PROCESSES FOR CONVERSION OF WASTE MATERIALS

TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD

The invention generally contemplates objects and materials, such as construction materials, derived from waste materials and processes for manufacturing same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The conversion of waste materials into new products has been subject of research for many years. While material reusing typically aims at recovering some, if not all, of the material’s original attributes, reacquiring a material’s original properties may not be possible in certain cases and the material must therefore be transformed into a different reusable form or disposed of.

Organic waste material such as fruit and vegetable peelings, grass clippings, wood chippings and many food components are typically recycled by converting the organic waste into compost or liquid fertilizer and fuels. The use of such materials for producing hard objects or surfaces has seen little success.

BACKGROUND PUBLICATIONS

[1] US Patent Publication No. 2008/245269;

[2] US Patent Publication No. 2013/233206;

[3] US Patent Publication No. 2013/022823;

[4] US Patent Publication No. 2013/295394;

[5] US Patent Publication No. 2013/160674.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The inventors of the technology disclosed herein offer a unique and superior methodology for utilizing organic waste materials or certain decomposable materials as binders or filler materials in processes of manufacturing solid objects and materials that can be used for a variety of purposes. The inventors have developed a novel recyclizing and waste conversion process involving conversion of compositions of both municipal and industrial waste, i.e., post-consumer and post-industry wastes, which may comprise organic waste materials and food components, as well as polymer materials and other waste components into aesthetic objects and functional objects and materials such as construction materials and construction objects as bricks, panels and rooftiles. A unique feature of the technology resides in the fact that while metallic components are not used, materials manufactured from such compositions have demonstrated mechanical properties that are surprising to those of cement-based materials.

In its broadest aspect, the invention concerns a composition for use in a process of manufacturing a 3D object or material, such as a construction material, wherein the composition comprises unprocessed waste free of metals.

The invention further provides a process for converting a waste composition, or a plurality of such compositions, into solid products, without requiring pretreatment of any sort.

As used herein, a composition used in manufacturing objects and materials according to the invention is a collection of waste materials that comprises any type of waste, excluding metals and dangerous materials (such as toxic material, explosives, etc). The term ‘composition’ is not intended to limit the collection of waste materials by any way or indicate any structuring or composing method. Rather, the term is used to encompass a mixture of waste components that are classified based on their origin, composition, type and other parameters, all being derived from discarded or disposed waste or such waste components intended for landfill disposal. A waste composition may thus include, for example, organic waste including food products, organic and inorganic oils such as cooking oils and industrial oils, salts (e.g., metal salts such as calcium carbonate, but not metallic materials), plastics and polymers, as well as other paper products, textiles, tires and other components depending on the origin of the waste. The amount or relative amount of each component in a composition used according to the invention may vary and may be tailored, e.g., by adding one or more component, in order to achieve a final object, material, or generally a product with a predetermined mechanical, chemical and visual attributes.

However, when employing a process of the invention, any waste composition may be utilized to produce solid products of superior properties as disclosed herein. Typically, the waste material need not be sorted nor cleaned or washed prior to use and may be used ‘as is’. The composition may be in a form of a waste material that contains a mixture of different materials, each having a different profile, namely different mechanical, physical and/or chemical properties; or in a form of different waste compositions, each containing a different type of materials. The different waste compositions may be obtained by sorting a general municipal or industrial waste into different components, i.e., plastics, glass, paper-based materials, organic waste etc, or may be provided as different types of materials from different industries, e.g., plastic production, paper production, organic waste, tire industry, etc. The different waste components may be used as separate components or admixed prior to processing.

A “waste material” is any such used, scrap, and/or discarded material, or any such material that directly originates from waste, or which is attributable to waste, or which is or comprises a composition that is directly and/or indirectly derived from recycled materials. The waste material may be any of the waste material components or groups of materials disclosed herein.

The waste material may be provided in any form, shape and size. For ease of handling, the waste material may be mechanically treated to reduce the size of the waste objects or material to small processable fragments or chunks or pieces, wherein optionally the fragments are of a size ranging between 1 to 10 mm.

The organic waste component present in industrial and municipal waste, and used in accordance with the invention, is typically waste foods and food components, as well as any organic material, as known in the art that is discarded in landfills. The waste foods and food products may be in a form of processed or natural food products and food components, in solid, gel or liquid forms.

In some embodiments, the waste is or comprises discarded food products.

In some embodiments, the organic waste comprises organic waste derived from processing of various food products, mainly fruits and vegetables. The organic waste may include waste of fruits and vegetables, e.g., olive waste such as orujo, yeast, and food additives such as thickening agents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, and others.

In some embodiments, the waste is or comprises a liquid, such as an edible oil. Non-limiting examples of edible oils include coconut oil, com oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, beech nut oil, Brazil nut oil, cashew oil, hazelnut oil, macadamia oil, mongongo nut oil, pecan oil, pine nut oil, pistachio oil, walnut oil, pumpkin seed oil, and others.

In some embodiments, the oil is an inedible oil. In some embodiments, the inedible oil is derived from a variety of vegetable oils. Non-limiting examples of inedible oils include copaiba, jatropha oil, jojoba oil, milk bush, nahor oil, paradise oil, petroleum nut oil, pongamia oil, dammar oil, linseed oil, poppyseed oil, stillingia oil, tung oil, vernonia oil, karanja, mahua, rubber seed, cottonseed, neem, putranjiba, tobacco seed, polanga seed, cardoon, deccan hemp, castor, jojoba, moringa, cuphea, poon and others.

The organic waste may further comprise industrial byproducts or materials which may be solids or liquids. Industrial oils may include gear oils, air compressor oils, hydraulic oils, rock drill oils, turbine oils, engine oils, lubricants, and others.

Thus, the oil present in compositions of the invention is any oil or a wax material, being in a liquid or semiliquid form, and selected from edible, inedible and industrial oils, as defined herein. In some embodiments, the oil is selected from coconut oil, corn oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, beech nut oil, Brazil nut oil, cashew oil, hazelnut oil, macadamia oil, mongongo nut oil, pecan oil, pine nut oil, pistachio oil, walnut oil, pumpkin seed oil, copaiba, jatropha oil, jojoba oil, milk bush, nahor oil, paradise oil, petroleum nut oil, pongamia oil, dammar oil, linseed oil, poppyseed oil, stillingia oil, tung oil, vernonia oil, gear oils, air compressor oils, hydraulic oils, rock drill oils, turbine oils, engine oils, lubricants, and others.

