The present invention provides a novel process for the preparation of aromatic thioether ketones, as well as a process for the production of α-aminoketone photoinitiator compounds, employing said aromatic thioether compounds.

The Friedel-Crafts acylation of aromatic compounds is the most important route for the synthesis of aromatic ketones, familiar to the person skilled in the art and published in many general textbooks of Chemistry. The acylation of aromatic ether or thioether compounds is known and described using different acylating agents and different types of acidic catalysts like stoichiometric AICI ₃ or toxic SnCI ₄ as described for example in Sulfur Letter, 1991, 12(3), 123; US 5883267 and GB 2330833. The use of rare earth metal trifluormethanesulfonates is published in Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 2000, 73(10), 2325 and Synlett, 2002, 10, 1653. Copper trifluormethanesulfonates as catalysts are known from Tetrahedron, 2001, 57, 241. The use of toxic uranyl salts is disclosed in Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 2000, 764(1-2), 195. The use of HF is described in Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1991, 56(20), 5955 and EP 361790, while in Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1996, 67(26), 9546 alumina/trifluoroacetic anhydride is employed under microwave conditions. ZnCI ₂ as catalyst is known from Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2002, 11, 229. Zeolite catalysts in Friedel Crafts reactions are for example disclosed in US 6608232, US 6121496, US 6194616, US 5817878, US 6013840, EP 459495, EP 334096, J. Molecular Catalysis: Chemical 1998, 134, 121, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2000, 201, 159, while the use of clays or exchanged clays is known from US 4304941 and EP 352878. The application of heteropoly acids or heteropoly acid-containing solid supports for the acylation of aromatic ethers or aromatic hydrocarbons is described in Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 2004 , 209(42), 189; Chemical Communications 2002, 21 , 2508; Journal of Catalysis 2002, 208, 448; Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 1980, 53, 3389 and WO 03/101925.

The acylation of aromatic substrates is of great industrial interest for making aromatic intermediates used for the production of pharmaceuticals, insecticides, plasticizers, dyes, perfumes, and other commercial products, like photoinitiators.

In technique, in particular the preparation of aromatic thioether ketones as educts for photoinitiator compounds, there still exists a need for environmental friendly and economic ways to conduct the Friedel-Crafts Acylation.

It was now surprisingly found that the acylation of aromatic thioether compounds to give aromatic thioether ketones can very efficiently be conducted in the presence of heteropoly acids or heteropoly acid-containing solid supports.

Subject of the invention therefore is a process for synthesizing aromatic thioether ketones which comprises reacting an aromatic thioether with an acylating agent, selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, halides or anhydrides, in the presence of heteropoly acids or heteropoly acid-containing solid supports or the salts of heteropoly acids.

The new process avoids the use of stoichiometric amounts of toxic and corrosive catalysts, results in high yields of the aromatic thioether ketone compound and allows economic average utilizations of the production plant, because of shorter production times and shorter cycle times. Even solvent-less conditions can be chosen.

Suitable aromatic thioether compounds to be reacted in the process according to the present invention are, for example, compounds of the following formula (I ¹ )

(I ¹ ) , wherein the circle represents an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring; m is defined by the number of the C-atoms of the aromatic or heteraromatic ring minus 2;

Ri represents one or more substituents, which may be identical or different; R ₂ represents a hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, which is a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated acyclic aliphatic radical, a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or polycyclic cycloaliphatic radical, a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched aliphatic radical carrying cyclic substituents, an aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic radical; or Ri and R ₂ together form a cycle which optionally besides the sulfur atom comprises a further heteroatom.

The aromatic ring, represented by the circle in the above formula is for example phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl etc.. The heteroaromatic ring may contain one or more heteroatoms, preferably one heteroatom, which atoms are for example O, S, P, N. Examples

for heteroaromatic rings are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrridyl etc.. Further, the aromatic heterocycle may contain condensed rings, as for example benzofuryl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl etc..

The aromatic thioether to be reacted in the process according to the invention for example is of formula (I)

( ^R i) _n ^~ + ^" π ^~s~R 2 (I), wherein

n is a number from 0 to 4;

Ri represents one or more substituents, which are identical or different; R ₂ represents a hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, which is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated unsubstituted or substituted acyclic aliphatic radical; a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or polycyclic, unsubstituted or substituted cycloaliphatic radical; a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic radical carrying cyclic substituents; or an unsubstituted or substituted aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic radical; or

Ri and R ₂ together form an unsubstituted or substituted cycle which optionally besides the sulfur atom comprises a further heteroatom.

Ri is for example CrC ₂₄ alkyl, which optionally is substituted by halogen, CN, and/or OR ₆ ; or is C ₂ -Ci ₂ alkenyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl; or is phenyl, optionally substituted by CrC ₂₄ alkyl, halogen, CN, and/or OR ₆ ; or is naphthyl, halogen, OR ₆ , -CO-R ₆ , SR ₆ , NR ₆ R ₇ , or B(OR ₆ )(OR ₇ );

R ₆ is hydrogen, C _r C ₂₄ alkyl, C _r C ₂₄ haloalkyl, and R ₇ has the same meanings as given for R ₆ .

Examples for linear or branched saturated or unsaturated acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms are linear or branched C _r C ₂₄ alkyl, linear or branched C ₂ -C ₂₄ alkenyl and linear or branched C ₂ -C ₂₄ alkynyl. E.g. CrCi ₈ -, Ci-Ci ₄ -, CrCi ₂ -, CrC ₈ -, CrC ₆ - or CrC ₄ alkyl. Examples are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl or icosyl. CrCi ₈ alkyl, C _r Ci ₄ alkyl, C _r Ci ₂ alkyl, C _r C ₈ alkyl, C _r C ₆ alkyl and C _r C ₄ alkyl have the same meanings as given above for CrC _2O alkyl up to the corresponding number of C-atoms.

- A -

The linear or branched C ₂ -C ₂₄ alkenyl radicals may be mono or polyunsaturated and are for example C ₂ -C ₂ O-, C ₂ -C _I8 -, C ₂ -C _I2 -, C ₂ -C ₈ -, C ₂ -C ₆ - or C ₂ -C ₄ alkenyl. Examples are allyl, methallyl, vinyl, 1,1-dimethylallyl, 1-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1,3-pentadienyl, 5-hexenyl or 7-octenyl, especially allyl or vinyl. The linear or branched C ₂ -C ₂₄ alkynyl radicals may be mono or polyunsaturated and are for example C ₂ -C ₂₀ -, C ₂ -Ci ₈ -, C ₂ -Ci ₂ -, C ₂ -C ₈ -, C ₂ -C ₆ - or C ₂ -C ₄ alkynyl, e.g. propargyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl.

