CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. App. No. 13/415,904, filed March 9, 2012 which claims priority to U.S. App. No. 13/251,623, filed on October 3, 2011, the entireties of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to the production of acrylic acid via the condensation of acetic acid and formaldehyde and the subsequent purification thereof. More specifically, the invention relates to the formation of alkylenating agent by alcohol oxidation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] α,β-unsaturated acids, particularly acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and the ester derivatives thereof are useful organic compounds in the chemical industry. These acids and esters are known to readily polymerize or co-polymerize to form homopolymers or copolymers. Often the polymerized acids are useful in applications such as superabsorbents, dispersants, flocculants, and thickeners. The polymerized ester derivatives are used in coatings (including latex paints), textiles, adhesives, plastics, fibers, and synthetic resins.

[0004] Because acrylic acid and its esters have long been valued commercially, many methods of production have been developed. One exemplary acrylic acid ester production process utilizes: (1) the reaction of acetylene with water and carbon monoxide; and/or (2) the reaction of an alcohol and carbon monoxide, in the presence of an acid, e.g., hydrochloric acid, and nickel tetracarbonyl, to yield a crude product comprising the acrylate ester as well as hydrogen and nickel chloride. Another conventional process involves the reaction of ketene (often obtained by the pyrolysis of acetone or acetic acid) with formaldehyde, which yields a crude product comprising acrylic acid and either water (when acetic acid is used as a pyrolysis reactant) or methane (when acetone is used as a pyrolysis reactant). These processes have become obsolete for economic, environmental, or other reasons. [0005] More recent acrylic acid production processes have relied on the gas phase oxidation of propylene, via acrolein, to form acrylic acid. The reaction can be carried out in single- or two- step processes but the latter is favored because of higher yields. The oxidation of propylene produces acrolein, acrylic acid, acetaldehyde and carbon oxides. Acrylic acid from the primary oxidation can be recovered while the acrolein is fed to a second step to yield the crude acrylic acid product, which comprises acrylic acid, water, small amounts of acetic acid, as well as impurities such as furfural, acrolein, and propionic acid. Purification of the crude product may be carried out by azeotropic distillation. Although this process may show some improvement over earlier processes, this process suffers from production and/or separation inefficiencies. In addition, this oxidation reaction is highly exothermic and, as such, creates an explosion risk. As a result, more expensive reactor design and metallurgy are required. Also, the cost of propylene is often prohibitive.

[0006] The aldol condensation reaction of formaldehyde and acetic acid and/or carboxylic acid esters has been disclosed in literature. This reaction forms acrylic acid and is often conducted over a catalyst. For example, condensation catalysts consisting of mixed oxides of vanadium and phosphorus were investigated and described in M. Ai, J. CataL, 107, 201 (1 87); M. Ai, J. Catal, 124, 293 (1990); M. Ai, Appl. CataL, 36, 221 (1988); and M. Ai, Shokubai, 29, 522 (1987). The acetic acid conversions in these reactions, however, may leave room for improvement. Although this reaction is disclosed, there has been little if any disclosure relating to 1) separation schemes that may be employed to effectively provide purified acrylic acid from the aldol condensation crude product; or 2) the effects of reactant feed parameters on the aldol condensation crude product.

[0007] Thus, the need exists for processes for producing purified acrylic acid and, in particular, for improved reactant feed parameters that provide for improvements in overall process efficiency.

[0008] The references mentioned above are hereby incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0009] The invention is described in detail below with reference to the appended drawings, wherein like numerals designate similar parts. [0010] FIG. 1 is a process flowsheet showing an acrylic acid reaction/separation system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0011] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an acrylic acid reaction/separation system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a process for producing an acrylate product, the process comprising the steps of (a) reacting an alcohol and oxygen in a reactor to produce a high temperature alkylenating agent stream comprising an alkylenating agent; (b) contacting an alkanoic acid with at least a portion of the high temperature alkylenating agent stream under conditions effective to form a crude product stream comprising acrylate product and alkylenating agent; and (c) separating at least a portion of the crude product stream to form at least one alkylenating agent stream and at least one purified acrylate product stream comprising acrylate product. The alkylenating agent stream may comprise more than 1 wt.% alkylenating agent. The high temperature alkylenating agent stream may have a temperature of at least 200°C and may be fed directly to a reactor in step (b), without any intervening separation or cooling of the stream. Step (b) may be performed at a temperature less than 100°C higher than the temperature of the high temperature alkylenating agent stream.

[0013] In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a process for producing an acrylate product, the process comprising the steps of (a) contacting acetic acid with a formaldehyde feed having a first temperature ranging from 30°C to 270°C to form a mixed stream; (b) heating the mixed stream to a second temperature to form a vaporized mixed stream; reacting the vaporized mixed stream under conditions effective to form a crude product stream comprising the acrylate product and formaldehyde; and (c) separating at least a portion of the crude product stream to form at least one formaldehyde stream and at least one purified acrylate product stream comprising acrylate product; wherein the second temperature is less than 170°C higher than the first temperature.

[0014] In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a process for producing an acrylate product, the process comprising the steps of (a) providing a high temperature alkylenating agent stream having a temperature of at least 30°C; (b) further heating the high temperature alkylenating agent stream to a temperature of at least 340°C; (c) contacting at least a portion of the high temperature alkylenating agent stream with an alkanoic acid under conditions effective to form a crude product stream comprising the acrylate product and alkylenating agent; and (d) separating at least a portion of the crude product stream to form at least one alkylenating agent stream and at least one purified acrylate product stream comprising acrylate product. The high temperature alkylenating agent stream may be formed via the reaction of an alcohol and oxygen.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Introduction

[0015] Production of unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid and the ester derivatives thereof via most conventional processes have been limited by economic and environmental constraints. In the interest of finding a new reaction path, the aldol condensation reaction of acetic acid and an alkylenating agent, e.g., formaldehyde, has been investigated. This reaction may yield a unique crude product that comprises, inter alia, a higher amount of (residual) formaldehyde, which is generally known to add unpredictability and problems to separation schemes. Although the aldol condensation reaction of acetic acid and formaldehyde is known, there has been little if any disclosure relating to the effects of many of the reactant feed parameters on the aldol condensation crude product. In particular, the source and temperature of the alkylenating stream has not been explored in much detail at all.

[0016] Similarly, there has been little if any disclosure relating to separation schemes that may be employed to effectively purify the unique crude product that is produced. Other conventional reactions, e.g., propylene oxidation or ketene/formaldehyde, do not yield crude products that comprises higher amounts of formaldehyde. The primary reactions and the side reactions in propylene oxidation do not create formaldehyde. In the reaction of ketene and formaldehyde, a two-step reaction is employed and the formaldehyde is confined to the first stage. Also, the ketene is highly reactive and converts substantially all of the reactant formaldehyde. As a result of these features, very little, if any, formaldehyde remains in the crude product exiting the reaction zone. Because no formaldehyde is present in crude products formed by these conventional reactions, the separation schemes associated therewith have not addressed the problems and unpredictability that accompany crude products that have higher formaldehyde content. [0017] In one embodiment, the present invention is to a process for producing acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and/or the salts and esters thereof. As used herein, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and/or the salts and esters thereof, collectively or individually, may be referred to as "acrylate products." The use of the terms acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or the salts and esters thereof, individually, does not exclude the other acrylate products, and the use of the term acrylate product does not require the presence of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and the salts and esters thereof.

[0018] The inventive process, in one embodiment, comprises the step of reacting an alcohol and oxygen to produce an alkylenating agent product stream, e.g., a high temperature alkylenating agent product stream, comprising at least one alkylenating agent. Preferably, the alkylenating agent is formaldehyde and the high temperature alkylenating agent stream is the reaction product from an alcohol oxidation reactor, which yields a reaction product comprising, inter alia, formaldehyde. The process further comprises the step of contacting an alkanoic acid with at least a portion of the high temperature alkylenating agent stream under conditions effective to form a crude product stream comprising acrylate product and alkylenating agent.

[0019] The high temperature alkylenating agent stream has a temperature that is higher than that of conventional alkylenating agent feed streams. Conventional alkylenating feeds are typically kept at ambient temperature and then must be fed to a heating unit before being directed to a reactor. It has now been discovered that when at least a portion of the high temperature alkylenating agent stream is used as a (direct) reactant feed to the alkanoic acid/alkylenating agent reaction, e.g., when the high temperature alkylenating agent is (directly) fed to the reaction, process energy management and/or heat conservation, surprisingly and unexpectedly, may be improved, as compared to similar processes that employ conventional lower temperature, e.g., ambient, alkylenating agent feed sources, which must be heated before reaction. For example, by using the high temperature alkylenating agent stream in accordance with the present invention, heating, e.g., vaporizing, of the reactant feed streams (either the alkanoic acid feed or the alkylenating agent feed) can be reduced or eliminated. In preferred embodiments, the high temperature alkylenating agent stream has a temperature of at least 30°C, e.g., at least 50°C, at least 100°C or at least 200°C. The high temperature alkylenating agent stream is discussed in further detail below. [0020] The crude product stream of the present invention, unlike most conventional acrylic acid-containing crude products, further comprises a significant portion of at least one alkylenating agent. Preferably, the at least one alkylenating agent is formaldehyde. For example, the crude product stream may comprise at least 0.5 wt% alkylenating agent(s), e.g., at least 1 wt%, at least 5 wt%, at least 7 wt%, at least 10 wt%, or at least 25 wt%. In terms of ranges, the crude product stream may comprise from 0.5 wt% to 50 wt% alkylenating agent(s), e.g., from 1 wt% to 45 wt%, from 1 wt% to 25 wt%, from 1 wt% to 10 wt%, or from 5 wt% to 10 wt%. In terms of upper limits, the crude product stream may comprise less than 50 wt% alkylenating agent(s), e.g., less than 45 wt%, less than 25 wt%, or less than 10 wt%.

