CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims benefit of US Provisional Application No. 63/246,013 filed on September 20, 2021. US Provisional Application No. 63/246,013 is incorporated herein by reference. A claim of priority is made.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Organic solar cells (OSCs) have made significant strides in performance and stability driven by new polymer donors and non-fullerene acceptors. Despite this, properties like flexibility and semitransparency need to be fully exploited to promote commercialization and adoption in new applications including building integrated photovoltaics, green houses, and consumer electronics. In the same manner, taking advantage of solution processing can help lower production costs and reduce the complexity of the processes involved in the fabrication of the many layers in the device stack, making OSCs more accessible and competitive.

SUMMARY

[0003] In one embodiment, a conductive ink composition is described. The conductive ink composition includes a high conductivity dispersion of poly(2,3-dihydrothieno-l,4-dioxin)- poly(styrenesulfonate) (HC-PEDOT:PSS), a dispersion of composite nanoparticles; and a solvent system including a polar solvent.

[0004] In a further embodiment, the present disclosure describes a microelectronic device including a conductive layer formed by depositing the composition of any embodiment of the first aspect or any combination of embodiments.

[0005] In a further embodiment, the present disclosure describes a conductive ink for solution processable photovoltaic devices, the conductive ink including: (a) a mixture of a high conductivity PEDOT:PSS (HC-PEDOT:PSS) and a PEDOT:PSS dispersion (C-PEDOTPSS) having a lower conductivity than the HC-PEDOT:PSS dispersion at a volume ratio of about 10:90 to about 90: 10 HC-PEDOT:PSS:C-PEDOT:PSS; (b) a dispersion of composite nanoparticles including a plurality of metal doped metal oxide nanoparticles; (c) a solvent system including at least about 90% by volume polar solvent and up to about 10% by volume an additive having a boiling point that is 40-50 °C higher than the polar solvent; and (d) tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesul fonic acid copolymer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] This written disclosure describes illustrate embodiments that are non-limiting and non-exhaustive. Reference is made to illustrative embodiments that are depicted in the figures, in which:

[0007] FIG. 1A illustrates a transmittance curve of semitransparent PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F photoactive layer at a 1 :5 D:A ratio on ZnO ETL and ITO, the yellow area denotes the visible spectrum, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0008] FIG. IB illustrates a JV curve of PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F photoactive layer at a 1 :5 D: A ratio in an inverted opaque configuration as shown on the inset, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0009] FIG. 2A illustrates a wetting envelope diagram based on a PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F photoactive layer at a 1:1.5 D:A ratio demonstrating the film formation of the areas outside the curve (Non-Wetting) and within the curve (wetting), according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0010] FIG. 2B illustrates SEM images showing the penetration of silver ink on a commercially available PEDOT ink - the use of Q-PEDOT with higher conductivity values permit the use of a silver grid to increase the current collection, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0011] FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate wetting envelopes of a PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F photoactive layer at different D:A ratios demonstrating the different donor composition at the surface in FIG. 3B, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0012] FIG. 3C illustrates an energy band diagram of the inverted device configuration - the depletion of donor at the surface denotes an NFA-rich domain which blocks charge transfer at the top electrode, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 4 illustrates a JV curve of opaque solar cells with a non- conductive (NC) and conductive (C) PEDOT ink yielding lower Voc vs. the use of the doped Q-NFT PEDOT Formulation, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [0014] FIG. 5 A illustrates a JV curve for Q-NFT PEDOT formulations with various nanoparticles, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 5B illustrates a JV curve for Q-NFT PEDOT formulations with various nanoparticles, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] The present disclosure describes a PEDOT ink formulation (Q-NFT) that elevates the open circuit voltage and has high conductivity values which can be used for semitransparent electrode deposition. This developed formulated PEDOT ink can be used for solution processed transparent solar cells, which in turn can be used for window energy harvesting in buildings and green houses, in transparent consumer electronics screens, and as energy harvesting tiles for indoor applications.

[0017] FIG. 1A illustrates a transmittance curve of semitransparent PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F photoactive layer at a 1:5 D:A ratio on ZnO ETL and ITO. The yellow area in FIG. 1A denotes the visible spectrum. FIG. IB illustrates a JV curve of a PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F photoactive layer at a 1 :5 D:A ratio in an inverted opaque configuration as shown on the inset. Semitransparency of the photoactive layer can be achieved by selecting bulk heterojunction (BHJ) components with absorption outside of the visible light wavelength range (400-700nm), i.e. in the Ultraviolet and Near-Infrared Regions, while fine tuning of the average visible transmittance (AVT) is achieved by changing the donor to acceptor (D:A) ratios. A good candidate pair for semitransparent applications is the donor PTB7-Th alongside the NFA IEICO-4F. They have a complementary absorbance which can yield AVT values of up to 72% by diluting the amount of donor in the BHJ to a 1:5 D:A ratio, which is unconventional to existing literature, while maintaining power conversion efficiencies of up to 8.5% in an opaque device stack (FIGS. 1A-1B).

[0018] FIG. 2A illustrates a wetting envelope diagram based on a PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F photoactive layer at a 1:1.5 D: A ratio demonstrating the film formation of the areas outside the curve (non-wetting) and within the curve (wetting). FIG. 2B illustrates SEM images showing the penetration of silver ink on a commercially available PEDOT ink. The use of Q-PEDOT with higher conductivity values permit the use of a silver grid to increase the current collection. Transitioning the normally evaporated hole transport layer (HTL) and top electrode to solution- processed semitransparent films may be a prerequisite for upscaling and usage in light-utilization driven applications.

[0019] In the publication “Ink Engineering of Transport Layers for 9.5% Efficient All- Printed Semitransparent Nonfullerene Solar Cells” (Corzo et al. 2020), a PEDOT HTL ink was formulated that meets certain criteria to be successfully deposited on top of the highly hydrophobic photoactive layer. For example, viscosity values should be in the printable range (e.g., 1-12 cP) and the surface tension of the carrier solvents needs to fall within the wetting envelope of the BHJ to properly form films (FIG. 2A). The X and Y coordinates in FIG. 2A are the dispersive and polar components, respectively. The dispersive component may be in the range of 0-33 N/m. The polar component may be in the range of 0-12 N/m for a PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F active layer. Moreover, the resulting film may have conductivity values greater than 400 S/cm and robustness to allow the deposition of a semi-transparent electrode for current collection, such as silver nanowires of a conductive grid (FIG. 2B). In one example, the film may not be dissolved by a conductive ink and may not allow filtration of consecutive inks. The electrode layer can be a metal film (e.g., having a thickness of about 0.01 to 5 pm), a plurality of metal nanowires, or a metal wire grid. In one example, the metal is one or more metals selected from aluminum, copper, gold, and silver.

[0020] FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate wetting envelopes of a PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F photoactive layer at different D:A ratios demonstrating the different donor composition at the surface in FIG. 3B. FIG. 3C illustrates an energy band diagram of the inverted device configuration. The depletion of the donor at the surface denotes an NFA-rich domain which blocks charge transfer at the top electrode. For example, an NFA-rich domain may be defined as having greater than 50% area coverage. Area coverage may be approximated via surface energy characterization and Cassie’s equation. For example, a lower contact angle approaching 89° correlates to a higher acceptor content. The vertical phase separation of the PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F photoactive layer was studied through surface energy characterization for donor dilute organic photovoltaics that can be used for transparent solar cells with average visible transmission values >70% (FIG. 3A). While D: A ratios of (1 :1.5) to (1:3) imply vertical phase separation profiles with a p-type donor-rich surface, further depletion of the donor polymer for semitransparent BHJ results in NFA-rich surfaces (FIG. 3B), and a misalignment of the energetic levels for adequate charge transfer (FIG. 3C). Consequently, this phenomenon causes a drop in the open circuit voltage to 0.6V for solution-processed hole- transport layers like the conventional non-conductive PEDOT ink Clevios AL 4083 alongside conductive Inks like PHI 000.

[0021] In one example, a conductive ink composition is described. The conductive ink composition may include a high conductivity dispersion of poly(2,3-dihydrothieno-l,4-dioxin)- poly(styrenesulfonate) (HC-PEDOT:PSS), a dispersion of composite nanoparticles; and a solvent system including a polar solvent. For example, the HC-PEDOT:PSS may have a conductivity of at least 200 S/cm. In one example, the high conductivity dispersion may be a conductive polymer dispersion sold under the name Clevios FHC, PHI 000, IJ1005, etc. In one example, the ratio of HC-PEDOT:PSS dispersion to the dispersion of composite nanoparticles may be in a range of about 25:75 to about 90: 10. In another example, the ratio of HC-PEDOT:PSS dispersion to the dispersion of composite nanoparticles may be about 50:50. The ratio of HC-PEDOT:PSS dispersion to the dispersion of composite nanoparticles may be increased or decreased as desired. The work function that is required for hole transport depends on the photoactive layer selection and the ratio between the donor and acceptor. For example, a solar cell with a metallic grid may require higher conductivities. These higher conductivities may require a greater ratio of HC- PEDOT:PSS dispersion to the dispersion of composite nanoparticles.

[0022] Each composite nanoparticle of the dispersion can be a metal doped nanoparticle. The metal doped nanoparticle can be a metal doped metal oxide nanoparticle, a metal doped polymer nanoparticle, or a metal doped small molecule nanoparticle. The metal doped nanoparticle can be one or more of a metal doped metal oxide nanoparticle, a metal doped polymer nanoparticle, or a metal doped small molecule nanoparticle. The metal doped nanoparticle can be two or more of a metal doped metal oxide nanoparticle, a metal doped polymer nanoparticle, or a metal doped small molecule nanoparticle. In one example, the metal dopant can be selected from the group consisting of Al, Ta, Zr, Hf, or Si. The metal dopant can be one or more of Al, Ta, Zr, Hf, or Si. The metal dopant can be a combination of any one of Al, Ta, Zr, Hf, or Si.

[0023] In one non-limiting example, the composite nanoparticle can include a metal oxide nanoparticle selected from the group consisting of Fe2O3, Bi2Ch, CuO, NiO, VoOs, MoO3, and WO3. The composite nanoparticle can include one or more metal oxide nanoparticles of Fe2O3, Bi2O3, CuO, NiO, VoO3, MoO3, and WO3. The composite nanoparticles can be tantalum doped tungsten trioxide nanoparticles (Ta-WoO3 nanoparticles). In one example, the dispersion of composite nanoparticles may include 1% to 10% by weight composite nanoparticles. In another example, the dispersion of composite nanoparticles may include about 2.5% to about 5% by weight composite nanoparticles. In yet another example, the dispersion of composite nanoparticles can include about 2.5% by weight composite nanoparticles, such as about 2.5% by weight Ta-WoCh nanoparticles.

[0024] The solvent system can further include up to 10% by volume of an additive having a boiling point that is 40-50 °C higher than the polar solvent. In one example, the solvent system may include 0.1% to 10% by volume of an additive. In one example, the additive may have a boiling point that is more than 40 °C higher than the polar solvent. The polar solvent can be selected from the group consisting of C1-C3 aliphatic alcohols, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and combinations thereof. The additive can be selected from the group consisting of C3- C8 aliphatic alcohols, C3-C8 primary alcohols, and combinations thereof. In one example the HC- PEDOT:PSS can have a conductivity of at least 200 S/cm. In another example the HC- PEDOT:PSS can have a conductivity of at least 400 S/cm. In yet another example, the HC- PEDOT:PSS can have a conductivity ranging from about 400 S/cm to 1000 S/cm.

[0025] The ink composition can further include a second PEDOT:PSS dispersion having a lower conductivity than the HC-PEDOT:PSS. The PEDOT:PSS dispersion may be C- PEDOT:PSS. In this example, the C-PEDOT:PSS dispersion can have a conductivity of less than 200 S/cm. In another example, the conductive PEDOT (such as AL4083 or Clevios P) may have a conductivity lower than 10 S/cm. In yet another example, the conductive PEDOT (such as AL4083 or Clevios P) may have a conductivity lower than 1 S/cm. The HC-PEDOT:PSS may be a conductive polymer dispersion/coating sold under the tradename ORGACON such as S315, S300, S300 Plus, IJ1005, etc. In one example, the ink composition may include a ratio by volume of HC-PEDOT:PSS:C-PEDOT:PSS in a range of 10:90 to 90: 10. In another example, the ink composition may include a ratio by volume of HC-PEDOT:PSS:C-PEDOT:PSS in a range of 50:50 to 75:25.

[0026] The ink composition can further include tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4- methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid copolymer (e.g., as sold under the trade name NAFION™). In one example, the tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesul fonic acid copolymer can be present at a concentration of about 1% to about 20% on a dry weight basis. In another example, the tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesul fonic acid copolymer can be present at a concentration of about 5% to about 15% on a dry weight basis. In yet another example, the tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesul fonic acid copolymer can be present at a concentration of about 9% to about 11% on a dry weight basis. For example, the tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesul fonic acid copolymer can be present at a concentration of about 10% on a dry weight basis.

[0027] A microelectronic device, including a conductive layer, may be formed by depositing the composition described above or any combination of embodiments. For example, the microelectronic device can be a QLED display, electronic sensor, photodetector, integrated circuit, supercapacitor or a solar cell. The conductive layer can be positioned between a metallic electrode layer and a coated substrate layer. The metallic electrode layer can be a metal film (e.g., having a thickness of about 0.01 to 5 pm), a plurality of metal nanowires, or a metal wire grid. In one example, the metal is one or more metals selected from aluminum, copper, gold, and silver. For example, the metal can be silver. In another example, the metal is two or more metals selected from aluminum, copper, gold, and silver. The coated substrate can be opaque or transparent. The conductive layer may be deposited on a photoactive layer.

[0028] The photoactive layer can be a hydrophobic photoactive layer, a dilute donor photoactive layer or a combination thereof. The photoactive layer can include: Poly[4,8-bis(5-(2- ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[l,2-b;4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6- diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3- fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl)] (PTB7-Th); and 2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-(((4,4,9,9- tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-4,9-dihydro-sindaceno[l,2-b:5,6-b']d ithiophene-2,7-diyl)bis(4-((2- ethylhexyl)oxy)thiophene-5,2-diyl))bis(methanylylidene))bis( 5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro- lH-indene-2,1- diylidene))dimalononitrile (IEICO-4F). The amount of IEICO-4 can equal to, substantially equal to, or greater than the amount of PTB7-Th in the photoactive layer (i.e., a ratio of 1 : 1 , a ratio of about 1 : 1 , a ratio of greater than 1 :1, such as 1.5: 1 or greater, 2: 1 or greater, 3 : 1 or greater). In some cases, the amount of IEICO-4 can be more than 4-fold greater than the amount of PTB7-Th in the photoactive layer. The microelectronic device can further include an electron transport layer.

[0029] A microelectronic device may be fabricated by depositing an ink formulation described herein on a photoactive layer by blade-coating. The blade-coating may occur at different speeds depending on the desired thickness. For example, the blade coating may occur at a speed sufficient to create a thickness of 100-500nm. Annealing can be completed after blade-coating. In one example, annealing occurs at temperatures above 100 °C. In another example, annealing occurs at about 130 °C. The annealing process may be completed in less than 20 minutes. In one example, the annealing process is completed in about 10 minutes. Silver may be evaporated on the device. In one example, 50-150nm of silver may be evaporated on top of an opaque device. In another example, about 100 nm of silver may be evaporated on top of an opaque device. In another example, a silver grid may be deposited utilizing inkjet printing.

[0030] A conductive ink may be utilized for solution processable photovoltaic devices. The conductive ink may include: (a) a mixture of a high conductivity PEDOT:PSS (HC-PEDOT:PSS) and a PEDOT:PSS dispersion (C-PEDOT:PSS) having a lower conductivity than the HC- PEDOT:PSS dispersion at a volume ratio of about 10:90 to about 90:10 HC-PEDOT:PSS:C- PEDOT:PSS; (b) a dispersion of composite nanoparticles including a plurality of metal doped metal oxide nanoparticles; (c) a solvent system including at least about 90% by volume polar solvent and up to about 10% by volume an additive having a boiling point that is 40-50 °C higher than the polar solvent; and (d) tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesul fonic acid copolymer (e.g., as sold under the trade name NAFLION™). The conductive ink can include about 25% to about 90% by volume mixture (a): about 10% to 75% by volume dispersion of composite nanoparticles; and about 1% to 20% tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl- 7-octenesulfonic acid copolymer on a dry weight basis. In some cases, the dispersion of composite nanoparticles includes about 1-5% by weight Tantalum- doped Tungsten trioxide nanoparticles.

EXAMPLE 1

[0031] A PEDOT ink formulation (Q-NFT) was developed that elevates the open circuit voltage to values over 0.67V and has conductivity values (>500 S cm-1) which can be used for semitransparent electrode deposition based on the following 3 parameters: (1) the utilization of NAFION to reduce the coulombic interaction of PSS and improve the ^-conjugation of PEDOT chains to increase its stability; (2) the inclusion of Ta-WoO3 nanoparticles to dope the PEDOT formulation and better align the energetic levels for hole transport; and (3) the utilization of solvent additives to improve the wetting behavior on the hydrophobic photoactive layer and increase the conductivity of the resulting PEDOT film. FIG. 4 illustrates a JV curve of opaque solar cells with a non-conductive (NC) and conductive (C) PEDOT ink yielding lower Voc compared to the use of the doped Q-NFT PEDOT Formulation. Devices fabricated with this ink had fill factor values over 50% and PCE values over 5% with an evaporated silver electrode and 4.5% with a transparent silver grid, demonstrating its potential use for scale-up production (FIG. 4). This formulated PEDOT layer is coated in air and can be inkjet printed, screen printed or coated with roll-to-roll to combine with Silver grid or silver nanowires to achieve transparent solar cell devices >70% visible transmission.

INK PREPARA TION:

[0032] A Q-NFT ink is prepared by mixing an aqueous based highly conductive (> 800S cm' ') PEDOTPSS solution (HC-PEDOT) such as Clevios FHC, PH1000, IJ1005, etc., with PEDOT:PSS solution with lower conductivity (<200S cm' ¹ ) (C-PEDOT) based on alcohol solvents (e.g., coatings sold under the tradename of ORGACON, such as S315, S300, S300 Plus, IJ1005, etc.) in different ratios (10-90% by volume). Then an ethanol-based dispersion of metal doped- metal oxide nanoparticles, in this case, Ta-WoCh nanoparticles) (2.5%wt) is added to the PEDOT ink in different ratios (10%-75%) to modify its work function by doping. Then an additional alcohol additive with higher boiling point (e.g., 40-50 °C higher than the alcohol solvent(s) of the conductive polymer), which can either be 1 -propanol, 1 -pentanol, or 1 -butanol is added in ratios up to 10% by volume. The surface tension components of the alcohol solvents help to improve the wetting on the hydrophobic photoactive layer, while the higher boiling point of the additives helps drive the drying kinetics. Lastly, a small volume of NAFION 117 solution (2.3pl -46.4 pl) is added to obtain a dried weight composition varying from 1 -20%. The mixture is placed in a sonication bath for 30 minutes for mixing and left alone for 30 minutes to remove bubbles before coating.

DEVICE FABRICA TION:

[0033] The ITO coated glass substrates cleaning procedure was done in detergent, deionized water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol by sonication for 10 min each. Then an oxygen plasma treatment was used to remove any organic residues. The devices were fabricated in the inverted configuration (glass/ITO/ZnO/PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F(l:5)/HTL/Ag) as follows. First, the ZnO NP dispersion was blade-coated at 5mm/s on a heated bed at 30°C and annealed at 80 °C for 10 minutes. The donor diluted PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F (1:5) photoactive layer ink based on xylene was deposited by blade-coating at 30mm/s at 65 °C without any annealing. For reference devices, 8 nm of MoOs and 100 nm of silver were deposited at specific areas through a shadow mask through thermal evaporation. The Q-NFT PEDOT ink formulation described above was deposited on the photoactive layer by blade-coating at different speeds to obtain different thicknesses (100-500nm) and annealed at 130 °C for 10 minutes. To complete the devices, either lOOnm of Ag were evaporated on top for opaque devices, or a silver grid was deposited through Inkjet printing.

EXAMPLE 2

[0034] FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate a JV curve for Q-NFT PEDOT formulations with various nanoparticles, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 5A illustrates a JV curve for NiO3, WoO3, Ta-WoO3, and MO3. Table 1 shows the Jsc, Voc, FF, and PCE values for the various nanoparticles in the Q - PEDOT formulations. Jsc represents the short-circuit current density. Voc represents the open-circuit voltage. FF represents fill factors. PCE represents power conversion efficiency.

Table 1. Jsc, Voc, FF, and PCE values for various nanoparticles in the Q-NFT PEDOT formulations.

Nanoparticle V _oc [V] FF [%] PCE [%]

[mA cm" ² ]

N1O3 13.8±0.2 0.66 + 0.01 56.4±0.9 5.H0.13

WoO3 15.9±0.7 0.66 + 0.02 51.4±4.1 5.4±0.52

Ta-WoO3 15.1±1.77 0.66 + 0.02 53.3i3.2 5.H0.67

MO3 15.1i0.56 0.67i0.01 46.7il.5 4.7i0.24

FIG. 5B illustrates a JV curve for Q 50, Q 75, Q Ta-WO3, and Q NF-Ta-WO3. Q 50 represents 50% HC-PEDOT and 50% C-PEDOT. Q 75 represents 75% HC-PEDOT and 25% C-PEDOT. Q Ta-WO3 represents Q 50 and 20% Ta-WO3 nanoparticles v/v. Q NF-Ta-WO3 adds 10% of NAFION as dry weight to Q Ta-WO3. Table 2 shows the Jsc, Voc, FF, and PCE values for various nanoparticles in the Q - PEDOT formulations. Table 2. J _sc , Voc, FF, and PCE values for various nanoparticles in the Q-NFT PEDOT formulations.

Nanoparticle V _oc [V] FF [%] PCE [%]

[mA cm' ² ] 50 14.2±0.9 0.66 + 0.02 49.2±0.9 4.5±0.72

Q 75 14.0±l.l 0.66 + 0.01 55.4±2.1 4.5±0.32

Q Ta-WO3 12.4±1.7 0.66 + 0.02 53.3±3.2 4.8±0.67

Q NF- Ta-WO3 13.5±1.8 0.68±0.02 54.3±6.1 5.4±0.24

[0035] Other embodiments of the present disclosure are possible. Although the description above contains much specificity, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure, but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this disclosure. It is also contemplated that various combinations or sub- combinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of this disclosure. It should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in order to form various embodiments. Thus, it is intended that the scope of at least some of the present disclosure should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above.

[0036] Thus, the scope of this disclosure should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the present disclosure fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art, and that the scope of the present disclosure is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean "one and only one" unless explicitly so stated, but rather "one or more." All structural, chemical, and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present disclosure, for it to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims.

[0037] The foregoing description of various preferred embodiments of the disclosure have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise embodiments, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The example embodiments, as described above, were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the disclosure in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the disclosure be defined by the claims appended hereto.

[0038] Various examples have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims.