[0001] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The invention relates generally to the alteration of the ratio of the specific gravities of the oil and water phases resulting from the conversion of biomass to liquid products, which can further include the removal of metals and/or the modification of the conductivity, and more particularly to an effective means to reduce the level of solids contained in the oil phase.

2. Description of the Related Art

[0003] In the conversion of biomass to liquid products, the product stream can contain both an oil phase and a water phase (containing both water present in the biomass prior to conversion, and water produced during the conversion process).

Pyrolysis, in particular flash pyrolysis, has been proposed as one such process for converting solid biomass material to liquid products. Pyrolysis in general refers to a process in which a feedstock is heated in an oxygen-poor or oxygen-free atmosphere. If solid biomass is used as the feedstock of a pyrolysis process, the process produces gaseous, liquid, and solid products. It is often the case that the oil phase has a higher specific gravity than the water phase, resulting in the oil phase settling to the bottom of a settling vessel, and emulsions can also form between the oil and water phases. As a result, any solids present in the reaction products also settle into the oil phase, which can cause issues in downstream processing of the oil, and can be difficult and expensive to remove.

[0004] Thus, there is a need for an improved system whereby the solids content of biomass derived oil is reduced.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a process is provided comprising:

a) providing a first mixture including a first oil phase comprising biomass derived carbon containing compounds and a first aqueous phase comprising water; wherein the ratio of the specific gravities of the first oil phase to the first aqueous phase (SGR1 ) is greater than 1.0; b) modifying the specific gravity of at least one of the first oil phase and the first aqueous phase, thereby resulting in a second mixture having a second oil phase and a second aqueous phase, wherein the ratio of the specific gravities of the second oil phase to the second aqueous phase (SGR2) is less than 1.0; and

c) separating the second oil phase from the second aqueous phase.

[0006] In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, such process can additionally comprise:

combining at least one specific gravity modifier comprising a diluent with the first oil phase, thereby forming the second oil phase, and wherein the specific gravity of the second oil phase is lower than the specific gravity of the first oil phase.

[0007] In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, such process can additionally comprise:

combining at least one specific gravity modifier comprising a water-soluble compound with the first aqueous phase, thereby forming the second aqueous phase, and wherein the specific gravity of the second aqueous phase is higher than the specific gravity of the first aqueous phase.

[0008] In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, such process can additionally comprise:

combining at least one specific gravity modifier comprising a water soluble co-solvent with the first aqueous phase, thereby forming the second aqueous phase, and wherein the specific gravity of the second aqueous phase is higher than the specific gravity of the first aqueous phase.

[0009] In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, such process can additionally comprise:

combining at least one specific gravity modifier comprising a diluent, a water-soluble compound, a water soluble co-solvent, and combinations thereof, with the first mixture, thereby forming the second oil phase and the second aqueous phase.

[0010] In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, such process can additionally comprise:

allowing the second mixture to settle, thereby forming an upper layer containing the second oil phase and a lower layer containing the second aqueous phase, wherein the first oil phase contains solids, and following the settling, the second oil phase in the upper layer contains less solids than the first oil phase.

[0011] In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, such process can additionally comprise:

adding a quantity of a conductivity modifier to the first mixture thereby forming the second mixture, wherein the conductivity modifier can have a TAN lower than the TAN of the first mixture, and wherein the quantity of conductivity modifier is sufficient such that the electrical conductivity of the second mixture is lower than the electrical conductivity of the first mixture.

[0012] In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the first and/or second oil phases further contain metals, a process is provided comprising:

contacting either the first and/or second mixtures with specific acids for removal of at least a portion of the metals from either or both of the first and second oil phases.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0013] The biomass material useful in the current invention can be any biomass capable of being converted to liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons.