[0021] In one embodiment, the crude product stream of the present invention further comprises water. For example, the crude product stream may comprise less than 60 wt% water, e.g., less than 50 wt%, less than 40 wt%, or less than 30 wt%. In terms of ranges, the crude product stream may comprise from 1 wt% to 60 wt% water, e.g., from 5 wt% to 50 wt%, from 10 wt% to 40 wt%, or from 15 wt% to 40 wt%. In terms of upper limits, the crude product stream may comprise at least 1 wt% water, e.g., at least 5 wt%, at least 10 wt%, or at least 15 wt%.

[0022] In one embodiment, the crude product stream of the present invention comprises very little, if any, of the impurities found in most conventional acrylic acid crude product streams. For example, the crude product stream of the present invention may comprise less than 1000 wppm of such impurities (either as individual components or collectively), e.g., less than 500 wppm, less than 100 wppm, less than 50 wppm, or less than 10 wppm. Exemplary impurities include acetylene, ketene, beta-propiolactone, higher alcohols, e.g., C ₂₊ , C ₃₊ , or C ₄₊ , and combinations thereof. Importantly, the crude product stream of the present invention comprises very little, if any, furfural and/or acrolein. In one embodiment, the crude product stream comprises substantially no furfural and/or acrolein, e.g., no furfural and/or acrolein. In one embodiment, the crude product stream comprises less than less than 500 wppm acrolein, e.g., less than 100 wppm, less than 50 wppm, or less than 10 wppm. In one embodiment, the crude product stream comprises less than less than 500 wppm furfural, e.g., less than 100 wppm, less than 50 wppm, or less than 10 wppm. Furfural and acrolein are known to act as detrimental chain terminators in acrylic acid polymerization reactions. Also, furfural and/or acrolein are known to have adverse effects on the color of purified product and/or to subsequent polymerized products.

[0023] In addition to the acrylic acid and the alkylenating agent, the crude product stream may further comprise acetic acid, water, propionic acid, and light ends such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methanol, methyl acetate, methyl acrylate, acetaldehyde, hydrogen, and acetone. Exemplary compositional data for the crude product stream are shown in Table 1. Components other than those listed in Table 1 may also be present in the crude product stream.

TABLE 1

CRUDE ACRYLATE PRODUCT STREAM COMPOSITIONS

Cone. Cone. Cone. Cone.

Component (wt%) (wt%) (wt%) (wt%)

Acrylic Acid 1 to 75 1 to 50 5 to 50 10 to 40

Alkylenating Agent(s) 0.5 to 50 1 to 45 1 to 25 1 to 10

Acetic Acid 1 to 90 1 to 70 5 to 50 10 to 50

Water 1 to 60 5 to 50 10 to 40 15 to 40

Propionic Acid 0.01 to 10 0.1 to 10 0.1 to 5 0.1 to 1

Oxygen 0.01 to 10 0.1 to 10 0.1 to 5 0.1 to 1

Nitrogen 0.1 to 20 0.1 to 10 0.5 to 5 0.5 to 4

Carbon Monoxide 0.01 to 10 0.1 to 10 0.1 to 5 0.5 to 3

Carbon Dioxide 0.01 to 10 0.1 to 10 0.1 to 5 0.5 to 3

Other Light Ends 0.01 to 10 0.1 to 10 0.1 to 5 0.5 to 3

[0024] The unique crude product stream of the present invention may be separated in a separation zone to form a final product, e.g., a final acrylic acid product. In one embodiment, the inventive process comprises the step of separating at least a portion of the crude product stream to form an alkylenating agent stream and an intermediate product stream. This separating step may be referred to as an "akylenating agent split." In one embodiment, the alkylenating agent stream comprises significant amounts of alkylenating agent(s). For example, the alkylenating agent stream may comprise at least 1 wt% alkylenating agent(s), e.g., at least 5 wt%, at least 10 wt%, at least 15 wt%, or at least 25 wt%. In terms of ranges, the alkylenating stream may comprise from 1 wt% to 75 wt% alkylenating agent(s), e.g., from 3 to 50 wt%, from 3 wt% to 25 wt%, or from 10 wt% to 20 wt%. In terms of upper limits, the alkylenating stream may comprise less than 75 wt% alkylenating agent(s), e.g. less than 50 wt% or less than 40 wt%. In preferred embodiments, the alkylenating agent is formaldehyde.

[0025] As noted above, the presence of alkylenating agent in the crude product stream adds unpredictability and problems to separation schemes. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that formaldehyde reacts in many side reactions with water to form by-products. The following side reactions are exemplary.

[0026] CH ₂ 0 + H ₂ 0→ HOCH ₂ OH

[0027] HC CHaC _L iH + HOCH ₂ OH → + H ₂ 0 for i > 1

[0028] Without being bound by theory, it is believed that, in some embodiments, as a result of these reactions, the alkylenating agent, e.g., formaldehyde, acts as a "light" component at higher temperatures and as a "heavy" component at lower temperatures. The reaction(s) are

exothermic. Accordingly, the equilibrium constant increases as temperature decreases and decreases as temperature increases. At lower temperatures, the larger equilibrium constant favors methylene glycol and oligomer production and formaldehyde becomes limited, and, as such, behaves as a heavy component. At higher temperatures, the smaller equilibrium constant favors formaldehyde production and methylene glycol becomes limited. As such, formaldehyde behaves as a light component. In view of these difficulties, as well as others, the separation of streams that comprise water and formaldehyde cannot be expected to behave as a typical two- component system. These features contribute to the unpredictability and difficulty of the separation of the unique crude product stream of the present invention.

[0029] The present invention, surprisingly and unexpectedly, achieves effective separation of alkylenating agent(s) from the inventive crude product stream to yield a purified product comprising acrylate product and very low amounts of other impurities.

[0030] In one embodiment, the alkylenating split is performed such that a lower amount of acetic acid is present in the resulting alkylenating stream. Preferably, the alkylenating agent stream comprises little or no acetic acid. As an example, the alkylenating agent stream, in some embodiments, comprises less than 50 wt% acetic acid, e.g., less than 45 wt%, less than 25 wt%, less than 10 wt%, less than 5 wt%, less than 3 wt%, or less than 1 wt%. Surprisingly and unexpectedly, the present invention provides for the lower amounts of acetic acid in the alkylenating agent stream, which, beneficially reduces or eliminates the need for further treatment of the alkylenating agent stream to remove acetic acid. In some embodiments, the alkylenating agent stream may be treated to remove water therefrom, e.g., to purge water.

[0031] In some embodiments, the alkylenating agent split is performed in at least one column, e.g., at least two columns or at least three columns. Preferably, the alkylenating agent is performed in a two column system. In other embodiments, the alkylenating agent split is performed via contact with an extraction agent. In other embodiments, the alkylenating agent split is performed via precipitation methods, e.g., crystallization, and/or azeotropic distillation. Of course, other suitable separation methods may be employed either alone or in combination with the methods mentioned herein.

[0032] The intermediate product stream comprises acrylate products. In one embodiment, the intermediate product stream comprises a significant portion of acrylate products, e.g., acrylic acid. For example, the intermediate product stream may comprise at least 5 wt% acrylate products, e.g., at least 25 wt%, at least 40 wt%, at least 50 wt%, or at least 60 wt%. In terms of ranges, the intermediate product stream may comprise from 5 wt% to 99 wt% acrylate products, e.g. from 10 wt% to 90 wt%, from 25 wt% to 75 wt%, or from 35 wt% to 65 wt%. The intermediate product stream, in one embodiment, comprises little if any alkylenating agent. For example, the intermediate product stream may comprise less than 1 wt% alkylenating agent, e.g., less than 0.1 wt% alkylenating agent, less than 0.05 wt%, or less than 0.01 wt%. In addition to the acrylate products, the intermediate product stream optionally comprises acetic acid, water, propionic acid and other components.

[0033] In some cases, the intermediate acrylate product stream comprises higher amounts of alkylenating agent. For example, in one embodiment, the intermediate acrylate product stream comprises from 1 wt% to 50 wt% alkylenating agent, e.g., from 1 wt% to 10 wt% or from 5 wt% to 50 wt%. In terms of limits, the intermediate acrylate product stream may comprise at least 1 wt% alkylenating agent, e.g., at least 5 wt% or at least 10 wt%.

[0034] In one embodiment, the crude product stream is optionally treated, e.g. separated, prior to the separation of alkylenating agent therefrom. In such cases, the treatment(s) occur before the alkylenating agent split is performed. In other embodiments, at least a portion of the intermediate acrylate product stream may be further treated after the alkylenating agent split. As one example, the crude product stream may be treated to remove light ends therefrom. This treatment may occur either before or after the alkylenating agent split, preferably before the alkylenating agent split. In some of these cases, the further treatment of the intermediate acrylate product stream may result in derivative streams that may be considered to be additional purified acrylate product streams. In other embodiments, the further treatment of the

intermediate acrylate product stream results in at least one finished acrylate product stream.

[0035] In one embodiment, the inventive process operates at a high process efficiency. For example, the process efficiency may be at least 10%, e.g., at least 20% or at least 35%. In one embodiment, the process efficiency is calculated based on the flows of reactants into the reaction zone. The process efficiency may be calculated by the following formula.

Process Efficiency = 2N _H ACA/[N _H OAC + NHCHO + Ν _Η2 ο]

[0036] where:

[0037] N _HACA is the molar production rate of acrylate products; and

[0038] N _H O _A C, N _H C _H O , and Nmo are the molar feed rates of acetic acid, formaldehyde, and water.

Production of Acrylate Products

[0039] Any suitable reaction and/or separation scheme may be employed to form the crude product stream as long as the reaction provides the crude product stream components that are discussed above. For example, in some embodiments, the acrylate product stream is formed by contacting an alkanoic acid, e.g., acetic acid, or an ester thereof with an alkylenating agent, e.g., a methylenating agent, for example formaldehyde (as discussed above), under conditions effective to form the crude acrylate product stream. Preferably, the contacting is performed over a suitable catalyst. The crude product stream may be the reaction product of the alkanoic acid- alkylenating agent reaction. In a preferred embodiment, the crude product stream is the reaction product of the aldol condensation reaction of acetic acid and formaldehyde, which is conducted over a catalyst comprising vanadium and titanium. In one embodiment, the crude product stream is the product of a reaction wherein methanol and acetic acid are combined to generate formaldehyde in situ. The aldol condensation then follows. In one embodiment, a methanol- formaldehyde solution is reacted with acetic acid to form the crude product stream.

[0040] The alkanoic acid, or an ester of the alkanoic acid, may be of the formula R'-CH ₂ - COOR, where R and R are each, independently, hydrogen or a saturated or unsaturated alkyl or aryl group. As an example, R and R' may be a lower alkyl group containing for example 1-4 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, an alkanoic acid anhydride may be used as the source of the alkanoic acid. In one embodiment, the reaction is conducted in the presence of an alcohol, preferably the alcohol that corresponds to the desired ester, e.g., methanol. In addition to reactions used in the production of acrylic acid, the inventive catalyst, in other embodiments, may be employed to catalyze other reactions.

[0041] The alkanoic acid, e.g., acetic acid, may be derived from any suitable source including natural gas, petroleum, coal, biomass, and so forth. As examples, acetic acid may be produced via methanol carbonylation, acetaldehyde oxidation, ethylene oxidation, oxidative fermentation, and anaerobic fermentation. As petroleum and natural gas prices fluctuate, becoming either more or less expensive, methods for producing acetic acid and intermediates such as methanol and carbon monoxide from alternate carbon sources have drawn increasing interest. In particular, when petroleum is relatively expensive compared to natural gas, it may become advantageous to produce acetic acid from synthesis gas ("syngas") that is derived from any available carbon source. US Patent No. 6,232,352, which is hereby incorporated by reference, for example, teaches a method of retrofitting a methanol plant for the manufacture of acetic acid. By retrofitting a methanol plant, the large capital costs associated with carbon monoxide generation for a new acetic acid plant are significantly reduced or largely eliminated. All or part of the syngas is diverted from the methanol synthesis loop and supplied to a separator unit to recover carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which are then used to produce acetic acid.

[0042] In some embodiments, at least some of the raw materials for the above-described aldol condensation process may be derived partially or entirely from syngas. For example, the acetic acid may be formed from methanol and carbon monoxide, both of which may be derived from syngas. For example, the methanol may be formed by steam reforming syngas, and the carbon monoxide may be separated from syngas. In other embodiments, the methanol may be formed in a carbon monoxide unit, e.g., as described in EP2076480; EP1923380; EP2072490;

EP1914219; EP1904426; EP2072487; EO2072492; EP2072486; EP2060553; EP1741692;

EP1907344; EP2060555; EP2186787; EP2072488; and US7842844, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Of course, this listing of methanol sources is merely exemplary and is not meant to be limiting. In addition, the above-identified methanol sources, inter alia, may be used to form the formaldehyde, e.g., in situ, which, in turn may be reacted with the acetic acid to form the acrylic acid. The syngas, in turn, may be derived from variety of carbon sources. The carbon source, for example, may be selected from the group consisting of natural gas, oil, petroleum, coal, biomass, and combinations thereof.

[0043] Methanol carbonylation processes suitable for production of acetic acid are described in US Patent Nos. 7,208,624, 7,115,772, 7,005,541, 6,657,078, 6,627,770, 6,143,930, 5,599,976, 5,144,068, 5,026,908, 5,001,259, and 4,994,608, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0044] US Patent No. RE 35,377, which is hereby incorporated by reference, provides a method for the production of methanol by conversion of carbonaceous materials such as oil, coal, natural gas and biomass materials. The process includes hydrogasification of solid and/or liquid carbonaceous materials to obtain a process gas which is steam pyrolized with additional natural gas to form syn gas. The syn gas is converted to methanol which may be carbonylated to acetic acid. US Patent No. 5,821,111, which discloses a process for converting waste biomass through gasification into syn gas, as well as US Patent No. 6,685,754 are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0045] In one optional embodiment, the acetic acid that is utilized in the condensation reaction comprises acetic acid and may also comprise other carboxylic acids, e.g., propionic acid, esters, and anhydrides, as well as acetaldehyde and acetone. In one embodiment, the acetic acid fed to the condensation reaction comprises propionic acid. For example, the acetic acid fed to the reaction may comprise from 0.001 wt% to 15 wt% propionic acid, e.g., from 0.001 wt% to 13 wt%, from 0.125 wt% to 12.5 wt%, from 1.25 wt% to 11.25 wt%, or from 3.75 wt% to 8.75 wt%. Thus, the acetic acid feed stream may be a cruder acetic acid feed stream , e.g., a less- refined acetic acid feed stream.

[0046] As used herein, "alkylenating agent" means an aldehyde or precursor to an aldehyde suitable for reacting with the alkanoic acid, e.g., acetic acid, to form an unsaturated acid, e.g., acrylic acid, or an alkyl acrylate. In preferred embodiments, the alkylenating agent comprises a methylenating agent such as formaldehyde, which preferably is capable of adding a methylene group (=CH ₂ ) to the organic acid. Other alkylenating agents may include, for example, acetaldehyde, propanal, butanal, aryl aldehydes, benzyl aldehydes, alcohols, and combinations thereof. This listing is not exclusive and is not meant to limit the scope of the invention. In one embodiment, an alcohol may serve as a source of the alkylenating agent. For example, the alcohol may be reacted in situ to form the alkylenating agent, e.g., the aldehyde. [0047] The alkylenating agent, e.g., formaldehyde, may be derived from any suitable source. Exemplary sources may include, for example, aqueous formaldehyde solutions, formaldehyde alcohol solutions, anhydrous formaldehyde derived from a formaldehyde drying procedure, trioxane, diether of methylene glycol, and paraformaldehyde.

[0048] In a preferred embodiment, the alkylenating agent, e.g., formaldehyde, is produced via an alcohol oxidation process, e.g., a methanol oxidation process, which reacts alcohol and oxygen to yield the alkylenating agent. One known alcohol oxidation process used commercially is the Formox® process. In the Formox® process, methanol is fed into a vaporizer. The vaporized methanol is then fed to a reactor in the presence of excess air comprising oxygen and nitrogen, and a catalyst to form a crude reactor product comprising formaldehyde. The product from the reactor further comprises oxygen, nitrogen, and methanol. Formaldehyde and unreacted methanol may be recycled to the vaporizer. Typically, the crude reactor product is next directed to two absorbers, which remove unreacted methanol, nitrogen and oxygen.

Formaldehyde is recovered at room temperature in an aqueous solution, referred to as formalin. This "off-the-shelf formalin is conventionally used as a reactant feed.

[0049] The final formalin solution that is produced via this reaction/separation process has several disadvantages. As an example, the methanol oxidation reaction product comprising the formaldehyde must be subjected to several further processing steps after the reaction. First, unreacted methanol must be separated from the formaldehyde product because the methanol may generate methyl acetate, an undesirable impurity. The methanol removal is a costly process that requires a methanol separation system. Second, the air present in the formaldehyde product must be separated through the use of two absorbers. Third, the formaldehyde product must be cooled to room temperature to form formalin before further use, processing or shipping.

[0050] In the present invention, it has been discovered that the crude reaction product formed by reacting methanol and air, e.g., the formaldehyde contained therein, may advantageously be used as a reactant in the aldol condensation reaction. The crude reactor product comprises formaldehyde, methanol, nitrogen and oxygen. The crude reactor product may be considered a high temperature alkylenating agent stream, as discussed herein.

[0051] The high temperature alkylenating agent stream is maintained as is, e.g., is not subjected to any further separation and/or cooling processes prior to usage in the aldol condensation reaction. At least a portion of the high temperature alkylenating agent stream is contacted with an alkanoic acid, e.g., acetic acid, under conditions effective to form a crude product stream comprising acrylate product and alkenylating agent, e.g., formaldehyde, which is then further separated to form purified acrylic acid.

[0052] In one embodiment, the high temperature alkylenating agent stream is fed to the aldol condensation reactor, e.g., fed directly to the aldol condensation reactor, without the need for further separation. As such, the inventive process beneficially eliminates the need for a methanol separation system and/or absorbers, which are required in conventional alcohol oxidation schemes.

[0053] In some embodiments, the high temperature alkylenating agent stream that exits the alcohol oxidation reactor comprises more methanol than a stream from a conventional process, which employs methanol separation units. In other embodiments, the high temperature alkylenating agent stream that exits the alcohol oxidation reactor may comprise less methanol than streams from conventional processes. The high temperature alkylenating agent stream may also comprise greater amounts of oxygen and nitrogen than streams from conventional processes.

[0054] In alternative embodiments, the amounts of oxygen and nitrogen in the high temperature alkylenating agent stream may be lower than oxygen and nitrogen in the streams of conventional processes.

[0055] It now has been discovered that, beneficially, this oxygen and nitrogen may be used in the aldol condensation reactor as described above to form additional formaldehyde, e.g., in situ, and further may be used as a recycle stream to the alkylenating agent production process.

Conventionally, these impurities would be separated from the crude alcohol oxidation reaction product before being utilized in further reactions.

[0056] In some embodiments, the high temperature alkylenating agent stream is not separated at all prior to entering the reactor. In other embodiments, the high temperature alkylenating agent stream may be vaporized prior to entering the reactor, to form a vaporized alkylenating agent stream. The alkanoic acid then may be contacted with the vaporized alkylenating agent stream to form the crude product stream.

[0057] The high temperature alkylenating agent stream exits the methanol oxidation reactor at a temperature above room temperature, e.g. above 30°C, above 100°C or above 200°C, and is directed to the aldol condensation reactor zone. The high temperature alkylenating agent stream may be at a temperature of up to 350°C, e.g., up to 300°C or up to 280°C. In terms of ranges, the high temperature alkylenating agent stream may be at a temperature ranging from 30°C to 350°C , e.g., from 100 to 280°C. The high temperature alkylenating agent stream may exit the methanol oxidation reactor as a liquid or as a vapor. Because the high temperature alkylenating agent stream is at a high temperature as it leaves the methanol oxidation reactor and is conveyed (directly) to the aldol condensation reaction zone, this stream arrives at the vaporizer or the reactor at a temperature higher than room temperature, e.g., above 30°C, e.g. above 100°C, above 200°C. In contrast, conventional feeds are fed to the reaction zone at ambient

temperatures. Thus, the high temperature alkylenating agent stream advantageously allows for a reduction in size of or the elimination of the vaporizer, which results in significant cost and energy savings. In one embodiment, when the alkanoic acid feed is combined with the high temperature alkylenating agent stream prior to entering the aldol condensation reactor, the temperature of the combined stream is increased. As such, the cost and energy associated with vaporizing and/or reacting the combined stream is significantly reduced. In some embodiments, the temperature difference between the high temperature alkylenating agent stream and the reactor is small, as compared to similar configurations that employ a conventional alkylenating agent feed. For example, the temperature of the reactor may be less than 170°C higher than the temperature of the heated product stream, e.g., less than 100°C higher, less than 80°C higher, or less than 50°C higher.

[0058] In other embodiments, the alkylenating agent is a compound that is a source of formaldehyde. Where forms of formaldehyde that are not as freely or weakly complexed are used, the formaldehyde will form in situ in the condensation reactor or in a separate reactor prior to the condensation reactor. Thus for example, trioxane may be decomposed over an inert material or in an empty tube at temperatures over 350 °C or over an acid catalyst at over 100 °C to form the formaldehyde.

[0059] In one embodiment, the alkylenating agent corresponds to Formula I.

[0060] In this formula, R ₅ and R.6 may be independently selected from C ₁ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, preferably, C ₁ -C ₁₂ alkyl, alkenyl or aryl, or hydrogen. Preferably, R5 and R.6 are independently Ci-C ₆ alkyl or hydrogen, with methyl and/or hydrogen being most preferred. X may be either oxygen or sulfur, preferably oxygen; and n is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 3. In some embodiments, m is 1 or 2, preferably 1.

[0061] In one embodiment, the compound of formula I may be the product of an equilibrium reaction between formaldehyde and methanol in the presence of water. In such a case, the compound of formula I may be a suitable formaldehyde source. In one embodiment, the formaldehyde source includes any equilibrium composition. Examples of formaldehyde sources include but are not restricted to methylal (1,1 dimethoxymethane); polyoxymethylenes -(CH ₂ - 0)i- wherein i is from 1 to 100; formalin; and other equilibrium compositions such as a mixture of formaldehyde, methanol, and methyl propionate. In one embodiment, the source of formaldehyde is selected from the group consisting of 1, 1 dimethoxymethane; higher formals of formaldehyde and methanol; and CH ₃ -0-(CH ₂ -0)i-CH ₃ where i is 2.

[0062] The alkylenating agent may be used with or without an organic or inorganic solvent.

[0063] In some embodiments, the condensation reaction may achieve favorable conversion of acetic acid and favorable selectivity and productivity to acrylates. For purposes of the present invention, the term "conversion" refers to the amount of acetic acid in the feed that is converted to a compound other than acetic acid. Conversion is expressed as a percentage based on acetic acid in the feed. The conversion of acetic acid may be at least 10%, e.g., at least 20%, at least 40%, or at least 50%.

[0064] Selectivity, as it refers to the formation of acrylate product, is expressed as the ratio of the amount of carbon in the desired product(s) and the amount of carbon in the total products. This ratio may be multiplied by 100 to arrive at the selectivity. Preferably, the catalyst selectivity to acrylate products, e.g., acrylic acid and methyl acrylate, is at least 40 mol%, e.g., at least 50 mol%, at least 60 mol%, or at least 70 mol%. In some embodiments, the selectivity to acrylic acid is at least 30 mol %, e.g., at least 40 mol%, or at least 50 mol%; and/or the selectivity to methyl acrylate is at least 10 mol%, e.g., at least 15 mol%, or at least 20 mol%.

[0065] The terms "productivity" or "space time yield" as used herein, refers to the grams of a specified product, e.g., acrylate products, formed per hour during the condensation based on the liters of catalyst used . A productivity of at least 20 grams of acrylate product per liter catalyst per hour, e.g., at least 40 grams of acrylates per liter catalyst per hour or at least 100 grams of acrylates per liter catalyst per hour, is preferred. In terms of ranges, the productivity preferably is from 20 to 500 grams of acrylates per liter catalyst per hour, e.g., from 20 to 200 per kilogram catalyst per hour or from 40 to 140 per kilogram catalyst per hour.

[0066] In one embodiment, the inventive process yields at least 1,800 kg/hr of finished acrylic acid, e.g., at least 3,500 kg/hr, at least 18,000 kg/hr, or at least 37,000 kg/hr.

[0067] Preferred embodiments of the inventive process demonstrate a low selectivity to undesirable products, such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The selectivity to these undesirable products preferably is less than 29 %, e.g., less than 25 % or less than 15 %. More preferably, these undesirable products are not detectable. Formation of alkanes, e.g., ethane, may be low, and ideally less than 2%, less than 1%, or less than 0.5% of the acetic acid passed over the catalyst is converted to alkanes, which have little value other than as fuel.

[0068] The alkanoic acid or ester thereof and alkylenating agent may be fed independently or after prior mixing to a reactor containing the catalyst. The reactor may be any suitable reactor or combination of reactors. Preferably, the reactor comprises a fixed bed reactor or a series of fixed bed reactors. In one embodiment, the reactor is a packed bed reactor or a series of packed bed reactors. In one embodiment, the reactor is a fixed bed reactor. Of course, other reactors such as a continuous stirred tank reactor or a fluidized bed reactor, may be employed.

[0069] In some embodiments, the alkanoic acid, e.g., acetic acid, and the alkylenating agent, e.g., formaldehyde, are fed to the reactor at a molar ratio of at least 0.10: 1, e.g., at least 0.75: 1 or at least 1 : 1. In terms of ranges the molar ratio of alkanoic acid to alkylenating agent may range from 0.10: 1 to 10: 1 or from 0.75: 1 to 5: 1. In some embodiments, the reaction of the alkanoic acid and the alkylenating agent is conducted with a stoichiometric excess of alkanoic acid. In these instances, acrylate selectivity may be improved. As an example the acrylate selectivity may be at least 10% higher than a selectivity achieved when the reaction is conducted with an excess of alkylenating agent, e.g., at least 20% higher or at least 30% higher. In other embodiments, the reaction of the alkanoic acid and the alkylenating agent is conducted with a stoichiometric excess of alkylenating agent.

[0070] The condensation reaction may be conducted at a temperature of at least 250 °C, e.g., at least 300 °C, or at least 350 °C. In terms of ranges, the reaction temperature may range from 200 °C to 500 °C, e.g., from 250 °C to 400 °C, or from 250 °C to 350 °C. Residence time in the reactor may range from 1 second to 200 seconds, e.g., from 1 second to 100 seconds. Reaction pressure is not particularly limited, and the reaction is typically performed near atmospheric pressure. In one embodiment, the reaction may be conducted at a pressure ranging from 0 KPa to 4100 KPa, e.g., from 3 KPa to 345 KPa, or from 6 to 103 KPa. The acetic acid conversion, in some embodiments, may vary depending upon the reaction temperature.

[0071] In one embodiment, the reaction is conducted at a gas hourly space velocity ("GHSV") greater than 600 hr ^"1 , e.g., greater than 1000 hr ^"1 or greater than 2000 hr ^"1 . In one embodiment, the GHSV ranges from 600 hr ^"1 to 10000 hr ^"1 , e.g., from 1000 hr ^"1 to 8000 hr ^"1 or from 1500 hr ^"1 to 7500 hr ^"1 . As one particular example, when GHSV is at least 2000 hr ^"1 , the acrylate product STY may be at least 150 g/hr/liter.

[0072] Water may be present in the reactor in amounts up to 60 wt%, by weight of the reaction mixture, e.g., up to 50 wt% or up to 40 wt%. Water, however, is preferably reduced due to its negative effect on process rates and separation costs.

[0073] In one embodiment, an inert or reactive gas is supplied to the reactant stream.

Examples of inert gases include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, helium, argon, and methane. Examples of reactive gases or vapors include, but are not limited to, oxygen, carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, and alkyl halides. When reactive gases such as oxygen are added to the reactor, these gases, in some embodiments, may be added in stages throughout the catalyst bed at desired levels as well as feeding with the other feed components at the beginning of the reactors. The addition of these additional components may improve reaction efficiencies.

[0074] In one embodiment, the unreacted components such as the alkanoic acid and formaldehyde as well as the inert or reactive gases that remain are recycled to the reactor after sufficient separation from the desired product.

[0075] When the desired product is an unsaturated ester made by reacting an ester of an alkanoic acid ester with formaldehyde, the alcohol corresponding to the ester may also be fed to the reactor either with or separately to the other components. For example, when methyl acrylate is desired, methanol may be fed to the reactor. The alcohol, amongst other effects, reduces the quantity of acids leaving the reactor. It is not necessary that the alcohol is added at the beginning of the reactor and it may for instance be added in the middle or near the back, in order to effect the conversion of acids such as propionic acid, methacrylic acid to their respective esters without depressing catalyst activity. In one embodiment, the alcohol may be added downstream of the reactor.

Catalyst Composition

[0076] The catalyst may be any suitable catalyst composition. As one example, condensation catalyst consisting of mixed oxides of vanadium and phosphorus have been investigated and described in M. Ai, J. Catal, 107, 201 (1987); M. Ai, J. Catal, 124, 293 (1990); M. Ai, Appl. Catal, 36, 221 (1988); and M. Ai, Shokubai, 29, 522 (1987). Other examples include binary vanadium-titanium phosphates, vanadium-silica-phosphates, and alkali metal-promoted silicas, e.g., cesium- or potassium-promoted silicas.

[0077] In a preferred embodiment, the inventive process employs a catalyst composition comprising vanadium, titanium, and optionally at least one oxide additive. The oxide additive(s), if present, are preferably present in the active phase of the catalyst. In one embodiment, the oxide additive(s) are selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia, and mixtures thereof or any other metal oxide other than metal oxides of titanium or vanadium. Preferably, the molar ratio of oxide additive to titanium in the active phase of the catalyst composition is greater than 0.05: 1, e.g., greater than 0.1 : 1, greater than 0.5: 1, or greater than 1 : 1. In terms of ranges, the molar ratio of oxide additive to titanium in the inventive catalyst may range from 0.05: 1 to 20: 1, e.g., from 0.1 : 1 to 10: 1, or from 1 : 1 to 10: 1. In these embodiments, the catalyst comprises titanium, vanadium, and one or more oxide additives and have relatively high molar ratios of oxide additive to titanium.

[0078] In other embodiments, the catalyst may further comprise other compounds or elements (metals and/or non-metals). For example, the catalyst may further comprise phosphorus and/or oxygen. In these cases, the catalyst may comprise from 15 wt% to 45 wt% phosphorus, e.g., from 20 wt% to 35 wt% or from 23 wt% to 27 wt%; and/or from 30 wt% to 75 wt% oxygen, e.g., from 35 wt% to 65 wt% or from 48 wt% to 51 wt%.

[0079] In some embodiments, the catalyst further comprises additional metals and/or oxide additives. These additional metals and/or oxide additives may function as promoters. If present, the additional metals and/or oxide additives may be selected from the group consisting of copper, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, niobium, and combinations thereof. Other exemplary promoters that may be included in the catalyst of the invention include lithium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, calcium, yttrium, ruthenium, silver, tin, barium, lanthanum, the rare earth metals, hafnium, tantalum, rhenium, thorium, bismuth, antimony, germanium, zirconium, uranium, cesium, zinc, and silicon and mixtures thereof. Other modifiers include boron, gallium, arsenic, sulfur, halides, Lewis acids such as BF ₃ , ZnBr ₂ , and SnCl ₄ . Exemplary processes for incorporating promoters into catalyst are described in US Pat. No. 5,364,824, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0080] If the catalyst comprises additional metal(s) and/or metal oxides(s), the catalyst optionally may comprise additional metals and/or metal oxides in an amount from 0.001 wt% to 30 wt%, e.g., from 0.01 wt% to 5 wt% or from 0.1 wt% to 5 wt%. If present, the promoters may enable the catalyst to have a weight/weight space time yield of at least 25 grams of acrylic acid/gram catalyst-h, e.g., least 50 grams of acrylic acid/gram catalyst-h, or at least 100 grams of acrylic acid/gram catalyst-h.

[0081] In some embodiments, the catalyst is unsupported. In these cases, the catalyst may comprise a homogeneous mixture or a heterogeneous mixture as described above. In one embodiment, the homogeneous mixture is the product of an intimate mixture of vanadium and titanium oxides, hydroxides, and phosphates resulting from preparative methods such as controlled hydrolysis of metal alkoxides or metal complexes. In other embodiments, the heterogeneous mixture is the product of a physical mixture of the vanadium and titanium phosphates. These mixtures may include formulations prepared from phosphorylating a physical mixture of preformed hydrous metal oxides. In other cases, the mixture(s) may include a mixture of preformed vanadium pyrophosphate and titanium pyrophosphate powders.

[0082] In another embodiment, the catalyst is a supported catalyst comprising a catalyst support in addition to the vanadium, titanium, oxide additive, and optionally phosphorous and oxygen, in the amounts indicated above (wherein the molar ranges indicated are without regard to the moles of catalyst support, including any vanadium, titanium, oxide additive, phosphorous or oxygen contained in the catalyst support). The total weight of the support (or modified support), based on the total weight of the catalyst, preferably is from 75 wt.% to 99.9 wt.%, e.g., from 78 wt.% to 97 wt.% or from 80 wt.% to 95 wt.%. The support may vary widely. In one embodiment, the support material is selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, aluminosilicates, zeolitic materials, mixed metal oxides (including but not limited to binary oxides such as Si0 ₂ -Al ₂ 0 ₃ , Si0 ₂ -Ti0 ₂ , Si0 ₂ -ZnO, Si0 ₂ -MgO, Si0 ₂ -Zr0 ₂ , Al ₂ 0 ₃ -MgO, Al ₂ 0 ₃ -Ti0 ₂ , Al ₂ 0 ₃ -ZnO, Ti0 ₂ -MgO, Ti0 ₂ -Zr0 ₂ , Ti0 ₂ -ZnO, Ti0 ₂ -Sn0 ₂ ) and mixtures thereof, with silica being one preferred support. In embodiments where the catalyst comprises a titania support, the titania support may comprise a major or minor amount of rutile and/or anatase titanium dioxide. Other suitable support materials may include, for example, stable metal oxide-based supports or ceramic-based supports. Preferred supports include silicaceous supports, such as silica, silica/alumina, a Group IIA silicate such as calcium metasilicate, pyrogenic silica, high purity silica, silicon carbide, sheet silicates or clay minerals such as montmorillonite, beidellite, saponite, pillared clays, other microporous and mesoporous materials, and mixtures thereof. Other supports may include, but are not limited to, iron oxide, magnesia, steatite, magnesium oxide, carbon, graphite, high surface area graphitized carbon, activated carbons, and mixtures thereof. These listings of supports are merely exemplary and are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0083] In some embodiments, a zeolitic support is employed. For example, the zeolitic support may be selected from the group consisting of montmorillonite, NH ₄ ferrierite, H- mordenite-PVOx, vermiculite-1, H-ZSM5, NaY, H-SDUSY, Y zeolite with high SAR, activated bentonite, H-USY, MONT-2, HY, mordenite SAR 20, SAPO-34, Aluminosilicate (X), VUSY, Aluminosilicate (CaX), Re-Y, and mixtures thereof. H-SDUSY, VUSY, and H-USY are modified Y zeolites belonging to the faujasite family. In one embodiment, the support is a zeolite that does not contain any metal oxide modifier(s). In some embodiments, the catalyst composition comprises a zeolitic support and the active phase comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of vanadium, aluminum, nickel, molybdenum, cobalt, iron, tungsten, zinc, copper, titanium cesium bismuth, sodium, calcium, chromium, cadmium, zirconium, and mixtures thereof. In some of these embodiments, the active phase may also comprise hydrogen, oxygen, and/or phosphorus.

[0084] In other embodiments, in addition to the active phase and a support, the inventive catalyst may further comprise a support modifier. A modified support, in one embodiment, relates to a support that includes a support material and a support modifier, which, for example, may adjust the chemical or physical properties of the support material such as the acidity or basicity of the support material. In embodiments that use a modified support, the support modifier is present in an amount from 0.1 wt.% to 50 wt.%, e.g., from 0.2 wt.% to 25 wt.%, from 0.5 wt.% to 15 wt.%, or from 1 wt.% to 8 wt.%, based on the total weight of the catalyst composition.

[0085] In one embodiment, the support modifier is an acidic support modifier. In some embodiments, the catalyst support is modified with an acidic support modifier. The support modifier similarly may be an acidic modifier that has a low volatility or little volatility. The acidic modifiers may be selected from the group consisting of oxides of Group IVB metals, oxides of Group VB metals, oxides of Group VIB metals, iron oxides, aluminum oxides, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the acidic modifier may be selected from the group consisting of W0 ₃ , Mo0 ₃ , Fe ₂ 0 ₃ , Cr ₂ 0 ₃ , V ₂ 0 ₅ , Mn0 ₂ , CuO, Co ₂ 0 ₃ , Bi ₂ 0 ₃ , Ti0 ₂ , Zr0 ₂ , Nb ₂ 0 ₅ , Ta ₂ 0 ₅ , A1 ₂ 0 ₃ , B ₂ 0 ₃ , P ₂ 0 ₅ , and Sb ₂ 0 ₃ .

[0086] In another embodiment, the support modifier is a basic support modifier. The presence of chemical species such as alkali and alkaline earth metals, are normally considered basic and may conventionally be considered detrimental to catalyst performance. The presence of these species, however, surprisingly and unexpectedly, may be beneficial to the catalyst performance. In some embodiments, these species may act as catalyst promoters or a necessary part of the acidic catalyst structure such in layered or sheet silicates such as montmorillonite. Without being bound by theory, it is postulated that these cations create a strong dipole with species that create acidity.

[0087] Additional modifiers that may be included in the catalyst include, for example, boron, aluminum, magnesium, zirconium, and hafnium.

[0088] As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, the support materials, if included in the catalyst of the present invention, preferably are selected such that the catalyst system is suitably active, selective and robust under the process conditions employed for the formation of the desired product, e.g., acrylic acid or alkyl acrylate. Also, the active metals and/or pyrophosphates that are included in the catalyst of the invention may be dispersed throughout the support, coated on the outer surface of the support (egg shell) or decorated on the surface of the support. In some embodiments, in the case of macro- and meso-porous materials, the active sites may be anchored or applied to the surfaces of the pores that are distributed throughout the particle and hence are surface sites available to the reactants but are distributed throughout the support particle.

[0089] The inventive catalyst may further comprise other additives, examples of which may include: molding assistants for enhancing moldability; reinforcements for enhancing the strength of the catalyst; pore-forming or pore modification agents for formation of appropriate pores in the catalyst, and binders. Examples of these other additives include stearic acid, graphite, starch, cellulose, silica, alumina, glass fibers, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride. Preferably, these additives do not have detrimental effects on the catalytic performances, e.g., conversion and/or activity. These various additives may be added in such an amount that the physical strength of the catalyst does not readily deteriorate to such an extent that it becomes impossible to use the catalyst practically as an industrial catalyst.

Separation

[0090] As discussed above, the crude product stream is separated to yield an intermediate acrylate product stream. FIG. 1 is a flow diagram depicting the formation of the crude product stream and the separation thereof to obtain an intermediate acrylate product stream. Acrylate product system 100 comprises reaction zone 102 and alkylenating agent split zone 132.

Reaction zone 102 comprises reactor 106, alkanoic acid feed, e.g., acetic acid feed, 108a, alkylenating agent feed, e.g., formaldehyde feed 110, and vaporizer 112. Preferably, alkylenating agent feed is a high temperature alkylenating agent feed. High temperature alkylenating agent stream 110 is produced from alcohol oxidation reactor 105. Alcohol feed 104 and oxygen feed 107 feed alcohol oxidation reactor 105, which reacts the alcohol, e.g., methanol, and the oxygen to form the high temperature alkylenating agent stream.

[0091] Acetic acid and formaldehyde are fed to vaporizer 112 via lines 108a and 110, respectively, to create a vapor feed stream, which exits vaporizer 112 via line 114 and is directed to reactor 106. In one embodiment, the acetic acid feed may be combined with the high temperature alkylenating agent stream in line 110 prior to entering the vaporizer, as shown in optional line 108b. The temperature of the vapor feed stream in line 114 is preferably from 200°C to 600°C, e.g., from 250°C to 500°C or from 340°C to 425°C. Alternatively, a vaporizer may not be employed and one or more of the reactants, e.g, the high temperature alkylenating agent stream, may be fed directly to reactor 106. In one embodiment, alkylenating agent feed 110 and alkanoic acid feed 108b may be combined and fed to reactor 106. [0092] Any feed that is not vaporized may be removed from vaporizer 112 and may be recycled or discarded. In addition, although line 1 14 is shown as being directed to the upper half of reactor 106, line 114 may be directed to the middle or bottom of first reactor 106.

Further modifications and additional components to reaction zone 102 and alkylenating agent split zone 132 are described below.

[0093] Reactor 106 contains the catalyst that is used in the reaction to form crude product stream, which is withdrawn, preferably continuously, from reactor 106 via line 116. Although FIG. 1 shows the crude product stream being withdrawn from the bottom of reactor 106, the crude product stream may be withdrawn from any portion of reactor 106. Exemplary composition ranges for the crude product stream are shown in Table 1 above.

[0094] In one embodiment, one or more guard beds (not shown) may be used upstream of the reactor to protect the catalyst from poisons or undesirable impurities contained in the feed or return/recycle streams. Such guard beds may be employed in the vapor or liquid streams. Suitable guard bed materials may include, for example, carbon, silica, alumina, ceramic, or resins. In one aspect, the guard bed media is functionalized, e.g., silver functionalized, to trap particular species such as sulfur or halogens.

[0095] The crude product stream in line 116 is fed to alkylenating agent split unit 132.

Alkylenating agent split unit 132 may comprise one or more separation units, e.g., two or more or three or more. Alkylenating agent split unit 132 separates the crude product stream into at least one intermediate acrylate product stream, which exits via line 118 and at least one alkylenating agent stream, which exits via line 120. Exemplary compositional ranges for the intermediate acrylate product stream are shown in Table 2. Components other than those listed in Table 2 may also be present in the intermediate acrylate product stream. Examples include methanol, methyl acetate, methyl acrylate, dimethyl ketone, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, nitrogen, and acetone. TABLE 2

INTERMEDIATE ACRYLATE PRODUCT STREAM COMPOSITION

Cone. (wt%) Cone. (wt%) Cone. (wt%)

Acrylic Acid at least 5 5 to 99 35 to 65

Acetic Acid less than 95 5 to 90 20 to 60

Water less than 25 0.1 to 10 0.5 to 7

Alkylenating Agent < 1 < 0.5 < 0.1

Propionic Acid < 10 0.01 to 5 0.01 to 1

[0096] In other embodiments, the intermediate acrylate product stream comprises higher amounts of alkylenating agent. For example, the intermediate acrylate product stream may comprise from 1 wt% to 10 wt% alkylenating agent, e.g., from 1 wt% to 8 wt% or from 2 wt% to 5 wt%. In one embodiment, the intermediate acrylate product stream comprises greater than 1 wt% alkylenating agent, e.g., greater than 5 wt% or greater than 10 wt%.

[0097] Exemplary compositional ranges for the alkylenating agent stream are shown in Table 3. Components other than those listed in Table 3 may also be present in the purified alkylate product stream. Examples include methanol, methyl acetate, methyl acrylate, dimethyl ketone, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, nitrogen, and acetone.

TABLE 3

ALKYLENATING AGENT STREAM COMPOSITION

Cone. (wt%) Cone. (wt%) Cone. (wt%)

Acrylic Acid less than 15 0.01 to 10 0.1 to 5

Acetic Acid 10 to 65 20 to 65 25 to 55

Water 15 to 75 25 to 65 30 to 60

Alkylenating Agent at least 1 1 to 75 10 to 20

Propionic Acid < 10 0.001 to 5 0.001 to 1

[0098] In other embodiments, the alkylenating stream comprises lower amounts of acetic acid. For example, the alkylenating agent stream may comprise less than 10 wt% acetic acid, e.g., less than 5 wt% or less than 1 wt%.

[0099] As mentioned above, the crude product stream of the present invention comprises little, if any, furfural and/or acrolein. As such the derivative stream(s) of the crude product streams will comprise little, if any, furfural and/or acrolein. In one embodiment, the derivative stream(s), e.g., the streams of the separation zone, comprises less than less than 500 wppm acrolein, e.g., less than 100 wppm, less than 50 wppm, or less than 10 wppm. In one embodiment, the derivative stream(s) comprises less than less than 500 wppm furfural, e.g., less than 100 wppm, less than 50 wppm, or less than 10 wppm.

[0100] FIG. 2 shows an overview of a reaction/separation scheme in accordance with the present invention. Acrylate product system 200 comprises a reaction zone and a separation zone. The reaction zone comprises reactor 206, alkanoic acid feed, e.g., acetic acid feed, 208a, alcohol feed 204, oxygen feed 207, alcohol reactor 205, alkylenating agent feed, e.g., formaldehyde feed 210, vaporizer 212, and line 214. The reaction zone and the components thereof function in a manner similar to reaction zone 102 of FIG. 1. As shown by optional line 108b, the acetic acid feed may be combined with the formaldehyde feed 210 prior to entering the vaporizer.

[0101] The reaction zone yields a crude product stream, which exits the reaction zone via line 216 and is directed to the separation zone. The components of the crude product stream are discussed above. The separation zone comprises alkylenating agent split unit 232, acrylate product split unit 234, acetic acid split unit 236, and drying unit 238. The separation zone may also comprise an optional light ends removal unit (not shown). For example, the light ends removal unit may comprise a condenser and/or a flasher. The light ends removal unit may be configured either upstream or downstream of the alkylenating agent split unit. Depending on the configuration, the light ends removal unit removes light ends from the crude product stream, the alkylenating stream, and/or the intermediate acrylate product stream. In one embodiment, when the light ends are removed, the remaining liquid phase comprises the acrylic acid, acetic acid, alkylenating agent, and/or water.

[0102] In another embodiment, the light ends removal unit may be configured to separate a light ends recycle stream from the crude product stream. The light ends recycle stream comprise may comprise gases including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. These gases may be recycled to reactor 205.

[0103] Alkylenating agent split unit 232 may comprise any suitable separation device or combination of separation devices. For example, alkylenating agent split unit 232 may comprise a column, e.g., a standard distillation column, an extractive distillation column and/or an azeotropic distillation column. In other embodiments, alkylenating agent split unit 232 comprises a precipitation unit, e.g., a crystallizer and/or a chiller. Preferably, alkylenating agent split unit 232 comprises two standard distillation columns. In another embodiment, the alkylenating agent split is performed by contacting the crude product stream with a solvent that is immiscible with water. For example alkylenating agent split unit 232 may comprise at least one liquid-liquid extraction columns. In another embodiment, the alkylenating agent split is performed via azeotropic distillation, which employs an azeotropic agent. In these cases, the azeotropic agent may be selected from the group consisting of methyl isobutylketene, o-xylene, toluene, benzene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, p-xylene, and mixtures thereof. This listing is not exclusive and is not meant to limit the scope of the invention. In another embodiment, the alkylenating agent split is performed via a combination of distillation, e.g., standard distillation, and crystallization. Of course, other suitable separation devices may be employed either alone or in combination with the devices mentioned herein.

[0104] In FIG. 2, alkylenating agent split unit 232 comprises first column 244 and second column 246. Alkylenating agent split unit 232 receives crude acrylic product stream in line 216 and separates same into at least one alkylenating agent stream, e.g., stream 248, and at least one purified product stream, e.g., stream 242. Alkylenating agent split unit 232 performs an alkylenating agent split, as discussed above.

[0105] In operation, as shown in FIG. 2, the crude product stream in line 216 is directed to first column 244. First column 244 separates the crude product stream a distillate in line 240 and a residue in line 242. The distillate may be refluxed and the residue may be boiled up as shown. Stream 240 comprises at least 1 wt% alkylenating agent. As such, stream 240 may be considered an alkylenating agent stream. The first column residue exits first column 244 in line 242 and comprises a significant portion of acrylate product. As such, stream 242 is an intermediate product stream. Exemplary compositional ranges for the distillate and residue of first column 244 are shown in Table 4. Components other than those listed in Table 4 may also be present in the residue and distillate.

TABLE 4

FIRST COLUMN

Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%)

Distillate

Acrylic Acid 0.1 to 20 1 to 10 1 to 5

Acetic Acid 25 to 65 35 to 55 40 to 50

Water 15 to 55 25 to 45 30 to 40

Alkylenating Agent at least 1 1 to 75 10 to 20

Propionic Acid < 10 0.001 to 5 0.001 to 1

Residue

Acrylic Acid at least 5 5 to 99 35 to 65

Acetic Acid less than 95 5 to 90 20 to 60

Water less than 25 0.1 to 10 0.5 to 7

Alkylenating Agent < 1 < 0.5 < 0.1

Propionic Acid < 10 0.01 to 5 0.01 o 1

[0106] In one embodiment, the first distillate comprises smaller amounts of acetic acid, e.g., less than 25 wt%, less than 10 wt% , e.g., less than 5 wt% or less than 1 wt%. In one

embodiment, the first residue comprises larger amounts of alkylenating agent, e.g.,

[0107] In other embodiments, the intermediate acrylate product stream comprises higher amounts of alkylenating agent, e.g., greater than 1 wt% greater than 5 wt% or greater than 10 wt%.

[0108] For convenience, the distillate and residue of the first column may also be referred to as the "first distillate" or "first residue." The distillates or residues of the other columns may also be referred to with similar numeric modifiers (second, third, etc.) in order to distinguish them from one another, but such modifiers should not be construed as requiring any particular separation order.

[0109] In one embodiment, polymerization inhibitors and/or anti-foam agents may be employed in the separation zone, e.g., in the units of the separation zone. The inhibitors may be used to reduce the potential for fouling caused by polymerization of acrylates. The anti-foam agents may be used to reduce potential for foaming in the various streams of the separation zone. The polymerization inhibitors and/or the anti-foam agents may be used at one or more locations in the separation zone. [0110] Returning to FIG. 2, at least a portion of stream 240 is directed to second column 246. Second column 246 separates the at least a portion of stream 240 into a distillate in line 248 and a residue in line 250. The distillate may be refluxed and the residue may be boiled up as shown. The distillate comprises at least 1 wt% alkylenating agent. Stream 248, like stream 240, may be considered an alkylenating agent stream. The second column residue exits second column 246 in line 250 and comprises a significant portion of acetic acid. At least a portion of line 250 may be returned to first column 244 for further separation. In one embodiment, at least a portion of line 250 is returned, either directly or indirectly, to reactor 206. Exemplary compositional ranges for the distillate and residue of second column 246 are shown in Table 5. Components other than those listed in Table 5 may also be present in the residue and distillate.

TABLE 5

SECOND COLUMN

Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%)

Distillate

Acrylic Acid 0.01 to 10 0.05 to 5 0.1 to 0.5

Acetic Acid 10 to 50 20 to 40 25 to 35

Water 35 to 75 45 to 65 50 to 60

Alkylenating Agent at least 1 1 to 75 10 to 20

Propionic Acid 0.01 to 10 0.01 to 5 0.01 to 0.05

Residue

Acrylic Acid 0.1 to 25 0.05 to 15 1 to 10

Acetic Acid 40 to 80 50 to 70 55 to 65

Water 1 to 40 5 to 35 10 to 30

Alkylenating Agent at least 1 1 to 75 10 to 20

Propionic Acid < 10 0.001 to 5 0.001 to 1

[0111] In cases where any of the alkylenating agent split unit comprises at least one column, the column(s) may be operated at suitable temperatures and pressures. In one embodiment, the temperature of the residue exiting the column(s) ranges from 90°C to 130°C, e.g., from 95°C to 120°C or from 100°C to 115°C. The temperature of the distillate exiting the column(s) preferably ranges from 60°C to 90°C, e.g., from 65°C to 85°C or from 70°C to 80°C. The pressure at which the column(s) are operated may range from 1 kPa to 300 kPa, e.g., from 10 kPa to 100 kPa or from 40 kPa to 80 kPa. In preferred embodiments, the pressure at which the column(s) are operated is kept at a low level e.g., less than 100 kPa, less than 80 kPa, or less than 60 kPa. In terms of lower limits, the column(s) may be operated at a pressures of at least 1 kPa, e.g., at least 20 kPa or at least 40 kPa. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that alkylenating agents, e.g., formaldehyde, may not be sufficiently volatile at lower pressures. Thus, maintenance of the column pressures at these levels surprisingly and unexpectedly provides for efficient separation operations. In addition, it has surprisingly and unexpectedly been found that be maintaining a low pressure in the columns of alkylenating agent split unit 232 may inhibit and/or eliminate polymerization of the acrylate products, e.g., acrylic acid, which may contribute to fouling of the column(s).

[0112] In one embodiment, the alkylenating agent split is achieved via one or more liquid- liquid extraction units. Preferably, the one or more liquid-liquid extraction units employ one or more extraction agents. Multiple liquid-liquid extraction units may be employed to achieve the alkylenating agent split. Any suitable liquid-liquid extraction devices used for multiple equilibrium stage separations may be used. Also, other separation devices, e.g., traditional columns, may be employed in conjunction with the liquid-liquid extraction unit(s).

[0113] In one embodiment (not shown), the crude product stream is fed to a liquid-liquid extraction column where the crude product stream is contacted with an extraction agent, e.g., an organic solvent. The liquid-liquid extraction column extracts the acids, e.g., acrylic acid and acetic acid, from the crude product stream. An aqueous stage comprising water, alkylenating agent, and some acetic acid exits the liquid-liquid extraction unit. Small amounts of acylic acid may also be present in the aqueous stream. The aqueous phase may be further treated and/or recycled. An organic phase comprising acrylic acid, acetic acid, and the extraction agent also exits the liquid-liquid extraction unit. The organic phase may also comprise water and formaldehyde. The acrylic acid may be separated from the organic phase and collected as product. The acetic acid may be separated then recycled and/or used elsewhere. The solvent may be recovered and recycled to the liquid-liquid extraction unit.

[0114] The inventive process further comprises the step of separating the intermediate acrylate product stream to form a finished acrylate product stream and a first finished acetic acid stream. The finished acrylate product stream comprises acrylate product(s) and the first finished acetic acid stream comprises acetic acid. The separation of the acrylate products from the intermediate product stream to form the finished acrylate product may be referred to as the "acrylate product split." [0115] Returning to FIG. 2, purified product stream 242 exits alkylenating agent split unit 232 and is directed to acrylate product split unit 234 for further separation, e.g., to further separate the acrylate products therefrom. Acrylate product split unit 234 may comprise any suitable separation device or combination of separation devices. For example, acrylate product split unit 234 may comprise at least one column, e.g., a standard distillation column, an extractive distillation column and/or an azeotropic distillation column. In other embodiments, acrylate product split unit 234 comprises a precipitation unit, e.g., a crystallizer and/or a chiller.

Preferably, acrylate product split unit 234 comprises two standard distillation columns as shown in FIG. 2. In another embodiment, acrylate product split unit 234 comprises a liquid-liquid extraction unit. Of course, other suitable separation devices may be employed either alone or in combination with the devices mentioned herein.

[0116] In FIG. 2, acrylate product split unit 234 comprises third column 252 and fourth column 254. Acrylate product split unit 234 receives at least a portion of purified acrylic product stream in line 242 and separates same into finished acrylate product stream 256 and at least one acetic acid-containing stream. As such, acrylate product split unit 234 may yield the finished acrylate product.

[0117] As shown in FIG. 2, at least a portion of purified acrylic product stream in line 242 is directed to third column 252. Third column 252 separates the purified acrylic product stream to form third distillate, e.g., line 258, and third residue, which is the finished acrylate product stream, e.g., line 256. The distillate may be refluxed and the residue may be boiled up as shown.

[0118] Stream 258 comprises acetic acid and some acrylic acid. The third column residue exits third column 252 in line 256 and comprises a significant portion of acrylate product. As such, stream 256 is a finished product stream. Exemplary compositional ranges for the distillate and residue of third column 252 are shown in Table 6. Components other than those listed in Table 6 may also be present in the residue and distillate. TABLE 6

THIRD COLUMN

Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%)

Distillate

Acrylic Acid 0.1 to 40 1 to 30 5 to 30

Acetic Acid 60 to 99 70 to 90 75 to 85

Water 0.1 to 25 0.1 to 10 1 to 5

Alkylenating Agent less than 1 0.001 to 1 0.1 to 1

Propionic Acid < 10 0.001 to 5 0.001 to 1

Residue

Acrylic Acid at least 85 85 to 99.9 95 to 99.5

Acetic Acid less than 15 0.1 to 10 0.1 to 5

Water less than 1 less than 0.1 less than 0.01

Alkylenating Agent less than 1 0.001 to 1 0.1 to 1

Propionic Acid 0.1 to 10 0.1 to 5 0.5 to 3

[0119] Returning to FIG. 2, at least a portion of stream 258 is directed to fourth column 254. Fourth column 254 separates the at least a portion of stream 258 into a distillate in line 260 and a residue in line 262. The distillate may be refluxed and the residue may be boiled up as shown. The distillate comprises a major portion of acetic acid. In one embodiment, at least a portion of line 260 is returned, either directly or indirectly, to reactor 206. The fourth column residue exits fourth column 254 in line 262 and comprises acetic acid and some acrylic acid. At least a portion of line 262 may be returned to third column 252 for further separation. In one embodiment, at least a portion of line 262 is returned, either directly or indirectly, to reactor 206. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the acetic acid-containing stream in either or both of lines 260 and 262 may be directed to an ethanol production system that utilizes the

hydrogenation of acetic acid form the ethanol. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the acetic acid-containing stream in either or both of lines 260 and 262 may be directed to a vinyl acetate system that utilizes the reaction of ethylene, acetic acid, and oxygen form the vinyl acetate. Exemplary compositional ranges for the distillate and residue of fourth column 254 are shown in Table 7. Components other than those listed in Table 7 may also be present in the residue and distillate. TABLE 7

FOURTH COLUMN

Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%)

Distillate

Acrylic Acid 0.01 to 10 0.05 to 5 0.1 to 1

Acetic Acid 50 to 99.9 70 to 99.5 80 to 99

Water 0.1 to 25 0.1 to 15 1 to 10

Alkylenating Agent less than 10 0.001 to 5 0.01 to 5

Propionic Acid 0.0001 to 10 0.001 to 5 0.001 to 0.05

Residue

Acrylic Acid 5 to 50 15 to 40 20 to 35

Acetic Acid 50 to 95 60 to 80 65 to 75

Water 0.01 to 10 0.01 to 5 0.1 to 1

Alkylenating Agent less than 1 0.001 to 1 0.1 to 1

Propionic Acid < 10 0.001 to 5 0.001 to 1

[0120] In cases where the acrylate product split unit comprises at least one column, the column(s) may be operated at suitable temperatures and pressures. In one embodiment, the temperature of the residue exiting the column(s) ranges from 90°C to 130°C, e.g., from 95°C to 120°C or from 100°C to 115°C. The temperature of the distillate exiting the column(s) preferably ranges from 60°C to 90°C, e.g., from 65°C to 85°C or from 70°C to 80°C. The pressure at which the column(s) are operated may range from 1 kPa to 300 kPa, e.g., from 10 kPa to 100 kPa or from 40 kPa to 80 kPa. In preferred embodiments, the pressure at which the column(s) are operated is kept at a low level e.g., less than 50 kPa, less than 27 kPa, or less than 20 kPa. In terms of lower limits, the column(s) may be operated at a pressures of at least 1 kPa, e.g., at least 3 kPa or at least 5 kPa. Without being bound by theory, it has surprisingly and unexpectedly been found that be maintaining a low pressure in the columns of acrylate product split unit 234 may inhibit and/or eliminate polymerization of the acrylate products, e.g., acrylic acid, which may contribute to fouling of the column(s).

[0121] It has also been found that, surprisingly and unexpectedly, maintaining the temperature of acrylic acid-containing streams fed to acrylate product split unit 234 at temperatures below 140°C, e.g., below 130°C or below 115°C, may inhibit and/or eliminate polymerization of acrylate products. In one embodiment, to maintain the liquid temperature at these temperatures, the pressure of the column(s) is maintained at or below the pressures mentioned above. In these cases, due to the lower pressures, the number of theoretical column trays is kept at a low level, e.g., less than 10, less than 8, less than 7, or less than 5. As such, it has surprisingly and unexpectedly been found that multiple columns having fewer trays inhibit and/or eliminate acrylate product polymerization. In contrast, a column having a higher amount of trays, e.g., more than 10 trays or more than 15 trays, would suffer from fouling due to the polymerization of the acrylate products. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the acrylic acid split is performed in at least two, e.g., at least three, columns, each of which have less than 10 trays, e.g. less than 7 trays. These columns each may operate at the lower pressures discussed above.

[0122] The inventive process further comprises the step of separating an alkylenating agent stream to form a purified alkylenating stream and a purified acetic acid stream. The purified alkylenating agent stream comprises a significant portion of alkylenating agent, and the purified acetic acid stream comprises acetic acid and water. The separation of the alkylenating agent from the acetic acid may be referred to as the "acetic acid split."

[0123] Returning to FIG. 2, alkylenating agent stream 248 exits alkylenating agent split unit 232 and is directed to acetic acid split unit 236 for further separation, e.g., to further separate the alkylenating agent and the acetic acid therefrom. Acetic acid split unit 236 may comprise any suitable separation device or combination of separation devices. For example, acetic acid split unit 236 may comprise at least one column, e.g., a standard distillation column, an extractive distillation column and/or an azeotropic distillation column. In other embodiments, acetic acid split unit 236 comprises a precipitation unit, e.g., a crystallizer and/or a chiller.

Preferably, acetic acid split unit 236 comprises a standard distillation column as shown in FIG. 2. In another embodiment, acetic acid split unit 236 comprises a liquid-liquid extraction unit. Of course, other suitable separation devices may be employed either alone or in combination with the devices mentioned herein.

[0124] In FIG. 2, acetic acid split unit 236 comprises fifth column 264. Acetic acid split unit 236 receives at least a portion of alkylenating agent stream in line 248 and separates same into a fifth distillate comprising alkylenating agent in line 266, e.g., a purified alkylenating stream, and a fifth residue comprising acetic acid in line 268, e.g., a purified acetic acid stream. The distillate may be refluxed and the residue may be boiled up as shown. In one embodiment, at least a portion of line 266 and/or line 268 are returned, either directly or indirectly, to reactor 206. At least a portion of stream in line 268 may be further separated. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the acetic acid-containing stream in line 268 may be directed to an ethanol production system that utilizes the hydrogenation of acetic acid form the ethanol. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the acetic acid-containing stream in either or both of lines 260 and 262 may be directed to a vinyl acetate system that utilizes the reaction of ethylene, acetic acid, and oxygen form the vinyl acetate.

[0125] The stream in line 266 comprises alkylenating agent and water. The stream in line 268 comprises acetic acid and water. Exemplary compositional ranges for the distillate and residue of fifth column 264 are shown in Table 8. Components other than those listed in Table 8 may also be present in the residue and distillate.

TABLE 8

FIFTH COLUMN

Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%)

Distillate

Acrylic Acid less than 1 0.001 to 5 0.001 to 1

Acetic Acid less than 1 0.001 to 5 0.001 to 1

Water 40 to 80 50 to 70 55 to 65

Alkylenating Agent 20 to 60 30 to 50 35 to 45

Propionic Acid less than 1 0.001 to 5 0.001 to 1

Residue

Acrylic Acid less than 1 0.01 to 5 0.1 to 1

Acetic Acid 25 to 65 35 to 55 40 to 50

Water 35 to 75 45 to 65 50 to 60

Alkylenating Agent less than 1 0.01 to 5 0.1 to 1

Propionic Acid less than 1 0.001 to 5 0.01 1

[0126] In cases where the acetic acid split unit comprises at least one column, the column(s) may be operated at suitable temperatures and pressures. In one embodiment, the temperature of the residue exiting the column(s) ranges from 90°C to 130°C, e.g., from 95°C to 120°C or from 100°C to 115°C. The temperature of the distillate exiting the column(s) preferably ranges from 60°C to 90°C, e.g., from 65°C to 85°C or from 70°C to 80°C. The pressure at which the column(s) are operated may range from 1 kPa to 500 kPa, e.g., from 25 kPa to 400 kPa or from 100 kPa to 300 kPa.

[0127] The inventive process further comprises the step of separating the purified acetic acid stream to form a second finished acetic acid stream and a water stream. The second finished acetic acid stream comprises a major portion of acetic acid, and the water stream comprises mostly water. The separation of the acetic from the water may be referred to as dehydration.

[0128] Returning to FIG. 2, fifth residue 268 exits acetic acid split unit 236 and is directed to drying unit 238 for further separation, e.g., to remove water from the acetic acid. Drying unit 238 may comprise any suitable separation device or combination of separation devices. For example, drying unit 238 may comprise at least one column, e.g., a standard distillation column, an extractive distillation column and/or an azeotropic distillation column. In other

embodiments, drying unit 238 comprises a dryer and/or a molecular sieve unit. In a preferred embodiment, drying unit 238 comprises a liquid-liquid extraction unit. In one embodiment, drying unit 238 comprises a standard distillation column as shown in FIG. 2. Of course, other suitable separation devices may be employed either alone or in combination with the devices mentioned herein.

[0129] In FIG. 2, drying unit 238 comprises sixth column 270. Drying unit 238 receives at least a portion of second finished acetic acid stream in line 268 and separates same into a sixth distillate comprising a major portion of water in line 272 and a sixth residue comprising acetic acid and small amounts of water in line 274. The distillate may be refluxed and the residue may be boiled up as shown. In one embodiment, at least a portion of line 274 is returned, either directly or indirectly, to reactor 206. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the acetic acid-containing stream in line 274 may be directed to an ethanol production system that utilizes the hydrogenation of acetic acid form the ethanol. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the acetic acid-containing stream in either or both of lines 260 and 262 may be directed to a vinyl acetate system that utilizes the reaction of ethylene, acetic acid, and oxygen form the vinyl acetate.

[0130] Exemplary compositional ranges for the distillate and residue of sixth column 270 are shown in Table 9. Components other than those listed in Table 9 may also be present in the residue and distillate. TABLE 9

SIXTH COLUMN

Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%) Cone, (wt.%)

Distillate

Acrylic Acid less than 1 0.001 to 5 0.001 to 1 Acetic Acid less than 1 0.01 to 5 0.01 to 1 Water 90 to 99.9 95 to 99.9 95 to 99.5

Alkylenating Agent less than 1 0.01 to 5 0.01 to 1 Propionic Acid less than 1 0.001 to 5 0.001 to 1

Residue

Acrylic Acid less than 1 0.01 to 5 0.01 to 1 Acetic Acid 75 to 99.9 85 to 99.5 90 to 99.5 Water 25 to 65 35 to 55 40 to 50

Alkylenating Agent less than 1 less than 0.001 less than 0.0001 Propionic Acid less than 1 0.001 to 5 0.01 1

[0131] In cases where the drying unit comprises at least one column, the column(s) may be operated at suitable temperatures and pressures. In one embodiment, the temperature of the residue exiting the column(s) ranges from 90°C to 130°C, e.g., from 95°C to 120°C or from 100°C to 115°C. The temperature of the distillate exiting the column(s) preferably ranges from 60°C to 90°C, e.g., from 65°C to 85°C or from 70°C to 80°C. The pressure at which the column(s) are operated may range from 1 kPa to 500 kPa, e.g., from 25 kPa to 400 kPa or from 100 kPa to 300 kPa. FIG. 2 also shows tank 276, which, collects at least one of the process streams prior to recycling same to reactor 206. Tank 276 is an optional feature. The various recycle streams that may, alternatively, be recycled directly to reactor 206 without being collected in tank 276.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0132] A simulation of a process in accordance with FIG. 2 was conducted using ASPEN™ software. The compositions of the various process streams are shown in Table 10. TABLE 10

FIG. 2

[0133] As shown by the simulation, a crude product stream may be formed via the aldol condensation of acetic acid and formaldehyde, wherein the formaldehyde is formed in an alcohol oxidation unit as a high temperature alkylenating agent stream. This formaldehyde- containing product stream can be effectively separated in accordance with the present invention to achieve a finished acrylic acid product comprising over 97 wt% acrylic acid.

[0134] While the invention has been described in detail, modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art. In view of the foregoing discussion, relevant knowledge in the art and references discussed above in connection with the Background and Detailed Description, the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the invention and portions of various embodiments and various features recited above and/or in the appended claims may be combined or interchanged either in whole or in part. In the foregoing descriptions of the various embodiments, those embodiments which refer to another embodiment may be appropriately combined with other embodiments as will be appreciated by one of skill in the art. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention.