Ferenc, Hidvégi
Mßté, Kemény
Gßbor, Pokorny
Tibor, Lasztity
Radomir, Kos
Ivßn, Forizs
Katalin
Ferenc, Hidvégi
Mßté, Kemény
Gßbor, Pokorny
Tibor, Lasztity
Radomir, Kos
Ivßn, Forizs
Katalin
| 1. | A process in the course of which a repre¬ sentative sample is taken from the basic substances or mixtures marked for the foddering of farm animals and being at disposal on farms, the sample is ground in a suitable grinder or cut in a chipper to an appropriate size, filled into a cuvette, rendering possible an opt cal measurement under standard conditions, then tbenea infrared transmission or reflection spectrum thereof o the spectrum points thereof measurable at the wave lengths characteristic for the composition are measure mathematical trans ormations can be performed on the m sured spectral data, then substituting the transformed or nottransformed spectral data into a calibration eq tion or an equation system, the composition data of th substances which can be utilized for the admixing are tained; the composition data obtained by the near infr spectrometric way are used in the following for the fo der mixture optimization taking into account these sub stances, too, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that a m nimization of the deviation from the essential amino a demands of the farm animals as well as the essential a mino acid sample of the mixed fodder is aimed at speci fically for the species, age, genus, method of keeping and physiological state so that the price of the mixed fodder, other specific demand data, antinutritive fact as well as the reserves can be taken into account. |
| 2. | A concrete measuringoptimizing system acc ing to the process of claim 1 which uses the near infra red reflection, diffuse reflection or transmission spec rometry for the rapid measurement of the parameters co cerning the inner contents, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the measurement data get from the near infrared analyser directly through a direct bus system or aserie channel to the apparatus performing the optimization. |
| 3. | A near infrared analyseroptimizing ap ratus as claimed in claim 2, c h a r a c t e r i z in that the infrared analyser and the optimizing pa possess a common data processing and/or common data storing part. |
| 4. | An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 or c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it compares th values of the operation field /6/ provided by the control unit /7/ with the real composition datalim of the actually measured substance and if among tho data one falls beyond these limits, a fault message generated to the operator. |
| 5. | An apparatus as claimed in claim 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that for the transfer of the operation field /6/ a control signal /8/ is generated only if all values' of the operation field can be found among the value limits to be expected. |
| 6. | A deviqe as claimed in claim 2 or 3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it is capable .' of providing fodder optimization tasks on the basis of a data bank of an adaptive structure from the po of view of the operator, that is forming a part of the system, but can determine some important para¬ meters concerning the inner contents if actual fodde basic substance samples are at disposal and thus is capable of improving the data base of the optimiza¬ tion. |
| 7. | An adaptive structure as claimed in claim 6, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it is capable of receiving new biological /essential amino acid/ demand data for other values concerning the in ner contents, the new type of farm animal, a diffe¬ rent method of keeping >. |
| 8. | An adaptive structure as claimed in claim 6 or 7, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the elaboration of the measurement technique of new pro¬ ducts is rendered possible, too, by a developing sys¬ tem /9/ which on the basis of the spectra of samples taken on the near infrared spectrometer /8/ and stored in background memory /10/ and having a known composi¬ tion selects optimum measurement wave lengths and appropriate mathematical spectrum transforming proces¬ ses and determine the calibration constants belonging to them which can now be accessed by the spectrometer control unit /!/ or can be supplied to the operator /1 . |
| 9. | An adaptive setting up as claimed in clai 6 or 7 or 8, c h a ra c t e r i z e d in that it is capable of modifying the ce^ constants of the object function processing the results of foddering tests" by the statistical evaluation system /19/» . |
| 10. | A process as claimed in claim 1, c a r a c t e r i z e d in that the optimum composition i attained by maximizing the objectfunction defined as the quotient of the in vitro biological value and the price. |
| 11. | A process as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the optimum composition is attained by maximizing the in vitro biological value objectfunction taking into account the price as limi ing factor. |
| 12. | A process as claimed in claim 1 or 10 or 11, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the reserves are optimally taken into account taking into conside¬ ration the preferring factors and limiting inequalities respectively. |
| 13. | 13* A solution as claimed in one of claims 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the optimum composition is prepared striving for minimum production costs. |
| 14. | A process a3 claimed in one of claims 1, 10, 11 or 12, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that at the establishing of the in vitro biological value any arrangement of the amino acids is used. o.~π. |
A2TD/0R PRICE
Subject of the Invention
The invention relates to a process and app ratus with the help of which the necessary starting substances or those in stockcan be examined accordin to the food-value or other composition or quality pa rameters and on the basis of the 'test results, the earlier measurement data appropriately stored in the apparatus or literature data an optimum mixing ratio can be established at which the quantity and ratio, o the essential amino acids is the most advantageous i at the same time the price of the mixed fodder prepa accordingly and the other prescribed parameters conc ing the inner contents, too, are maintained at an ad vantageous value. At the demand or the essential amino acid and the range of the parameters concerning the inner contents the data of the relating species of animals characterizing the age, genus, method of keeping and other status /e.g. gestation, disease and so on/ are taken into account. Theoretical Background
In order to determine the optimum mixing ra tio of the fodder mixtures the values of the starting substances concerning the inner contents have to be established or estimated. The estimation is possible with the help of the data bank collected from the li¬ terature but it is qualified as estimation, too, if only seasonal data are taken into consideration or possibly data chracterizing the soil, place and metho of production.
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The traditional wet-chemical methods use the chemical development of the samples and taking into account the usual laboratory organization, the result can be given only after some hours or days of transit time. The non-destructive physico-chemical methods becoming more and more widespread recently are generally based on the close connection between a value concerning the inner contents and a physico- -che ically measurable feature of the substance. Among these the interaction between the electromagne¬ tic radiation and the substance plays an outstanding role, particularly in the infrared range and within that in the near infrared range c Due to Prof. Iorris* pioneer work /USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA/ the near infrared reflection and transmission spectrometry, re pectively, became an analytical method already widely proved today in the analysis of agricultural samples. Calibrating on the basis of the laboratory measuremen the modern near infrared reflection /iHR/ analysers attain a precision and reproducibility identical with that of the laboratory measurements at the most impor tant components of numerous products.
Among appropriate apparatus constructions a interference-filter composition is disclosed in Bri- tain patent specification 1, 432,634, U.S. patent spe cification 3,861,788 as well as U.S. patent specifi¬ cation 4,082,464.
It is characteristic for these apparatuses that with the help of a pre-adjusted parameter set th composition values are provided from the measured pro duct in some points, or on the basis of the reflectom ter value spectrum adopted in the complete spectrum range on a suitable periphery /screen, printer, hard copy output/. The different claims relate to the opti cal arrangements, the number of the filters and their
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setting in relation to the sample. In the knowledge of the plenty of literature on the NIR application technique it can be stated that a wide-band /1-2.5/ KIR spectrometer is suitable for a rapid and reliab measurement of most of the parameters concerning th inner contents and being important from the fodder aspect of nixed fodders as well as concerning the b sic substances of the fodder production after an ap ropriate calibration. It can be considered proved that the KIR spectrum correlates to the moisture, fat and protei contents of the different products, at fodders a mu tiple correlation coefficient higher than R = 0.94 can be attained or the protein, ADP /acid detergent fibre/, KDϋ? /neutral detergent fibre/, lignine, cel¬ lulose, and extract content /J.S. Shenk, L1.R. Hoover M.O. Westerhaus: Maryland Nutrition Conference, Marc 15-16, 1979 p. 100/. Ca, P, Ca/P, too, can be deter¬ mined by correlation higher than 0.84. From the KIR spectrum conclusions can be drawn for the digestibility being very important for the feeding. The disappearance of dry matter, diges¬ tibility and weight gain were measured in vitro app¬ ropriately by R s 0.89, 0.96 and 0.92 correlation, respectively.
Calibration can be carried out with the sp tral data on the basis of a sample selected from the basic substances as well as the mixtures thereof use for feeding and the number of which corresponds to aspects of statistics, the composition of which is known or which possesses known in vitro and in vivo measurement data what generally means a multiple lin regression mathematical process.
Since the decisive majority of the most im portant values concerning the inner contents taken
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into account from the feeding aspect can be measured rapidly by the KIR spectrometry besides a suitable calibration, it seems to be suitable to use such a measuring system as integral part of an apparatus developed for the optimization of the odder.
It is an econometric statement that the expe ses spent for fodders /the state purchase prices/ amount to two thirds of the production costs of the animal husbandry. This fact represents a challenge fo the rationalization of the animal husbandry and it became extremely urgent particularly nowadays since the lack of protein is not an isolated phenomenon any more, but a crisis increasing in universal dimen¬ sions. On the field of the animal husbandry the prό- tein problem appears in two ways at the same time: on the one hand in form of an increasing meat demand of a mankind increasing in number, on the other hand i a more and more reduced quantity of protein-carrying fodder components,, At present it deems that the bigge limit of the increase of the mankind is the reduced quantity of the feed protein as well as the biggest limit of the increase of the quantity of the feed protein is the limited mass of the fodder proteins, Therefore it can be stated that the economy with the fodder proteins is of strategic importance.
The problem on the level of economy can be drafted as iϋlows: meat produced as cheap as possible aπi other animal products, respectively, that is the maximum ofthe quotient of the meat production and the production costs is the aim.
These statements are obviously evident, in practice, however, as we will see later, they have not been manifested yet.
The mixture fodders appear in two ways on the market: on the one hand - from the fodder produc-
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ing firms - as final products, on the other hand as raw materials for the stock-itreeding firms. '
As final product they have to bring econo cal profit what means their preparation directed by the aim of minimum production costs. Therefore they cannot mean a raw material ensuring an optimum biolo gical production for the animal husbandry, neither i spite of the fact that the minimization of the produ tion costs is performed by taking into consideration certain main demand data of the farm animals to be fed as restricting parameters. If both the fodder pr duction and the animal husbandry are treated as one system, the conclusion is unambiguous that in the course of the odder production not the minimum of " t production costs but the maximum of the quotient of prime cost of the fodder and the biological producti has to be considereed the aim.
At present this fact has not been recogniz and a system suitable for the realization of this co ception has not been described, respectively.
In the international practice the prime co minimizing, so-called "least cost" method is used /Becher, A.-Prinz, W. /I963/: Kraftfutt. 46, 3.; Gro G- et al. /1965/: Rev.Agr.Brux. 17, 12.; Dent, J.B. /Casey, H. /1967/: Linear Programming and Animal Nut tion, London.; Inglett, G.E. et al. /1969/: Cer. Sci Today 14, 69.; Cavins, J.P. , et al. /1972/: Fd. Tech June. p. 46; Davies, Y. et al. /1973/: Poult. Sci. 102; Rabold, J. /1977/: Mtihle Lϋschfutt. 114. 577.; T/adsworth, J.I. et al. /1979/: Cer. Fds. World 24,
274; Jones, G.M. et al. /1980/: J β Dairy Sci« _ t 49 For the practical use of this method numer systems were developed, among others the "Peed Infor mation Service" program packet of the NCR Corp. prov with an appropriate program the system TRS-80 Model
of the firm Radio Shack, the "Home Computer" of Texas Instruments, the mini computers of IBM and Burroughs Corp., the system EAL 3020 of the Ξletro- nic Associates Ltd., the apparatus of the firm Com- odore International, the small-dimension target systems of the Cornell University and the Iowa State University, the extended "Agricultural Computer Net¬ work" of the Nebraska University, the "Today's Elect ronic Planning" systems of the icjiigan State Uni- versity* For a smaller field of activity still sys¬ tem "Computer Decision Aids" of the Minnesota State University as well as the systems of the University of Delaware and the University of California are operated. In a newer improved form the system "Fast Agricultural Communication Terminal System" of the Purdue University /Feedstuffs, 1979, May-June, p. 1/ operates.
The common feature of the above systems is that the optimization aims at the price minimitat one operates besides keeping the parameters concern¬ ing the inner contents between limits exclusively on the basis of literature or earlier laboratory mea¬ surement data.
From the point of view of trophology the nutritive value of the foodstuffs is determined by the protein introduced bythe food and the amino acid composition thereof, respectively. For the setting up of the body-proteins of the human and animal orga nism different amino acids are necessary in a de-. termined quantity and ratio. Since the proteins intr duced bythe food do not include the amino acids in the necessary ratio and not the complete quantity of the introduced amino acids can be used for the setti up of the own proteins, respectively, at the examina tion of the biological value of the protein sources
problem cannot be reduced to a comparison of the rel tions of the introduced gross amino acid composition but the production of the utilized part has to be co sidered as basis of the value measurement. Under the biological value of a protein source after all the r lation between the concentration of the essential am acids to be found in the utilizable part thereof as well as the specific essential amino acid demand of the living being consuming it is to be understood. T is an optimum ratio of the amino acids for every liv being. Any deviation from this ratio leads to a de¬ crease of the biological value /Kofranyi, E. /1973/: Kutr. Rep. Int. £, 45/.
The biological value can be determined fύn- damentally by two methods: by foddering tests and on the basis of parameters concerning the inner contents respectively, and by calculation. Concerning the fact that the foddering tests supply a reliable result onl in the case if a high number of individuals, many parallel groups take part in the tests as v/ell as sin the measurements demand extremely hig costs and time /e.g. for the testing of one protein sample eight people, four parallel measurements, 30,000 # and sixt days are necessary/, nowadays increased interest is shown for rapid and cheap chemical methods /Bodwell, C.E. /1977/: Kutr, Rep. Int. 16, 163/.
One very important peculiarity of the bio¬ logical value is that it is not additive, that is in the case of mixtures the biological value of the prod is not identical with the linear combination of the biological value of the components. This very importa property of the biological value is characterized by the following chemical index in a possible form of the invention:
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wherein X - is the wanted vector of the components J m is the number of the components to be admi n is the number of the essential amino acids to be taken into account in the case of th given farm animal
A.. _• is the i-amino acid taken into account o i, « j the 3-component to be admixed aι.,r_. is the biological demand of the given a animal from the essential i-amino acid ccj j is the weighting factor established in the course of the biological tests. This connection cannot be considered a pu¬ rely chemical index, since it includes the data of biological tests in its nominator. ϊhe aim of the invention is to elaborate a system which can measure as many important parameters concerning the inner contents of as wide a scope of products as possible rapidly and directly in contra¬ diction to the optimizing apparatusses known until no Furthermore it is the aim to establish such an adap¬ tive system which carries out the optimization and th fodder-advising on the basis of an extended .data bank these data can be written one above the other cancell ing the latter, with the measurement results, the ex- ternal measurement - e.g. periodical - data besides appropriate control, the data base can be amplified in every respect, the measurement apparatus forming a part of the system can be expanded by new methods. A.n itwas the aim to approach the optimization of the mix
-fodder recipes in a new way by developing a value measuring process suitable for the characterization of the biological value of the proteins and taking i account the specifical amino acid demand of the con sumers, defining the maximization of the production of an animal product produced with as lower costs as possible as objective. Specification of the System
Thus the invention relates " to an apparatu suitable for the optiΗu .forming of feeding stuffs, particularly fodder mixtures which includes an opti unit suitable for the measurement of the near infra diffuse reflection spectrum or spectrum detail, the control electronic unit thereof, the reflection spec rum signal processing and storing equipment thereof and a computer part suitable for the trans ormation the spectrum and then the calculation of the parame¬ ters concerning the inner contants.
The results of the infrared measurements g to such a field of operation to which the optimizing system can access. The unit performing the optimiza¬ tion is provided with such an operative enory field or background memory suitable for data storage, whic contains as many values concerning the inner content of the products as possible applicable for the nixed fodders, the essential amino acid demand data of the inditidual farm animals, the demand data provided as lower and/or upper limit of thedemand data of oth parameters concerning the inner contents or accordin to the ratios thereof, the quantity of the reserve at disposal or the utilizable reserves or the ratios thereof.
For feeding the data necessary for the optimization the apparatus is provided with data sup lying means, the optimum composition, however, obtai
as result can be dispalyed and recorded, respectivel on data output devices connected to the apparatus, t
Figure 1 shows the block-vscheme of an adva tageous form of the invention. Data bank 1 can be pl ced on a floppy disk as a whole or broken down accor ing to species of animals, to this floppy disk a dat bank operator 11 can access and feed data if desired 2 reserves an optimization demand data, 3 local or s sonal composition data, laboratory measuring results 4 biological value demand data and 5 foddering test data serve as input data from the point of view of t system. The data bank operator unit directly accesse 6 infrared composition operation field and is direct connected to the 7 near infrared analyzer control un ϊhe latter controls the operation ofthe 8 near infra analyser but through this the 9 infrared developing system and the background store unit 10 thereof are joined.
The data bank operator establishes the ope ration field- of the data used for 12 optimization. A 13 optimization part accesses the latter operation field. Example 1
Fodder recipe optimization supported by a foddering test:
As disclosed in the description, according to claim 10,. the /starting, raising, finishing/ opti mization of the ΕRG /national Research Cuouncil/ re¬ cipes used on the broiler farm of the Gδdδllo Resear Institute for breeding Small Animals was carried out According to the result of foddering tests - carried out with several ten thousands of individu in 1979 - the production costs for 1 kg of live weig -growth were reduced by more than 20 %.
OMP
Example 2
Optimization of human regime: optimisatio of bread recipes for Egypt taking into account the nutritive structure. Data at disposal /Hussein, LI.A. /1978/: Di sertation, Hungarian Academy of Sciences/ and the av rage annual consumption structure of two weakly ed and averagely fed classes - differing in the nutriti level - of the Egyptian population were taken as bas for the optimization of bread recipes based on wheat + complement /naize, millet, rice, fenugreek, soya/ described in the description - taking into account h man physiological and economical points of view at the same time - which are optimal concerning the com lete consumed food, that is which represent a maximu biological value. Example 3
Completing task: completing of baking prod by a protein concentrate based on beer-yeast: in the course of the completing the optimum mixing ratio of product defined according to a concrete composition recipe as well as a complementary substance is searc for: as disclosed in the description, on the basis o the official norm of the baking industry a beer-yeas quantity is searched for where the biological value of the completed product is maximum. Example 4
By-Product utilization: By using the optim zation of food and mixed fodder-recipes, respectivel as disclosed in the description wastes, by-products containing protein can be introduced into food for man individuals and fodder, respectively. With the h of the present process beside the maintaining - even possibly increase - of the biological value of the foodstuffs and mixed fodders, respectively, complete
valueless slaughter-house by-products often consi¬ dered harmful for the environment /blood, festhers and so on/ could be introduced into different recipe and thus not only the side-products can be utilized very efficaciously but with the help of the process the producing of expensive components /fish-meal, valuable meat-part/ and the substitution thereof in a nutritive sense, too, became possible.
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