CLIMATE AREAS

The invention relates to a process for the production of reinforced concrete structures having a permanent shuttering elements by a curing method of working-in, by which, in order to adapt the specific application under sub-tropical climate conditions, the heat incapacity of the wall structures is increased, in such a way that permanent shuttering elements are used, where said shuttering elements having been formed to possess vertically directed cavities passing all along said shuttering elements, and said cavities are filled with sand-like filling material, said filling material being available near the location of the building.

In the following the state of the art is disclosed.

All of the reinforced concrete structures having a permanent shuttering element, said structures having been produced by a curing method, belong to the cement-based light structures, and they are suitable for the production of open building systems.

The characteristics of the reinforced concrete structures produced by a curing method

The most characteristic features of the reinforced concrete structures produced by a curing method are as follows: a) they consist of elements with lower thickness, and are in general of more complex (ribbed) shape (b) they solidify more quickly with the same concrete composition, and possess higher end solidity, furthermore c) may be prepared with higher preciseness, however, they, in turn, need higher care and preciseness during the preparation. These most important characteristics make it necessary that in case of the designing and preparation of the reinforced concrete structured made by curing method, we take care of the consideration of specifications, which are different from those relating to the preparation of customary reinforced concrete structures

It is known for the skilled person that in practice the entire reinforced concrete structures cannot be produced by a curing method, thus, in such cases the features of the partially curing process, and the features of the concrete produced by such a partially curing process should be taken into consideration.

Curing, as a method for working-in may be implemented by using permanent shuttering elements, said shuttering elements possessing hygroscopic feature. If the shuttering element is insufficiently hygroscopic, or the thickness of the concrete in case of a two direction curing exceeds 50 mm, partially cured layers of concrete are generated, either in general, or locally. In case of the application of the working-in by a curing method, it seems to be reasonable to consider the following factors: a) the practically entire termination of the hydrostatic pressure within a short period of time, b) the permanent shuttering element has an effect of post-treatment, c) the appearance of a radical compressing effect on the concrete, furthermore, d) the phenomenon that the concrete mixture will more rapidly solidify than it would generally be expected.

In case of working-in using the partially curing method, among the above factors, the effects mentioned above in points a) and b) are primarily worth being taken into consideration, however, effects mentioned above in points c) and d) may also be considered. No partial curing may be expected in such material layers, where the distance from the hygroscopic shuttering element exceeds 100 mm.

The requirements for the permanent shuttering elements being capable of curing, and the transverse sections shuttered

In case of a one direction curing, such a permanent shuttering element is capable of curing, in which the water absorption capacity on its surface of 100 cm ² is in an amount up to 100 g per 10 seconds. In case of two direction curing, this water absorption capacity within 10 seconds must accordingly be twice as that in case of one direction curing. In case of concrete shapes designed to have complex transverse section, a substituting transverse section generated by the average of the volumes of all concrete and all curing material may be used for the calculations. In practice the gypsum/concrete ratio is between 1/1 and 1/2. Further requirement is that the water absorption capacity of all permanent shuttering elements must approximately be the same.

The permanent shuttering elements must be such precise that together with the auxiliary structures serving the building in of said permanent shuttering elements, the planned tolerances be kept, the level of the covering of reinforcing iron never go below the minimum requirement, at the same time the curing be of sufficient intensity.

In the course of the preparation of the cured concrete structures, special quality control should be implemented both in term of the sizes of the shuttered transverse sections, and in term of the positions of the reinforcing steel linings. This, in practice is achieved by using positioning and/or supporting auxiliary structures, and spacers, generally being directly joined to said positioning and or supporting auxiliary structures. The preciseness requirement of the vertical positioning is in general 1/1000, while the preciseness requirement of the spacing for negative difference is in general under 1 millimeter. The consistence of the concrete mix used, the effect of curing, and the moisture flow processes during the cementation In order to prepare the vertical structures, over moistened, flowable concrete mix is to be applied. In case of water addition, when the preciseness cannot be controlled, the achievement of the sufficient water content may be checked by the help of the morphology of the horn surface generated during the stirring of the concrete using a high speed stirring device.

As an effect of the curing, between the particles of the concrete an intense moisture flow starts in the direction of the surface of the shuttering elements, and this will substantially be continued until the liquid film between the particles decreases to a minimum value, and the final skeleton of the particles builds up. In the meantime the concrete mix exhibits significant loss of volume. In case of an appropriate curing with an internal material particle, the time requirement of the whole process is less than 10 seconds. This is followed by a further, very moderate moisture flow, until an equilibrium in the capillary network generated in the complete wall structure will have been reached.

An identical concrete mix may be used for the preparation of horizontal structures, however, pulling off is possible only by using a specific device designed for such operations. The agitation of the concrete under curing makes the curing slower, increases the length of moisture flow, as well as its duration, disturbs the compressing of the concrete, therefore, said agitation is to be avoided.

In case of partially cured concrete parts, a low intensive flow of the water in the direction of the shuttering elements may be continued for considerable period of time through the cured layer (with built up skeleton of particles), however, this will not compress the internal layers sufficiently, the thickness of the liquid film in the internal layers remains higher than the minimum value, and no final skeleton of particles is generated. It should be taken into consideration that these partially cured concrete layers will suffer from additional loss of volume.

The process of curing is reversible until the start of cementation, the permanent moisture effect or a strong local water flow will break the generated skeleton of particles, and restores the fluid consistency. Therefore the concrete built in must be protected from such effects. In the course of cementation the moisture flow taking place during the curing is turning back, and the moisture starts flowing from the permanent shuttering elements in the direction of the concrete according to the water need of the concrete. This process is automatically controlled by the capillary network, and the excess moisture entered by the curing is sufficient. During the cementation the influence in the moisture content is generally to be avoided, however, if the moisture content excessively decreases in the complex whole section, the missing water may be supplemented from an external source. The effects on the shuttering element

The actual casting generates an inclined casting gradient in the wall shell, the upper layer of the fluidic material flows at a higher rate, while the bottom layers move with a slowing flow. The hydrostatic pressure in the few centimeter thick inclined zone of the casting gradient pushes the shuttering element outwards. In the few centimeter thick inclined zone of the cemented concrete vacuum may occur due to the slow, but extremely small loss of volume of the concrete mix, at this point the ambient pressure will push the shuttering element inward. In case of an uneven casting, or at the start or finishing of the casting, these forces may accordingly appear locally, separately from the whole body of the concrete.

Keeping of the shuttering elements on size, abandonment of the size keeping

Due to the above-mentioned circumstances, it is advisable to keep the shuttering elements on size with such methods, which prevent the surfaces of the shuttering elements from the movement outwards, but make it possible to move inward to a few tenths of millimeters. It is not advisable to apply such methods for the keeping of the shuttering elements (reinforcing steel linings, and any other elements incorporated in the concrete) in place, which ensure the spacing only at an expense of high forces. It is because of the fact that after the filling the concrete in, these elements keeping in place are disassembled, and the cemented concrete will be subject of significant forces, even such forces that may lead to the cracking of the fresh concrete. These problems are in general invisible, and are in all cases irreparable.

Deviations in the composition of the concrete mix

In the course of the planning of the composition of the concrete mix the skilled person may proceed according to the general requirements, however, the rules relating to the water/cement factor must not be taken into consideration.

The diameter of the particle and the structure of the particle

The highest particle diameter of the concrete mix should not exceed 80 per cent of the planned iron coverage. The concrete mix should be of natural particle structure, if it is possible. The overall weight of the 0.063/0.025 mm fraction and the cement must not significantly deviate from the overall weight of the fraction above 0.25 mm. The excess ratio of the 0.25/1 mm fraction must be avoided, the weight ratio of this fraction must not reach 35 per cent.

The cement content

This may be planned as usual, but a cement content below 400 kg m ³ and above 700 kg/m ³ cannot be applied. Other additives

No plasticizing agents may be used, as they decrease the intensity of the water flow between the particles. No chloride containing additives may be used, as they impair the endurance performance due to the thinner iron coverings.

Deviations in the structuring rules

Exposure class

Only structures belonging to the exposure classes of XO and (with the exception of structures contacting water) XCl, XC2 and XC3 according to the EN 206 standard, may be built from cured concrete. However, considering the air moisture change effects in case of the permanent shuttering elements applied on the whole surface (on the upper plane of the slab the underlays, flating underlays, airspace-free wrappers may substitute for them), the structure of the reinforced concrete may be classified in the XO exposure class in cases of XCl, XC2 and XC3 relating to the building, as well.

Covering of the concrete

Due to the relatively high cement content, the good shape filling features of the casting working-in technique, as well as the normally fine additive size, the prescribed concrete covering may, up to 8 mm size, be decreased. The minimum covering of the iron must be at least 35-50% of that of prescribed in the relating valid standard, regulations. Depending from the cement addition, the minimum covering size of the iron, at a cement content of 400 kg/m ³ may be decreased to 50 per cent of the prescribed size, and at a cement content of 700 kg/m ³ it may be decreased to 35 per cent of the prescribed size; the intermediate values may be determined by interpolation. Amongst the rules relating to the reinforced concrete structures, and ensuring the durability of the structure, the reliefs relating to the c _nom value (special quality insurance, slab and wall structures) may be applied in case of cured concrete structures.

The lowest transverse sections in case of vertical structural elements

The lowest applicable transverse sections of the structural parts may be planned as the total thickness of the two side iron covering and the reinforcing steel lining's thickness plus 1 mm, if the requirements mentioned above, relating to the spacing of the reinforcing steels with the permanent shuttering elements, and the shuttered transverse sections, are met. The lowest thickness of the iron free structural particles must be 20 mm. The lowest transverse sections in case of horizontal structural elements

For reinforced structural elements (ribs) the above prescriptions apply, while the lowest thickness of the iron free structural particles must be 12 mm or 1.5 d _g . The space between the reinforcing steels

In this case the limitations relating to both d _min = 20 mm, and d _g + 5 mm, must be set aside. In case of cured concrete structures as the minimum space between the surfaces of the reinforcing steel linings the minimum space according to the iron covering must be applied. The casting of the concrete in case of vertical structural elements

The casting must take place in one to two meters wide, horizontal lines. The higher casting height involves higher risk, and requires more complicated equipment, but carries less interruption in the casting processes. In case of higher casting height casting tube or shoot is to be used, which must be continuously elevated in line with the saturation of its transverse section.

The casting rate of the concrete must be set to the rate of the curing. It must be ensured that the sintering flowing layer between the surfaces cemented onto the shutter receive sufficient amount of concrete. This only with relatively low material flow (30 to 100 liter per minute) is possible. This in itself also ensures that the hydrostatic pressure in the casting tilt does not predominate. However, in case of too low flow of material, the thread of congestion is posed. The appropriate casting rate may be set on the basis of the angle of the tilt. In case of meeting all other conditions, the casting rate is appropriate, if the angle of the tilt falls between 20 and 40 degrees.

The casting of the concrete in case of horizontal structural elements

Cured structural elements may only be created on a horizontal surface also by continuous, slow casting, by using a metering device, in narrow lanes. In practice the partial curing of the horizontal slabs has spread. The application of a shutter with locally changing cementation capacity must be avoided, or it should be taken into consideration that in the under-cemented structural particles significant shrinking cracks are generated.

Different features during the solidification

The process of solidification of the concrete worked in by the curing technique is - especially in the period of time between days 1 to 7 - is significantly faster than that of the concretes worked in by another method. The experiences in connection with this phenomenon relate predominantly to the temperatures between 10 °C and 30 °C. At a lower temperature the solidification is significantly slower. Cured concrete may not be prepared at the risk of freezing, considering the high water content of the complex segment, which, in case of permanent shuttering elements, cannot even be replaced by a liquid with lower freezing point. The post-treatment effect of the shutters will effect until the sizes equal with that of the cementation effect. Therefore the structural elements not covered by permanent shuttering elements must be protected from drying.

Taking into consideration of the three to five days solidity of the concrete

In the planned structure is predominantly cured, or the role of the partially cured parts is not significant, it may be accepted that 50 per cent of the planned final solidity of the concrete is reached between days 3 and 5. In this period of time, the structure may be burdened only if the solidity can be checked by a field examination device. The testing of the actual solidity may take place by an examination by the cracking of a sample, or e.g. with the help of Duroskop. The final solidity of the concrete

In the course of the statical planning 20 per cent higher solidity may be calculated as compared to the 28 days solidity presumable in case of the conventionally planned concrete composition.

