AND USES THEREOF

[0001] The oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids is a transformation of broad utility in synthetic chemistry. Commonly used methods include the use of chromium (VI) oxide in sulfuric acid, ruthenium (III) chloride with H5IO6 and Swern oxidation of the alcohol to the aldehyde, followed by oxidation of the aldehyde with NaC10 ₂ . These methods suffer from disadvantages such as the disposal issues relating to the use of metals, and the generation of equimolar amounts of sulfides in the Swern procedure.

[0002] TEMPO, i.e., 2,2,6, 6,-tetramethyl-l-piperdinyloxy, free radical, together with sodium hypochlorite (NaCIO) also can be used for oxidation. A variant of the TEMPO procedure, a one-step procedure using sodium chlorite in the presence of a catalytic amount of TEMPO and sodium hypochlorite which reduces the epimerization of any a-chiral centers, has been described.

[0003] 4-Phenyl-l-butyrate, which may be prepared by oxidation of 4-phenyl-l-butanol, is a useful intermediate for the preparation of glycerol phenylbutyrate (glycerol tri- [phenylbutyrate] ; HPN-100). Glycerol phenylbutyrate is a nitrogen-scavenging drug for the treatment of nitrogen retention disorders such as urea cycle disorders and hepatic

encephalopathy.

[0004] Provided is a process for the preparation of 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid comprising: oxidizing 4-phenyl-l-butanol with sodium chlorite, a nitroxyl radical catalyst, and sodium hypochlorite in an organic solvent and a phosphate buffer and quenching the reaction by the addition of sodium sulfite.

[0005] Also provided is 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein.

[0006] Also provided is a process for converting 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid prepared as described herein to glycerol triphenylbutyrate comprising: converting 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid prepared by the process disclosed herein to 4-phenyl- 1-butyryl chloride; and reacting the 4- phenyl- 1-butyryl chloride with glycerol in an organic solvent in the presence of a suitable base.

[0007] Also provided is glycerol triphenylbutyrate prepared by a process described herein. [0008] These and other aspects of the invention disclosed herein will be set forth in greater detail as the patent disclosure proceeds.

[0009] Provided is a process for the preparation of 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid comprising: reacting 4-phenyl-l -butanol with sodium chlorite, a nitroxyl radical catalyst, and sodium hypochlorite in an organic solvent and a phosphate buffer; and quenching the reaction with sodium sulfite to produce 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid.

[0010] In some embodiments, reacting 4-phenyl-l -butanol with sodium chlorite, a nitroxyl radical catalyst and sodium hypochlorite in an organic solvent and a phosphate buffer comprises sequentially adding sodium chlorite and sodium hypochlorite to a mixture of 4- phenyl-1 -butanol and a nitroxyl radical catalyst in an organic solvent and a phosphate buffer.

[0011] In some embodiments, reacting 4-phenyl-l -butanol with sodium chlorite, a nitroxyl radical catalyst and sodium hypochlorite in an organic solvent and a phosphate buffer comprises dissolving 4-phenyl-l -butanol and a catalytic amount of a nitroxyl radical catalyst, together with a catalytic amount of sodium hypochlorite in the organic solvent to form a solution and then adding the phosphate buffer to the solution. In some embodiments, the dissolution is conducted at ambient temperature with stirring.

[0012] In some embodiments, reacting 4-phenyl-l -butanol with sodium chlorite, a nitroxyl radical catalyst, and sodium hypochlorite in an organic solvent and a phosphate buffer comprises adding an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite and a catalytic amount of sodium hypochlorite while maintaining the temperature of the reaction mixture at 20 - 25 °C.

[0013] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adjusting the pH of the reaction mixture to about 9.8 with aqueous sodium hydroxide prior to quenching the reaction.

[0014] In some embodiments, the nitroxyl radical catalyst is chosen from a TEMPO catalyst and an AZADO catalyst or a mixture thereof.

[0015] In some embodiments, the TEMPO catalyst is chosen from (2,2,6, 6-tetramethyl-

1-piperidinyloxy, free radical), 4-MeO-TEMPO (4-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l- oxyl); 4-acetoamido-TEMPO (4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l-oxyl), and 4- hydroxy-TEMPO (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-l-oxyl).

[0016] In some embodiments, the TEMPO catalyst is polymer-supported. [0017] In some embodiments, the AZADO catalyst is chosen from 2-azaadamantane N- oxyl (AZADO), l-methyl-2-azaadamantane-N-oxyl (1 -Me- AZADO), and 9- azanoradamantane N-oxyl (Nor- AZADO).

[0018] In some embodiments, the nitroxyl radical catalyst is 9- azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane N-oxyl (ABNO).

[0019] In some embodiments, the organic solvent is selected from acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether,

dimethoxyethane, 2-methoxyethyl ether (diglyme), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (triglyme), toluene, benzene, hexane, pentane, dioxane, and mixtures thereof.

[0020] In some embodiments, the organic solvent is acetonitrile.

[0021] In some embodiments, the phosphate buffer comprises an aqueous solution of potassium phosphate monobasic and potassium phosphate dibasic.

[0022] In some embodiments, the potassium phosphate monobasic and potassium phosphate dibasic are each used in amounts of about 0.5 equivalent to about 1.5 equivalents. In some embodiments, the potassium phosphate monobasic and potassium phosphate dibasic are each used in amounts of about 1.1 equivalents to about 1.5 equivalents.

[0023] In some embodiments, the amount of the nitroxyl radical catalyst used is about

1.0 to about 50.0 mol percent. In some embodiments, the amount of the nitroxyl radical catalyst used is about 1.0 to about 10.0 mol percent. In some embodiments, the amount of the nitroxyl radical catalyst used is about 5.0 to about 10.0 mol percent. In some embodiments, the amount of the nitroxyl radical catalyst used is about 7.0 mol percent.

[0024] In some embodiments, the amount of sodium chlorite used is about 1 equivalent to about 3 equivalents. In some embodiments, the amount of sodium chlorite used is about 1.5 equivalent to about 2 equivalents. In some embodiments, the amount of sodium chlorite used is about 1.7 equivalents.

[0025] In some embodiments, the sodium sulfite is aqueous sodium sulfite.

[0026] In some embodiments, the sodium sulfite is solid sodium sulfite.

[0027] In some embodiments, the amount of sodium sulfite used is about 1 to about 3 equivalents. In some embodiments, the amount of sodium sulfite used is about 2.4 to 2.5 equivalents.

[0028] Also provided is 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein. [0029] In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein does not require further purification.

[0030] In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding aqueous HC1 to the quenched reaction to adjust the pH to about pH 3; and collecting the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid by filtration.

[0031] In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding adding aqueous HC1 to the quenched reaction to adjust the pH to about pH 6.5; adding a seed crystal of 4-phenyl- 1- butyric acid; and collecting the formed 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid by filtration.

[0032] In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein is greater than about 80% pure by weight. In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1-butyric acid prepared by a process described herein is greater than about 85% pure by weight. In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein is greater than about 90% pure by weight. In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein is greater than about 93% pure by weight.

[0033] In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein is greater than about 80% pure by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein is greater than about 85% pure by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein is greater than about 90% pure by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein is greater than about 95% pure by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein is greater than about 97% pure by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein is greater than about 98% pure by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. In some embodiments, the 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared by a process described herein is greater than about 99% pure by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.

[0034] In some embodiments, the process further comprises purifying the 4-phenyl- 1- butyric acid. [0035] Also provided is a process for converting 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid prepared as described herein to glycerol triphenylbutyrate comprising esterifying glycerol with three molecules of 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid. In some embodiments the process for converting 4-phenyl- 1 -butyric acid prepared as described herein to glycerol triphenylbutyrate comprises: converting 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid prepared by the process disclosed herein to 4-phenyl-l -butyryl chloride; and reacting the 4-phenyl-l -butyryl chloride with glycerol in an organic solvent in the presence of a suitable base.

[0036] 4-Phenyl-l -butyric acid may be conveniently converted to the corresponding acid chloride by any of the means known to those skilled in the art of synthesis. In some

embodiments, the conversion of 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid or a salt thereof to the acid chloride is done by reacting 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid or a salt thereof with thionyl chloride.

[0037] In some embodiments, the base for the reaction of 4-phenyl-l -butyryl chloride with glycerol is selected from triethylamine, imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, and 1- ethylimidazole.

[0038] In some embodiments, the solvent for the reaction of 4-phenyl-l -butyryl chloride with glycerol is selected from tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon

tetrachloride, and ethylenedichloride.

[0039] Also provided is glycerol triphenylbutyrate prepared by a process described herein.

[0040] Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising glycerol

triphenylbutyrate prepared by a process described herein. In some embodiments the

pharmaceutical composition does not include any pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

[0041] Also provided is a method for treating a subject with a nitrogen retention disorder comprising administering to the subject glycerol triphenylbutyrate prepared by a process described herein.

[0042] In some embodiments, the nitrogen retention disorder is selected from urea cycle disorders and hepatic encephalopathy. In some embodiments, the nitrogen retention disorder is a urea cycle disorder. [0043] In some embodiments, the subject to be treated is a human patient. In some embodiments, the human patient is an adult. In some embodiments, the human patient is a pediatric subject 12 to 18 years of age. In some embodiments, the human patient is a pediatric subject under the age of 12.

[0044] In some embodiments, the glycerol triphenylbutyrate is administered orally. In some embodiments, the glycerol triphenylbutyrate is administered directly into the mouth via oral syringe or dosing cup. In some embodiments, the glycerol triphenylbutyrate is administered by nasogastric tube or gastrostomy-tube.

[0045] In some embodiments, the glycerol triphenylbutyrate is administered with food.

[0046] In some embodiments, the method for treating a subject with a urea cycle disorder comprises administering to the subject glycerol triphenylbutyrate prepared by a process described herein in a dosage of about 5.33 to 8.79 g/m ² /day. In some embodiments, the dosage is at or about 6 to 8 g/m ² /day, 6.5 to 7.5 g/m ² /day, 7.0 to 7.3 g/m ² /day, or 7.15 to 7.25 g/m ² /day. In some embodiments, the effective dosage is at or about 7.18 or 7.05 g/m ² /day.

[0047] The following examples serve to more fully describe the disclosed compounds the methods. It is understood that these examples in no way serve to limit the true scope of this invention, but rather are presented for illustrative purposes.

EXAMPLES

[0048] The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of certain embodiments of the present invention. The following abbreviations are used:

TEMPO: 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-l-piperidinyloxy, free radical

MTBE: methyl tert-butyl ether

4-PBA: 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid

3-BPA: 3-benzoyl propionic acid

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of 4-phenyl-l -butyric acid

TEMPO (0.07 eq)

4-phenylbutan-1 -ol 4-phenylbutyric acid

[0049] In a 50 L jacketed reactor, equipped with a Huber Unistadt 360 chiller, 4-phenyl-

1-butanol (1 kg, 6.66 mol) and TEMPO (72.8 g, 466 mmol, 0.07 eq.) were dissolved in acetonitrile (5 L) at ambient temperature. In a 12 L 3-neck round bottom flask, a potassium phosphate buffer was prepared by dissolving potassium phosphate monobasic (996 g, 7.32 mol) and potassium phosphate dibasic (1276 g, 7.33 mol) in water (10 L), and the prepared buffer was transferred into the reaction mixture at ambient temperature. Two other solutions were prepared separately including an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite by dissolving sodium chlorite (1.28 kg, 11.32 mol, 1.7 eq.) in water (4 L) and bleach solution by diluting 8.25% bleach (110 mL, 122 mmol, 0.02 eq.) in water (200 mL). The temperature of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 10- 40°C followed by adding the prepared aqueous solution of sodium chlorite (900 mL) and the diluted bleach (60 mL) in sequence. The remaining of the two solutions was then slowly added simultaneously and separately over four hours while maintaining the temperature of the reaction mixture at 10-40°C. It was noted that after the addition, the temperature of the reaction mixture kept increasing to 30 °C, and maintained at 30 °C for about two hours before starting to slowly cool down to 20 °C. The mixture was agitated at 20 °C overnight, and the conversion was > 99.9%. Temperature of the reaction mixture was adjusted to below 0-20°C followed by pH adjustment to 9.8 with 25% aqueous sodium hydroxide (prepared from 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide with water, 1/1 v/v; -1360 mL). An aqueous solution of sodium sulfite was prepared by dissolving sodium sulfite (2 kg, 15.87 mol, 2.4 eq.) in water (10 L), and slowly transferred into reaction mixture over one hour while maintaining the temperature at below 15 °C (note that the peak for 3-BPA increases to about 6-7A% immediately after the sodium sulfite quench). The resulting light cloudy mixture was stirred at 15 to 30°C overnight (to bring the levels of the 3- BPA peak back down to about 1.5A %) and then cooled to 0-10°C (to maximize precipitation of the inorganic salts). The suspension was stirred at 0-10°C for two hours and then the solids removed by filtration through a Celite ^® pad (250 g). The filtered cake was washed with cold water (1 L x 3). The combined filtrate was washed with MTBE (10 + 5 L). The resulting colorless aqueous phase was cooled to 0-10°C, and agitated overnight (no further precipitation of inorganic material was noted). It is essential to perform the acidification on a chilled solution, in order for the 4-PBA to precipitate. To the chilled solution was slowly added 6N aqueous HC1 (1 L) over two hours to adjust pH to about 6.5. At this stage, 4-PBA seed (10 g, 60.9 mmol) was added to induce crystallization to form a thin suspension. Additional 6N aqueous HC1 (2.6 L) was slowly added over two hours to adjust the pH to 3. The resulting suspension was agitated at 5 °C overnight, and then filtered to collect the solid. The wet cake was washed with ice cold water (2 L), and dried under vacuum with nitrogen purge to provide 4-PBA as white solid, which was dried in the open air, in glass trays over 3 days.

[0050] The total amount of the crude 4-PBA was 1034.1 g (94.6% isolation yield) with

99.7 A% purity by HPLC analysis, 210 nm and >99 A% by 260 nm (1 mg/mL acetonitrile solution). No 3-BPA was detected by both wavelengths. DSC analysis gave the melting point 52 °C.

[0051] Next, the 4-PBA was analyzed by HPLC using with the concentration of 5 mg/mL in mobile phase A and acetonitrile (80/20 v/v). The purity was 99.7 A% with 93 %w/w. Under this analysis 3-BPA was identified in 0.04 A% along with four other impurities in the range of 0.04 to 0.1 A%. The weight assay of 3-BPA was calculated as 0.002 %w/w using 0.04% 3-BPA solution. Final Karl Fischer analysis was 0.14 %w/w of water content.

[0052] Those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications, additions, substitutions, and variations to the illustrative examples set forth herein can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and are, therefore, considered within the scope of the invention.