005] The present invention relates to a method of determi ning if a human subject has an increased risk of developing acute respiratory distres s syndrome (ARDS) prior to the onset of detectable symptoms thereof, the method comprising (a) obtaining a biological sample from the human subject, and (b) measuring the levels of one or more of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐ basic), granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF ), granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), int erferon alpha (IFN‐α), interferon gamma (IFN‐ γ), interleukin‐1 alpha (IL‐1α), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), interleukin‐1 receptor agonist (IL 1RA), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), inte rleukin‐9 (IL‐9), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), monocy te chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein‐1beta (MIP1β), and vascular end othelial growth factor (VEGF) in the biological sample to create a biomarker profile, wherein an inc rease in the biomarker profile compared with a normal biomarker profile is indicative that the human subject has an increased risk of developing ARDS compared to individuals with a normal biomarker profile. [0006] In some embodiments, the biomarker profile further in cludes interferon gamma‐induced protein 10 (IP‐10) and/or interleukin‐15 (IL‐15) and a decrease in the level of these biomarkers compared to a normal biomarker profile is indicative that the human subject has an increased risk of developing ARDS compared to individuals with a normal biomarker profile. [0007] In some embodiments, the normal biomarker profile com prises levels of one or more of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐basic), granulocy te colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF), granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM CSF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interferon alpha (IFN‐α), interferon gamma (IFN‐γ ), interleukin‐1 alpha (IL‐1α), interleukin‐1 be ta (IL‐ 1β), interleukin‐1 receptor agonist (IL‐1RA), inte rleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), interleu kin‐9 (IL‐ 9), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein ‐1beta (MIP1β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) generated from a population of human subjects that did not exhibit ARDS. [0008] In some embodiments, the normal biomarker profile com prises levels of one or more of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐basic), granulocy te colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF), granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM CSF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interferon alpha (IFN‐α), interferon gamma (IFN‐γ ), interleukin‐1 alpha (IL‐1α), interleukin‐1 be ta (IL‐ 1β), interleukin‐1 receptor agonist (IL‐1RA), inte rleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), interleu kin‐9 (IL‐ 9), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein ‐1beta (MIP1β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) generated from a population of human subjects that were trauma patients. [0009] In some embodiments, the human subject is a trauma patient and the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of FGF‐basic, G‐CSF, IFN‐ α, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL 10, MCP1, and MIP1β. [0010] In some embodiments, the human subject is not a tra uma patient and the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of MCP1 and MIG. [0011] In some embodiments, the human subject is not a tra uma patient and the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of eotaxin, GM‐CSF, IL‐8, IL‐12, IL‐13, IP‐10, MCP1 and RANTES. [0012] In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, IFN‐ γ, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL 10, IL‐15, MCP1, MIG, and VEGF. [0013] The invention relates to a method of detecting eleva ted levels of biomarkers in a human subject, the method comprising measuring serum levels of two or more of FGF‐basic, G‐CSF, GM‐ CSF, HGF, IFN‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL 1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐9, IL‐10, MCP1, MIG, MIP 1β, and VEGF in a serum sample obtained from the human subject. [0014] In some embodiments, the human subject is a trauma patient and the serum levels of FGF‐ basic, G‐CSF, IFN‐α, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, MCP1, and MIP1β are measu red. [0015] In some embodiments, the human subject is not a tra uma patient and the serum levels of MCP1 and MIG are measured. [0016] In some embodiments, the levels of eotaxin, GM‐CSF, IL‐8, IL‐12, IL‐13, IP‐10, MCP1 and RANTES are measured. [0017] The invention relates to a method of treating a hum an subject for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the method comprising (a) producing a biomarker profile comprising measuring serum levels of two or more of FGF‐basic, G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, HGF, IFN‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐1α, IL‐1β , IL‐1RA, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐9, IL‐10, MCP1, MIG, MIP1β, and VEGF, and (b) administering a treatment for ARDS to the human subject when the biomarker profile for the sub ject is greater than the biomarker profile of a normal subject. [0018] In some embodiments, the treatment is administered to the human subject prior to the onset of any detectable symptoms of the subject exhi biting ARDS. In some embodiments, the human subject is a trauma patient and the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of FGF‐basic, G‐ CSF, IFN‐α, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐6, I L‐8, IL‐10, MCP1, and MIP1β. [0019] In some embodiments, the human subject is not a tra uma patient and the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of MCP1 and MIG. In some emb odiments, the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of eotaxin, GM‐CSF, IL‐8, IL‐12, I L‐13, IP‐10, MCP1 and RANTES. [0020] In some embodiments the biological sample is a blood sample. In some embodiments the sample is a serum sample. In some embodiments the s ample is a plasma sample. Brief Description of the Drawings
[0021] Figure 1. Quantification of cytokine biomarkers in AR DS and Non‐ARDS patients upon initial presentation. The levels of GM‐CSF, IL‐08, IL‐12 , IL‐13, IP‐10, MCP1, and RANTES were significant ly different between ARDS and Non‐ARDS patients accordi ng to a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (p<0.05). The ends of the box mark the upper and lower quart iles. The median is marked by a vertical line inside the box. The whiskers extend to the highest and lowest observations. [0022] Figure 2. Quantification of cytokine biomarkers in AR DS and Non‐ARDS patients 0 days after initial presentation. The levels of IL‐1RA, IL‐4, IL‐10, MIP1b, and VEGF were significantly different between ARDS and Non‐ARDS patients according to a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (p<0.05). [0023] Figure 3. Quantification of cytokine biomarkers in AR DS and Non‐ARDS patients 0 days after initial presentation. The levels of eotaxin, GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, IL‐1a, IL‐2, IL‐17, and MCP1 were significantly different between ARDS and Non‐ARDS pa tients according to a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (p<0.05). [0024] Figure 4. Quantification of cytokine biomarkers in al l ARDS and Non‐ARDS patients. [0025] Figure 5. Quantification of cytokine biomarkers in AR DS and Non‐ARDS patients in the trauma cohort. [0026] Figure 6. Quantification of cytokine biomarkers in AR DS and Non‐ARDS patients in the non‐ trauma cohort. [0027] Figure 7. Quantification of cytokine biomarkers at th e initial timepoint in all ARDS and Non‐ ARDS patients. [0028] Figure 8. Quantification of cytokine biomarkers at th e initial timepoint in ARDS and Non‐ ARDS patients in the trauma cohort. [0029] Figure 9. Quantification of cytokine biomarkers at th e initial timepoint in ARDS and Non‐ ARDS patients in the non‐trauma cohort. Detailed Description of the Invention
[0030] The present invention relates to methods of determini ng if a human subject has an increased risk of developing ARDS prior to the onset of any detectable symptoms thereof. The methods comprise analyzing at least one sample from the subject to determine a value of the subject’s biomarker profile and comparing the value of the subject’s biomarker profile with the value of a normal biomarker profile. A change in the va lue of the subject’s biomarker profile, over or under normal values is indicative that the subject h as an increased risk of developing or developing symptoms associated with ARDS prior to the onset of any detectable symptoms thereof (i.e. a risk profile for ARDS). [0031] As used herein, the term “subject” or “test su bject” indicates a human, in particular a human who is hospitalized. The test subject is in need of an assessment of susceptibility of ARDS. For example, the test subject may have no symptoms that ARDS may occur. [0032] In one embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises se rum levels of at least one of eotaxin, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM CSF), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), interleukin‐12 (IL 12), interleukin‐13 (IL‐13), interferon gamma induc ed protein 10 (IP‐10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1), RANTES, interferon gamma (IFN‐ ), interleukin‐1a (IL‐1a), interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) , interleukin‐17 (IL‐17), interleukin‐1RA (IL‐1RA), interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), macrophage inflammatory protein‐1b (MIP1b) and vascul ar endothelial growth factor (VEGF). [0033] In one embodiment, the human subject is a trauma pa tient. In another embodiment, the subject is not a trauma patient. In still another embodiment, if the subject is a trauma patient the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of eotaxin, GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, IL‐1a, IL‐2, IL‐17 and MCP1. In still another embodiment, if the subject is not a t rauma patient, the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of IL‐1RA, IL‐4, IL‐10, MIP1b and VEGF. In still another embodiment, the status of the patient, i.e., trauma or non‐trauma, is irrelevant and the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of eotaxin, GM‐CSF, IL‐8, IL‐12, IL‐13, IP‐10, MCP1 and RANTES. [0034] The present invention also relates to methods of det ecting elevated levels of a specific collection of analytes in one or more samples obtain ed from a subject. In one embodiment, the collection of analytes comprises serum levels of at least one of eotaxin, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), interleukin‐12 (IL‐12), interleukin‐13 ( IL‐13), interferon gamma induced protein 10 (IP‐10), monocyt e chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1), RANTES, interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), interleukin‐1a ( IL‐1a), interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interleukin‐17 (IL ‐17), interleukin‐1RA (IL‐1RA), interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), macrophage inflammatory protein‐1b (MIP1b) and vascular endothelial growth f actor (VEGF). [0035] In one embodiment, the human subject is a trauma pa tient. In another embodiment, the subject is not a trauma patient. In still another embodiment, if the subject is a trauma patient the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of eotaxin, GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, IL‐1a, IL‐2, IL‐17 