Presumptions allowable in connection with the structural shape

In case of meeting of the requirements as for the permanent shuttering elements and shuttered transverse sections, the sections may be considered with the planned value. In the course of the sizing, the geometrical inaccuracies may be determined by the fitting accuracy of the auxiliary structure, however, a deviation of less than VIOOO may not be presumed. Methods that may be used in the course of sizing:

The majority of the cured concrete structures is a thin shell structure, the processes happening as a result of forces may most exactly be characterized by the so-called post-critical limit state. In practice, the approach of plastic limit state has been spread, in order to simplify in favour of the security, said approach simplifies the calculation in case of vertical structural elements by neglecting the parts that tend to pan. The whole structures may be sized by this method. The determination of bearing capacity and the maximum punching shear strength of very thin slab parts may be considered by the cracking of the samples.

The above-detailed curing method for working in is described in HU173309 patent document, which discloses surface elements manufactured from gypsum or gypsum-based materials with porous, capillary structure, wherein between said structural elements post-cementing materials, primarily concrete is casted. In the course of implementation of the disclosed building construction system, the planned building is sectioned to modular elements, and on the basis of said elements the pre-fabricated surface elements and the reinforcing iron fitment of the final bearing structure of the building are prepared. The monolithic bearing structure is formed by the help of the concrete casted between the surface elements.

HU185040 Hungarian patent document discloses a similar building construction system, which may, among others, be applied at field buildings or at projects, where the spatial elements have been prefabricated in a plant.

HU203139 Hungarian patent document relates to the preparation of reinforced concrete structures with thin wall. According to the process, hygroscopic, preferably gypsum permanent shuttering elements are used, which are equipped with spacers. The spacers and the iron linings are fixed to each other, then the shuttering elements are casted with concrete.

Another process for the preparation of sand concrete structures with thin transverse sections is disclosed by HU224678 Hungarian patent document. In the disclosed process, prefabricated, tailor- made, hygroscopic shuttering elements, equipped with spacers are used. High solidity and large wingspan sand concrete (gypsum concrete) bearing structures may be formed by the process; said structures having planned reinforcing strength.

Each of the above-referred patent documents discloses a building method, which creates reinforced concrete structures in such a way that firstly the casting form (negative) of the planned reinforced concrete structure is prepared by the coordinated assembly of the permanent shuttering elements, then by casting over-moisted concrete mix with cement adhesive between said shutters, or on their top, the final shape of the planned reinforced concrete structure is generated by filling of the spatial parts determined by the shutters. The shutters with hygroscopic features generate a strong water flow in the reinforced concrete mix, said water flow results in the partial solidification (stiffing) of the concrete mix very quickly, even within one minute. This phenomenon results in turn the almost immediate ceasing of the hydrostatic pressure as well, furthermore, solves the post-treatment of the concrete by the storage of the excess moisture and by returning of said excess moisture later.

A further possibility of the light structure building systems is disclosed by WO2011138573 international publication document, which also specifies a shutter system, wherein the cavity formed by the shutter system is filled with concrete. The shutter system consists of parallel structural panels separated by a space from each other, said panels are fixed to a net. The panels are not removed after the cementation of the concrete, thus, they will serve as the external and internal surface of the finished structure. A further feature of the panels is that they may be removed after the cementation of the concrete, they may be replaced in case of their damaging, and they possess an insulating layer, as well. The material of the structural panels is not disclosed by the specification.

Another similar, complex building construction system is disclosed by WO9102858 international patent publication document. Between the parallel elements of the permanent shutter system the space is ensured by the use of spacers, said space is casted with concrete. The plates constituting the shutter system are formed in such a way that they have profiles at their edges, said profiles fitting each other. The plates serving as the internal wall surface are made from a gypsum-based material, while the plates giving the external wall surface are made using the combination of e.g. excelsior and cement. The external shuttering plate is furthermore equipped with an insulating layer.

GB2489692 British patent document demonstrates a building construction process, wherein prefabricated building elements are used. Said building elements include two covering layer separated from each other by a space, and a skeleton made from steel or wood. The internal cave of the building elements is filled with e.g. concrete, sand or stone scraps after the fitting of the elements. The covering layer may be e.g. a gypsum plate. It is also disclosed that before the start of casting of the concrete, removable shuttering must also be ensured.

A solution using permanent shutters is disclosed by CN103132633 Chinese patent document, wherein the sufficient bearing capacity is ensured by a welded net, and the space between the prefabricated shutter elements is casted with extremely light concrete at the location of the building construction. The shutter elements are made from fiber-reinforced concrete.