Said linear or branched saturated or unsaturated acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted. Examples for substituents are phenyl, phenyl substituted by halogen, NR ₉ Ri ₀ , alkyl and/or COOR ₈ ; halogen, phenylthio, OR ₈ , N ₃ , CN, NR ₉ Ri ₀ , (CO)OR ₈ , (CO)Ri ₂ , Si(Rn) ₃ , or (PO)(ORn) ₂ , wherein R ₈ is hydrogen or C _r Ci ₂ alkyl; R ₉ and Ri ₀ independently of one another are hydrogen, Ci-Ci ₂ alkyl or R ₉ and Ri ₀ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring, e.g. a piperidinyl ring, Rn designates Ci-d ₂ alkyl and Ri ₂ is phenyl, d- C _i2 alkyl or NR ₉ Ri ₀ .

Accordingly, the meaning linear or branched saturated or unsaturated acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, in the context of the present invention also corresponds to linear or branched CrC ₂₄ haloalkyl and linear or branched C ₂ - C ₂₄ haloalkenyl.

C-ι-C ₂₄ Haloalkyl is for example CrCi ₂ -, C ₁ -C ₁₀ -, d-C ₈ - or d-dpalkyl mono- or poly- substituted by halogen, the alkyl part of the molecule being, for example, as defined above. There are, for example, from one to three or one or two halogen substituents at the alkyl radical. Examples are chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl or 2- bromopropyl, especially trifluoromethyl, dichloromethyl or chloromethyl.

The definitions of C ₂ -C ₂₄ haloalkenyl correspond to the definitions given for alkenyl, wherein the alkenyl is substituted by one or more halogen as described for the alkyl groups.

Examples for saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or polycyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radicals are C ₃ -C ₂₄ cycloalkyl radicals.

C ₃ -C ₂₄ Cycloalkyl is for example C ₃ -C ₈ Cycloalkyl, C ₃ -C ₆ - C ₅ - or C ₆ -Cycloalkyl, e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, especially cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl, preferably cyclohexyl. Further encompassed by this definition are hydrocarbon rings bearing alkyl substituents as, for example methyl-cyclopentyl, methyl- or

dimethylcyclohexyl, etc.. Said Cycloalkyl may consist of one ring only, but may also be a sytem of more than one rings, e.g. adamantyl.

Said saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or polycyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radicals, i.e. the C ₃ -C ₂₄ CyClOaI kyl radicals are unsubstituted or substituted. Suitable substituents correspond to the ones as given above for the linear or branched saturated or unsaturated acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms.

Examples for aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic radicals are C ₆ -C ₂₄ aryl, e.g. C ₆ -Ci ₀ -aryl, as phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, biphenylyl, in particular phenyl. Said aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic radicals, i.e C ₆ -C ₂₄ aryl, are unsubstituted or substituted. Suitable substituents correspond to the ones as given above for the linear or branched saturated or unsaturated acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms.

Examples for saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, carrying cyclic substituents are C _r C ₂₄ alkyl as defined above substituted by cycloalkyl or aryl, as defined above, up to the corresponding number of C-atoms; or are C ₂ -C ₂₄ alkenyl as defined above substituted by cycloalkyl or aryl, as defined above, up to the corresponding number of C-atoms. Examples are phenyl-CrCi ₈ alkyl, like for example benzyl, phenylethyl, α-methylbenzyl, phenylpentyl, phenylhexyl or α,α- dimethylbenzyl; or naphthyl-CrCi ₄ alkyl, like naphthylmethyl, naphthylethyl, naphthylpropyl or naphthyl-1 -methylethyl

Said saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, carrying cyclic substituents as defined above are unsubstituted or substituted. Suitable substituents correspond to the ones as given above for the linear or branched saturated or unsaturated acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms.

If Ri and R ₂ together form a cycle which optionally besides the sulfur atom comprises a further heteroatom, e.g. S, O, NH or NR ₂ , in other words Ri and R ₂ together form an alkylene, which optionally is interrupted by a heteroatom. Said alkylene is linear or branched and suitably has about 2 to 10 atoms, for example 2 to 8 or 2 to 4 atoms, optionally interrupted by a heteroatom. For example the following structures are encompassed

etc..

Said cycle which optionally besides the sulfur atom comprises a further heteroatom, is unsubstituted or substituted. Suitable substituents correspond to the ones as given above for the linear or branched saturated or unsaturated acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms.

R ₂ for example is CrC ₂₄ alkyl, CrC ₂₄ alkenyl, CrC ₂₄ alkynyl, C ₃ -C ₂₄ cycloalkyl, C ₆ -C ₂₄ aryl, phenyl-CrCi ₈ alkyl or naphthyl-Ci-C ₂₄ alkyl, all which are unsubstituted or are substituted by phenyl, or substituted by phenyl substituted by halogen, NR ₉ R ₁₀ , alkyl and/or COOR ₈ ; or are substituted by halogen, phenylthio, OR ₈ , N ₃ , CN, NR ₉ Ri ₀ , (CO)OR ₈ , (CO)Ri ₂ , Si(Rn) ₃ , or

(PO)(ORn) ₂ , wherein

R ₈ is hydrogen or C _r Ci ₂ alkyl;

R ₉ and Ri ₀ independently of one another are hydrogen, Ci-Ci ₂ alkyl or R ₉ and Ri ₀ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring, e.g. a piperidinyl ring;

Rn designates Ci-d ₂ alkyl and

Ri ₂ is phenyl, C _r Ci ₂ alkyl or NR ₉ Ri ₀ .

The meanings CrC ₂₄ alkyl, CrC ₂₄ alkenyl, CrC ₂₄ alkynyl, C ₃ -C ₂₄ cycloalkyl, C ₆ -C ₂₄ aryl, phenyl-

Ci-Ci ₈ alkyl or naphthyl-C _r C ₂₄ alkyl being defined as given above.

Interesting thioethers of formula I are such, wherein

Ri is CrC ₂₄ alkyl, which optionally is substituted by halogen, CN, and/or OR ₆ ; or is C ₃ -C ₈ cycloal kyl; or is phenyl, optionally substituted by CrC ₂₄ alkyl, halogen, CN, and/or

OR ₆ ; or is halogen, OR ₆ , -CO-R ₆ , SR ₆ , or NR ₆ R ₇ ; R ₂ is linear or branched CrC ₂₄ alkyl, linear or branched C ₂ -C ₂₄ alkenyl;

C ₃ -C ₂₄ cycloal kyl, C ₆ -C ₂₄ aryl; or C _r C ₂₄ alkyl substituted by C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl or by C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl; or

Ri and R ₂ together form CrC ₂₄ alkylene which optionally is interrupted by a heteroatom, or form C ₂ -C ₂₄ alkenylene, which optionally is interrupted by a heteroatom.

R ₆ is hydrogen, CrC ₂₄ alkyl, CrC ₂₄ haloalkyl, and R ₇ has the same meanings as given for R ₆ .

In preferred compounds of formula I n is O. In preferred compounds of formula I' m is O.

Ri in particular is Ci-C ₂₄ alkyl, e.g. Ci-C ₄ alkyl, halogen, OR ₆ , SR ₆ , or NR ₆ R ₇ . R ₂ is for example C ₁ -C ₁₂ - or d-C ₈ alkyl.

In particular suitable thioethers are thioanisole, ethyl phenyl sulfide, diphenyl sulfide, phenyl n-propyl sulfide, benzyl phenyl sulfide, phenyl β-phenylethyl sulfide, phenyl 3-phenylpropyl sulfide, allyl phenyl sulfide, phenyl propargyl sulfide, methallylphenyl sulfide, bis(phenylthio)methane, 1,3-bis(phenylthio)propane, 1 ,2-bis(phenylthio)ethane, 1 ,1,3- tris(phenylthio)-1-propene, chloromethyl phenyl sulfide, 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide, 3- chloropropyl phenyl sulfide, 2-bromoethyl phenyl sulfide, bromomethyl phenyl sulfide, 4- fluorobenzyl phenyl sulfide, 1 -chloro-4-phenylsulfanyl benzene, 2-(phenylthio)ethanol, methoxymethyl phenyl sulfide, 2-methoxyethyl phenyl sulfide, azidomethyl phenyl sulfide, phenylthioacetonitrile, 1 -[(phenylthio)methyl]piperidine, 4-[(phenylsulfanyl)methyl]aniline, (phenylthio)acetic acid, 3-(phenylsulfanyl)propanoic acid, 4-(phenylsulfanyl)butanoic acid, 2- phenylmercaptomethylbenzoic acid, methyl (phenylthio)acetate, ethyl (phenylthio)acetate, (phenylthiomethyl)trimethylsilane, 2-[(phenylthio)methyl]-2-cyclopenten-1 -one, (phenylthio)- propanone, phenyl phenacyl sulfide, diethyl phenylthiomethylphosphonate, phenylthiomethyl, α-(phenylthio)acetamide, 3-(phenylthio)propionamide, 2-(phenylthio)ethanethioamide. In a preferred process, the thioether is thioanisole.

The person skilled in the art is familiar with the preparation of thioethers according to the formulae I' and I. Suitable preparation methods are given in general textbooks of chemistry, for example in "Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions, Mechanisms, and Strcutures; Fourth Edition, Jerry March; p.407-409." A host of thioethers is also commercially available.

As acylating agent all agents usual in technique are suitable. Persons skilled in the art are familiar with such agents, many of which are commercially available. Usually said agents are selected from the group consisiting of acylhalides, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid anhydrides.

The acylating agent is, for example, of formula (II)

R ₃ -C-Y (II), wherein

O R ₃ represents a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic radical containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms; a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated or

unsaturated, unsubstituted or substituted cycloaliphatic radical containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms; or a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic radical carrying a cyclic substituent; or an aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic, unsubstituted or substituted radical containing 3 to 10 carbon atoms; Y represents a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a group -0-COR ₄ , or -0-SO ₂ -R ₄ ;

R ₄ has one of the meanings given for R ₃ , or is C _r C ₂₄ alkyl which is interrupted by one or more O and which optionally is substituted by halogen; or

R ₃ and R ₄ together form a divalent linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic radical containing at least 2 carbon atoms.

R ₃ and R ₄ as a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic radical containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms; a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or substituted cycloaliphatic radical containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms; or a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic radical carrying a cyclic substituent; or an aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic, unsubstituted or substituted radical containing 3 to 10 carbon atoms;

Halogen corresponds to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, especially chlorine and bromine, preferably chlorine.

R ₃ and R ₄ for example are CrC ₂₄ alkyl substituted by one or more halogen. C _r C ₂₄ alkyl substituted by one or more halogen, means CrC ₂₀ -, CrCi ₈ -, CrCi ₂ -, CrCi ₀ -, d- C ₈ -, CrC ₆ - or CrC ₄ alkyl, which is linear or branched and defined as above and is substituted by one or more halogen, wherein the halogen atoms are either positioned at different C- atoms of the alkyl group or also at one C-atom. Examples are brommethyl, fluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, chloromethyl, chloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl etc. The term d- C ₂₄ alkyl substituted by one or more halogen also encompasses the corresponding perhalogenated, in particular the perfluorinated alkyl. CrC ₂₄ alkyl substituted by one or more halogen is for example C _n [H _x HaIy] _2n+I , wherein the sum of x+y = 2n+1 and Hal, is halogen, preferably F. Examples are CF ₃ , C ₂ F ₅ , CH ₂ F, CHF ₂ ,

R ₄ as CrC ₂₄ alkyl which is interrupted by one or more O and which optionally is substituted by halogen, is interrupted, for example, from one to five times, for example from one to three times or once or twice, by non-successive O. Accordingly, resulting structural units are for

example: -O(CH ₂ ) ₂ OH, -O(CH ₂ ) ₂ OCH _3J -0(CH ₂ CH ₂ O) ₂ CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -O-CH ₃ , -CH ₂ CH ₂ -O-CH ₂ CH ₃ , -O[CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _y CH ₃ , -O[CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _y CH ₂ CH _3j -[CH ₂ CH ₂ O] _y -CH ₃ , -[CH ₂ CH ₂ OI _y -C ₂ H ₅ , wherein y = 1-5, -(CH ₂ CH ₂ O) ₅ CH ₂ CH ₃ , -CH ₂ -CH(CH ₃ )-O-CH ₂ -CH ₂ CH ₃ or -CH ₂ -CH(CH ₃ )-O-CH ₂ -CH ₃ . If said alkyl interrupted by O is additionally substituted by one or more halogen, said halogen can replace one or more or all of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl groups. Examples are -O[CF ₂ CF ₂ O] _y CF ₃ , -O[CF ₂ CF ₂ O] _y CF ₂ CF ₃ , -[CF ₂ CF ₂ O] _y -CF ₃ , -[CF ₂ CF ₂ O] _y -C ₂ F _5j wherein y = 1-5, e.g. -CF ₂ CF ₂ -O-CF ₂ CF ₃ , -0-CF ₂ CF ₂ -O-CF ₂ CF ₃ .

R ₃ and R ₄ together as divalent linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic radical containing at least 2 carbon atoms is for example alkylene or alkenylene. Said alkylene or alkenylene is linear or branched and suitably has about 2 to 10 atoms. For example C ₂ -Ci ₀ -,

C ₂ -C ₈ -, C ₂ -C ₄ -, C ₄ -C ₈ -alkylene, C ₂ -Ci ₀ -, C ₂ -C ₈ -, C ₂ -C ₄ -, C ₄ -C ₈ -alkenylene. The specific meanings for said radicals correspond to the meanings given above for "alkyl" and "alkenyl" by adding the ending "ene" up to the corresponding number of C-atoms.

In interesting compounds of formula Il Y is halogen atom, for example Cl, a hydroxyl group, or -0-COR ₄ .

R ₃ is linear or branched C _r C ₂₄ alkyl, linear or branched C ₂ -C ₂₄ alkenyl, linear or branched d-

C ₂₄ haloalkyl, for example trifluormethyl, chloromethyl or dichloromethyl, linear or branched C ₂ -C ₂₄ haloalkenyl, C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl, C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl, i.e. phenyl or naphthyl; or are C _r C ₂₄ alkyl substituted by C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl or by C ₆ -Ci ₀ aryl.

R ₄ has one of the meanings given for R ₃ , or is C _r C ₂₄ alkyl substituted by one or more halogen or CN, or is Ci-C ₂₄ alkyl which is interrupted by one or more O and which optionally is substituted by halogen; or R ₃ and R ₄ together form a divalent linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic radical containing at least 2 carbon atoms.

Or R ₃ and R ₄ together form linear or branched C ₂ -Ci ₀ -alkylene, or linear or branched C ₂ -

Ci _θ alkenylene.

In particular compounds of formula Il Y is -0-CO-R ₄ .

R ₃ preferably is C _r C ₂₄ alkyl, in particular C _r Ci ₂ alkyl, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl; or is CrC ₂₄ haloalkyl, for example trifluoromethyl, monochlormethyl or dichloromethyl; or is phenyl.

Preferred are compounds wherein R ₄ is identical to R ₃ .

A preferred acylating agent in the process according to the invention is selected from the group consisting of acetic anhydride, propanoic anhydride, butyric anhydride, /-butyric anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride, benzoic anhydride, monochloroacetic anhydride, dichloroacetic anhydride.

In a preferred process the acylating agent is /-butyric anhydride.

The person skilled in the art is familiar with the preparation of acylating agent according to the formula II. Suitable preparation methods are given in general textbooks of chemistry, for example in "Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions, Mechanisms, and Strcutures; Fourth Edition, Jerry March; p.401-402", in particular a description for the case, if Y= -OSO ₂ -R ₄ : "F. Effenberger et al., Angew. Chem. 1972, 84. 294." A host of acylating agents is also commercially available.

Interesting is a process for synthesizing aromatic thioether ketones by reacting an aromatic thioether of the formula (I) according to claim 2 with an acylating agent of the formula (II) according to claim 4.

The terms "and/or" or "or/and" in the present context are meant to express that not only one of the defined alternatives (substituents) may be present, but also several of the defined alternatives (substituents) together, namely mixtures of different alternatives (substituents). The term "at least" is meant to define one or more than one, for example one or two or three, preferably one or two.

The term "optionally substituted" means, that the radical to which it refers is either unsubstituted or substituted.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

Heteropoly acids or heteropoly acid-containing solid supports or the corresponding salts of heteropoly acids are known in the literature, see for example Chem. Rev. 1998, 98,1, 171- 198; Chem. Commun., 2001, 1141. Said acids are complex proton acids that incorporate

polyoxometalate anions having metal-oxygen octahedral as the basic structural units, as for example described in Ref. 17-24 in Chem. Rev. 1998, 98,1, 171-198. The Keggin type heteropolyanion typically represented by the formula XMi ₂ O ₄₀ * ^"8 , wherein X is the central atom (for example Si, P), x is the oxidation state, and M is the metal ion (for example Mo, W) is the best known. Other polyoxometalates are represented by the formulae X ₂ Mi ₈ O ₆₂ ² * ^"16 (Dawson structure), XMnO ₃₉ * ^"12 , X ₂ Mi ₇ O _6I ² * ^"20 (Keggin and Dawson lacunary anions). The salts of heteropoly acids are containing cations from the groups 1-13, cations from the lanthanides and are containing ammonium cations as well, see for example Chem. Rev. 1998, 98,1 , 171-198.

In particular suitable in the process according to the invention are heteropolyacids with Keggin type anions.

Central atoms in the heteropolyacid, besides P and Si, as already named above, are for example B, Ge or As.

As coordinating atom the heteropolyacid comprises Mo or W or a mixture thereof.

Accordingly a preferred catalyst is a heteropoly acid or a heteropoly acid-containing solid support or a salt of the heteropoly acid or a mixture thereof, wherein the heteropoly acid has a central atom comprising P, Si, B, Ge, As and a coordinating atom comprising Mo or W or a mixture thereof.

In the process according to the invention the heteropoly acid can be employed as such or on a suitable support. Examples for said support are silica, mesoporous molecular sieves, carbon, hydrotalcite-type anion clays or aluminum oxides (ALOX).

Interesting as support are silica, aluminum oxides, mesoporous molecular sieves and hydrotalcite type anion clays, especially silica, aluminum oxides and mesoporous molecular sieves. Preferred are silica and aluminum oxides (ALOX), in particular silica.

As already mentioned above, a wide variety of the cations can be selected for the heteropoly acid. In particular suitable examples are Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Fe, La, Ce, Cu, Zn, Al, ammonium, or mixtures thereof.

Examples of suitable heteropoly acid catalysts are published in Chem. Rev. 1995, 559-614, p.591 , p.595, p.596, p.597; Chem. Rev. 1998, 359-387, p.362, p.373; Y. Izumi, K. Urabe, M.

Onaka in Zeolite, Clay, and Heteropoly Acid; VCH Publishers Inc., New York, 1992; Chap. 3, p.1 11 , p.141 (supported systems), p.154; Applied Catalysis A: General 132, 1995, 127-140, p.139; The Chemical Engineering Journal, 1996, 64, 247-254; p. 252; Chem. Commun.,

2001 , 1141-152, p.1 144, p.1150; J. Molecular Catalysis A; Chemical 219, 2004, 327-341 , p.331 , p.332, p.334, p.336; Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 307-325; J. Molecular Catalysis A:

Chemical 219 (2004), 327-342; Applied Catalysis A: General 257 (2004), 19-23; J. Catalysis

208 (2002), 448-455; Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 21 (1998), 227-233.

Suitable are catalysts in the anhydrous form as well as the corresponding hydrated forms or the corresponding salts. Further, as already mentioned, the catalyst can be fixed on a support, in different loadings.

Specific examples of suitable catalysts are K ₅₅ H _{1 5} [SbW ₆ O ₂₄ ] -6H ₂ O; Na ₅ [IMo ₆ O ₂₄ ] -3H ₂ O; K ₆ [Mo ₇ O ₂₄ ] -4H ₂ O; Cs ₄ [W ₁₀ O ₃₂ ] -4H ₂ O;

Cs ₄ [W ₁₀ O ₃₂ ] -5H ₂ O; K ₅ [BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] - 15H ₂ O; K ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] -4H ₂ O; K ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] -5H ₂ O;

[N(C ₄ H ₉ )J ₂ [W ₆ O ₁₉ ]; [N(C ₄ H ₉ ) ₄ ] ₂ [Mo ₆ O ₁₉ ]; K ₉ H ₅ [(GeTi ₃ W ₉ O ₃₇ ) ₂ O ₃ ] - 16H ₂ O; K ₂₅ H ₀₅ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ;

Cs ₂₅ H ₀₅ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ; Rb ₂₅ H ₀₅ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ; Cs ₃ HiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ; K ₂ H ₂ SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ; Mg ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] ₂ ;

Ca ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] ₂ ; Sr ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] ₂ ; Ba ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] ₂ ; Li ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ]; Na ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ]; AI[PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ]; H ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ]; H ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] - 28H ₂ O; Li ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ]; Li ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] - 29H ₂ O; Na ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ];

Na ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] - 29H ₂ O; Mg ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ]; Mg ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] - 58H ₂ O; Ca ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ];

Ca ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] - 58H ₂ O; Sr ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ]; Sr ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] - 58H ₂ O; Ba ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ];

Ba ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] - 58H ₂ O; AI ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ]; AI[PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] .29H ₂ O; H ₀₅ K ₂₅ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ;

H ₀₅ Na ₂₅ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ; H ₀₅ Mg _{1 25} PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ; H ₄ GeMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ; (NH ₄ J ₆ P ₂ Mo ₁₈ O ₆₂ ; [C ₁₆ H ₃₃ N(CH ₃ ) ₃ ] _X H _{4- X} SiMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ; [C ₁₆ H ₃₃ N(CH ₃ ) ₃ ] _x H _4-x SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ; (NH ₄ J ₁₀ H ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₂ ; (NH ₄ J ₆ P ₂ W ₁₂ O ₆₂ ;

[C ₁₆ H ₃₃ N(CH ₃ ) ₃ ] ₆ Mo ₇ O ₂₄ ; [(C ₄ Hg) ₄ N] ₃ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ; [C ₁₈ H ₃₇ N(CH ₃ ) ₂ C ₂ H ₅ ] ₁₀ [H ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₀ ]; H ₆ P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ ;

H ₃ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ . nH ₂ O; H ₃ PMo ₆ W ₆ O ₄₀ ; (NH ₃ J ₆ [H ₂ W ₁₂ O ₄₀ ]; H ₃ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ ; H ₃ PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ .30H ₂ O;

H ₃ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ -30H ₂ O; (NH ₄ ) ₃ PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ .3H ₂ O; K ₃ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ • 6H ₂ O; Na ₃ PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ - 21 H ₂ O;

(NH ₄ J ₃ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ - 3H ₂ O; K ₃ PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ - 6H ₂ O; Na ₃ PW ₁₂ O ₄₀ - 21 H ₂ O; H ₄ SiMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ - 26H ₂ O; Na ₄ SiMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ • 22H ₂ O; H ₄ SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ • 30H ₂ O; Na ₄ SiW ₁₂ O ₄₀ • 22H ₂ O; H ₅ BW ₁₂ O ₄₀ • 30H ₂ O;

K ₆ P ₂ W ₁₈ O ₆₂ - 14H ₂ OjK ₁₀ P ₂ W ₁₇ O ₆₁ - 22H ₂ O; (NH ₄ J ₆ TeMo ₆ O ₂₄ - 7H ₂ O;

(NH ₄ J ₈ CeMo ₁₂ O ₄₂ • 8H ₂ O; (NH ₄ J ₆ MnMo ₉ O ₃₂ - 8H ₂ O; Na ₅ W ₆ O ₂₄ • 8H ₂ O;

(CN ₃ H ₆ J ₆ TeW ₆ O ₂₄ - 7H ₂ O; (NH ₄ J ₃ H ₄ AsW ₁₂ O ₄₂ - 4H ₂ O; H ₄ GeW ₁₂ O ₄₀ - 30H ₂ O;

K ₂ SeMo ₆ O ₂₁ - 6H ₂ O; Na ₃ AIMo ₆ O ₂₁ - 1 1 H ₂ O; K ₄ ZrMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ - 18H ₂ O; La ₃ [PMo ₁₂ O ₄₀ ] - 10H ₂ O;

Co ₃ [PMθi ₂ 0 ₄ o]2 • 34H ₂ O; Ni ₃ [PMOi ₂ O ₄ O] ₂ • 34H ₂ O; Mn ₃ [PMθi ₂ O ₄₀ ] ₂ • 41 H ₂ O;

CO ₂ [PMOI ₂ O ₄₀ ] • 24H ₂ O; Ni ₂ [SiMOi ₂ O ₄₀ ] • 21 H ₂ O; Mn ₂ [SiMOi ₂ O ₄₀ ] • 22H ₂ O;

Cu ₂ [SiMOi ₂ O ₄₀ ] • 20H ₂ O; La ₄ [SiMOi ₂ O ₄₀ ] • 71 H ₂ O; H ₃ PWi ₂ O ₄₀ ; H ₄ SiWi ₂ O ₄₀ ;

H ₄ GeWi ₂ O ₄₀ ; H ₅ BWi ₂ O ₄₀ ; H ₆ CoWi ₂ O ₄₀ ; H ₆ P ₂ Wi ₈ O ₆₂ ; H ₄ SiMOi ₂ O ₄₀ ; H ₃ PMOi ₂ O ₄₀ ; K ₂₆ H ₀₄ PWi ₂ O ₄₀ ; Cs ₂ HPWi ₂ O ₄₀ ; (NH ₄₁ Cs ₁ H) ₃ PWi ₂ O ₄₀ ; and some examples supported by molecular sieves are H ₄ SiWi ₂ 0 _4θ /MCM-41 ; H ₃ PWi ₂ O ₄₀ /MCM-41 ; or supported by silicates Cs _2.5 H _0.5 PW ₁₂ O ₄ /SiO ₂ powder; Cs _2.5 H _0.5 PW ₁₂ O ₄ /SiO ₂ extrudate; 50% H ₃ PWi ₂ 0 _4θ /Si0 ₂ ; 40% H ₃ PWi ₂ 0 _4θ /Si0 ₂ ; 30% H ₃ PWi ₂ 0 _4θ /Si0 ₂ ; 20% H ₃ PWi ₂ 0 _4θ /Si0 ₂ ; 10% H ₃ PWi ₂ 0 _4θ /Si0 ₂ ; 40% H ₄ SiWi ₂ 0 _4θ /Si0 ₂ ; 40% H ₄ SiWi ₂ 0 _4θ /MCM-41 ; 40% H ₃ PMθi ₂ O ₄ /SiO ₂ ; ;

Preferably the process is carried out using H ₄ Si(W ₃ Oi ₀ ) ₄ , or H ₃ P(W ₃ Oi ₀ ) ₄ as the heteropoly acids catalyst.

The person skilled in the art is familiar with the preparation of such heteropoly acids. Suitable preparation methods are given in general textbooks of chemistry or for example in the literature named above, e.g. in "Y. Izumi, K. Urabe, M. Onaka in Zeolite, Clay, and Heteropoly Acid; VCH Publishers Inc., New York, 1992." Heteropoly acids are also commercially available in a wide variety.

The process according to the present invention can for example be described by the following general reactions:

wherein R ₁ , R ₂ , R ₃ , Y n and m are as defined above.

The process is generally carried out by mixing the thioether educt with the acylating agent and reacting said educts in a suitable vessel, which is provided with a heating means. The reaction conveniently is carried out under inert conditions, i.e. the vessel should be equipped

with appropriate means to create said atmosphere by for example working in an atmosphere of nitrogen. Other inert gases, as for example He, could also be employed. The person skilled in the art is familiar with these facts.

The reaction of the thioether of formula I or I' with the acylating agent of formula Il can be carried out in different manner. Representative, but not exclusive examples are given below. a) the thioether is placed, together with the catalyst and the acylating agent, in the reaction vessel and is immediately heated to the final reaction temperature, or b) the thioether, together with the catalyst and the acylating agent, is placed in the reaction vessel and heated slowly during the reaction to the final temperature, or c) the acylating agent is added during the reaction, to the thioether and the catalyst which have been previously heated to the reaction temperature, d) the catalyst is suspended in a minimum amount of either one or both of the starting materials and then the reactants are added subsequently in any order or are added together. The reaction vessel also may for example consist of a column that is filled with the catalyst and the acylating agent and the thioether are pumped (e.g. continuouesly) over the catalyst through the column.

A further possibility is to bring the reactants together via a reactive distillation, which is a process in which a catalytic chemical reaction and distillation occur simultaneously in a single apparatus.

Further solvents are, in principle, not required for carrying out the reaction, but may additionally be used. It is evident that the solvent must be inert under the respective reaction conditions. The person skilled in the art is familiar with suitable solvents for such reactions. Convenient solvents have been found to be for example aliphatic hydrocarbons (petrolethers), ethers, such as dioxane, tetrahydrofurane etc..

The molar ratios of the educts in the process according to the invention are not critical. Either an excess of the aromatic thioether or an excess of the acylating agent may be used. In the process according to the invention the mol ratio of the aromatic thioether to the acylating agent is for example from 1 :10, 1 :5, 1 :2, or 1 :1 or vice versa the mol ratio of the acylating agent to the aromatic thioether compound is from 1 :10, 1 :5, 1 :2, or 1 :1.

lnteresting therefore is a process, wherein a molar excess of the aromatic thioether is employed; and a process, wherein a molar excess of the acylating agent is employed.

Subject of the invention also is a process, wherein the mol ratio of the aromatic thioether to the acylating agent is from 1 to 10; as well as a process, wherein the mol ratio of the acylating agent to the aromatic thioether is from 1 to 10.

The amount of the heteropolyacid catalyst can vary broadly. The catalyst is advantageously applied in an amount between 50 wt% to 0.01 wt%, for example between 25 wt% to 0.05 wt%, in particular 10 wt% to 0.1 wt%.

The reaction temperatures in principle depent on the boiliong point of the educts and solvents that are employed in the reaction. Said temperature is conveniently in the range from room temperature to about 140 ⁰ C, for example from 25°C to 140 ⁰ C or from 25°C to 100 ⁰ C, in particular from 40°C to 100 ⁰ C, preferably from 40°C to 80°C.

The processing and purification of the novel phenyl alkyl ketones of formula III or IM', which are substituted by a cyclic amine, is carried out by known methods, typically by distillation, crystallisation and filtration.

In particular interesting is a process according to the invention for synthesizing 2-methyl-1-[4- (methylthio)phenyl]-1-propanone by reacting thioanisole with /-butyric anhydride in the presence of heteropoly acids or heteropoly acid-containing solid supports or the corresponding salts of heteropoly acids.

The aromatic thioether ketones prepared according to a process of the invention are for example used to synthezise α-amino ketone photoinitiator compounds of formula (IV) or (IV) by introducing a corresponding amine group to the aromatic thioether ketone. This is for example done by first halogenating the aromatic thioether ketone compound and subsequently reacting the compound with a primary or secondary amine in the presence of a Lewis acid, as is for example described in WO 02/42254 and in EP 3002 (method H):

R ₂ S-h A-C-C-HaI >•) R" ₃

R' ₃ and R" ₃ are groups remaining from R ₃ , as defined above, after the halogenation, in particular methyl, i.e. R ₃ is Ci-C ₂₄ haloalkyl.

Ri, n and R ₂ have the same meaning as given above, in particular R ₂ is methyl; R ₅ and R ₆ independently of one another are CrCi ₂ alkyl, optionally substituted by hydroxy; phenyl, benzyl, or R ₅ and R ₆ together with the N-atom to which they are attached form an C ₄ -C ₅ - alkylene, which optionally is interrupted by a further N- or O-atom, e.g. a morpholino group. In particular R ₅ and R ₆ together with the N-atom to which they are attached, form a morpholino group. Hal, is a halogen atom, in particular Cl or Br.

Another possibility is to react the halogenated aromatic thioether compound (V) or (V) with an alcoholate, such as for example sodium methoxylate, and subsequently with a primary or secondary amine to give the α-amino ketone compound (IV) or (IV), as is disclosed for example in EP 3002:

NaOCH, NHR ₅ R ₆

The meanings for Hal, Ri, n, R ₂ , R' ₃ , R" ₃ , R ₅ and R ₆ are as given above.

The invention therefore also relates to a process for synthesizing an α-amino ketone photoinitiator compound, which comprises reacting an aromatic thioether ketone obtained by a process as described above with a halogene, in particular chlorine or bromine, reacting the obtained halogenated compound either

(a) with a primary or secondary amine in the presence of a Lewis acid; or

(b) with an alkali alcoholate, in particular sodium methoxylate, and subsequently with a primary or secondary amine,

to give the α-amino ketone photoinitiator compound.

Interesting therefore is a process for synthesizing an α-amino ketone photoinitiator compound of formula (IV)

, wherein R ₁ , R ₂ , n, R ₃ ', R ₃ ", R ₅ and R ₆ are as defined above; which comprises reacting an aromatic thioether ketone of the formula (III)

. wherein R ₁ , R ₂ , n and R ₃ are as defined above; obtained by reacting a thioether of the formula (I)

, wherein R ₁ , R ₂ , and n are as defined above;

(I) with an acylating agent of the formula (II)

R,— C-Y

³ I l

O , wherein R ₃ is as defined above;

(H) with a halogene, in particular chlorine or bromine, reacting the obtained halogenated compound either

(a) with a primary or secondary amine in the presence of a Lewis acid; or

(b) with an alkali alcoholate, in particular sodium methoxylate, and subsequently with a primary or secondary amine.

According to the invention further is the use of aromatic thioether compounds, obtained by a process as described above, for the preparation of α-amino ketone photoinitiator compounds.

The invention thus also relates to a photopolymerizable composition comprising

(A) at least one compound comprising an ethylenically unsaturated component, and

(B) a photoinitiator compound obtained by the process as described above, where the composition, in addition to the component (B), can also comprise other photo- initiators (C) and/or other additives (D).

Suitable ethylenically unsaturated compounds for a radically photopolymerizable formulation are known to the person skilled in the art and published in a host of patents, e.g. WO 03/091287. The unsaturated compounds can contain one or more olefinic double bonds. They can be of low molecular weight (monomeric) or relatively high molecular weight (oligomeric). The photopolymerizable compounds may be used on their own or in any desired mixtures. Preference is given to using mixtures of polyol (meth)acrylates. It is also possible to add binders to the compositions according to the invention; this is particularly advantageous if the photopolymerizable compounds are liquid or viscose substances.

Apart from the photoinitiator, the photopolymerizable mixtures can also contain various additives (D). Examples thereof are known to the person skilled in the art, e.g. optical brighteners, fillers, pigments, both white and coloured pigments, dyes, antistats, wetting agents or levelling auxiliaries, thermal inhibitors, additives to increase the storage stability in the dark, light protection agents which may be used are UV absorbers, for example those of the hydroxyphenylbenzotriazol, hydroxyphenylbenzophenone, oxalamide or hydroxyphenyl- s-triazine type. The compounds can be used individually or as mixtures, with or without the use of sterically hindered amines (HALS). Further additives (D) are levelling auxiliaries, amines, chain transfer reagents, adhesion improvers, thiols, thioethers, disulfides and phosphines, photosensitizers, that shift and/or broaden the spectral sensitivity, e.g. benzophenone, thioxanthone, anthraquinone and 3- acylcoumarin derivatives, terphenyls, styryl ketones, and 3-(aroylmethylene)thiazolines, camphorquinone, but also eosin, rhodamine and erythrosine dyes. The choice of additives depends on the field of application in question and the properties desired for this field. The above-described additives (D) are customary in the art and are accordingly used in amounts customary in the art.

The composition may also comprise further photointiators (C), known to the art-skilled person, e.g. benzophenone and derivatives thereof, acetophenone and derivatives thereof, 4-aroyl-1,3-dioxolanes, benzoin alkyl ethers and benzil ketals, for example benzil dimethyl ketal, phenyl glyoxalates and derivatives thereof, dimeric phenyl glyoxalates, peresters, e.g. benzophenonetetracarboxylic peresters, monoacylphosphine oxides, for example (2,4,6- trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxide, bisacylphosphine oxides, for example bis(2,6- dimethoxybenzoyl)(2,4,4-trimethylpent-1 -yl)phosphine oxide, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-

phenylphosphine oxide or bis(2 _J 4 _J 6-trimethylbenzoyl)(2 _J 4-dipentoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide, trisacylphosphine oxides, halomethyltriazines, e.g. 2-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)vinyl]-4,6-bistri- chloromethyl-[1 ,3,5]triazine, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-bis-trichloronnethyl-[1 ,3,5]triazine, 2- (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4,6-bistrichloromethyl-[1,3,5]triazine , 2-methyl-4,6-bistrichloromethyl- [1,3,5]triazine, hexaarylbisimidazole/coinitiator systems, e.g. ortho-chlorohexaphenylbis- imidazole in combination with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; ferrocenium compounds or titanocenes, for example dicyclopentadienylbis(2,6-difluoro-3-pyrrolophenyl)titanium. Coini- tiators which may also be used are borate compounds.

The photopolymerizable compositions advantageously comprise the photoinitiator in an amount of from 0.05 to 20% by weight, e.g. 0.05 to 15% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the composition. The amount of photoinitiator stated is based on the total of all added photoinitiators if mixtures thereof are used, i.e. both on the photoinitiator (B) and on the photoinitiators (B) + (C).

The photopolymerizable compositions can be used for various purposes, for example as printing inks, such as screen printing inks, flexographic printing inks or offset printing inks, as clearcoats, as colour coats, as white coats, e.g. for wood or metal, as powder coatings, as paints, for photographic reproduction processes, for holographic recording materials, for image recording processes or for the production of printing plates, for the production of masks for screen printing, as dental filling materials, as adhesives, as pressure-sensitive adhesives, as laminating resins, as photoresists, e.g. galvanoresists, etch or permanent resists, both liquid and dry films, as photostructurable dielectrics, as solder stopping masks for electronic circuits, as resists for the preparation of colour filters for any type of screen or for producing structures in the production process of plasma displays and electroluminescence displays, for the production of optical switches, optical gratings (interference gratings), for the preparation of three-dimensional objects by mass curing (UV curing in transparent moulds) or by the stereolithography process, for the preparation of composite materials and other thick-layer materials, for the preparation of gel coats, for the coating or sealing of electronic components or as coatings for optical fibres. The compositions are also suitable for the preparation of optical lenses, e.g. contact lenses and Fresnel lenses, and for the preparation of medical instruments, auxiliaries or implants. The person skilled in the art is well aware of said variuos uses for radically polymerizable compositions.

The following Examples further illustrate the invention but it is not intended to limit the invention to the Examples. Here, as in the remainder of the description and in the claims, parts and percentages relate to weight, unless otherwise indicated. If alkyl groups or alkoxy groups are named without specifying their isomeric forms, the n-isomer is meant.

The reactions are run in a Radley Carousel Reaction Station™ using 25 ml glass reaction tubes with gas-tight caps under inert atmosphere, by using nitrogen.

Example 1 : Preparation of CH ₃ S-(^ ^)-C-C-CH ₃

4.47 g (36 mmol) of thioanisole and 1.89 g (12 mmol) of /-butyric anhydride are placed in the glass reaction tube. Then 0.19 g of H ₄ Si(W ₃ C-Io) ₄ are added to the reaction mass and the glass reaction tube is fitted with the gas-tight cap. The glass reaction tube is heated to 80 ⁰ C. Gas chromatographic analysis (GC) reveals 94% of product (based on /-butyric anhydride) formed after 3h.

Example 2:

The procedure of example 1 is repeated but the H ₄ Si(W ₃ Oi ₀ ) ₄ is replaced by 0.19 g of H ₃ P(W ₃ Oio) ₄ . GC analysis reveals 93% of product (based on /-butyric anhydride) formed after 3h.

Example 3:

1.49 g (12 mmol) of thioanisole and 5.69 g (36 mmol) of /-butyric anhydride are placed in the glass reaction tube. Then 0.57 g of H ₄ Si(W ₃ Oi ₀ ) ₄ are added to the reaction mass and the glass reaction tube is fitted with the gas-tight cap. The glass reaction tube is heated to 80 ⁰ C. GC analysis reveals 68% of product (based on /-butyric anhydride) formed after 3h.

Example 4:

The procedure of example 3 is repeated but the H ₄ Si(W ₃ Oi ₀ ) ₄ is replaced by 0.19 g of H ₃ P(W ₃ Oio) ₄ . GC analysis reveals 76% of product (based on /-butyric anhydride) formed after 3h.

Example 5:

The procedure of example 1 is repeated, but the glass reaction tube is heated to 45°C. GC analysis reveals 80% of product (based on /-butyric anhydride) formed after 3h.

Exampe 6:

The procedure of example 2 is repeated, but the glass reaction tube is heated to 45°C. GC analysis reveals 79% of product (based on /-butyric anhydride) formed after 3h.

Example 7: 23.5 g (0.15 mol) of isobutyric anhydride and 56.0 g (0.45 mol) of thioanisole are placed in a

250 ml flask. 6 g of supported catalyst (= catalyst according to example 1 on SiO ₂ support) are added portion wise to the reaction mixture. After complete addition the temperature is raised to 90 ⁰ C (oil bath). After 23h at 90 ⁰ C the GC analysis reveals 97.3% of product (based on /-butyric anhydride).

Example 8:

Synthesis of an α-aminoketone photo initiator, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-(4- morpholinyl)-1-propanone:

8.1 : Chlorination 887 g of HCI (32%) are placed in a 2 L reactor. 500 g (2.55 mol) thioketone (99.0 %), prepared according to the method of example 1, are added drop wise using a dropping funnel. After complete addition the funnel is washed with 22 g of xylene. At room temperature 184.4 g (2.6 mol) of chlorine gas are dosed over a period of 2h. The reaction mixture is stirred over night. Afterwards 420 g of xylene are added, after stirring for 15 minutes the aqueous phase is separated. To the organic phase are added 150 g of water and 110 g of sodium carbonate solution in order to adjust the pH to 7-8. Finally, the aqueous phase is separated and the organic solvent evaporated yielding 578.1 g (94.4%) of the chloro thioketone as yellow oil.

8.2: Epoxidation CH At room temperature 223 g of sodium methanolate solution are placed in a 1 L reactor and stirred. 250 g of chloro-thioketone, as prepared in 8.1, dissolved in 160 g of xylene are added drop wise within 3h using a dropping funnel. Afterwards the reaction mixture is headed to

50°C. 338 g of water are added. Finally, the aqueous phase is separated and the organic solvent evaporated yielding 241.8 g (96.2 %) of the epoxide as yellow oil.

8J3: Opening of the epoxy ring

241.8 g of the epoxide, prepared in 8.2, are dissolved in 223 g of morpholine in a 1 L reactor at room temperature and mixed with 2.7 g of calcium hydroxide. The reaction mixture is heated to 125-138°C and the resulting methanol is continuously distilled off over a period of 2Oh. Afterwards the residual morpholine is evaporated yielding 294.4 g of the crude α- aminoketone photo initiator, which is crystallized from methanol giving 248.8 g (90.2 %) 2- methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-propanon e.