BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ARTS Conventional leather processing involves four important operations, viz. , pre-tanning, tanning, post tanning and finishing. It includes a combination of single and multi-step processes that employs as well as expels various biological, organic and inorganic materials as described by Germann (Science and Technology for Leather into the Next Millennium, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. , New Delhi, p. 283,1999).

Conventional method of leather processing involves 14-15 steps comprising soaking, liming, reliming, deliming, bating, pickling, chrome tanning, basification, rechroming, basification, neutralization, retanning, dyeing, fatliquoring and fixing. Liming and reliming processes employs lime and sodium sulfide and purifies the skin matrix by the removal of hair, flesh and other unwanted materials to produce pelt. Deliming process employs quaternary ammonium salts for neutralizing the alkalinity. Bating process purifies the skin matrix further using pancreatic enzymes. Pickling process prepares the skin for subsequent tanning. Tanned skin matrix further retanned to gain substance, fatliquored to attain required softness and dyed to preferred shades. This conventional technique discharges enormous amount of pollutants. This accounts for nearly 98% of the total pollution from a tannery as analyzed by Aloy et al (Tannery and Pollution, Centre Technique Du Cuir, Lyon, France, 1976). This includes biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfides, chlorides, sulfates, chromium, etc. This is primarily due to the fact that the conventional leather processing employs'do-undo'process schemes such as swell- deswell (liming-deliming); pickle-depickle (pickling-basification), rechroming- basification (acidification-basification) and neutralization-fixing (basification- acidification) as described by Bienkewicz (Physical Chemistry of Leather Making, Krieger Publishing, Malabar, FL, 1983). In other words, conventional methods

employed in leather processing subject the skin/hide to wide variations in pH. Such pH changes demand the use of acids and alkalis, which leads to the generation of salts. This results in a net increase in COD, TDS, chlorides, sulfates and other minerals in tannery wastewaters as reported by Thanikaivelan et al (Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 84, 276, 2000).

Conventional chrome tanning generally involves pickling, tanning using basic chromium sulfate (BCS) followed by basification processes. Spent pickle liquor has high dissolved solid content and a considerable amount of chemical oxygen demand, since pickling involves the use of 8-10% sodium chloride salt along with sulfuric acid as reported by Aloy et al (Tannery and Pollution, Centre Technique Du Cuir, Lyon, France, 1976). The use of non-swelling acids in pickling has been reported by Herfeld and Schubert (Das Leder, 26,117, 1975) in order to reduce total dissolved solids.

Several better chrome management methods based on high exhaust chrome tanning as reported by Chandrasekaran (Leather Science, 34,91, 1987), pickle-less tanning as given by Venba et al (Poster presented at 30"'Leather Research and Industry Get- together, Chennai, 1995) chrome recovery and reuse as reported by Covington et al (Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 67,5, 1983) and closed pickle-tan loop system as described by Rao et al (Science and technology for leather into the next millennium, Proceedings of the XXV International Union for Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies congress, p. 295,1999) have been developed.

Conventional method of post-tanning process involves 7-8 major steps comprising of rechroming, basification, neutralization, washing, retanning, dyeing, fatliquoring and fixing. Post tanning operation employs a pH range of 4.0-7. 0 and a variety of chemicals.

The post-tanning processes contribute to TDS, COD and heavy metal pollution as analysed by Simoncini and Sammarco (Proceedings of the XXIII International Union for Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies congress, Gennany, 1995). Post tanning chemicals in general contribute to COD in large measure and this can be mitigated by the use of optimized quantities of high performing auxiliaries, which would lead to less discharge of bio-treatable residues. Selection of retanning and fatliquoring agents is based on their biodegradability and uptake behavior. However, these improvements are specific to a unit operation. Implementation of all the advanced technologies and eco-friendly chemicals involves financial input and machinery requirements as well. This calls for the development of integrated leather processing technology and revamping the process sequence. Very few attempts have been made to

revamp the whole leather processing steps. Thanikaivelan et al (Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists 84, 276, 2000; 85,106, 2001) have attempted to make leather in a narrow pH range from 4.0-8. 0. Thanikaivelan et al (Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 98,173, 2003) have developed biochemical based three step tanning process in the pH range of 4.0-8. 0. Three-step tanning process involves dehairing at pH 8.0 without employing lime, sodium hydroxide based fibre opening and pickle less chrome tanning at pH 8.0. Saravanabhavan et al (Green Chemistry 5,2003, 707) have successfully developed a three step tanning method, which involves dehairing without employing lime and sodium sulfide, enzyme based fiber opening and chrome tanning at pH 8.0. However, no attempt has been made to swap the leather processing steps. The steps of the above-mentioned references are primarily up to prime tanning. These three step processes have to be followed by a conventional post tanning process involving 7-8 major steps comprising of rechroming, basification, neutralization, washing, retanning, dyeing, fatliquoring and fixing. The present invention is better than the conventional method as shown by the flowchart in the Figure 1.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION The main objective of the present invention is to provide a novel transposed process for making leather.

Another object of the invention provides a novel transposed process wherein taiming process does not require pickling and basification steps.

Yet another object of the present invention provides a transposed process wherein the post tanning process does not require acid washing, rechroming, neutralization, washing and fixing.

Still another object of the present invention provides a transposed process that leads to significant reduction in chemical oxygen demand, total solids load and other pollution loads.

One more object of the present invention provides an inventive step in treating untanned pelts with syntans, fatliquors and dyes, which are conventionally considered as post tanning wet processing chemicals, thereby providing an eco-friendly option for leather processing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The main objective of the present invention is to provide a novel transposed process for making leather, which precludes the drawbacks stated above. The present invention

provides a tanning process that does not require pickling and basification steps. Further, the a post tanning process does not require acid washing, rechroming, neutralization, washing and fixing. Thus the leather obtained provides leathers matching the properties of leathers from conventional leather processing steps. This a transposed process that leads to significant reduction in chemical oxygen demand, total solids load and other pollution loads. The present invented process reduces the steps in the conventional process and makes the process into more compact by reversing the process sequence.

Another advantages of the developed process are reduction in pollutant, some specific chemicals, water usage, power and time BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING FIGURES/DRAWINGS Figure 1. Flow chart of conventional and transposed leather processing DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The objective of the present invention is to provide a novel transposed process for making leather, which precludes the drawbacks stated above. The present invention provides a tanning process that does not require pickling and basification steps. Further, the a post tanning process does not require acid washing, rechroming, neutralization, washing and fixing. Thus the leather obtained provides leathers matching the properties of leathers from conventional leather processing steps. This a transposed process that leads to significant reduction in chemical oxygen demand, total solids load and other pollution loads. The inventive step of the present invention lies in treating untanned pelts with syntans, fatliquors and dyes, which are conventionally considered as post tanning wet processing chemicals, thereby providing an eco-friendly option for leather processing. Syntans are synthetic tanning agents mostly based on organic chemicals, which are used to fill the leather. Luganil FBO, Sandopel Brown BSI, Dermapel blue IDBN and Sellafast orange-CGL are the dyes used for this study. The present invented process reduces the steps in the conventional process and makes the process into more compact by reversing the process sequence. This compact process avoids some of the processing steps and hence usage of chemicals. However, the nature and concentration of chemicals used in the invented process are same as conventional process. Main advantages of the developed process are reduction in pollutant, some specific chemicals, water usage, power and time (Tables 1 and 2; Figure 1).

Accordingly, the main embodiment of the present invention relates to a novel transposed process for making leather, said process comprising steps of : (a) treating delimed and/or bated pelt with fat liquor in the range of 2-6% at a pH in

the range of 5.0-8. 5 and at a temperature in the range of about 20-55"C, optionally along with a synthetic tanning agent in the range of 1-6% w/w and a dye, (b) stirring for a period of about 3 hrs to obtain a fatliquored pelt, (c) mixing a tanning agent in the range of 4-25% w/w at a pH in the range of 5.0- 8.5 in the fatliquored pelt of step (b) optionally along with a complexing agent, and adjusting the pH of the resulting stock of step (c) in about 3 hrs to a range of 3.5- 4.5 by a conventional method to get wet processed leather.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to syntan, wherein, the syntan in the step (a) is selected from group of acrylic, phenol condensates, urea condensates, sulfones, melamine, protein condensates, either alone or in any combination.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to dye, wherein the dye in step (a) is selected from an acid, metal complex, either alone or in any combination.

One more embodiment of the present invention relates to the fatliquor wherein fatliquor in the step (a) is selected from group comprising of vegetable or synthetic or semisynthetic fatliquors, either alone or in any combination.

Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the tanning wherein tanning in the step (c) the agent is selected from group comprising of basic chromium sulfate, vegetable tannins, aluminum syntan or chromium-silica.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to complexing agents wherein, complexing agents in the step (c) is selected from group comprising of polymeric syntan or acrylic syntan.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to percentage addition of fatliquor in the step (a) is based on the weight of fleshed pelt.

Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the percentage of tanning agent wherein the percentage of tanning agent in step (c) is based on the weight of the fleshed pelt obtained from the step (a).

One more embodiment of the present invention relates to the dye wherein the dye in the step (a) the dye is about 2%, Yet another embodiment of the present invention reates to the dye hwerein dye in the step (a) is about 1%.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the complexing agent wherein

the complexing agent in the step (c) is about 2%, preferably about 1%.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the process of preparing the leather wherein it takes about 6-10 hrs for the leather to be prepared.

Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to the process wherein process gives higher softness, fullness and grain tightness than the conventional process in the range of 8. 52.

One more embodiment of the present invention relates to the process wherein process gives higher softness, fullness and grain tightness than the conventional process in the range of 8. 22.

The invention is described in detail in the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration only and therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 (Disclosed in US Patent Application No. 10/618,997) 534 gms of anthracene and 326 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid were taken in a 2 litre round bottom flask fitted with a stirrer. The contents of the flask were heated to 140°C for 90 minutes. with continuous stirring. 1 ml of the mass was taken in a beaker and 3 ml water was added with shaking. It was observed to form a clear solution without free naphthalene smell, confirming the completion of sulfonation. The sulfonated mass was transferred to a reactor fitted with a thermometer, stirrer and a dropping funnel. The mass was stirred continuously for a period of 10 min. while maintaining the temperature at 80°C. A mixture of 5.4 gms oxalic acid, 4.14 gms salicylic acid and 10 gms phthalic acid dissolved in 50 ml water was added to the above sulfonated mass and stirring was continued at 80°C. 1.5 gms of poly methacrylic acid was added to the sulphonic acid mixture and the mixture was heated to 80°C for I hour. A small portion of the reaction mixture was taken in a beaker and 2 ml water was added to the mass. The pH of the solution in the beaker was adjusted to 3 and a clear solution was obtained indicating the completion of the reaction. About 540 ml of water was added to the mass and transferred to a bucket after cooling the reaction mass to room temperature. The pH of the mass was raised to 3 by adding a solution of 220 gms of sodium hydroxide in 500 ml water, followed by the addition of an aqueous solution of 200 gms of sodium carbonate in 400 ml water. The slurry was aerated for 45 minutes conventionally and filtered using a cloth of pore size 5-lOu. The filtrate was spray dried at 260°C and the white powder was stored in a plastic container. The prepared syntan was added to the

delimed sheepskins at an offer of 1.0% along with 5% BCS at a float of 20%. The drum was run for 1 hr and 80% water was added. Running was continued for another 1 hr and the penetration was assessed by checking uniform blue color along the cut section. The pH of the solution and the cut section was found to be 4.4. The bath was drained and the wet blue leathers were piled. Next day the leathers were post tanned using a conventional garment leather processing recipe. The chromium exhaustion of the spent tan liquor was found to be 95%. The fullness of the crust leathers was found to be superior to that of conventional chrome tanned leathers.

Example 2 Five bated goatskin pelts having fleshed pelt weight of 4.6 kgs were taken in a small experimental tanning drum. Cross section pH of the bated pelts was found to be 8.0.

The bated pelts were washed with 9200 ml water for 10 minutes and drained. A combination of syntans, 23 gms of Basyntan DI (phenolic condensed product from Badische Anilin-& Soda-Fabrik AG (BASF) ), 23 gms of Vernatan OS (phenolic condensed product from Colour-Chem Limited, India), 46 gms of Basyntan FB6 (urea melamine based product from BASF) and 46 gms of Relugan RE (co-polymer based product from BASF) along with 6900 ml water was added simultaneously to the drum.

The drum was run for I hr. To this, 4.6 gms of Luganil FBO (acid dye from BASF) was added. The drum was run for 30 minutes. To this, an emulsion of the combination of the fatliquors, 46 gms of Vernol liquor PN (natural oil based product from Colour-Chem Ltd. ), 46 gms of Vernol liquor ASN (synthetic fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ) and 46 gms of Balmol SX-20 (synthetic fatliquor from Balmar Lawrie & Co. Ltd. ) in 460 ml of hot water at 50°C was added. The drum was run for 1.5 hrs. A mixture of 46 gms polymeric syntan developed by Kanthimathi et al (from above Example 1 disclosed US Patent Application No. 10/618,997) and 230 gms of BCS (Golden Chemicals, Mumbai, India) was added. Drum was run for 3 hrs. The pH of the cross-section of the leather was found to be 4.5. The leathers were washed with 9200 mi of water for 10 minutes.

The resulting wet processed leathers were taken out from the drum and piled.

Example 3 (As disclosed in Indian Patent Application No. Del/770/2000) 105 gms of sodium meta silicate (Na2SiO3. 5H2O) was stirred with 303 gms of sodium dichromate in a flask fitted with a stirrer. 550 ml of water was added to the above mass with continuous stirring. 188 ml of 98% sulphuric acid was added slowly to the above reaction mixture. 41 gms of molasses was added to 41 ml of water taken in a beaker and the mixture was added drop by drop by a dropping funnel to the above mass over a

period of 20 minutes with continuous stirring. The temperature of the resulting mixture was noted to be 95°C. A mixture of 40 gms of phthalic acid and 55 gms of sodium tartrate was added to this reaction mixture over a period of 10 minutes.

50 gms of molasses was added to 50 ml of water taken in a beaker and the mixture was added to the above mass over a period of 30 minutes. A mixture of 43 gms of phthalic acid and 60 gms of sodium tartrate was added to the above mass over a period of 10 minutes. The temperature of the reaction mixture was noted to be 105°C. The stirring was continued for another 2 hrs after the complete addition of the organic ligands. A 10% solution of the above mass was subjected to diphenyl carbazide test whereby no chromium (VI) could be detected. The reaction mixture thus formed was aged for 12 hrs. The pH of the 1 : 1 aqueous solution of the above mixture was then checked and was found to be 2.7. This mixture was then filtered through a cloth and the filtrate was spray dried at a temperature of 260°C with contact time of 3 sec. The resulting powder was stored in a plastic container. This product was used for tanning pickled goat skins at an offer of 1.0% metal oxide on pelt weight and the resultant leathers were found to have a shrinkage temperature of 109°C, exhibiting an exhaustion of 91 and 90% for silica and chromium respectively. The tanned leathers were subsequently post tanned to garments using conventional procedure. The resultant leathers were found to be more soft, supple, stretch and smooth with strength characteristics that are comparable to that of conventional chrome tanned leathers.

Example 4 Four bated cow sides having fleshed pelt weight of 25.6 kgs were taken in a small experimental tanning drum. Cross section pH of the bated pelts was found to be 8.0.

The bated pelts were washed with 51200 ml water for 10 minutes and drained. A combination of syntans, 512 gms of Basyntan DI (phenolic condensed product from BASF), 256 gms of Vernatan OS (phenolic condensed product from Colour-Chem Ltd. ), 256 gms of Basyntan FB6 (urea melamine based product from BASF) and 256 gms of Vernatan RD 35 (acrylic c-polymer based product from Colour-Chem Ltd. ) along with 12800 ml water was added simultaneously to the drum. The drum was run for 1 hr. To this, 256 gms of Sandopel Brown BSI (acid dye from Clariant) was added.

The drum was run for 30 min. To this, combination of fatliquors, 256 gms of Vernol liquor PN (natural oil based product from Colour-Chem Ltd. ), 256 gms of Vernol liquor ASN (synthetic fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ) and 256 gms of Balmol SX-20 (synthetic fatliquor from Balmar Lawrie & Co. Ltd. ) in 2560 ml of hot water at 25°C

was added to the drum. The drum was run for 1 hr. 1280 ml of 10% conc. formic acid was added in two instalments at the interval of 10 min and drumming was continued for 1 hr. The pH of the cross section was 6.0. This was followed by the addition of 1792 gms of chromium-silica tanning agent as developed by Thanikaivelan et al ( (from above Example 3 disclosed Indian Patent Application No. Del 770/2000). Drum was run for 8 hrs. The tanning was complete and the pH was found to be 4.0. The leathers were washed with 51200 ml of water for 10 minutes. The resulting wet processed leathers were taken out from the drum and piled.

Example 5 Five bated sheepskin pelts having fleshed pelt weight of 5.6 kgs were degreased conventionally in a small experimental tanning drum. Cross section pH of the degreased pelts was found to be 8.0.

The degreased pelts were washed with 11200 mi water for 10 minutes and drained. The pelts were added to the drum along with 5600 mi of water. The pH of the pelts was adjusted to 6.0 by adding 190 ml of 10% conc. formic acid in two instalments at the interval of 10 min and drumming was continued for 30 min. Basyntan FB6 of l 12 gms (urea melamine based product from BASF) was added to the drum. The drum was run for 1 hr. To this, 34 gms of Luganil FBO (acid dye from BASF) was added. The drum was run for 30 minutes. To this, combination of fatliquors, 56 gms of Vernol liquor SS (semi synthetic fatliquor form Colour-Chem Ltd. ), 56 gms of Vernol liquor ASN (synthetic fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd.), 56 gms of Balmol SXE (synthetic fatliquor from Balmar Lawrie & Co. Ltd. ), 56 gms Balmol LB-20 (synthetic fatliquor from Balmar Lawrie & Co. Ltd. ), 56 gms Lipoderm liquor SLW (synthetic fatliquor from BASF) in 560 ml of hot water at 40°C was added to the drum. The drum was run for 1.5 hrs. This was followed by the addition of 280 gms of BCS (percentage based on fleshed weight). Drum was run for 3 hrs. The pH of the cross-section was 3.8. The leathers were washed with 11200 ml of water for 10 minutes. The resulting wet processed leathers were taken out from the drum and piled.

Example 6 Four bated buffcalf pelts having fleshed pelt weight of 26 kgs were taken in a small experimental tanning drum. Cross section pH of the bated pelts was found to be 8.5.

The bated pelts were washed with 52000 ml water for 10 min and drained. A combination of syntans, 260 gms of Basyntan P (phenol condensed product from BASF), 260 gms of Vernatan OS (phenol condensed product from Colour-Chem Ltd.),

260 gms of Basyntan FB6 (urea melamine based product from BASF) and 260 gms of Relugan RE (co-polymer based product from BASF) along with 13000 ml water was added simultaneously to the drum. The drum was run for lhr. To this, a combination of 130 gms of Luganil FBO (acid dye from BASF) and 130 gms of Dermapel blue IDBN (direct dye from Clariant) was added. The drum was run for 30 min. To this, combination of fatliquors, 260 gms of Vernol liquor PN (natural oil based fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ), 260 gms of Vernol liquor ASN (synthetic fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ) and 260 gms of Balmol SX-20 (synthetic fatliquor from Balmar Lawrie & Co. Ltd. ) in 2600 ml of hot water at 50°C was added to the drum. The drum was run for lhr. Wattle of 5.2 kg was added to the drum. The drum was run for 8 hrs.

Then, 780 ml formic acid (10% diluted) was added in two instalments at the interval of 10 min and drumming was continued for 1 hr. The pH of the cross section was 3.5. The leathers were washed with 52000 ml of water for 10 minutes. The resulting wet processed leathers were taken out from the drum and piled.

Example 7 Five bated goatskin pelts having fleshed pelt weight of 4.6 kgs were taken in a small experimental tanning drum. Cross section pH of the bated pelts was found to be 8.0.

The bated pelts were washed with 9200 ml water for 10 minutes and drained. A combination of syntans, 46 gms of Sellasol PR (protein condensate product from Together For Leather (TFL) ), 23 gms of Vernatan OS (phenolic condensed product from Colour-Chem Ltd. ), 46 gms of Basyntan FB6 (urea melamine based product from BASF) and 46 gms of Relugan RE (co-polymer based product from BASF) along with 2300 ml water was added simultaneously to the drum. The drum was run for 1 hr. To this, 28 gms of Dermapel blue IDBN (direct dye from Clariant) was added. The drum was run for 30 minutes. To this, 138 gms of Vernol liquor ASN (synthetic fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ) in 460 ml of hot water at 50°C was added to the drum. The drum was run for 1.5 hrs. Wattle of 690 gms was added to the drum. The drum was run for 2 hrs. Then, 140 ml formic acid (10% diluted) was added in two instalments at the interval of 10 min and drumming was continued for 1 hr. The pH of the cross section was 3.5. The leathers were washed with 9200 ml of water for 10 minutes. The resulting wet processed leathers were taken out from the drum and piled.

Example 8 Four bated cow sides having fleshed pelt weight of 25.6 kgs were taken in a small experimental tanning drum. Cross section pH of the bated pelts was found to be 8.0.

The bated pelts were washed with 51200 ml water for 10 minutes and drained. A combination of syntans, 512 gms of Basyntan DI (phenolic condensed product from BASF), 256 gms of Vernatan OS (phenolic condensed product from Color-Chem Ltd.), 256 gms of Basyntan FB6 (urea melamine based product from BASF) and 256 gms of Relugan RE (co-polymer product from BASF) along with 12800 ml water was added simultaneously to the drum. The drum was run for 1 hr. To this, 256 gms of Luganil FBO (acid dye from BASF) was added. The drum was run for 30 min. To this, 256 gms of Vernol liquor PN (natural oil based fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ), 256 gms of Vernol liquor ASN (synthetic fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ) and 256 gms of Balmol SX-20 (synthetic fatliquor from Balmar Lawrie & Co. Ltd. ) in 2560 ml of hot water at 50°C was added to the drum. The drum was run for 1 hr. 1280 ml of 10% conc. formic acid was added in two instalments at the interval of 10 min and drumming was continued for 1 hr. The pH of the cross section was 5.0. This was followed by the addition of 1536 gms of BCS (based on pelt weight) and 256 gms of Relugan RF (acrylic based product from BASF). Drum was run for 8 hrs. The tanning was complete and the pH was found to be 4.0. The leathers were washed with 51200 ml water for 10 minutes. The resulting wet processed leathers were taken out from the drum and piled.

Example 9 (As disclosed in Indian Patent Application No. Del 88/2002) 25 gms of naphthalene and 25 ml of conc. sulfuric acid were taken into a 250 ml round bottomed flask fitted with a stirrer. The contents of the flask were heated to 80°C for 120 minutes with constant stirring. A drop of the resulting mass was taken in a beaker and 1 ml water was added to the same with shaking. A clear solution without any naphthalene smell was obtained confinning the completion of sulfonation.

Simultaneously, 0.5 gm salicylic acid was taken in a separate beaker and 0.5 ml concentrated sulfuric acid was added with stirring at 25°C. The slurry was left aside with occasional stirring for 3 hrs. The naphthalene sulfonic acid, prepared in flask was allowed to cool down to 60°C and transferred to a reactor fitted with a thermometer, stirrer and a dropping funnel. The mass was stirred continuously for a period of 10 min. while maintaining the temperature at 60°C with the help of the thermostat. A mixture of 0.2 gm poly acrylic acid, 0.25 gm phthalic acid, 1 gm citric acid and 0.14 gm salicylic acid was dissolved in 10 ml water in a beaker and the same was added to the reaction mass in the reactor through the dropping funnel. The mixture was heated at 65°C for 20 min. 250 gms of aluminium sulfate was added to the above mass along with 100 ml of water with vigorous stirring. The temperature of the bath was gradually raised to 70°C

and allowed heating to continue for another 60 min. The sulfo salicylic acid which was prepared in the beaker was added to above mass and heating was continued for another 30 minutes. The mixture was transferred to a bucket and pH was raised to 2.5 by adding 60 gms sodium sulfite dissolved in 100 ml water while continuing stirring. The air was passed through the resulting solution for a period of 70 minutes. The slurry was filtered using muslin cloth of pore size 5-lot. The filtrate was drum dried at 130°C and the powder was stored in a plastic container.

The product was used for tanning the delimed goat skins at an offer of 1.5% as Al203 on pelt weight. The tanned leather was left over night and the shrinkage temperature was found to be 85°C exhibiting 80-82% exhaustion of aluminium.

Example 10 Four bated buff calf pelts having fleshed pelt weight of 26 kgs were taken in a small experimental tanning drum. Cross section pH of the bated pelts was found to be 8.0.

The bated pelts were washed with 52000 ml water for 10 minutes and drained. A combination of syntans, 520 gms of Basyntan DI (phenolic condensed product from BASF), 260 gms of Vernatan OS (phenolic condensed product from Color-Chem Ltd.), 260 gms of Basyntan FB6 (urea melamine based product from BASF) and 260 gms of Relugan RE (co-polymer based product from BASF) along with 13000 ml water was added simultaneously to the drum. The drum was run for 1 hr. To this, 260 gms of Luganil FBO (acid dye from BASF) was added. The drum was run for 30 min. To this, combination of fatliquors, 260 gms of Vernol liquor PN (natural oil based fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ), 260 gms of Vernol liquor ASN (synthetic fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ) and 260 gms of Balmol SX-20 (synthetic fatliquor from Balmar Lawrie & Co. Ltd. ) in 2600 ml of hot water at 50°C was added to the drum. The drum was run for 1 hr. This was followed by the addition of 2600 gms of aluminum syntan developed by Kanthimathi et al (from above Example 9 disclosed Indian Patent Application No. Del 88/2002). The drum was run for 7 hrs. The pH of the cross section was 4.0. The leathers were washed with 52000 ml of water for 10 minutes. The resulting wet processed leathers were taken out from the drum and piled.

Example 11 Five bated sheepskin pelts having fleshed pelt weight of 5. 6 kgs were degreased conventionally in a small experimental tanning drum. Cross section pH of the degreased pelts was found to be 8.0.

The degreased pelts were washed with 11200 ml water for 10 minutes and drained. The

pelts were added to the drum along with 5600 ml of water. The pH of the pelts was adjusted to 6.0 by adding 190 ml of 10% conc. formic acid in two instalments at the interval of 10 min and drumming was continued for 30 min. A combination of fatliquors, 56 gms of Vernol liquor SS (semi synthetic fatliquor form Colour-Chem Ltd. ), 56 gms of Vernol liquor ASN (synthetic fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ), 56 gms of Balmol SXE (synthetic fatliquor from Balmar Lawrie & Co. Ltd. ), 56 gms Balmol LB-20 (synthetic fatliquor from Balmar Lawrie & Co. Ltd. ), 56 gms Lipoderm liquor SLW (synthetic fatliquor from BASF) in 560 ml of hot water at 50°C was added to the drum. The drum was run for 1 hr. This was followed by the addition of 280 gms of BCS (percentage based on fleshed weight). Drum was run for 3 hrs. The pH of the cross-section was 3.8. The leathers were washed with 11200 ml of water for 10 minutes.

The resulting wet processed leathers were taken out from the drum and piled.

Example 12 Four bated cow grain and splits having fleshed pelt weight of 25.4 kgs were taken in a small experimental tanning drum. Cross section pH of the bated pelts was found to be 8.0. The bated pelts were washed with 50800 ml water for 10 minutes and drained. The pelts were added to the drum along with 12700 ml of water. The pH of the pelts was adjusted to 5.0 by adding 1270 ml of 10% conc. formic acid in two instalments at the interval of 10 min and drumming was continued for 30 min. A combination of syntans, 508 gms of Basyntan DI (phenolic condensed product from BASF), 254 gms of Vernatan OS (phenolic condensed product from Color-Chem Ltd. ), 254 gms of Basyntan FB6 (urea melamine based product from BASF) and 254 gms of Relugan RE (co-polymer based product from BASF) was added simultaneously to the drum. The drum was run for 1 hr. To this, a combination of 127 gms of Sellafast orange-CGL (metal complex dye from TFL) and 127 gms of Luganil FBO (acid dye from BASF) was added. The drum was run for 30 min. To this, a combination of fatliquors, 254 gms of Vernol liquor PN (natural oil based fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ), 254 gms of Vernol liquor ASN (synthetic fatliquor from Colour-Chem Ltd. ) and 254 gms of Balmol SX-20 (synthetic fatliquor from Balmar Lawrie & Co. Ltd.) in 1280 ml of hot water at 50°C was added to the drum. The drum was run for 1 hr. This was followed by the addition of 1778 gms of BCS (based on pelt weight). Drum was run for 8 hrs. The tanning was complete and the pH was found to be 4.0. The leathers were washed with 50800 ml water for 10 minutes. The resulting wet processed leathers were taken out from the drum and piled.

ADVANTAGES The following are the advantages of the present invention: 1. This process hardly requires any complicated control measures.

2. This process does not require pickling, basification, acid washing, rechroming and neutralization steps.

3. Provides significant reduction in total solids and chemical oxygen demand (Table 1).

4. The process leads to significant reduction in time, power and water (Table 1).

5. The process provides leathers comparable softness, smoothness and other bulk properties with that of conventionally processed leathers (Table 2).

Table 1. Comparison of process requirement, pollution parameters, water, time and power requirement Sl. No. Parameters Conventional Transposed leather processing leather processing 1. Pickling Required Not required 2. Basification Required Not required 3. Acid washing Required Not required 4. Rechroming Required Not required 5. Neutralization Required Not required 6. Total solids load 150-350 kg/t of 100-200 kg/t of raw skins/hides raw skins/hides 7. COD load 15-25 kg/t of raw 10-15 kg/t of raw skins/hides skins/hides 8. Time requirement 5. 35-6.95 days 5.05-5. 45 days 9. Water requirement 17760-19920 14600-15600 1/ton of raw 1/ton of raw skins/hides skins/hides 10. Power requirement 460-1580 kWh 225-480 kWh

Table 2. Comparison of bulk properties of leathers from conventional (C) and transposed (E) process Bulk properties Conventional process Transposed process Softness 8~0.5 8.2~0.5 Fullness 8.2~0.5 8.2~0.5 Grain smoothness 8~0.5 8.0~0.5 Grain tightness 8~0.5 8.2~0.5 General appearance 8.2~0.5 8.2~0.5 Note: The values are mean S. D of ten leathers