The subject matter of EP 1672135 European patent document is a multilayer, permanent shuttering element, which includes, among others, an external, thin paper or plastic layer, a fiber-reinforced supporting layer made from cement or gypsum, which is positioned under said external layer, and a less solid layer consisting of a composite material.

All of these processes have proven to be suitable to produce bearing structures, which are ready to use within European climatic conditions, and which are economical to produce.

A common benefit of these processes is that the structural weight reduction coming directly from the process was used as a means for the economical production of the bearing structures, thus, instead of the conventionally heavy reinforced concrete structures, light structures could also be created. However, these processes have so far been used within such climatic conditions, where the reduction of weight has not resulted in the loss of comfort, as the buildings such constructed have always been equipped with insulation according to the requirements of the climatic conditions, in order to reduce the heat flow in the winter period. In connection with the providing of the interior air-condition features in the summer period, insolvable problems have not arisen within such climatic conditions, as these structures are still of the best heat incapacity amongst the light structures. In a sub-tropical climate, or in general, at such locations, where the buildings may be exposed to big burden of heat, the feeling of comfort is necessary to be improved, in part by shielding, in part by the increase of the heat incapacity of the structure, however, in paractice, so far, such solutions have not yet become known.

Brief description of the figures

Figure 1: The demonstration of a finished wall structure and wall shutter base element in 1:10 proportion

In the Figure the view image A is the plan of a part of a finished wall structure, view images B/l, B/2 and B/3 are the front-view, side-view and floor plan of a 60x90 cm wall shutter base element, respectively. The floor plan A of the wall structure demonstrates the arrangement of location of the 1 cured reinforced concrete, the 2 gypsum permanent shuttering elements, and the 3 doors, windows and other openings.

Figure 2: The demonstration of slab shuttering base element and the finished slab structure in 1:10 proportion

In the Figure the view images A/1, A/2 and A/3 are the front- view, side-view and floor plan imaging of a slab shuttering base element, respectively, while view image B is the transverse sectional imaging of a part of a finished slab structure. The transverse sectional imaging of the slab structure demonstrates the arrangement of location of the 1 cured reinforced concrete, the 2 gypsum permanent shuttering elements, and the 3 doors, windows and other openings.

Figure 3: The demonstration of a finished slab and wall structure in 1 :50 proportion

The transverse sectional image is the joint demonstration of the finished slab and wall structure, indicating the 4 connection points of the optionally applicable shields.

Figure 4: The floor plan of a part of a finished wall structure in 1 :50 proportion. In the following the detailed description of the invention is presented. The basic problem to be overcome by the present invention is the elimination of the shortcoming that the weight reduction, which is necessary in order to elaborate economical solutions, according to the state of the art processes, brings necessarily about the reduction of the heat incapacity of the finished structure, and thus, the decrease of the level of comfort of the buildings constructed in a sub-tropical climate.

The object of the invention is achieved by a solution based on the discovery that the weight reduction realized from the bearing structures may be rebalanced by building the most inexpensive material in, which is available at the location of the construction, preferably sand.

This method for the increasing of weight in the invention according to the present application is achieved basically in such a way that the conventionally compact construction of the permanent shutters is modified to a construction of having vertical cavities (this was provided with the brand name GREMOU D non-tectonic system). The thus formed shutters may be made suitable for the incorporation of relatively significant amount of a filling material, e.g. sand after the building of the reinforced concrete structure, and the at least partial solidification of the concrete. According to our process, the cavities are filled with a material providing for an increased heat incapacity, preferably with sand. Accordingly, the invention relates to a preparation of reinforced concrete wall and slab structures consisting of thin elements, preferably having a complex (ribbed) shape, by a curing method for working-in, using permanent shutters of hygroscopic nature, formed to include cavities of vertical direction, passing along the whole structure. The filling of the filler material is possible in its form available in the nature, however, application of low amount of adhesive material of any kind of base may be preferred during the filling. In this case the increasing of the weight of the wall structure is carried out in such a way that the amount of the filler filled in the wall structure will not significantly decrease during a later professional operation (drilling, equipping with protecting tubes, etc.), that is, the professional operation is not accompanied by significant outflow of sand.

In the present invention the terms "adhesive of any kind of base" and "adhesive" are used interchangeably, and they are to be understood that they include materials decreasing the flowability used in the industry of building construction, said materials being of natural or artificial origin; inorganic or organic; liquid, solid or powder; solidifying either by a physical, or chemical process; hydraulic, moderately hydraulic or non-hydraulic; examples are whitewash (lime), gypsum, cement, resin, clay or soluble glass.

In case of a further preferred embodiment of the invention the filler is put into the cavities of the permanent shutters mixed with water, ensuring this way that the water necessary for the cementation of the concrete be available even in case of intense evaporation.

The invention relates to a non-tectonic process for building construction for the establishment of light structure buildings in an open building system, using a) non-tectonic structural elements, said elements being pre-fabricated from hygroscopic material, b) a material post-solidifying by losing of water, preferably concrete, said post-solidifying material being casted or poured between or onto said structural elements, c) a material increasing the heat-incapacity, and d) optionally structure reinforcing additives, preferably reinforcing iron, wherein the non-tectonic wall structuring or bearer structuring elements, which are bearing at least to the extent that they be movable, are put next to each other, or on each other, optionally said elements are anchored, optionally are supplemented with a temporary support, and/or optionally the final bearing structure is equipped with reinforcing iron, then the non- tectonic structural elements are casted with a material post-solidifying by losing of water, preferably concrete, thus a monolithic bearing structure is established, characterized in that

a) as non-tectonic structural element, such structural elements are used, which contain cavities vertically passing down, such that after the final positioning of said structural elements a vertical and unified system of cavities is formed; and

b) the cavities formed in point a) are filled with a material ensuring a heat-incapacity higher than that of the air, preferably with sand, at any time during the process after placing said structural elements next to each other and/or on each other, preferably after the at least partial cementation of the post- solidifying material.

Preferably the invention relates to the above process, characterized in that as material of the non- tectonic structural element gypsum or a gypsum-based material is used. Furthermore, the invention relates to the above process, characterized in that the sand used for filling the cavities is mixed with an adhesive material decreasing the flowability.

In the present invention the term "gypsum-based material" is to understood that it includes the following materials used in the field of building construction: gypsum perlite, gypsum ceramics, and the like. Preferably, the invention relates to the above process, characterized in that the external size of the structural elements used have the following dimensions: about 100 to 1000, preferably about 600 mm length, about 50 to 500, preferably about 85 to 160 mm width, about 100 to 2000, preferably about 900 mm height, a wall thickness of about 10 to 25, preferably about 15 mm, and the vertical cavities in said structural elements have the following dimensions: about 30 to 100, preferably about 55 mm length of side or diameter, the distance of the cavities from each other is more than 5 mm, and they preferably possess the external and/or internal shape according to Figure 1.

Preferably, the invention relates to the above process, characterized in that the casting with concrete is carried out by using a curing method for working-in.

Preferably, the invention relates to the above process, characterized in that the filler material increasing the heat-incapacity, preferably sand is poured into the cavity system of the shutters mixed with water, thus the moisture supply of the concrete is ensured during the cementation process.

As its second aspect, the invention relates to a pre-fabricated permanent shutter for the construction of non-tectonic, light structure buildings in an open building system, which permanent shutter is made from hygroscopic material, preferably gypsum or a gypsum-based material, and has the following dimensions: its external size is about 100 to 1000, preferably about 600 mm length, about 50 to 500, preferably about 85 to 160 mm width, about 100 to 2000, preferably about 900 mm height; has a wall thickness of about 10 to 25, preferably about 15 mm, and the vertical cavities in said permanent shutter have the following dimensions: about 30 to 100, preferably about 55 mm length of side or diameter, the distance of the cavities from each other is more than 5 mm, and the shutter preferably possess the external and/or internal shape according to Figure 1, which shutter has the following physical parameters: a density of about 1000 kg/m ³ , and a heat transmission factor of about 1.5-1.6 W7 m ² /K.