and MCP1. In still another embodiment, if the subject is not a t rauma patient, the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of IL‐1RA, IL‐4, IL‐10, MIP1b and VEGF. In still another embodiment, the status of the patient, i.e., trauma or non‐trauma, is irrelevant and the biomarker profile comprises serum levels of eotaxin, GM‐CSF, IL‐8, IL‐12, IL‐13, IP‐10, MCP1 and RANTES. [0036] The term acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS , is used herein to mean a subject with a PaO 2 /FiO 2 of < 300 mmHg. [0037] As used herein, the term means “increased risk” is used to mean that the test subject has an increased chance of developing ARDS compared to a no rmal individual. The increased risk may be relative or absolute and may be expressed qualitative ly or quantitatively. For example, an increased risk may be expressed as simply determining the subj ect’s biomarker profile and placing the patient in an “increased risk” category, based upon previ ous population studies. Alternatively, a numerical expression of the subject’s increased risk may be determined based upon the biomarker profile. As used herein, examples of expressions of an increased risk include but are not limited to, odds, probability, odds ratio, p‐values, attributable risk, biomarker index score, relative frequency, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and relat ive risk. [0038] For example, the correlation between a subject’s bi omarker profile and the likelihood of developing ARDS may be measured by an odds ratio (O R) and by the relative risk (RR). If P(R + ) is the probability of developing ARDS for individuals with t he risk profile (R) and P(R ‐ ) is the probability of developing ARDS for individuals without the risk prof ile, then the relative risk is the ratio of the tw o probabilities: RR=P(R + )/P(R ‐ ). [0039] In case‐control studies, however, direct measures of the relative risk often cannot be obtained because of sampling design. The odds ratio allows for an approximation of the relative risk for low‐incidence diseases and can be calculated: O R=(F + /(1‐F + ))/(F ‐ /(1‐F ‐ )), where F + is the frequency of a risk profile in cases studies and F ‐ is the frequency of risk profile in controls. F + and F ‐ can be calculated using the risk profile frequencies of the study. [0040] The attributable risk (AR) can also be used to expr ess an increased risk. The AR describes the proportion of individuals in a population exhibiting ARDS to a specific member of the biomarker profile. AR may also be important in quantifying t he role of individual components (specific member) in condition etiology and in terms of the p ublic health impact of the individual risk factor. The public health relevance of the AR measurement li es in estimating the proportion of cases of ARDS in a population of subjects that could be prev ented if the profile or individual factor were absent. AR may be determined as follows: AR=P E (RR‐1)/(P E (RR‐1)+1), where AR is the risk attributable to a profile or individual factor of th e profile, and P E is the frequency of exposure to a profile or individual component of the profile within the population at large. RR is the relative risk , which can be approximated with the odds ratio when the profile or individual factor of the profile under study has a relatively low incidence in the g eneral population. [0041] In one embodiment, the increased risk of a human su bject can be determined from p‐values that are derived from association studies. Specifica lly, associations with specific profiles can be performed using regression analysis by regressing the risk profile with the presence or absence of ARDS. In addition, the regression may or may not be corrected or adjusted for one or more factors. The factors for which the analyses may be adjusted include, but are not limited to age, sex, weight, ethnicity, type of wound if present, number of wound s if present, trauma, number of days from injury, geographic location, fasting state, state of pregnancy or post‐pregnancy, menstrual cycle, general health of the subject, alcohol or drug consu mption, caffeine or nicotine intake and circadian rhythms, to name a few. [0042] Increased risk can also be determined from p‐values that are derived using logistic regression. Binomial (or binary) logistic regression is a form of regression which is used when the dependent is a dichotomy and the independents are of any type. Logistic regression can be used to predict a dependent variable on the basis of continu ous or categorical or both (continuous and categorical) independents and to determine the percent of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independents; to rank the relative importance of independents; to assess interaction effects; and to understand the impact of covariate control variables. Logistic regression applies maximum likelihood estimation after transformin g the dependent into a “logit” variable (the natural log of the odds of the dependent occurring or not). In this way, logistic regression estimates the probability of a certain event occurring. These analyses may be conducted with virtually any statistics program, such as not limited to SAS, R p ackage available through CRAN repository. [0043] SAS (“statistical analysis software”) is a general purpose package (similar to Stata and SPSS) created by Jim Goodnight and N.C. State University c olleagues. Ready‐to‐use procedures handle a wide range of statistical analyses, including but not limited to, analysis of variance, regression, categorical data analysis, multivariate analysis, survi val analysis, psychometric analysis, cluster analysis, and nonparametric analysis. R package is free, general purpose package that complies with and runs on a variety of UNIX platforms. [0044] Accordingly, select embodiments of the present inventi on comprise the use of a computer comprising a processor and the computer is configured or programmed to generate one or more risk profiles and/or to determine statistical risk from a biomarker profile. The methods may also comprise displaying the one or risk profiles on a s creen that is communicatively connected to the computer. In another embodiment, two different compu ters can be used: one computer configured or programmed to generate one or more risk profiles and a second computer configured or programmed to determine statistical risk. Each of t hese separate computers can be
communicatively linked to its own display or to t he same display. [0045] As used herein, the phrase “risk profile” means the combination of a subject’s risk factors analyzed or observed from a biomarker profile. The terms “factor” and/or “component” are used to mean the individual constituents that are assessed wh en generating the profile. The risk profile is a collection of measurements, such as but not limited to a quantity or concentration, for individual factors taken from a test sample of the subject. Examples of test samples or sources of components for the risk profile include, but are not limited t o, biological fluids, which can be tested by the methods of the present invention described herein, an d include but are not limited to whole blood, such as but not limited to peripheral blood, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, amniotic fluid, lymph fluids, various external secretions of the resp iratory, intestinal and genitourinary tracts, tears, saliva, white blood cells, myelomas and the like. [0046] The risk profile can include a “biological effector ” or aspect and/or a non‐biological effector aspect. As used herein, the term “biological effe ctor” is used to mean a molecule, such as but no t limited to, a protein, peptide, a carbohydrate, a fa tty acid, a nucleic acid, a glycoprotein, a proteoglycan, etc. that can be assayed. Specific ex amples of biological effectors can include, cytokines, growth factors, antibodies, hormones, cell surface receptors, cell surface proteins, carbohydrates, etc. More specific examples of biolog ical effectors include analytes such as interleukins (ILs) such as IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA), IL‐2, IL‐2 recepto r (IL‐2R), IL‐3, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐ 12, IL‐13, IL‐15, IL‐17, as well as growth fac tors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), granulocyte colony stim ulating factor (G‐CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interferon alpha (INF‐α), interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), epithelial growth factor (EGF), basic endothelial growth factor (bEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and chemoki nes such as monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (CCL2/MCP‐1), macrophage inflammatory prot ein‐1 alpha (CCL3/MIP‐1α), macrophage inflammatory protein‐1 beta (CCL4/MIP‐1β), CCL5/RAN TES, CCL11/eotaxin, monokine induced by gamma interferon (CXCL9/MIG) and interferon gamma‐ind uced protein‐10 (CXCL10/IP10). [0047] Techniques to assay levels of individual components o f the biomarker profile from test samples are well known to the skilled technician, an d the invention is not limited by the means by which the components are assessed. In one embodimen t, levels of the individual factors in the serum of the biomarker profile are assessed using ma ss spectrometry in conjunction with ultra‐ performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), high‐perform ance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectroscop y (GC/MS), and UPLC to name a few. Other methods of assessing levels of some of the in dividual components include biological methods, such as but not limited to ELISA assays, Western Bl ot and multiplexed immunoassays etc. Other techniques may include using quantitative arrays, PCR, Northern Blot analysis. To determine levels of components or factors, it is not necessary that an entire component, e.g., a full length protein or an entire RNA transcript, be present or fully sequen ced. In other words, determining levels of, for example, a fragment of protein being analyzed may be sufficient to conclude or assess that an individual component of the biomarker profile being a nalyzed is increased or decreased. Similarly, if, for example, arrays or blots are used to determ ine component levels, the
presence/absence/strength of a detectable signal may be sufficient to assess levels of components. [0048] As used herein, the term non‐biological effector is a component that is generally considered not to be a specific molecule. Although not a spe cific molecule, a non‐biological effector may nonetheless still be quantifiable, either through rout ine measurements or through measurements that stratify the data being assessed. For example, number or concentrate of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, coagulation time, blood oxygen content, etc. would be a non‐biological effector component of the biomarker profile. All of these components are measureable or quantifiable using routine methods and equipment. Ot her non‐biological components include data that may not be readily or routinely quantifiable or that may require a practitioner’s judgment or opinion. [0049] In one embodiment, the mechanism of injury is includ ed in the biomarker profile. As used herein, the phrase “mechanism of injury” means th e manner in which the subject received an injury. For example, the mechanism of injury may include tra uma and may be described as a gunshot wound, a vehicle accident, laceration, etc. In anot her embodiment, data regarding injury type is included in the biomarker profile. In another embod iment, data on the occurrence of multiple wounds is included in the biomarker profile. In