In some embodiments, the waste is or comprises a powder material, which may be an edible solid or food component.

In some embodiments, the powder material is clay, calcium carbonate, talc, metal salts or metal complexes (neither being or comprising a metal atom in zero valency), dextrin, maltodextrin, starch, textured vegetable proteins, casein, proteins, flour, com flour, wood flour, wood chips, and others.

The powder material is not ash.

Plastic waste and generally polymeric materials may be any such material that is a product of polymerization reactions or curing reactions which are used for manufacturing objects, elements or features of any shape and size, elements or apparatuses. Such plastic and polymeric waste materials may include a variety and an unlimited collection of polymeric materials, including thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers. These may be selected from natural polymeric, semisynthetic polymers or synthetic polymers used in clothing, sporting objects, electronic and photonic technologies, packaging materials and containers, insulation of water systems or electrical and thermal systems, construction and structural elements, painted objects and adhesives, lubricants and oils, waxes, vehicles, household items, objects used in the medical or cosmetic arenas, protective gear, industrial elements and machinery, and others.

The plastic or polymeric waste may be or may comprise rubber of any industrial form, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, ethylene-vinyl acetate, fluorinated ethylene propylene, fluoropolymers, high-performance plastics, Pearloid, perfluoroalkoxy alkane, perfluoroether, Plastisol, poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), polyphenylene sulfide, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polyamide-imide, polyaryletherketone, polybutadiene, polybutylene succinate, polybutylene terephthalate, polycaprolactone, polycarbonate, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polycyclohexylene -dimethylene terephthalate, polyester, polyether ether ketone, polyetherimide, polyetherketoneketone, poly hydroxy alkanoates, polyhydroxybutyrate, polyimide, polyketone, polylactic acid, poly methylpentene, polyoxymethylene, polyphthalamide, polystyrene, polysulfone, polyvinyl ester, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylcarbazole, bakelite, epoxy and related polymers, furan resins, melamine resins, Novolak, polybenzoxazine, polyhexahydrotriazine, polyisocyanurate, silicone, urea-formaldehyde, vinyl ester resin and others.

Tires and recycled tires may, but not necessarily, form a part of the products formed according to the invention. The tires are typically made of an elastomer, which forms the tread of the tire. Recycled tires or shredded tires used according to the invention are free of the metallic components which support the tire structure. Thus, tires used according to the invention may be composed of various composites of rubber e.g., styrene-butadiene copolymer.

The waste may also contain building material waste derived from construction sites, demolition sites, or generally from the construction industry. Such waste may contain non-metallic composite panels, artificial stone, asphalt, bricks and building stones, concrete, composite materials free of metals, glass materials, insulation materials, polymeric materials, sand, soil-based materials, terracotta, wood and others. The waste may further comprise glass and ceramic materials which may be derived from construction materials, glass industry, municipal waste, optic systems, glassware, etc. The glass may be laminated glass or non-laminated glass, insulated glass, low-e glass, fire resistant glass, self-cleaning glass, acoustic glass, low iron or low metal glass, silicate glass, and any other glass of any thickness, type, color, structure and composition.

Also, may be present in the waste used according to processes of the invention are metal-free electronic units or objects or elements, which in the absence of metal may comprise glass fibers, glass components, polymeric materials, and other organic materials such as adhesives, pigments, and others.

Paper waste in a form of a variety of paper products may also be part of the waste materials. Such paper products include anything that is cellulose based, or which is derived from pulp and/or may include synthetic or semi synthetic paper products. The waste products may include books, newspapers, magazines, posters, wrapping materials, pamphlets, maps, signs, labels, advertisements, notebooks, writing pads, envelopes, packaging materials, stationery, parchment, toilet paper, paper towels, paper plates and paper cups, beverage cartons, tea bags, food packaging, coffee filters, wallpaper and others.

Fabrics and textiles may also be present in compositions of the invention. The fabric or textile may be formed of a natural fiber, such as cotton, or from a semisynthetic or synthetic polymeric materials. The fabric or textile may be of any type used in the fabric or textile industry, for example in clothing, furnishing and upholstery, bedding, vehicle furnishings and objects, medical and cosmetic textile, and others.

As waste materials may comprise a variety of unknown components, compositions of waste used according to processes of the invention may additionally comprise adhesive materials, flame retardant materials, emulsifiers, stabilizers, antioxidants, waxes and lubricants, pigments and coloring agents, binders, biodegradable additives, blowing agents, filler of a variety of forms and amounts, light stabilizers, carbon black, and others.

Thus, generally speaking, products formed according to a process of the invention may be formed of post-consumer and post-industry waste compositions, which comprise any one or more of:

1- Polymeric products, 2- Glass and/or ceramic products;

3- Metal-free electronic products;

4- Building or construction products;

5- Paper products ;

6- Organic products; and

7- Other unidentified components or any other material that may be found in a post-consumer or post-industry waste material, excluding a metal.

In some cases, products formed according to processes of the invention may thus comprise one or more of:

1- Polymeric waste materials,

2- Glass-based waste materials;

3- Metal-free electronic-based waste materials;

4- Construction-based waste materials;

5- Paper-based waste materials;

6- Organic waste materials; and

7- Any other unidentified components or any other material that may be found in a post-consumer or post-industry waste material, excluding a metal.

Each of the waste materials may be used untreated or ‘as is’ or may be pretreated: -to remove metallic materials, -to remove toxic materials,

-to reduce the product into a manageable or processable size by mechanical means such as shredding, cutting, crushing, pressing, etc., which do not impose chemical modification to the material, and/or

-to combine materials into a mixture of materials.

Compositions of the invention may further contain at least one additive, e.g., an organic additive, which may be selected amongst materials present in the waste or generally in food products or in naturally derived products. Where the additive is present, it may be part of the organic waste material or may be separately added in order to endow certain mechanical attributes to the manufactured product. In some embodiments, the at least one additive is added to a waste composition, under conditions as disclosed herein, even if an amount thereof may already be present in the waste material. The additive, e.g., organic additive, may be selected from yeast, carbohydrates and natural gums. The additive may be added in a powder, solution, or suspension form in an amount between 0.5 and 2wt% relative to the total weight of the composition used.

The organic additive may be used to convert the waste mass into a solid continuous form, by potentially, but not necessarily, forming chemical associations between the various components. The chemical associations, if present, may be covalent, van der Walls, hydrogen bonding or any other association. While the composition is not homogenous in composition, size, chemical and mechanical attributes, and while the organic additive constitutes only between about 0.5 and 2 wt% of the total weight of the composition, the organic additive is capable of amalgamating or rendering continuous all components into a substantially monolithic mass. Presence of small amounts of the organic additive vastly improves the stability and mechanical properties of an object formed therefrom and thus the suitability of the manufactured objects for use under various conditions (indoors, outdoors, exposure to natural elements, etc).

In some embodiments, the additive is yeast, which may be present in the organic waste material or which may be added to the composition as a powder or as a suspension in water. The amount of yeast added may be between 0.5 and 2 wt%, measured based on the total weight of the composition. The yeast may be of any type known. Typically, strains of yeast commonly used in baking are of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Alternatively, Saccharomyces exiguus (S. minor) is present or used, alone or in combination.

In some embodiments, the organic additive may be a carbohydrate which may be part of the organic waste or may be added separately, as a powder, a liquid or a solution/suspension in water, typically in an amount between 0.5 and 2wt% relative to the total weight of the composition. The carbohydrate may be any such that is present or used in food products, fruits and vegetables, including for example sugars such as glucose, galactose, fructose, xylose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, isomaltulose, trehalose, sorbitol, mannitol; oligosaccharides such as maltodextrins, raffinose, stachyose, fructooligosaccharides and others; polysaccharides such as starch, amylose, amylopectin, modified starches, glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, hydrocolloids and others.

In some embodiments, the organic additive may be selected from maltodextrin, dextrose, maltitol, erythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, modified starch (such as acid-treated starch, alkaline-treated starch, bleached starch, oxidized starch, enzyme-treated starch, mono-starch phosphate, di-starch phosphate, phosphated di-starch phosphate, acetylated di-starch phosphate, starch acetate, acetylated di-starch adipate, hydroxypropyl starch, hydroxypropyl di-starch phosphate, hydroxypropyl di-starch glycerol, starch sodium octenyl succinate, acetylated oxidized starch, cationic starches, hydroxyethyl starch, carboxymethylated starches and others.

In some embodiments, the organic additive may be at least one or more natural gum, which may be provided as part of the organic waste or may be separately added, as a powder or a solution/suspension, in an amount of between 0.5 and 2wt%. The natural gum may be any one or more of alginic acid, beta-glucan, caranna, chicle, dammar gum, galactomannan, gellan gum, glucomannan, guar gum, gum anima, gum Arabic, gum guaicum, gum karaya, konjac, locust bean gum, mastic, myrrh, neem gum, psyllium, tragacanth, welan gum, xanthan gum and others.

The organic additive may be additionally or alternatively selected from clay, talc, dextrin, maltodextrin, starch, textured vegetable proteins, casein, proteins, flour, com flour and others.

In some embodiments, the organic additive may be a combination of any of the aforementioned organic additives. Where a combination of additives is used, the amount of the additive combination may be between 0.5 and 2 wt%, or each of the additive may be provided in an amount between 0.5 and 2 wt%, relative to the total weight of the composition.

The organic additive is not ash.

Thus, compositions used according to the invention may comprise one or more of polymeric waste materials, glass waste materials, paper-based waste materials, organic waste materials (e.g., derived from food materials, oils and others as disclosed herein), and at least one additive, each of which as defined herein.

Thus, compositions used according to the invention generally comprise

-Sorted or unsorted waste materials, as disclosed herein; and

-one or more auxiliary materials selected amongst organic additives or other materials which may be present in the waste, as disclosed herein.

In some cases, waste compositions of the invention may comprise any one of: a. colored plastic (e.g., in a form of chips or granules); b. plastics and polymers (e.g., typically recycled); c. black plastic; d. metal-free cement (e.g., typically processed or recycled); e. fabrics or textiles (e.g., in shredded or cut forms); f. paper products (e.g., in shredded or cut forms); tires (e.g., in shredded or cut forms); and g. others.

Compositions used according to the invention may comprise any combination as exemplified in any one of Tables 1 to 6:

Table 6: Additional exemplary compositions

Waste compositions, as disclosed herein, may be used in processes for producing composite materials for a variety of uses. As waste compositions contain waste materials which exhibit different stabilities or sensitivity profiles, mainly under high temperature conditions, processes of the invention have been tailored to allow for proper and effective incorporation of a variety of waste materials to produce stable solid objects or composite materials. Generally speaking, a process of the invention comprises a plurality of processing stages, each step designed to introduce a component of a waste material under conditions which permit its stable incorporation in a final melt or product.

In most general terms, a process of the invention utilizes waste materials that have not been pretreated, but for being reduced in size, e.g., by mechanical shredding or crushing, without substantially causing chemical decomposition or without introducing chemical modifications to the waste materials, to afford a more easily processable mass. Thus, a process of the invention comprises treating a selection of waste materials or waste material components under different conditions enabling their homogeneous distribution in a flowable melt to afford a solid object or a raw solid material, which may be used for manufacturing of construction units, such as building blocks, tiles and flat surfaces; or ornamental objects. The various waste materials, while described as different classes of materials, namely as polymeric waste materials, organic waste materials, glass waste materials, etc., are not pure, nor of a narrow diversity. Each or some of the groups of waste materials, e.g., polymeric waste materials, may comprise other waste components that are not of the same composition or class of materials, provided that the class of materials constitutes at least 75wt% of the waste material used. For example, a polymeric waste material may comprise at least 75wt% (or between 75 and 100wt%) of polymeric materials and may also comprise other materials, some of which may not be identified in the waste mass. Typically, each group or class of a waste material comprises between 75 and 100 wt% of the identified material, in different combinations of materials. For example, a polymeric waste material may comprise between 75 and 100 wt% of a mixture or a combination of different polymeric materials.

A process of the invention comprises treating a first stream of a first waste material under conditions converting the first waste material into a melt form, combining the melt with a second waste material (from a second stream of a second waste material) to obtain a homogenous mixture of the first and second waste materials, and combining the homogeneous mixture with one or more further (same or different) waste materials (from further streams of further and/or different waste materials) to obtain a homogenous melt, wherein optionally each of the first, second and further waste materials or streams is provided at a different temperature, and wherein the homogenous melt is processable into solid composite materials or objects.

A further process is provided for manufacturing a metal-free composite material from a waste material, the process comprising forming a homogenous melt of a waste material comprising a polymeric waste material, a glass-based waste material, a paperbased, a fabric waste material, and an organic -based waste material, and treating said melt with at least one additive, such as an organic additive, under conditions causing the melt (or extrudate) to form into a homogenous solid composite material.

Further provided is a process for manufacturing a metal-free composite material from a waste material, the process comprising:

-forming a homogenous melt of a waste material comprising a polymeric waste material, and/or a glass-based waste material, and/or a paper-based waste material, and/or a fabric waste material, and an organic-based waste material, and -treating the melt with at least one organic additive under conditions causing the melt to form into a homogenous solid composite material.

A homogenous melt is obtained by continuously mixing the components of the various streams under conditions which provide an ideal or improved distribution of the materials in the melt. The homogenous melt lacks any significant amount of a material or a composition, such that the melt, extrudate or final product does not include a matter that is not evenly dispersed. In other words, the melt or product formed thereof has a uniform appearance or composition throughout.

In some embodiments, the forming of the homogenous melt comprises:

-treating a polymeric waste material and/or a glass waste material under conditions permitting formation of a homogeneous polymeric and/or glass melt, respectively;

-optionally treating said homogeneous polymeric and/or glass melt with paperbased and/or fabric waste material under conditions permitting incorporation of the paperbased and/or fabric waste material in the melt; and

-treating the melt with an organic -based waste material.

In some embodiments, the forming of the homogenous melt comprises:

-treating a polymeric waste material under conditions permitting formation of a homogeneous polymeric melt;

-treating said polymeric melt with a glass waste material, allowing said melt to mix with the glass waste material to obtain a homogenous polymer/glass mass or melt; and

-optionally treating said homogeneous polymer/glass mass or melt with a paperbased and/or fabric waste material under conditions permitting incorporation of the paperbased and/or fabric waste material in the mass or melt.

In some embodiments, the forming of the homogenous melt comprises:

-treating a polymeric waste material under conditions permitting formation of a homogeneous polymeric melt;

-treating said polymeric melt with a glass waste material, allowing said melt to mix with the glass waste material to obtain a homogenous polymer/glass mass or melt; and -treating said homogeneous polymer/glass mass or melt with a paper-based and/or fabric waste material under conditions permitting incorporation of the paper-based and/or fabric waste material in the mass or melt.

In some embodiments, the process comprises:

-treating a polymeric waste material under conditions permitting formation of a polymeric melt;

-treating said polymeric melt with a glass waste material, allowing said melt to mix with the glass waste material to obtain a homogenous polymer/glass mass or melt;

-optionally treating said homogeneous polymer/glass mass or melt with a paperbased and/or fabric waste material under conditions permitting incorporation of the paperbased and/or fabric waste material in the mass or melt; and

-treating the mass or melt with at least one organic additive under conditions causing the mass or melt to form into a homogenous solid composite material.

In some embodiments, the forming of the homogenous melt comprises:

-treating a polymeric waste material under conditions permitting formation of a polymeric melt;

-treating said polymeric melt with a glass waste material, allowing said melt to mix with the glass waste material to obtain a homogenous polymer/glass mass or melt;

-treating said homogeneous polymer/glass mass or melt with a paper-based and/or fabric waste material under conditions permitting incorporation of the paper-based and/or fabric waste material in the mass or melt; and

-treating the mass or melt with at least one organic additive under conditions causing the mass or melt to form into a homogenous solid composite material.

In some embodiments, the process comprises treating a polymer/glass mass or melt with a shredded tire material. In some embodiments, shredded tires are added together with the at least one organic additive.

In some embodiments, the polymeric waste material is free of shredded tire material.

The process of the invention is staged such that each of the steps of the process may be carried out at continuously lower temperatures enabling, on one hand, addition of thermally unstable components, such as organic waste materials and additives, and on the other hand, preventing the melt or mass from solidifying before a homogenous mixture of waste materials is obtained or before the process is completed. In a first step of the process, a polymeric waste and/or a glass waste is treated under conditions which transform the waste mass into a melt, without causing decomposition and/or taring or the polymeric mass.

In some embodiments, a polymeric waste is treated in the first step. As the polymeric waste may comprise a variety of unsorted polymeric materials, some having melting temperatures higher than others, the conditions selected for achieving the melt allow for melting of some of the polymeric waste and dissolution of some of the other polymeric waste in the melt; thereby a achieving a homogenous polymeric melt. The conditions employed may involve heating the polymeric waste at a temperature between 180 and 250°C, while mixing or blending the materials together, e.g., at ambient pressures.

The temperature used for melting the polymeric waste may be not greater than 250°C. In some embodiments, the temperature is between 180 and 250°C, between 180 and 240°C, between 180 and 230°C, between 180 and 220°C, between 180 and 200°C, between 190 and 250°C, between 190 and 240°C, between 190 and 230°C, between 190 and 220°C, between 200 and 250°C, between 200 and 240°C, between 200 and 230°C, or between 200 and 220°C.

Where glass waste is treated first, the glass waste may be similarly treated. In some embodiments, however, the polymeric waste and the glass waste may be combined and treated together.

Alternatively, once the polymeric melt is obtained, a glass-based waste may be introduced into the polymeric melt maintained at a temperature between 180 and 250°C, as disclosed herein. To prevent the temperature of the melt from decreasing following the addition of the glass waste, the glass waste may be pre-treated to a temperature between 100°C and the temperature of the melt, being between 180 and 250°C. In other words, the glass waste may be pre-treated to a temperature between 100 and 250°C. In some embodiments, the temperature is between 100 and 240°C, or between 100 and 230°C, 100 and 220°C, 100 and 210°C, 100 and 200°C, 100 and 190°C, 100 and 180°C, 100 and 170°C, 100 and 160°C, 100 and 150°C, 100 and 140°C, 100 and 130°C, 100 and 120°C, 120 and 240°C, 130 and 240°C, 140 and 240°C, 150 and 240°C, 160 and 240°C, 170 and 240°C, 180 and 240°C, 190 and 240°C, 200 and 240°C, 110 and 160°C, 110 and 150°C, 120 and 160°C, 120 and 150°C, 130 and 160°C, or between 130 and 150°C. To permit good thermal conduction throughout the glass mass, the glass waste may be premixed with components of the organic waste, such as oils, or with any oil waste from municipal or industrial sources, including non-food oils. The oils mixed with the glass waste may be any type of oil and may or may not contain soluble organic or inorganic materials. Thus, in a process of the invention, a glass-oil mixture is preformed and treated first under the aforementioned conditions; or may be premixed with the polymeric waste to provide a polymer/glass/oil mixture; or may be introduced into the polymeric melt, as disclosed.

Thus, in some embodiments, the step of “treating a polymeric waste material and/or a glass waste material under conditions permitting formation of a homogeneous polymeric and/or glass melt, respectively" comprises:

-treating a polymeric waste material under the conditions herein permitting formation of a polymeric melt; or

-treating a glass waste material under conditions permitting formation of a glass melt, wherein the glass waste is optionally provided in combination with oil waste; or

-treating a combination of a polymeric waste material and a glass waste material under conditions herein permitting formation of a homogeneous polymeric/glass melt, wherein the glass waste material may or may not be provided in combination with an oil waste (in which case the melt may be a polymer/glass/oil melt); or

-treating a polymeric waste material under conditions herein permitting formation of a polymeric melt, and adding thereinto a mixture of glass waste and oil, as disclosed herein.

Any of the above options constitutes an independent embodiment of a process of the invention.

In some embodiments, glass contained in any of the melts, e.g., polymeric/glass melt, or polymer/glass/oil melt, may be in a melted form, a semi-melted form or may remain in a solid form. The form may depend, inter alia, on the temperature utilized and the type of glass present.

In some cases, the glass waste material may be premixed with construction waste or building material waste derived from construction sites, demolition sites, or generally from the construction industry. In the alternative, the construction waste may be added into the polymeric melt prior to or after the addition of the glass waste (e.g., and oil waste). In other words, the step of “treating a polymeric waste material and/or a glass waste material under conditions permitting formation of a homogeneous polymeric and/or glass melt, respectively" may comprise:

-treating a polymeric waste material under the conditions herein permitting formation of a polymeric melt, followed by adding thereinto a mixture of glass waste and optionally oil waste, optionally in combination with construction waste; or

-treating a glass waste material under conditions permitting formation of a glass melt, wherein the glass waste is optionally provided in combination with oil waste, followed by adding thereinto (or combining same with) a polymeric waste; or

-treating a combination of a polymeric waste material and a glass waste material under conditions herein permitting formation of a homogeneous polymeric/glass melt, wherein the glass waste material may or may not be provided in combination with an oil waste (in which case the melt may be a polymer/glass/oil melt), wherein construction waste may be separately added or provided admixed with the glass waste; or

-treating a polymeric waste material under conditions herein permitting formation of a polymeric melt, and adding thereinto a mixture of glass waste, oil waste and construction waste, as disclosed herein.

The polymeric melt or the polymer/glass melt or the polymer/glass/oil melt optionally comprising also construction waste, may be subsequently treated with waste derived from the electronic industry.

A first stage of the process thus comprises treating a polymeric waste material alone or in combination with:

-a glass waste material;

-a mixture of a glass waste material and oil waste;

-a construction waste material;

-a mixture of glass waste material, oil waste and construction waste material at a temperature between 100 and 250°C, as disclosed herein, while mixing, permitting formation of a homogeneous melt.

In the next stage of the process, thermally sensitive waste components may be added. Before addition of the thermally sensitive waste materials, and depending on the temperature of the melt, the temperature of the process may be reduced to a temperature below a predetermined temperature at which the thermally sensitive materials decompose or tar or can undergo any unfavorable process. Typically, the temperature may be reduced to a maximum temperature of 200°C. Thus, the temperature of the melt is reduced to a temperature between 150 and 200°C. In cases the temperature of the melt is already between 150 and 200°C, the temperature may not be reduced, unless necessary. At any event, a reduction in the temperature of the melt should not be to such a degree that solidification of the melt occurs.

At a temperature between 150 and 200°C paper-based waste, fabrics and textile, as well as wood waste products and cellulosic materials may be introduced into the polymeric melt, the polymer/glass melt or the polymer/glass/oil melt, as may be the case. In some cases, such paper-based waste products, fabrics or textiles are not present in the waste.

While maintaining the melt at a temperature not exceeding 200°C and following the addition of paper-based waste material, at least one organic additive may be added. At this stage of the process, shredded tires may also be introduced. Once added, the at least one organic additive, despite the relatively small amount added, i.e., between 0.5 and 2wt%, coagulates or amalgamates the melt mass, absorbs any of the oil components present in the melt, into a flowable hydrophobic material having, e.g., a viscosity ranging between 10,000 and 250,000 cP. The flowable material or extrudate may be subsequently cooled down in a mold or during shaping and structuring to obtain a hard molded or shaped solid composite, or cooled down and formed into aggregates for use as an additive to a variety of constructions elements.

As stated herein, the various waste materials may or may not be pretreated. For achieving a more effective process, the waste materials are typically shredded or mechanically treated into fragments of 1 to 10 mm. Larger or smaller fragments or segments may be used.

In a typical process of the invention, the relative amounts of the various waste components may be varied to allow a variety of products of different mechanical, chemical or physical properties. The relative amounts of waste materials may be:

Polymer waste material in an amount ranging between 10 and 76wt%; in some embodiments, the amount of the polymer materials in the composition may be between 10 and 75, 10 and 70, 10 and 65, 10 and 60, 10 and 55, 10 and 50, 10 and 45, 10 and 40, 10 and 35, 10 and 30, 20 and 75, 20 and 60, 20 and 50, 20 and 40, 30 and 75, 30 and 60, 30 and 50, 40 and 75, 40 and 65, 40 and 55, 50 and 75, or between 50 and 65 wt%;

Glass waste material in an amount ranging between 10 and 65wt%; in some embodiments, the amount of the glass materials in the composition may be between 20 and 65, 20 and 60, 20 and 55, 20 and 50, 20 and 45, 20 and 40, 20 and 35, 30 and 65, 30 and 60, 30 and 50, 30 and 40, 40 and 65, 40 and 60, or between 50 and 65wt%;

Oil material in an amount ranging between 4 and 20wt%; in some embodiments, the amount of the oil may be between 4 and 20, 4 and 15, 4 and 10, 4 and 9, 4 and 8, 4 and 7, 4 and 6, 8 and 20, 8 and 15, 10 and 20, or between 10 and 15wt%;

Construction waste material in an amount ranging between 25 and 65 wt%; in some embodiments, the amount of the construction waste material may be between 25 and 65, 25 and 60, 25 and 55, 25 and 50, 25 and 45, 25 and 40, 25 and 35, 30 and 65, 30 and 60, 30 and 50, 30 and 40, 40 and 65, 40 and 60, or between 50 and 65 wt%;

Paper-based material in an amount ranging between 0 and 45wt%, wherein in some embodiments, the composition is free of paper-based materials; in other embodiments, the amount of the paper-based material may be between 1 and 45wt%, or between 1 and 40, 1 and 35, 1 and 30, 1 and 25, 1 and 20, 1 and 15, 1 and 10, 5 and 40, 5 and 35, 5 and 30, 5 and 25, 5 and 20, 5 and 10, 10 and 40, 10 and 30, or between 10 and 20wt%;

Tires or polymers derived therefrom in an amount ranging between 0 and 55 wt%, wherein in some embodiments, the composition may be free of tires or processes tires; or may comprise tires or polymers derived therein in an amount between 1 and 55wt% or in amount between 1 and 55, 1 and 50, 1 and 45, 1 and 40, 1 and 35, 1 and 30, 1 and 25, 1 and 20, 1 and 15, 1 and 10, 1 and 9, 1 and 8, 1 and 7, 1 and 6, 1 and 5, 5 and 55, 5 and 50, 5 and 40, 5 and 30, 5 and 20, 5 and 10, 10 and 55, 10 and 45, 10 and 35, 10 and 25, 10 and 15, 20 and 55, 20 and 45, 20 and 35, 30 and 55, 30 and 45, or between 40 and 55wt%;

Additive, being optionally an organic additive, in an amount ranging between 0.5 and 2%, as disclosed herein.

The composition of waste materials may comprise additional unsorted materials. In the above, any composition is a combination of materials having a total weight amount of 100%.

The relative weight amounts of each the waste components in a composition may vary. The final amount of each component and/or a ratio between any two components present in the composition may be selected to modulate one or more mechanical, chemical or visual property of a final product made therefrom. An exemplary composition of waste materials is provided in Table 7.

Table 7: Relative weight amounts of material components in compositions of the invention

The extrudate or melt obtained of a process of the invention, may be treated under conditions causing the mass or melt to form into a homogenous solid composite material. These conditions involve the staged temperatures, the continuous mixing and the addition of the at least one additive, being at least one organic additive. The additive may be generally selected as above.

In some embodiments, the additive is selected from (i) yeasts, such as of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces exiguus (S. minor) or others; (ii) carbohydrates, such as glucose, galactose, fructose, xylose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, isomaltulose, trehalose, sorbitol, mannitol; oligosaccharides such as maltodextrins, raffinose, stachyose, fructo-oligosaccharides and others; polysaccharides such as starch, amylose, amylopectin, modified starches, glycogen, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, hydrocolloids, modified starch such as acid-treated starch, alkaline-treated starch, bleached starch, oxidized starch, enzyme-treated starch, mono-starch phosphate, di-starch phosphate, phosphated di-starch phosphate, acetylated di-starch phosphate, starch acetate, acetylated di-starch adipate, hydroxypropyl starch, hydroxypropyl di-starch phosphate, hydroxypropyl di-starch glycerol, starch sodium octenyl succinate, acetylated oxidized starch, cationic starches, hydroxy ethyl starch, carboxymethylated starches and others, (iii) natural gums, such as alginic acid, beta-glucan, caranna, chicle, dammar gum, galactomannan, gellan gum, glucomannan, guar gum, gum anima, gum Arabic, gum guaicum, gum karaya, konjac, locust bean gum, mastic, myrrh, neem gum, psyllium, tragacanth, welan gum, xanthan gum and others, (iv) clay, talc, dextrin, maltodextrin, starch, textured vegetable proteins, casein, proteins, flour, corn flour and others.

In some embodiments, the at least one additive is at least one gum or a combination of two or more gums.

In some embodiments, the at least one additive is at least one gum and at least one carbohydrate.

In some embodiments, the at least one additive is yeast and at least one gum.

Presence of the at least one additive in a small amount of between 0.2 and 5wt% allows for the manufacturing of a stable, homogenous pores-free material which has the properties disclosed herein. In the absence of the at least one additive, e.g., at least one gum, such properties are not obtained or are less improved.

Solid composite formed by processes of the invention may be generally used in two forms: as a final product following molding or structuring of the hot melt or hot extrudate, or as an additive or a reinforcing material in methods of production of other products. The hot melt may be molded or shaped into a variety of objects or elements suitable for use as construction elements or as ornamental objects. These objects and elements may be pots, containers, roof tiles, slabs, columns, walls, beams, blocks, bricks, ingots, panels, paver units, stairs, tiles, flags, and concrete masonry units (CMU) which may be manufactured as individual elements or as a plurality of elements, or an assembly of elements.

The hot melt may additionally be cooled down to provide a solid composite mass of an amorphous form that can be shredded or cut or milled or otherwise mechanically treated to provide particles or fragments or stones or a composite material that may be added to a plurality of other construction components to manufacture a reinforced element, wherein such components may be concrete, formwork, and steel.

Thus, the invention further provides a solid object formed of a melt composite manufactured according to the invention. In some embodiments, the solid object is of any shape and size, which may be provided as a single functional unit or a unit suitable for assembly with one or more identical or different elements. The object may be a pot, a container, a roof tile, a slab, a column, a construction beam, a wall, a block, a brick , a panel, a paver unit, a stair, a tile, a flag, and a concrete masonry unit (CMU).

The invention further provides a construction component or a cement additive, the component or cement additive being a composite formed according to the invention, wherein the composite is in a form of powder, a granulated material, or a particulate material (nano, micro or macro in size).

In some embodiments, the construction component or cement additive is suitable as an additive for any cement composition, wherein the cement may be selected from pastes, mortars, and concrete compositions, which may be based on Ordinary Portland Cement as a hydratable binder.

The invention further provides concrete composition comprising cement and a granulated material being a particulate material of the invention. In some embodiments, the particulate material may be provided in combination with fine aggregates, such as sand, or in place of coarse aggregates such as crushed gravel and stones.

Products obtained from processes of the invention vary in composition and properties, mainly due to variations in the waste compositions. The variations may, however, be minimized due to the selective stepwise addition of the waste materials. Common to all products of the invention are superior properties, which exceed properties known for cementitious material and concrete -based objects. Objects of the invention exhibit one or more of the following properties:

-objects do not absorb water,

-objects do not suffer from water-induced degradation;

-objects are water repellents;

-objects are hydrophobic;

-objects are oil repellents;

-objects are stain resistant;

-objects are shock absorbers;

-objects exhibit compression strengths of 60MPa (as compared to 24MPa for concrete objects);

-objects are thermally stable at temperatures up to 600°C;

-objects are thermal insulators;

-objects are resistant to strong acids;

-objects are non- absorbing;

-objects are stain resistant;

-objects are acoustic materials capable of reducing noise generated on both sides thereof; etc. Objects of the invention may be characterized by one or more of the following mechanical properties:

-Flexural Modulus (yield, at 25°C) - about 20MPa;

-Tensile Strength (yield, at 25°C) - about 30Mpa;

-Elongation (yield, at 25°C) - between about 0.5 and 18%;

-Shore Hardness, D Scale - 50-90;

-Continues service temperature: between -70 (minus 70) and 80°C;

-Water absorption (24hr. immersion) of between 0.01-0.03%; and

-Density: between 0.67 and 1.2gr/cm ³ ;

The invention further provides a waste conversion system, the system comprising -at least one first unit for receiving a stream of a first waste material into a heated reaction chamber, the heated reaction chamber being configured to permit continuous mixing of its content at a temperature suitable for converting the first waste material into a form of a melt;

-at least one second heated unit for receiving and modifying temperature of a stream of a second waste material, the at least one second heated unit being configured to feed the second waste material into the heated reaction chamber to mix the melt of the first waste material with the heated second waste material to provide a second melt;

-at least one further heated unit for receiving a stream of a further waste material and feeding said further waste material into the heated reaction chamber comprising the second melt; and

-a nozzle assembly or an output valve configured and operable to output a combined melt.

In a system of the invention, multiple material streams may be each flown or delivered or carried into or directed into a different unit for receiving the waste stream, wherein one or more of the units is provided with a heating surface or heating unit which purpose is to modify a temperature of the stream. Typically, modifying the temperature of the stream includes a provision of heating or raising the temperature of the stream to a predetermined temperature. Each waste stream may be fed into a separate unit or several different streams may be fed into a single unit.

The heated reaction chamber may be an extruder provided with wo or more feeding units or units for receiving streams of waste materials, such that each of the streams is fed into the extruder under different conditions and in sequence. Thus, the invention further provides a waste conversion system, the system comprising a single screw heated extruder, the extruder being fitted with a plurality of receiving units or hoppers for receiving a plurality of waste material fractions or streams, wherein

-a first unit of the plurality of receiving units is configured for receiving a stream of a first waste material into the heated extruder operable at a temperature suitable for converting the first waste material into a form of a melt;

-a second heated unit of the plurality of receiving units positioned downstream to the first unit for receiving and heating a stream of a second waste material, the second unit being configured to feed the heated second waste material into the extruder to mix the melt of the first waste material with the heated second waste material to form into a second melt;

-a further heated unit of the plurality of receiving units positioned downstream to the second heated unit for receiving a stream of a further waste material and feeding said heated further waste material into the extruder to form a further melt; and

-a nozzle assembly or a die or an output valve configured downstream to the further heated unit and operable to output the further melt.

A system of the invention, being in some configurations a single screw extruder, comprises an elongated barrel that is equipped with a screw which conveys the melt materials along the barrel (downstream) from the first feeding unit and then pushes the final melt, i.e., the further melt through the die. The screw is rotated at a predetermined speed, operated by an electric motor drive unit and gearbox. Heating elements, controlled by temperature controlling units, are positioned on the barrel circumference to maintain the temperature at a set-point temperature. Each of the receiving units may also be provided with one or more heating elements to pre-heat the waste material prior to feeding into the reaction chamber or the extruder.

As noted herein, a process of the invention is staged such that each of the steps of the process may be carried out at continuously lower temperatures. Thus, each of the receiving units or different sections of the reaction chamber or extruder may be provided at a different temperature. A first region of the extruder may extend between the first and second receiving units, a second region of the extruder may extend between the second and the further receiving units and a third or further region of the extruder may extend the distance between the further receiving unit and the output valve or die, such that each extruder region is maintained or operated at a different temperature. In some configurations, the temperature of the first extruder region is the highest and the temperature of the further region is the lowest. In some embodiments, the temperature difference between any two extruder regions is between 50° and 100°C.

In some embodiments, the first receiving unit is provided unheated, while the first region of the extruder receiving the waste stream may be heated to a temperature between 180 and 250°C. The second and further receiving units may be heated to a temperature between 100 and 200°C and each of the second and further extruder regions may be maintained or operated at a temperature below 180°C or between 100 and 180°C.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to better understand the subject matter that is disclosed herein and to exemplify how it may be carried out in practice, embodiments will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 provides a schematic depiction of a process according to certain embodiments of the invention.

Fig. 2 provides a schematic depiction of a further process according to embodiments of the invention.

Fig. 3 provides a schematic depiction of yet another process according to embodiments of the invention.

Fig. 4 provides a schematic depiction of a thermal profile of a process according to embodiments of the invention.

Fig. 5 provides a schematic depiction of a system according to embodiments of the invention.

Figs. 6A-B provide images of aggregates formed according to a process according to embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

As disclosed herein, objects of the invention are manufactured from a mixture of unsorted waste materials. Thermal treatment of compositions of matter according to the present disclosure, resulted in hard composite materials that can be shaped into a variety of end products. In most general terms and as generally depicted in Fig. 1, a process of the invention 10 comprises treating a first stream of a first waste material 12 under conditions 14 capable of converting the first waste material 12 into a melt form 16. The melt 16 is then combined with a second waste material 18 provided by a second material stream to obtain a homogenous mixture 20 of the first and second waste materials. Mixture 20 is combined with one or more further different waste materials 22a, 22b, 22c, etc and at least one organic additive 24, to obtain a homogenous melt 26, which may be processed into solid composite materials or objects or products 30.

In the process configuration depicted in Fig. 2, a homogenous melt 40 (block 26 shown in Fig. 1) is formed by treating a polymeric waste material 12 and/or a glass waste material 18 under conditions 12a or 18a permitting formation of a homogeneous polymeric melt and/or glass melt 32a and 32b, respectively; optionally treating said homogeneous polymeric and/or glass melt 32a/32b with paper-based and/or fabric waste material 34 under conditions 34a or 34b permitting incorporation of the paper-based and/or fabric waste material 34 in the melt 32a/32b to obtain an incorporated melt 36a or 36b; and treating the melt 36a/36b with an organic-based waste material 38, which may be an additive such as an organic additive.

The configuration of Fig. 2 can be carried out as depicted in Fig. 3 by treating a polymeric waste material 12 under conditions 12a permitting formation of a polymeric melt 32; treating said polymeric melt 32 with a glass waste material 18, allowing said melt 32 to mix with the glass waste material 18 to obtain a homogenous polymer/glass mass or melt 42; and optionally treating said homogeneous polymer/glass mass or melt 42 with a paper-based and/or fabric waste material 44 under conditions 44a permitting incorporation of the paper-based and/or fabric waste material 44 in the mass or melt to obtain an incorporated melt 46. The incorporated melt 46 or the polymer/glass melt 42 may be further treated with at least one organic additive 48 under conditions 50a or 50b, causing the mass or melt 46 to form into a homogenous solid composite material 52.

As further depicted in Fig. 3, the polymer/glass mass or melt 42 may be treated with a shredded tire material 54.

As disclosed herein, the conditions under which the melt forms are obtained in each of the processes of the invention, include thermal treatment of the waste combinations, under continuous mixing. The thermal conditions used in the process stages are depicted in Fig. 4. As depicted in Fig. 4, a process of the invention is carried out under a continuously reduced temperature profile, such that heat- sensitive materials, such as the organic waste and organic additive, are introduced at a lower temperature to the temperature of the heatstable waste materials, e.g., construction waste and polymeric waste. The thermal profile is further reflected in the structuring of systems of the invention, as exemplified in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5 depicts a general system for converting a waste material into a solid product or object or material. A system 100 includes at least one first unit 110 for receiving a stream 110a of a first waste material into a heated reaction chamber 105, being designed, in some configurations as an extruder barrel; the heated reaction chamber 105 being configured to permit continuous mixing of its content at a temperature suitable for converting the first waste material into a form of a melt; at least one second heated unit 120 for receiving and modifying temperature of a stream 120a of a second waste material is configured to feed a second waste material into the heated reaction chamber 105 to mix the melt of the first waste material with the heated second waste material to provide a second melt; at least one further heated unit 130 for receiving a stream 130a of a further waste material and feeding said further waste material into the heated reaction chamber 105 comprising the second melt; and a nozzle assembly or an output valve 140 configured and operable to output a combined melt or an extrudate.

In some configurations, the system 100 may be an extruder system, comprising a single screw 150, the extruder being fitted with a plurality of receiving units or hoppers 110, 120, 130. . . for receiving a plurality of waste material fractions or streams 110a, 120a, 130a , as shown in Fig. 5. The system reaction chamber 105 may be equipped with a plurality of heating elements 155, 156, positioned on a barrel circumference to maintain the temperature at a set-point temperature. Each of the receiving units 110, 120, 130 may be provided with one or more heating elements 110b, 120b, 130b. . . to pre-heat the waste material prior to feeding into the reaction chamber or the extruder 105.

The system 100 may be defined as having a plurality of regions maintained at different temperatures. A first region 200 extending between the first and second receiving units; a second region 300 extending between the second and the further receiving units; and a third or further region 400 extending the distance between the further receiving unit and the output valve or die, such that each region is maintained or operated at a different temperature, wherein the temperature difference between any two regions is between 50° and 100°C. In the particular configuration, the first receiving unit 110 is provided unheated and the first region 200 receiving the waste stream is maintained at a temperature between 180 and 250°C. The second 120 and further 130 receiving units are each heated to a temperature between 100 and 200°C and each of the second 300 and further 400 regions is maintained or operated at a temperature below 180°C or between 100 and 180°C.

Products of the invention are unique solid materials which exhibit improved mechanical and physical properties as compared to cementitious products or stone-based products. A solid mass manufactured from a waste material with an organic additive such as a natural gum, being one or a combination of beta-glucan, gellan gum, guar gum, gum Arabic, mastic, and xanthan gum was tested in a variety of ways to measure its mechanical and physical properties. Aggregates formed by mechanically breaking the solid product demonstrated material continuity (Figs. 6A-B), with minimal surface porosity rendering the surface stain resistant, water resistant and resistance to acidic and basic environments.

The aggregates were found to be 50-70% lighter than traditional aggregates used in constructions.

Also, a 20X10X6 cm brick was manufactured and was tested to measure water absorptivity, stain resistance and acid degradability. Water, salt water, ketchup, oil, coffee, red wine, sodium chlorate, citric acid, inks and a variety of food products were used to stain or cover a surface region of the brick for a period of up to 24 hours. Then the materials were wiped and the surface of the brick was tested. No water absorption or staining or degradation were observed. Same tests were applied to a conventional cementbased brick used for paving. The cemented-based brick absorbed the water and was stained to a degree where the stain could not be removed, potentially due to absorption of the stating material into the cementitious material.

A 10x10x6 brick was pressed to break and was compared to a cement-based brick of substantially similar dimensions. While a brick manufactured according to the invention sustained a pressure of at least 9 tons, the cement-based brick was fractured at a pressure of 3.5 tons.

The above data supports the uniqueness and superiority of products of the invention over commercially available cementitious products and other solid products formed from waste materials.