[0014] Preferred are solid biomass materials comprising a cellulosic material, in particular lignocellulosic materials, because of the abundant availability of such materials, and their low cost. The solid biomass feed can comprise components selected from the group consisting of lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and combinations thereof. Examples of suitable solid biomass materials include forestry wastes, such as wood chips and saw dust; agricultural waste, such as straw, corn stover, sugar cane bagasse, municipal waste, in particular yard waste, paper, and card board; energy crops such as switch grass, coppice, eucalyptus; and aquatic materials such as algae; and the like.

[0015] The biomass can be converted, by any suitable means, to reaction products comprising, at least in part, a first mixture comprising a first oil phase comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of biomass derived carbon containing compounds and a first aqueous phase comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of water. The biomass conversion can be by a method including, but not limited to, fast pyrolysis, catalytic pyrolysis, and hydrothermal conversion, each at elevated temperatures. The temperatures can range from 300 to 1000 C, or 400 to 700 C. The first mixture can have a Total Acid Number (TAN) of at least about 2, or at least about 3, or at least about 10, or at least about 20, or at least about 30. [0016] The biomass feed can be charged to a reaction zone along with a heat carrier material and/or a catalyst for mixture with the biomass feed and to transfer heat thereto. Useful catalysts for this process include those containing catalytic acidity and preferably containing zeolite. The biomass feed can be converted to reaction products comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of: the first mixture described above, and optionally light gases and/or char. The reaction products can be removed from the reaction zone and the first mixture condensed therefrom. The first mixture can also comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of a first oil phase comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of biomass derived carbon containing compounds, and a first aqueous phase comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of water, and solids.

[0017] The ratio of the specific gravities of the first oil phase to the first aqueous phase (SGR1) can be greater than 1.0, greater than about 1.05, or greater than about 1.1. The specific gravity of at least one of the first oil phase and the first aqueous phase can be modified, thereby resulting in a second mixture having a second oil phase and a second aqueous phase, wherein the ratio of the specific gravities of the second oil phase to the second aqueous phase (SGR2) is less than 1.0, preferably less than about 0.99, and more preferably less than about 0.97.

[0018] The modification of the specific gravity of at least one of the first oil phase and the first aqueous phase can include adding at least one specific gravity modifier to the mixture, thereby forming the second mixture.

[0019] A diluent can be combined with the first oil phase, as at least a portion of the specific gravity modifier, thereby forming the second oil phase, resulting in the specific gravity of the second oil phase being lower than the specific gravity of the first oil phase. More particularly, the specific gravity of the second oil phase is less than 1.0. The diluent preferably has a specific gravity less than about 0.97. The diluent can be selected from the group consisting of: light cycle oil, naphtha, toluene, methyl isobutyl ketone, reformate, a bio- oil fraction having a specific gravity lower than the specific gravity of the first oil phase, a hydrotreated bio-oil fraction having a specific gravity lower than the specific gravity of the first oil phase, and combinations thereof.

[0020] The bio-oil fraction can be obtained as a fraction of the first oil phase following the specific gravity modification step. The hydrotreated bio-oil fraction can optionally be obtained as a fraction of the first oil phase following hydrotreatment of the first oil phase.

[0021] The ratio by volume of the diluent to the first oil phase can be in the range of from about 0.6:1 to about 2.4:1 , and more preferably from about 0.6:1 to about 1 :1. When light cycle oil is used as the diluent, the ratio by volume of the diluent to first oil phase can be in the range of from about 0.05:1 to about 1 :1, or from about 0.05:1 to about 0.2:1.

[0022] The modification of the specific gravity of at least one of the first oil phase and the first aqueous phase can also include combining a water-soluble compound, as at least a portion of the specific gravity modifier (alone or in addition to the use of a diluent as a specific gravity modifier), with the first aqueous phase, thereby forming the second aqueous phase, and wherein the specific gravity of the second aqueous phase is higher than the specific gravity of the first aqueous phase. Preferably, the specific gravity of the second aqueous phase ends up being greater than about 1.05. The water-soluble compound can be selected from the group consisting of NaCI, MgCI ₂ , KCI, KBr, Na ₂ S0 ₄ , NaHC0 ₃ , NaOH, KOH, NH ₄ OH, alkyl amines, pyridines, quinolines, H ₂ S, ammonia, ammonium compounds including: nitrates, sulfides, carbonates (such as ammonium bicarbonate), hydroxides, acetates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sulfates, and combinations thereof.

[0023] water-soluble compound can be added as a solid and dissolved into the first aqueous phase, and can also, alternatively, be added in the form of a water-soluble compound solution. The water-soluble compound is preferably ammonium bicarbonate, NaCI, or MgCI ₂ . The water-soluble compound is preferably combined with the first aqueous phase in a quantity sufficient to result in a specific gravity of the second aqueous phase which is greater than about 1.05.

[0024] The modification of the specific gravity of at least one of the first oil phase and the first aqueous phase can also include combining a water-soluble co-solvent, as at least a portion of the specific gravity modifier (alone or in addition to the use of one or both of the diluent or water-soluble compound as specific gravity modifiers), with the first aqueous phase, thereby forming the second aqueous phase, and wherein the specific gravity of the second aqueous phase is higher than the specific gravity of the first aqueous phase. The water soluble co-solvent can be a glycol, and more preferably, is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and combinations thereof. The resulting specific gravity of the second aqueous phase is preferably greater than about 1.05.

[0025] More generally, the at least one specific gravity modifier added to the first mixture can also be selected from the group consisting of a light cycle oil, naphtha, toluene, methyl isobutyl ketone, reformate, a bio-oil fraction having a specific gravity lower than the specific gravity of said first oil phase, a hydrotreated bio-oil fraction having a specific gravity lower than the specific gravity of said first oil phase, NaCI, MgCI ₂ , KCI, KBr, Na ₂ S0 ₄ , NaHC0 ₃ , NaOH, KOH, NH ₄ OH, alkyl amines, pyridines, quinolines, H ₂ S, ammonia, ammonium compounds including: nitrates, sulfides, carbonates (such as ammonium bicarbonate), hydroxides, acetates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sulfates, a glycol, and combinations thereof.

[0026] The second mixture is preferably allowed to settle in a settling vessel, thereby forming an upper layer containing the second oil phase and a lower layer containing the second aqueous phase. The first oil phase can contain solids, which can be present in an amount of at least about 100, or about 1000, or about 3,000 ppmw. The solids can include, but are not limited to, organic and inorganic components, which can include solid catalyst material. Following the settling of the second mixture, the second oil phase in the upper layer contains less solids than the first oil phase; and can contain less than about 25, or about 10, or about 5 wt% of the solids contained in the first oil phase; and preferably contains less than about 80 ppmw solids.

[0027] When a diluent is used as at least one specific gravity modifier, at least a portion of the second oil phase in the upper layer can be passed to a separator for recovery of at least a portion of the diluent, resulting in a recovered diluent. At least a portion of the recovered diluent can be recycled for use as at least a portion of the diluent.

[0028] Additionally, when a diluent is used as at least one specific gravity modifier, at least a portion of the second oil phase can be passed to a separator for recovery of at least one bio-oil fraction from the second oil phase. At least one of the bio-oil fractions can be utilized, as at least a portion of the diluent.

[0029] Further, when a diluent is used as at least one specific gravity modifier, at least a portion of the second oil phase can be passed to a hydrotreater for at least partial hydrotreating, thereby forming a hydrotreated stream, and at least a portion of the hydrotreated stream can be passed to a separator for separation into at least one hydrotreated bio-oil fraction. At least one of the hydrotreated bio-oil fractions can be utilized as at least a portion of the diluent.

[0030] Alternatively, a quantity of a conductivity modifier can also be added to the first mixture thereby forming the second mixture, wherein the quantity of the conductivity modifier is sufficient such that the electrical conductivity of the second mixture is lower than the electrical conductivity of the first mixture. The first mixture can have an electrical conductivity of at least about 900,000, or at least about 950,000 nano Siemens per meter (nS/m); and the second mixture preferably has an electrical conductivity less than about 800,000 or less than about 500,000 nS/m. In one embodiment, the conductivity modifier can have a TAN lower than the TAN of the first mixture, and preferably has a TAN at least about 2 units lower than the TAN of the first mixture. The electrical conductivity of the second mixture is preferably less than about 75%, more preferably less than about 50%, and even more preferably less than about 25% of the electrical conductivity of the first mixture.

[0031] The conductivity modifier can be selected from the group consisting of an aqueous solution, a fraction separated from the biomass derived carbon containing compounds, a fraction separated from the biomass derived carbon containing compounds following hydrotreatment of the biomass derived carbon containing compounds, and combinations thereof. The conductivity modifier can comprise an aqueous solution having a pH greater than 7 or greater than about 9. The aqueous solution can comprise a base selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, NH ₄ OH, alkyl amines, pyridines, quinolines, ammonia, ammonium compounds including: nitrates, sulfides, carbonates, hydroxides, acetates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sulfates, and combinations thereof, and is preferably ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium hydroxide or a combination thereof. Combinations of bases can be added separately or simultaneously as a pre-mixed solution. If added separately, they can be added at different process conditions including different temperature and different pressures. Buffers may also be used to more tightly control pH.

[0032] In addition, at least a portion of the first mixture and/or the resulting second mixture can be in the form of an emulsion comprising a portion of the biomass derived carbon containing compounds and a portion of the water. The second mixture, including the conductivity modifier described above, can be subjected to electrostatic dehydration, resulting in at least a partial breaking of the emulsion, and freeing from the emulsion at least 75%, or at least 90%, or at least 95% of the biomass derived carbon containing compounds contained in the emulsion or at least 50%, or at least 70%, or at least 95% of the water contained in the emulsion. Also, the second mixture, following electrostatic dehydration, preferably has an electrical conductivity less than about 250,000 nS/m. The electrostatic dehydration is preferably performed in a desalter vessel. Also, a demulsifier compound can be added to the first mixture, along with the conductivity modifier, thereby forming the second mixture which is then subjected to the electrostatic dehydration. The demulsifier can be an alkoxylate derived from a poly amine.

[0033] In addition, the first and second oil phases can each further comprise metals, which can be selected from the group consisting of Al, Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, and combinations thereof. At least a portion of these metals can be removed from either the first oil phase or the second oil phase, or both, into either the first or second aqueous phases by contact of either or both of the first mixture and the second mixture with certain acids. If metals are removed from the first oil phase into the first aqueous phase by contact with such acid(s), the conductivity modifier can then optionally be added to form the second mixture, having a reduced electrical conductivity, as described above. The removal of at least a portion of the metals can also take place from the second oil phase into the second aqueous phase following addition of the conductivity modifier, and also optionally, before or after the electrostatic dehydration of the second mixture to at least partially break the emulsion, as described above.

[0034] The acid can be selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, glycolic acid, aminocarboxylic acids, hydroxo-carboxylic acids, dibasic carboxylic acids, monobasic carboxylic acids, carbonic acid, alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids, and their salts, and combinations thereof. The acid also preferably has a pH less than about 5.

[0035] The acid and metal interaction can include, but is not limited to, a process selected from the group consisting of: chemically binding at least a portion of the metals; removing at least a portion of the metals from the first and or second oil phases; or combinations thereof.

[0036] The following examples are provided to further illustrate this invention and are not to be considered as unduly limiting the scope of this invention.

EXAMPLES

[0037] Example I

[0038] A product mixture produced from the thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of southern yellow pine wood chips was collected and allowed to settle. The organic phase (raw bio-oil) for the product mixture settled to a position below the water phase. A 45 ml. quantity of the raw bio- oil, separated from the product mixture, was mixed with a 45 ml. quantity of an un- hydrotreated bio-naphtha fraction of the bio-oil (bio-naphtha). A 10 ml. quantity of process water separated from the product mixture was also added to the raw bio-oil and bio-naphtha. A total of twenty four (24) 100 ml. samples were prepared in this way. The resulting samples were each mixed for around 20 seconds and placed in a 140 F water bath for around 1 hour. Upon settling, the organic phase (blended bio-oil) layer for each sample was flipped and on top, with the water phase on the bottom of the containers. The blended bio-oil for each sample was then extracted and all extracted blended bio-oils combined in one container. The container was then mixed for around 20 seconds and an aliquot was tested for filterable solids through a 0.2 pm PVDF membrane filter. A sample of the raw bio-oil separated from the product mixture was also tested for filterable solids through a 0.2 μη PVDF membrane filter. The amount of solids in the blended (flipped) bio-oil was about 610 ppm (with 1220 ppm attributed to the raw bio-oil portion), compared to about 3,558 ppm for the un-flipped raw bio-oil.

[0039] As can be seen from the data above, the solids content in the bio-oil drops significantly once the oil and water layers are flipped. This provides substantial benefits for downstream processing of the bio-oil, such as hydrotreatment, and significantly reduces the cost of any subsequently required solids removal.

[0040] Example II

[0041] A product mixture produced from the thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of southern yellow pine wood chips was collected and allowed to settle. The organic phase (raw bio-oil) for the product mixture settled to a position below the water phase. A 100 ml. quantity of the raw bio-oil, separated from the product mixture, was mixed with a 100 ml. quantity of an un- hydrotreated bio-naphtha fraction of the raw bio-oil. The 200 ml. bio-oil/bio-naphtha mixture was split into four samples. Each of the four samples was combined with 50 ml. quantities of process water separated from the product mixture. Three different demulsifier additives were added to three of the samples. The four samples were each mixed for around 20 seconds and placed in a 140 F water bath for around 30 minutes. The organic phase (blended bio-oil) layer for each sample was flipped and on top, with the water phase on the bottom of the containers. The blended bio-oil for each sample was then extracted. Each of the four extracted blended bio-oils were mixed for around 20 seconds, and aliquots of each were tested for filterable solids through a 0.2 μηι PVDF membrane filter. The amount of solids contained in the three blended (flipped) bio-oil samples including desalter additives were about 205, 193, and 400 ppm; and the amount of solids contained in the blended (flipped) bio-oil sample not including a desalter additive was about 492 ppm. The desalter additives used were from Champion Technologies and designated as XZ-1677, Code 80 and EC-1-C, respectively.

[0042] Example III

[0043] A product mixture produced from the thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of southern yellow pine wood chips was collected and allowed to settle. The organic phase (raw bio-oil) for the product mixture settled to a position below the water phase. A quantity of the total product mixture was mixed with a quantity of a Light Cycle Oil (LCO) obtained from a crude oil refinery. The product mixture/LCO mixture was vigorously mixed for around 30 seconds. The product mixture/LCO mixture was then centrifuged to separate out the blended bio-oil. The blended bio-oil, as well as a sample of the raw bio-oil from the product mixture, were then tested for ash content. The ash content of the blended bio-oil was only about 0.007 wt%, compared to about 0.146 wt% for the control raw bio-oil.

[0044] As can be seen from the data above, the ash content in the bio-oil drops significantly once the oil and water layers are flipped.

[0045] Example IV

[0046] A product mixture produced from the thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of southern yellow pine wood chips was collected and allowed to settle. The organic phase (raw bio-oil, pH of about 4.5) for the product mixture settled to a position below the product water phase (pH of about 4-5). Three separate quantities of the total product mixture were mixed with quantities of LCO sufficient such that the resulting organic phases of the mixtures contained about 5 wt%, about 10 wt%, and about 20 wt% LCO, respectively. The density of the product water portions of the three mixtures were also modified by adding NaCI such that the resulting product water for each mixture contained about 2M NaCI. For each of the mixtures, the organic phase (blended bio-oil) layer was flipped and on top, with the 2M NaCI product water phase on the bottom of the container. The density of the bio-oil vs. percent of LCO added is shown in Table 1 below.

[0047] TABLE 1

[0048] Example V

[0049] A product mixture produced from the thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of southern yellow pine wood chips was collected and allowed to settle. The organic phase (raw bio-oil, pH of about 4.5, density of about 1.095) for the product mixture settled to a position below the product water phase. Six separate quantities of the bio-oil (separated from the product water) were mixed with quantities of distilled water (pH of about 7). NaCI was added to five of the bio-oil/water mixtures such that the distilled water portions separately contained about 1 M NaCI, about 2M NaCI, about 3M NaCI, about 4M NaCI, and about 5M NaCI, respectively. For each of the 3M, 4M, and 5M NaCI mixtures, the organic phase (blended bio-oil) layer was clearly flipped and on top, with the water phase on the bottom of the container. For the 2M NaCI mixture, the layers were mostly, but not completely, flipped, and the layers were not flipped for the 1 M NaCI mixture.

[0050] Example VI

[0051] A product mixture produced from the thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of southern yellow pine wood chips was collected and allowed to settle. The organic phase (raw bio-oil, pH of about 4.5, density of about 1.095) for the product mixture settled to a position below the product water phase. Six separate quantities of the bio-oil (separated from the product water) were mixed with quantities of distilled water (pH of about 7). MgCI ₂ was added to five of the bio-oil/water mixtures such that the distilled water portions separately contained about 1M MgCI ₂ , about 2M MgCI ₂ , about 3M MgCI ₂ , about 4M MgCI ₂ , and about 5M MgCI ₂₎ respectively. For each of the 3M, 4M, and 5M MgCI ₂ mixtures, the organic phase (blended bio-oil) layer was clearly flipped and on top, with the water phase on the bottom of the container. For the 2M MgCI ₂ mixture, the layers were partially flipped, and the layers were not flipped for the 1 MgCI ₂ mixture.

[0052] Example VII

[0053] A product mixture produced from the thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of southern yellow pine wood chips was collected and allowed to settle. The organic phase (raw bio-oil, pH of about 4.5, density of about 1.085) for the product mixture settled to a position below the product water phase (pH ~ 4-5). The product mixture was separated into six quantities. NaCI was added to five of the product mixture samples such that those five product water portions separately contained about 1M NaCI, about 2M NaCI, about 3M NaCI, about 4M NaCI, and about 5M NaCI, respectively. For each of the 3M, 4M, and 5M NaCI mixtures, the organic phase layer was clearly flipped and on top, with the product water phase on the bottom of the container.

[0054] Example VIII

[0055] A product mixture produced from the thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of southern yellow pine wood chips was collected and allowed to settle. The organic phase (raw bio-oil) for the product mixture settled to a position below the water phase, and had a TAN of 6.1. A 20.1 gram quantity of ammonium bicarbonate was combined with an 82 gram quantity of process water separated from the product mixture to form a modified water solution containing about 19.7 wt% ammonium bicarbonate. A 9.9 gram quantity of the modified water solution was combined with 91 grams of the raw bio-oil separated from the product mixture. The organic phase (raw bio-oil) layer was flipped and on top, with the modified water phase on the bottom of the container.

[0056] Example IX

[0057] Raw bio-oil was separated from a product mixture produced from the thermo- catalytic pyrolysis of southern yellow pine wood chips. The raw bio-oil had a TAN of 6.1 ; 3.2 vol% water (determined by the Karl Fischer titration method); and 5,000 ppm solids. A quantity of the raw bio-oil was blended with a quantity of a bio-naphtha fraction separated from the raw bio-oil by distillation to form a 50/50 blend (by volume). The 50/50 blend contained about 4.0 wt% BS&W (basic sediment and water). A quantity of the 50/50 blend was centrifuged, removing a major portion of the free water and solids, amounting to about 3 wt%, resulting in a centrifuged blend containing about 1.0 wt% BS&W. A quantity of the centrifuged blend was then neutralized with a 3 wt% NaOH aqueous solution to reduce the TAN to about 0 (no TAN measurable). For maximum dehydration, the neutralized blend was also treated at 2.5 kV/inch AC electricity following addition of 100 ppm of a demulsifier obtained from Croda, commercially available under the trade name Croda D510. The resulting neutralized blend contained about 0 wt% (trace) BS&W. Each of the 50/50 blend, the centrifuged blend, and the neutralized blend were tested for conductivity at various temperatures. Results of such tests are shown in Table 2 below.

[0058] TABLE 2

"As Is" Neutralized and Electrostatically

Treated Blend

50/50 Blend Centrifuged Blend

BS&W - 4% - 1% - 0%

Temp. (F) Specific Conductivity (nS/m)

80 1, 150,000 296,667 —

90 — 67,333

120 373,333 88,667

160 502,000 120,667

200 590,000 139,333

240 702,667 140,667 280 826,667 133,333

[0059] As can be seen from the data in Table 2, the addition of a neutralizing base to the bio-oil/bio-naphtha blend, along with electrostatic treatment, results in a significant decrease in conductivity. Thus, rather than leading to an expected increase in conductivity, it was unexpectedly found that the addition of a base to the system actually reduced the conductivity.

[0060] Example X

[0061] Raw bio-oil was separated from a product mixture produced from the thermo- catalytic pyrolysis of southern yellow pine wood chips. A quantity of the raw bio-oil was blended with a quantity of an un-hydrotreated bio-naphtha fraction of the raw bio-oil to form a 50/50 blend (by volume), which was then stirred for 1 hour at 300 RPM. For each of the acid treatment tests, an 80 ml quantity of the blend was mixed with 20 ml of an aqueous acid solution, and blended for 15 seconds. The aqueous acid solutions were prepared by mixing the acids into process water produced in the thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of the wood chips. As a control, one of the tested samples was prepared using process water without added acid. The samples were placed in a 140 F water bath for 30 minutes. The samples were then filtered through a 0.2 μιτι PVDF membrane filter and tested for metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The metals content results are shown in Table 3 below.

[0062] TABLE 3

5% 5% 5%

Raw

Sulfuric Phosphoric Blank (No 5% Nitric Glycolic

Metal Bio-oil Acid Acid added Acid) Acid Acid

Al 98.5 0 1.147 8.27 0.1339 2.998

Ca 69 0.56 0.797 0.4383 0.4059 1.129

CI 0.749 0.2386 0.3886 0.563 0.3327 0.2361

Co 0.0427 0.0705 0.1086 0.1128 0 0.0847

Cr 0.3501 0 0.0102 0 0.003 0.0063

Cu 0.1094 0 0.032 0.0556 0.0371 0.032

Fe 12.33 0.0507 0.2298 4.615 0.596 2.287 κ 14.07 0.0057 0.0665 0.0096 0.0132 0.0354

Mg 20.71 0 0.0176 0.0092 0 0.012

Mn 8.44 0.2603 0.0999 0.0941 0 0.0043

Mo 0.0143 0 0.0222 0 0 0

Na 1.16 2.999 12.19 3.195 0.2063 3.083

Ni 0.1241 0.0507 0.0516 0.0395 0.0596 0.0654

P 64.3 0.3506 1.731 0.723 1.168 0.512

S 9.66 0 0 0 0 0

Si 9.68 0.0581 0.0597 0.0668 0 0

Ti 2.237 0.562 0.2747 0.809 0 0.562

V 3.139 0 0.2057 1.468 0.0351 1.444

Zn 1.269 0.0249 0.0634 0.182 0.0126 0.2116

Total Metals 315.885 5.2311 17.4955 20.6509 3.0034 12.7028

[0063] As can be seen from the test results in Table 3, contacting bio-oil, which contains metals, with an aqueous acid solution including the above acids results in a substantial lowering of the wt% of dissolved metals in the resulting treated bio-oil.

[0064] While the technology has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the technology as defined by the appended claims.