Furthermore, the invention relates to a system consisting of a wall with a reinforced concrete structure or bearer and their combination, which system consists of a) pre-fabricated non-tectonic structural elements and b) a material post-solidifying by losing of water, preferably concrete, c) a material increasing the heat-incapacity, preferably sand, said material increasing the heat-incapacity is optionally mixed with an adhesive material decreasing the flowability, and d) optionally a structure reinforcing additive, preferably reinforcing iron, wherein the pre-fabricated non-tectonic structural element is made from hygroscopic material, preferably gypsum or a gypsum-based material, and has the following dimensions: its external size is about 100 to 1000, preferably about 600 mm length, about 50 to 500, preferably about 85 to 160 mm width, about 100 to 2000, preferably about 900 mm height; has a wall thickness of about 10 to 25, preferably about 15 mm, and the vertical cavities in said permanent shutter have the following dimensions: about 30 to 100, preferably about 55 mm length of side or diameter, the distance of the cavities from each other is more than 5 mm, and the shutter preferably possess the external and/or internal shape according to Figure 1, which shutter has the density and a heat transmission factor as specified in the preceding paragraph.

In the following the present invention is illustrated by working examples, which, however, are not in any way to be construed as limiting for the invention. Example 1: Wall shutter base element

The two side gypsum elements according to the present invention useful for walls have the following dimensions: width 598 mm, height 900 mm, thickness 85 mm, one line for windows (Figure 1).

The wall structure made with the shutter base elements according to the invention has the following features:

- The finished wall structure is of symmetrical shape, the reinforcing iron plate parallel with the direction of the wall is positioned to the middle of the structure.

The ribs are supported by the gypsum shutter elements with spare cavities.

The reinforced concrete ribs have generally about 15 mm gypsum covering, the side protection of the ribs is ensured by the gypsum shutter elements.

- The body density of the gypsum elements is about 1000 kg m ³ .

The thickness of the finished wall structure with the two sides gypsum shuttering element and

30 mm reinforcing iron core: 200 mm.

The average heat transmission factor of the finished wall structure (without insulation, with a rib positioning of 60 cm, calculating with 0.34 W/mK gypsum heat conduction factor of: 1.6 W/m ² K. The average heat transmission factor may be improved by applying of an external side insulation.

Example 2: Ceiling slab shutter base element

The one side slab shutter elements are of 598x598 mm ² area, with 160 mm thickness, with two lines for windows.

The features of the slab structure made using the slab shutter base elements according to the present invention are as follows:

The slab structure is a bottom-ribbed, head-plate bearing construction.

The transverse sectional dimensions of the ribs are approximately identical, the positioning of the ribs is identical (60 cm).

he ribs are supported by the gypsum shutter elements with spare cavities. The reinforced concrete ribs in the slab structure have generally about 15 mm gypsum covering, the side protection of the ribs is ensured by the gypsum shutter elements.

The body density of the gypsum elements is about 1000 kg/m ³ .

The thickness of the finished slab structure is 35 mm, together with the head concrete it is 200 mm.

The average heat transmission factor of the finished slab structure (without insulation, with a rib positioning of 60 cm, calculating with 0.34 W/mK gypsum heat conduction factor of: 1.5 W/m ² K. The average heat transmission factor may be improved by applying of an external side insulation.

Figures 3 and 4 demonstrate further embodiments of the invention.

Furthermore, it is characteristic for the invention that the position of the reinforcing steel linings, and the sufficient concrete covering is ensured by using of positioning and/or supporting auxiliary structures, and spacers connected to them.

It is furthermore characteristic for the invention that the joining of the wall structures at the corners in the disclosed module coordinated construction system is preferably ensured by the use of prefabricated corner elements.

Industrial applicability

The solution according to the invention is suitable for the preparation of reinforced concrete wall and ceiling slab structures consisting of low thickness elements, preferably with a complex (ribbed) shape, by a curing method for working-in, using permanent shutters with hygroscopic nature, formed to have vertical direction, passing down cavities. The cavities of the permanent shutters can be filled with sand-like fillers available near the field of the construction. The wall structures with the thus increased heat-incapacity make it possible to apply the present invention within specific, sub-tropical environment. The non-tectonic systems according to the present invention represent the open systems of the building construction industry. This means that the phases of the planning-manufacturing- assembly are coordinated to a given project. Structural and technological variations may thus be created, which takes to a maximum level into consideration the local makings and requirements. The technology according to the present invention has been developed for massive and economical building construction. The technology preferably meets to a maximum the geographical, meteorological and other demands in the desert climate, used materials for the construction that are available locally, and is capable of employing the local unskilled work force.