an other embodiment, data on the number of days from injury is included in the biomarker profile [0050] To determine which of the biological effector or non ‐biological effector components may be critical in the subjects’ biomarker profiles, routin e statistical methods can be employed. For example, rfImpute from the randomForest R package can be used to impute missing data. Up‐ sampling and predictor rank transformations can be pe rformed on the data set only for variable selection to accommodate class imbalance and non‐nor mality in the data. [0051] For variable selection, the constraint‐based algorith ms fast.iamb, iamb and gs and the constraint‐based local discovery learning algorithms mmpc and si.hiton.pc from the “bnlearn” R package can be used to search the input dataset for nodes of Bayesian networks. The nodes can be chosen as the reduced variable sets. Before running the data through variable selection and binary classification algorithms, the variables may or may n ot randomly re‐ordered. The data can be run through the variable selection and binary classificati on algorithms more than once, for example, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or even more times. [0052] For binary classification and model selection, each v ariable set can be pulled from the raw data and run in sundry binary classification algorith ms using the train function from the R caret package: linear discriminant analysis (lda), classifica tion and regression trees (cart), k‐nearest neighbors (knn), support vector machine (svm), logisti c regression (glm), random forest (rf), generalized linear models (glmnet) and naïve Bayes ( nb). The best variable set and binary classification algorithm combination that first produce s the highest kappa and then the highest sensitivity with reasonable specificity can then be c hosen. [0053] The resultant models are then examined using accuracy , no information rate, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Mode l performance can be further assessed using the plot.roc command to compute the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curves (ROC) and area under curve (AUC). The dca R command from the Mem orial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center website, www.mskcc.org, can be used to compute the Decision C urve Analysis (DCA). [0054] Finally, for univariate analysis, a Wilcoxon rank‐su m test can be used to identify which biomarkers from specific patient groups are were asso ciated with a specific indication. [0055] The assessment of the levels of the individual compo nents of the biomarker profile can be expressed as absolute or relative values and may or may not be expressed in relation to another component, a standard an internal standard or another molecule of compound known to be in the sample. If the levels are assessed as relative to a standard or internal standard, the standard may b e added to the test sample prior to, during or after sample processing. [0056] To assess levels of the individual components of the biomarker profile, a sample may be taken from the subject. The sample may or may not processed prior assaying levels of the components of the biomarker profile. For example, w hole blood may be taken from an individual and the blood sample may be processed, e.g., centrif uged, to isolate plasma or serum from the blood. The sample may or may not be stored, e.g., frozen, prior to processing or analysis. [0057] In one embodiment, the individual levels of each of the risk factors are higher than those compared to normal levels. In another embodiment, o ne, two, three, four, five, six or seven of the levels of each of the factor are higher than normal levels while others, if any, are lower than or th e same as normal levels. [0058] The levels of depletion of the factors or components compared to normal levels can vary. In one embodiment, the levels of any one or more of t he factors or components is at least 1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 higher than normal levels (where, for sake of clarity, a m arker a level of “1” would indicate that the component is at the same level in both the subject and normal samples). For the purposes of the present invention, the number of “times” the leve ls of a factor are higher over normal can be a relative or absolute number of times. In the alter native, the levels of the factors or components may be normalized to a standard and these normalized lev els can then be compared to one another to determine if a factor or component is lower, higher or about the same. [0059] For the purposes of the present invention the biomar ker profile comprises at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight of the facto rs or components for the prediction of ARDS. If o ne factor or component of the biological effector aspect of the biomarker profile is used in generating the biomarker profile for the prediction of ARDS, th en any one of the listed factors or components can be used to generate the profile. If two facto rs or components of the biological effector aspect o f the biomarker profile are used in generating the bio marker profile for the prediction of ARDS, any combination of the two listed above can be used. If three factors or components of the biological effector aspect of the biomarker profile are used in generating the biomarker profile for the prediction of ARDS, any combination of three of the factors or components listed above can be used. If four factors or components of the biological effe ctor aspect of the biomarker profile are used in generating the biomarker profile for the prediction o f ARDS, any combination of four of the factors or components listed above can be used. If five f actors or components of the biological effector aspect of the biomarker profile are used in generati ng the biomarker profile for the prediction of ARDS, any combination of five of the factors or com ponents listed above can be used. If six factors or components of the biological effector aspect of t he biomarker profile are used in generating the biomarker profile for the prediction of ARDS, any co mbination of six of the factors or components listed above can be used. If seven factors or com ponents of the biological effector aspect of the biomarker profile are used in generating the biomarke r profile for the prediction of ARDS, any combination of seven of the factors or components li sted above can be used. Of course all members of the biological effector aspect of each biomarker profile panel can be used to generate a biomarker profile for the prediction of ARDS. [0060] The subject’s biomarker profile is compared to the profile that is deemed to be a normal biomarker profile. To establish the biomarker profil e of a normal individual, an individual or group of individuals may be first assessed to ensure they have no signs, symptoms or diagnostic indicators of ARDS. Once established, the biomarker profile of the individual or group of individuals can then be determined to establish a “normal biomarker prof ile.” In one embodiment, a normal biomarker profile can be ascertained from the same subject whe n the subject is deemed as healthy with no signs, symptoms or diagnostic indicators of ARDS. I n one embodiment, a biomarker profile from a “normal subject” e.g., a “normal biomarker profi le” is a human subject that does not exhibit or display ARDS, but may still may not be considered a s healthy. [0061] In one embodiment, a “normal” biomarker profile i s assessed in the same subject from whom the sample is taken prior to the onset of any signs, symptoms or diagnostic indicators that they may exhibit ARDS. That is, the term “normal ” with respect to a biomarker profile can be used to mean the subject’s baseline biomarker profile pr ior to the onset of any signs, symptoms or diagnostic indicators of potential ARDS. The biomark er profile can then be reassessed periodically and compared to the subject’s baseline biomarker pr ofile. Thus, the present invention also includes methods of monitoring the progression of ARDS in a subject, with the methods comprising determining the subject’s biomarker profile at more than one time point. For example, some embodiments of the methods of the present invention will comprise determining the subject’s biomarker profile at two, three, four, five, six, se ven, eight, nine, 10 or even more time points over a period of time, such as a week or more, two weeks or more, three weeks or more, four weeks or more, a month or more, two months or more, three m onths or more, four months or more, five months or more, six months or more, seven months or more, eight months or more, nine months or more, ten months or more, 11 months or more, a yea r or more or even two years. The methods of monitoring a subject’s risk of developing ARDS woul d also include embodiments in which the subject’s biomarker profile is assessed before and/o r during and/or after treatment of ARDS. In other words, the present invention also includes meth ods of monitoring the efficacy of treatment of ARDS by assessing the subject’s biomarker profile o ver the course of the treatment and after the treatment. In specific embodiments, the methods of monitoring the efficacy of treatment of ARDS comprise determining the subject’s biomarker profile at at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or 10 or more different time poi nts prior to the receipt of treatment for ARDS and subsequently determining the subject’s biomarker prof ile at at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or 10 or more different time poi nts after beginning of treatment for ARDS, and determining the changes, if any, in the biomarker pr ofile of the subject. The treatment may be any treatment designed to cure, remove or diminish the l ikelihood of developing ARDS. [0062] In another embodiment, a normal biomarker profile is assessed in a sample from a different subject or patient (from the subject being analyzed) and this different subject does not have or is not suspected of developing ARDS. In still another embo diment, the normal biomarker profile is assessed in a population of healthy individuals, the constituents of which display no signs, symptoms or diagnostic indicators that they may have or will develop ARDS. Thus, the subject’s biomarker profile can be compared to a normal biomarker profil e generated from a single normal sample or a biomarker profile generated from more than one normal sample. [0063] Of course, measurements of the individual components, e.g., concentration, ratio, log ratios etc., of the normal biomarker profile can fall withi n a range of values, and values that do not fall within this “normal range” are said to be outsid e the normal range. These measurements may or may not be converted to a value, number, factor or score as compared to measurements in the “normal range.” For example, a measurement for a specific factor or component that is below the normal range, may be assigned a value or ‐1, ‐2 , ‐3, etc., depending on the scoring system devise d. [0064] In another embodiment, the measurements of the indivi dual components themselves are used in the risk profile, and these levels can be used to provide a “binary” value to each compone nt, e.g., “elevated” or “not elevated.” Each of the binary values can be converted to a number, e. g., “1” or “0,” respectively. [0065] In one embodiment, the “risk profile value” can be a single value, number, factor or score given as an overall collective value to the individu al components of the biomarker profile. For example, if each component is assigned a value, such as above, the component value may simply be the overall score of each individual or categorical value. For example, if five components of the biomarker profile for predicting ARDS are used and t hree of those components are assigned values of “+2” and two are assigned values of “+1,” the risk profile in this example would be +8, wit h a normal value being, for example, “0.” In this manner, the biomarker profile value could be a usefu l single number or score, the actual value or magnitud e of which could be an indication of the actual risk of developing ARDS, e.g., the “more positive the value, the greater the risk of developing ARD S. [0066] In another embodiment the “risk profile value” ca n be a series of values, numbers, factors or scores given to the individual components of the ove rall biomarker profile. In another embodiment, the “risk profile value” may be a combination of values, numbers, factors or scores given to individual components of the profile as well as valu es, numbers, factors or scores collectively given to a group of components, such as a biological effe ctor portion. In another example, the risk profile value may comprise or consist of individual values, number or scores for specific component as well as values, numbers or scores for a group of compone nts. [0067] In another embodiment individual values from the biom arker profile and/or the mechanism of injury can be used to develop a single score, s uch as a “combined risk index,” which may utiliz e weighted scores from the individual component values reduced to a diagnostic number value. The combined risk index may also be generated using non weighted scores from the individual component values. When the “combined risk index” exceeds a specific threshold level, determined by a range of values developed similarly from contro l (normal) subjects, the individual has a high risk, or higher than normal risk, of developing ARDS , whereas maintaining a normal range value of the “combined risk index” would indicate a low o r minimal risk of developing ARDS. In this embodiment, the threshold value would be or could be set by the combined risk index from one or more normal subjects. [0068] In another embodiment, the value of the biomarker pr ofile can be the collection of data from the individual measurements and need not be con verted to a scoring system, such that the “risk profile value” is a collection of the indi vidual measurements of the individual components of the biomarker profile. [0069] In specific embodiments, a human subject is diagnosed of having an increased risk of suffering from ARDS if the subject’s eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two or even one of the components or factors herein are at abnormal levels. [0070] If it is determined that a human subject has an in creased risk of developing ARDS, the attending health care provider may subsequently prescr ibe or institute a treatment program. In this manner, the present invention also provides for metho ds of treating individuals for ARDS. The attending healthcare worker may begin treatment, based on the subject’s biomarker profile, before there are perceivable, noticeable or measurable signs of ARDS in the individual. [0071] Accordingly, the invention provides methods of treatin g ARDS in a subject in need thereof. The treatment methods include obtaining a subject’s biomarker profile as defined herein and prescribing a treatment regimen to the subject if th e biomarker profile indicates that the subject is at risk of developing ARDS. [0072] The methods of treatment also include methods of mon itoring the effectiveness of a treatment for ARDS. Once a treatment regimen has b een established, with or without the use of the methods of the present invention to assist in a dia gnosis of a risk of developing ARDS, the methods of monitoring a subject’s biomarker profile over ti me can be used to assess the effectiveness of treatments for ARDS. Specifically, the subject’s b iomarker profile can be assessed over time, including before, during and after treatments for ARD S. The biomarker profile can be monitored, with, for example, the normalization or decline in t he values of the profile over time being indicative that the treatment may be showing efficacy of treatm ent. [0073] The present invention also provides kits that can be used in the methods of the present invention. Specifically, the present invention provid es kits for assessing the increased risk of developing ARDS, with the kits comprising one or mor e sets of antibodies that are immobilized onto a solid substrate and specifically bind to at least one of the factors or components listed herein. I n specific embodiments, the kits comprise at least two, three, four, five, six or seven sets of antibodies immobilized onto a solid substrate, with each set co rresponding to a factor. [0074] The antibodies that are immobilized onto the substrat e may or may not be labeled. For example, the antibodies may be labeled, e.g., bound to a labeled protein, in such a manner that binding of the specific protein may displace the lab el and the presence of the marker in the sample is marked by the absence of a signal. In addition, t he antibodies that are immobilized onto the substrate may be directly or indirectly immobilized o nto the surface. Methods for immobilizing proteins, including antibodies, are well‐known in th e art, and such methods may be used to immobilize a target protein, e.g., IL‐12, or anothe r antibody onto the surface of the substrate to which the antibody directed to the specific factor c an then be specifically bound. In this manner, the antibody directed to the specific biomarker is immobi lized onto the surface of the substrate for the purposes of the present invention. [0075] The kits of the present invention may or may not i nclude containers for collecting samples from the subject and one or more reagents, e.g., pu rified target biomarker for preparing a calibration curve. The kits may or may not include additional reagents such as wash buffers, labeling reagents and reagents that are used to detect the p resence (or absence) of the label. [0076] All patents and publications cited herein are incorpo rated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically an d individually indicated as having been incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples
[0077] Example 1 [0078] This prospective cohort study enrolled a total of 22 6 patients ages 18 years and older with injury or illness requiring surgical care or treatmen t in a critical care or emergency setting being cared for at Surgical Critical Care Initiative (SC2i) member sites (Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Emory University Hospital, Grady Memor ial Hospital, Duke University School of Medicine) between 2014 and 2017. ARDS patients were diagnosed according to the Berlin Definition with a PaO 2 /FiO 2 of <300mmHg and samples were collected acco rding to our Tissue and Data Acquisition Protocol (TDAP). [0079] Of the 226 patients studied, 14 (6.1%) developed ARD S during hospitalization. Of the 160 trauma patients, 11 (10.1%) developed ARDS compared t o 2 (3.1%) of the 65 non‐trauma patients. Neither the presence or absence of trauma (p=0.43) n or blunt versus penetrating trauma (p=0.88) were found to be significant factors in the developm ent of ARDS. The overall hospital mortality rate was 4% compared to the ARDS hospital mortality rate of 30.8%. Of the 9 patients in the cohort who died during hospitalization, 4 (45.4%) were diagnosed with ARDS. Complication rates were comparable between ARDS and non‐ARDS patients. [0080] Serum samples were collected upon initial presentation and at days 0 and 0. Inflammatory cytokine biomarker levels were quantified in a multip lexed assay on a Luminex™ instrument using sandwich immunoassays with a capture antibody conjugat ed to a colored bead, and a detection antibody conjugated to a fluorophore. The combination of colored bead and fluorophore intensity gives a concentration that derived from a calibrated to a standard curve of known analyte concentrations. Analysis of the biomarker data with a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test showed eotaxin, GM‐ CSF, IL‐8, IL‐12, IL‐13, IP‐10, MCP1 and RANT ES (p<0.05) to be significantly different between ARDS and non‐ARDS patients. Additionally, eotaxin, GM‐ CSF, IFN‐γ, IL‐1a, IL‐2, IL‐17, and MCP1 (p& lt;0.05) were significantly different among trauma patients wit h and without ARDS. Among non‐trauma patients, IL‐ 1RA, IL‐4, IL‐10, MIP1b, and VEGF (p<0.05) were significantly different between ARDS and non‐ARDS patients. Table 1: Demographic characteristics of patients wit h acute respiratory distress syndrome versus without. ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Table 2: Demographic characteristic of patients livi ng and deceased patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome. ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome.
[0081] Example 2 [0082] 186 additional patients were enrolled in the prospect ive study for a total of 389 patients. 74 of these patients were diagnosed with ARDS as some point during their in hospital recovery with a total of 918 serum samples. Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were performed on all serum biomarker data (n=918, 389 patients, see Figure 4), all serum bioma rker data in the trauma cohort (n=597, 264 patients, see Figure 5), all serum biomarker data in the non‐trauma cohort (n=321, 102 patients, see Figure 6), all initial serum biomarker data (n=232, 232 patients, see Figure 7), all initial serum biomarker data in the trauma cohort (n=161, 161 pati ents, see Figure 8), and all initial serum biomarker data in the non‐trauma cohort (n=71, 71 patients, see Figure 9). Directional inferences were made using one‐sided tests, while tests for d ifference in means were made with a two‐sided test. Table 3. [0083] In the all serum dataset 28 (2 borderline) biomarker s were statistically different (p < 0.05) between ARDS/No ARDS groups (27 higher in ARDS, 3 l ower in ARDS). [0084] In the all serum trauma dataset 22 (1 borderline 0.05 > p > 0.10) biomarkers were statistically different between ARDS/No ARDS groups (2 2 higher in ARDS, 1 lower in ARDS). [0085] In the all serum non‐trauma dataset 20 (1 borderli ne) biomarkers were statistically different between ARDS/No ARDS groups (17 higher in ARDS, 4 l ower in ARDS). [0086] In the initial time point serum dataset 12 (6 borde rline) biomarkers were statistically different between ARDS/No ARDS groups (16 higher in ARDS, 2 lower in ARDS). Elevated levels (p < 0.05 in a two‐sided Wilcoxon Rank Sum test) were observed for G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, IL‐1α, IL ‐1β, IL‐1RA (aka IL‐1F3), IL‐6, IL‐8 (aka CXCL8), IL‐10, MCP‐1 (aka CCL2), and VEGF‐A. Reduced le vels (p < 0.05) were observed for IL‐15. Borderline elevated levels (0.05 < p < 0.10 in a two‐sided Wilc oxon Rank Sum test) were observed for FGF basic, HGF, IF N‐alpha, IL‐9, and MIP‐1 beta (aka CCL4). Borderline reduced levels were observed for IP‐10/CX CL10. [0087] In the initial time point trauma serum dataset 10 b iomarkers were statistically different between ARDS/No ARDS groups (10 higher in ARDS, 0 l ower in ARDS). Elevated levels were observed for FGF basic, G‐CSF, IFNα, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL ‐1 ra/IL‐1F3, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and MCP‐1 . [0088] In the initial time point non‐trauma serum dataset 0 (2 borderline) biomarkers were statistically different between ARDS/No ARDS groups (2 higher in ARDS, 0 lower in ARDS). Borderline elevated levels were observed for MCP‐1/CCL2 and MI G.
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