AND EXAMPLES OF USE IN FMCW LIPAR METHODS AND

APPARATUSES

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[001] This application claims tite benefit under 35 U.S.C. § ί 19 of the earlier filing date of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/567,052 filed October 2, 2017, fee entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for any purpose.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[002] Examples described herein relate to the field of optical distance measurement, including light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems and methods, such as frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) LiDAR systems and methods, qr and length metrology. Examples of systems and methods which may advantageously process temporal segments of an interference signal are described. BACKGROUND

[003] FMCW laser radar (ladar) generally refers to a form of coherent laser distance measurement that may use substantially linear frequency modulation of a laser output, which is referred to as a form of frequency 'chirp ^* , to achieve distance measurements. The laser frequency may be directly chirped, or me frequency chirp may be imparted to the laser frequency by a modulator that may be external to the laser. FMCW ladar uses optical heterodyne detection, which can provide quantum-noise-limited measurement signals, and allow measurements with a large dynamic range of signal powers due the square root dependence of the FMCW signal on the scattered optical power received from the target. If desired, direct modulation of the laser output frequency can result in large chirp bandwidths, and therefore, high-resolution distance measurements due to the well-known relationship, - ^{c 2} # where AR is the range resolution, c is the speed of light and B is the chirp bandwidth. Chirped sideband modulation using an RF chirp and, for instance, an optical modulator, is also possible. Production of highly- linear laser frequency chirps can lead to the achievement of substantially Fourier- limited range peaks, and the realization Cramer-Rao-limited distance measurement precisions where is the RF power sigrml-to-noise ratio of the range measurement).

[004] Existing optical measurement techniques and systems (e.g., existing LiDAR systems) may have degraded signal strength for a range of distance measurements and/or an update rate which may be less frequent than desired in some applications.

SUMMARY

[005] Examples of methods are described herein. An example method may include producing an interference signal from a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) laser radar system. The interference signal may correspond to a laser chirp over a chirp bandwidth. The method may include processing multiple temporal segments of the interference signal. Each of the multiple temporal segments may correspond to a respective segmented bandwidth. Each of the respective segmented bandwidths may be less than the chirp bandwidth. The example method may include determining a distance to at least a portion of an object based on the processing.

[006] In some examples, producing the interference signal may include directing a transmit portion of a laser beam corresponding to the laser chirp toward the object, and combining a reflected portion of the transmit portion of the laser beam with a local oscillator portion of the laser beam.

[007] In some examples, said processing may include combining results from processing the multiple temporal segments. In some examples, said combining comprises averaging. In some examples, said averaging comprises incoherent averaging.

[008] in some examples, the interference signal may include a first interference signal, the first interference signal corresponding to a first laser chirp comprising a first set of multiple temporal segments. Example methods may include producing a second interference signal from the frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) laser radar system. The second interference signal may correspond to a second laser chirp which may include s second set of multip le temporal segments. Example methods may include processing at least one of the first set of temporal segments with at least one of the second set of temporal segments to determine a distance.

[009] In some examples, the at least one of the first set of temporal segments and the at least one of the second set of temporal segments may overlap temporally.

[010] In some examples, the at least one of the first set of temporal segments and the at least one of the second set of temporal segments correspond to same optical frequencies.

[011] In some examples, the first and second sets of temporal segments may correspond to interference signals from different laser beams.

[012] In some examples, the first and second sets Of temporal segments correspond to an interference signal from a same laser beam.

[013] In some examples, processing at least one of the first set of temporal segments with at least one of the second set of temporal segments may at least partially compensate for Dopp!er noise, speckle noise, or combinations thereof.

[014] in some examples, the first and second laser chirps are in opposite directions;

[015] In some examples, an update rate of the FMCW laser radar system is faster man the inverse of the laser chirp duration.

[016] Examples of systems are described herein. Example systems may include at least one laser source configured to provide a chirped laser beam to be directed toward, and at least partially reflected by, an object 10 provide a reflected laser beam. The at least one laser source may be configured to provide die chirped laser beam chirped over a chirp bandwidth. Example systems may include a detector configured to combine a local oscillator portion of the chirped laser beam and the reflected laser beam to provide an interference signal. Example systems may include at least one processor configured to process multiple temporal segments of the interference signal. Each of the multiple temporal segments may correspond to a respective segmented bandwidth. Bach of the respective segmented bandwidth* may be less than the chirp bandwidth. The at least one processor may be configured to determine a distance to at least a portion of an object.

[017] m some examples, the at least one laser source comprises a first laser source configured to provide a first laser chirp comprising a find set of temporal segments, and the at least one laser source may additionally comprise a second laser source configured to provide a second laser chirp comprising a second set of temporal segments.

[018] In some examples, the first and second sets of temporal segments do not overlap temporally.

[019] In some examples, at least one of the first set of temporal segments overlaps temporally with at least one of the second set of temporal segments.

[020] In some examples, the at least one processor is configured to combine results from processing multiple temporal segments.

[021] In some examples, the at least one processor is configured to average results from processing multiple temporal segments.

[022] In some examples, the at least one processor is configured to determine a respective distance to the at least a portion of the object based on multiple temporal segments,

[023] In some examples, an update rate of the distance is greater man the: inverse of the duration of the laser chirp. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[024] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a system 100 arranged in accordance with examples described herein,

[025] FIG. 2A is an example plot of optical frequency of the LO and Rx signals shown in Figure 1 over time; FIG . 2B is an example plot of signal strength of a Fourier transform of an interference signal provided by the system of Figure 1 arranged in accordance with examples described herein.

[026] Figure 3 is a plot of optical frequency over time for an Rx and LO beam arranged in accordance with examples described herein.

[027] Figure 4A is a plot of optical frequency over time for an Rx and LO beam arranged in accordance with examples described herein. Figure 4B is a plot of interference signal strength over time for the example shown in Figure 4A.

[028] Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of an automotive LiDAR application arranged in accordance: with examples described herein. [029] Certain details are set forth herein to provide an understanding of described embodiments of technology. However, other examples may be practiced without various of these particular details. In some instances, well-known circuits, control signals, timing protocols, LiDAR system components, automotive components, metrology system components, software operations, and/or other components or operations have not been shown in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the described embodiments. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here.

[030] Methods and apparatuses described herein may be used to realize higher duty cycle, more robust, and longer range chirped frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) laser radar (ladar). The terms jUDAR aid LADAR may be used interchangeably herein. Examples described herein may be utilized in automotive tidar, where object distances for which range may be desired may exceed one hundred meters with update rates that may exceed 0.2 MHz in some examples. Examples are provided that use broadband chirps that are processed as multiple temporal segments. In some examples, segmenting may reduce me impact of chirp nonlinearities and/or lack of temporal overlap between the return and local oscillator beams at times that may be near the chirp tum-around times. In some examples, segmenting may allow faster update rates and greater measurement duty cycles in some examples.

[031] Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a system 100 arranged in accordance with one embodiment. The system 100 includes laser source 102, beam splitter 104, circulator 106, transceiver 108. combiner 112, detector 114, digitizer 116 and processor 118. The system 100 may, in some examples, include laser source 120 and combiner 122. The system 100 may be used to measure properties of (e.g., distance to) object 110. The laser source 102 is positioned to provide a laser beam to beam splitter 104. In some examples, two laser sources (e.g., two chirped laser beams) are provided, represented as laser source 102 and laser source 120. The two beams may be combined by the combiner 122 and the combined beam provided to the beam splitter 104. The beam splitter 104 may split the laser beam into a transmit (Tx) beam and a local oscillator (LO) beam. The circulator 106 may receive the transmit beam and provide to transceiver 108. The transceiver 108 may direct the transmit beam toward object 110. The transmit beam may be reflected from object ! 10. Reflection as used herein may refer to laser beams; that are reflected and/or scattered from an object. The reflected laser beam (Rx), which may be referred to as a range return, may be received by transceiver 108. The transceiver 108 may provide the reflected laser beam to the circulator 106, The circulator 106 may provide the reflected laser beam to the combiner 112. The combiner 112 may combine the local oscillator beam and the reflected laser beam to provide a combined beam, which may be directed onto a detector 114. Hie combined beam detected by the detector 114 may produce an interference signal corresponding to one or more range returns. The interference signal resulting from a range return may be digitized by the digitizer 116 (e.g., an analog to digital converter (ADC)) to provide a digital signal. The digital signal may be processed by processor 118 to determine one or more properties of the object 110 (e.g., distance to the target). The digital signal may be processed to produce signal strength as a function of range, which may be referred to as a range profile. Additional, fewer, and/or different components may be used in some examples,

[032] The system 100 may be a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) system, e.g. an FMCW LtDAR system 100, and/or a laser radar (ladar) system.

[033] Examples of systems described herein accordingly may include one or more laser sources, such as laser source 102. Generally, a laser source may produce coherent light (e.g., a laser beam) having a frequency mat is often in the optical or infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Examples of laser sources which may be used include, but are not limited to, semiconductor, optically-pumped semiconductor, and solid-state laser sources. Laser sources described herein may provide laser beams having a frequency - while any frequencies may be used, in some examples, frequencies in the optical or infrared range may be Used.

[034] In some examples _: , systems described herein may include a chirped laser beam.

For example, the laser source 102 may provide a chirped laser beam. Accordingly, me laser source 102 may include an actuator which may be coupled to a source of the laser beam which may control a frequency or other parameter (e.g., phase) of the laser beam to provide a chirped laser beam. Examples of actuators which may be used include, but are not limited to, circuitry to control current provided to the laser source (e.g., laser injection current), or a mechanism to change the laser cavity length. Other actuators may additionally or instead be used. Actuators may be internal or external to and/or external to laser sources. Each chirped laser (e.g., each laser source) may have any number of associated actuators, including 1, 2, 3, or another number of actuators. Generally, a chirping a laser beam or a chirped laser beam may refer to frequency modulation of a laser output (e.g., a frequency modulated laser beam). The frequency modulation may be linear in some examples (e.g., a linear chirp). Ihe laser frequency may be directly chirped via a frequency actuator within the laser, or the frequency chirp may be imparted to the laser frequency by a modulator that may be external to the laser, or the frequency chirp may be generated in any other fashion. Generally, an actuator may be used to modulate or otherwise adjust a frequency of a laser source (e.g., laser source 102 of Figure I). Any chirp rate may be used. In some examples, chirp rates of TO ¹⁴ Hz/second may be used.

[035] The chirp bandwidth generally refers to a frequency range over which the laser beam is chirped (e.g.. a difference between the largest and smallest frequency of the laser beam). Any of a variety of patterns of mul tiple chirps may be used including, but not limited to, triangle waves and/or sawtooth waves. The chirp rates of multiple chirps may be positive ("up chirp ^* ) or negative ("down chirp ^* ) and may have the same or different magnitude. Generally, a laser chirp, may refer to a temporal portion of a chirped laser beam where the laser frequency or other parameter is swept through a particular bandwidth. Accordingly, a triangle wave chirped laser beam may include a first laser chirp where a frequency is chirped up, followed by a second laser chirp where the frequency is chirped down (or Vice versa). An example sawtooth wave chirped laser beam may include a first laser chirp where a frequency is chirped up from a starting frequency to a final frequency (e.g., across a bandwidth), followed by a second laser chirp where the frequency is again chirped up from a starting frequency to die final frequency. A pattern of laser chrrps may or may not be repeated

[036] Examples of systems described herein may utilize any number of chirped lasers.

While a single laser source 102 is shown in the example of Figure 1 , in other examples, other numbers of chirped lasers may be used. For example, in Figure 1 , die laser source 102 and (he laser source 120 may provide two chirped laser beams. In some examples multiple chirped laser beams be generated by a single laser source: For example a fixed-frequency laser may be modulated by an RF source to produce modulation sidebands and the RF source frequency of the modulation may be chirped to produce multiple chirped laser beams from a single laser source. Certain of the chirped lasers may have different frequencies and/or chirp rates. In some examples, certain of die chirped lasers may have a same frequency and/or chirp rate.

[037] Examples of systems described herein may include one or more splitters, such as beam splitter 104 of Figure 1, The beam splitter 104 may be used to split one or more laser beams, e.g., from laser source 102, into a portion (a transmit portion, Tx) provided for use in directing toward (e.g., illuminating) an object (e g., provided to the circulator 106 and transceiver 108 of Figure 1 ) and a portion (a local oscillator portion. LO) which may not travel to the object Generally, any beamsplitter may be used to implement splitters described herein. Beamsplitters may generally he implemented using one or more optical components that may reflect or otherwise couple a portion of a laser beam incident on the beamsplitter into a first path and transmit another potion of the laser beam incident on the beamsplitter into a second path, m some examples, polarizing beamsplitters may be used. Generally, a splitter may provide a portion of its respective incident laser beam to each of multiple paths. Generally, splitters may split incident light in any fractional portion.

[038] Examples of systems described herein may include one or more circulators, such as circulator 106 of Figure 1. The circulator 106 may be an optical circulator, and may be implemented using a polarization-dependent or polarization independent circulator. An optical circulator may generally provide different outputs such that an input beam may be provided to a first output, and any beam reflected from the first output may be provided to a second output. The circulator 106 may provide the transmit portion (Tx) of a laser beam from beam splitter 104 to the transceiver 108 to be directed toward object 110. The Circulator 106 may act to separate a reflected laser beam (Rx) received back from the object 110. and may provide the reflected laser beam, Rx, to combiner 112. A beam splitter or combiner may also be used as a circulator.

[039] Examples of systems described herein may include one or more transceivers, such as transceiver 108 of Figure 1. The transceiver 108 may be used to direct a laser beam (e.g., the transmit portion Tx of a laser beam from laser source 102 in Figure I) toward an object, such as object 110 of Figure 1. A transceiver may generally direct a laser beam through optical components and/or a reflector and toward an object (e.g., object 110} to interrogate (e&, illuminate) the object The laser beam output by die transceiver toward the object may accordingly be based on the output of one or more laser sources, e.g., one or more chirped lasers (e.g., laser source 102 of Figure 1). The transceiver may be stationary in some examples and may be mobile in some examples. The transceiver may include a beam scanner or other components) to spatially scan a laser beam. The transceiver may provide a portion of an incident beam as an output directed toward a partial reflector and an object In some examples, the partial reflector may reflect a portion of the laser beam received from the transceiver back to other components of the system, which portion may be referred to as a local oscillator (LO) in sorrte examples. The partial reflector may alternatively be placed within or prior to the transceiver and may serve the purpose of the beam splitter and combiner. The object may reflecta portion of the laser beam received from the transceiver back to the transceiver, and the reflected laser beam (e.g., a return or receive portion Rx) may be provided to circulator 106. Laser light returning from the target to circulator 106 may be provided to a combiner 112 to produce an interference signal related to a property of the target (e.g„ a distance to the target). The transceiver may be split into a transmitter portion and a receiver portion, which may be spatially separated (e.g., bistatic transceiver). One or more optical paths may be a fiber optic path. A partial reflection from an end of a fiber may act as a beam splitter.

[040] Examples of systems described herein may include one or more combiners, such as cwnbirier 112 of Figure 1. The combiner 112 may interferometrically combine the local portion of a laser beam (e.g., LO) and a reflected laser beam (e.g., Rx) and direct the mterferometric combination onto an optical detector to produce an interference signal. Accordingly, the interference signal may be an electronic signal provided by the detector 114.

|M1| Examples of systems described herein may include one or more detectors, such as detector 114 of Figure 1. The detector may be implemented using any optical detector which may convert an incident interferometric combination into an electronic signal [042] Examples of systems described herein may include one or more digitizers, such as digitizer 116 of Figure 1. the digitizer may receive an interference signal from a detector, which may he an analog or denser digital signal, and may convert the interference signal into a digitized signal.

[043] Examples of systems described herein may include one or more processors, such as processor 118 of Figure 1. The processor may be implemented using one or more signal processors (e,g., circuitry, filters, central processing units (CPUs), processor core(s), digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and/or other processing elements). In some examples, memory may also be provided, and the processor may execute software (e.g„ executable instructions encoded in the memory). The software may include executable instructions for signal processing and/or determining one or more properties of the object 110 based on the digitized interference signal.

[044] Examples of systems described herein may accordingly be used to determine one or more properties of an object Any of a variety of objects may be used. For example, any target and/or surface. Examples include, but are not limited to, automobiles, signs, people, trees, buildings, retro-reflectors, tooling balls, metals, or optical surfaces. Objects may be stationary or may be moving. The term object may be used synonymously with the term target herein. The term surface may also; be used. Any of a variety of properties may be determined (e.g., measured) using systems described herein, including distance (e.g., range), velocity and/or acceleration. The term distance may be used synonymously with range as described herein; The terms position or location may also be used.

[045] In some examples, the laser source 102 may provide a first chirped laser beam, while the laser source 120 (which may in some examples be implemented using the same laser source 102) may provide a second chirped laser beam. Generally, the chirp rate of the first chirped laser beam may be different than the chirp rate of the second chirped laser beam. In some examples, the first chirped laser beam may be chirped in an opposite direction than the second chirped laser beam. In some examples, the first and second chirped laser beams may be: chirped in a same direction. While shown as two sources, in some examples the two chirped laser beams may be provided by a single source. White two chirped loser beams are shown in Figure I , any number may be used in other examples, including 3, 4, 5, or 6 laser beams.

[946] The chirped laser beam from laser source 102 and the chirped laser beam from laser source 120 may be combined using combiner 122. The combined beam, including two chirped laser beams, may be provided to the beam splitter 104.

[047] Λ first interference signal may be provided to digitizer 116 accordingly which is based on the first chirped laser beam (e.g., from laser source 102) and a reflected beam based on a reflection of the first chirped laser beam from object 110. A second interference signal may also be provided to digitizer 116, or a different digitizer, which second interference signal may also include a component based on the second chirped laser beam (e.g., from laser source 120) and a reflection of the second chirped laser beam from object 110. In some examples, the first and second interference signals may be provided as a composite interference signal (e.g., the first and second interference signals may be components of a single interference signal). Accordingly, me digitizer 116 may output frequency signals pertaining to both components. Composite interference signals may be filtered electronically, digitally, or otherwise, to isolate one or more constituent interference signals.

[048] Figure 2A shows an example plot of the LO and Rx optical frequencies as functions of time. In the example of Figure 2 A, both the LO and Rx signals are chirped - e.g., their frequency changes over time and over a bandwidth B. In the example of Figure 2A a triangle chirp pattern is used (e.g. _s the beam is linearly chirped up, followed by being linearly chirped down). However, other patterns may be used such as sawtooth (e.g., the beam may be linearly chirped up, then reset to a starting frequency and chirped up again through the bandwidth B). The Rx is time delayed from the LO by a time τ, which may reflect a time taken for die laser beam to travel toward the object, to be reflected from the object, and to return to the transceiver. When combined at combiner 112, the LO and Rx optical fields may interfere; to produce an interference signal, which may also be referred to as a beat note. The beat note may be detected by detector 114 and the detector 114 may provide an electrical signal indicative of the beat note (e.g., a voltage, current, or other electrical signal). A Fourier transform of the interference signal (which may be performed, eg., by processor l\$ of Figure I and/or other circuitry), may provide a frequency of the beat note, which may be referred to as a beat frequency. Figure 2B illustrates an example plot of signal strength vs. frequency for a Fourier transform of so interference; signal The peak shown in Figure 2B may be at the beat frequency. The beat frequency may be given by , where, κ is the chirp rate and τ may be linearly proportional to the distance of the object (e.g. t~2R/c, where R is the distance to the object and e is the speed of light), in certain examples, the processor 1 18 may determine a distance to an object by solving for R and using -known or measured values of a chirp rate, the speed of light, and a beat frequency of an interference signal described herein. In certain examples, other processing methods, such as a Hii.hert transform, may also or additionally be used ^' in determining a distance to ah object. A slope of a phase versus time thai may result from a Hitbert transform may be used to determine and thereby a distance to m object, as previously described. Such slope may be determined by a curve fitting operation (e.,g. linear fit) in certain examples. Generally, any method may be used to deternaae a distance to an object based on one or more interference signals.

9} The example of Figure 2 A and Figure 2B illustrates a single chirped LO and Rx beam, providing a single beat note in Figure 2B. In other examples, multiple (e.g., 2) beams may be used, and/or multiple targets may be illuminated, providing multiple beat notes in Figure 2B.

θ| While FMCW ladar systems offer advantages, they have also exhibited challenges, limitations, and problems. For example, nonlinearities in the frequency chirps or other anomalies may occur near the chirp turn-around times (e.g. at times when the chirp rate changes,, such as from increasing to decreasing, or vice versa), or chirp reset times in a sawtooth pattern (e.g., when the chirp returns to a lower frequency from a. high end of the bandwidth, B, or vice versa). These ndnlinearities or other anomalies may reduce the usable temporal duration of the chirp. Chirp noniineariiies near the chirp turn-around times may be particularly challenging when using active electronic feedback to linearize the chirp because there may be a ^acquisition" time for the electronic feedback to become sufficiently effective near the chirp turn-around time. An. example of chirp noniineariiies that may exist near the chirp turn-around time are shown in the inser in Figure 2(a), where chirp nonlinearities exist during a time its. If a- Requisition time is, for instance, 5 ps, then the chirp may be: insufficiently linear for 5 ps, which may prohibit the use of chirps with durations, T, of 5 μ$ Or shorter for this example. This problem may therefore prohibit update rates faster than 1/5 us ^∞ 200 kHz for this example. Another problem in some examples may be that, for sufficiently distant objects, the time delay, r, between title Rx and the LO may be sufficiently targe that less than desired portion of the LO up chirp overlaps temporally with the Rx up chirp. In some examples, for sufficiently distant objects, the time delay, r, between the Rx and the LO may be comparable or greater than the chirp duration, T. For these, and possibly other examples, the Rx and LO may not sufficiently overlap in time (where the overlap time may equal to Ύ- r) which may adversely affect the interference signal update rate, signal-tc-noise ratio (SNR), the measurable range, or the achievable range resolution. The SNR may be adversely affected because the temporal duration of overlap between the Rx and LO up chirp waveforms, for instance, may be reduced, which may decrease die effective integration time to T- τ, which may result in greater noise. The range resolution may be adversely affected because the bandwidth over which the Rx and LO up chirp waveforms, for instance, overlap may be reduced to κ*(Γ- r). Another way of expressing this may be that the duty cycle for the measurement, or the fraction of useful measurement time compared to the overall measurement time, may be undesirably small Due to reductions in SNR and/or bandwidth for decreasing duty cycle, the measurable range to an object may be limited if a desired update rate is maintained. Also, if a measurable range to a target is maintained, then it may appear necessary to reduce the update rate (1/ T) in order to preserve the SNR and/or range resolution.

[051] Figure 3 is a plot of optical frequency over time for an Rx and LO beam arranged in accordance with examples described herein. In the example of Figure 3, a desired chirp bandwidth Bo is used (e.g. to achieve a desired range resolution AR»), but the range delay τ is nearly as large as die chirp duration To. Accordingly, the useful measurement time, which may be expressed by To - r, may be unacceptably small. The useful measurement time may refer to times during which both the Rx and LO beams are linearly chirped in a same direction. In the example of Figure 3, the duty cycle (e.g., ratio of useful measurement time to total time) is (To - ή/Το, which is significantly less than unity. In the example of Figure 3, the useful chirp bandwidth is also significantly less than since the interference signal is only generated: tor a time of To - r instead of To. Accordingly, the example of Figure 3 illustrates limitations which may exist in some FMGW laser radar or other optical systems.

[052] Examples described herein may in some examples improve the duty cycle of FMCW ladar measurements. Examples of methods and apparatuses described herein may segment a broader bandwidth frequency chirp may into multiple smaller chirps (e.g., temporal segments) and may be processed the temporal segments of the chirps (e.g., temporal segments of an interference signal), which may improve performance and/or enable the detection of objects at longer ranges in some examples.

[053] Accordingly, examples of systems and methods described herein may segment the processing of a broader bandwidth frequency chirp into multiple shorter-duration (e.g., lower bandwidth) frequency chirps. This segmentation may have the benefits in some examples of improving the measurement duty cycle and range resolution, and/or allowing for more flexible processing, and/or enabling improved detection of more distant objects.

[054] Figure 4A is a plot of optical frequency over time for an Rx add LO beam arranged in accordance with examples described herein. Figure 4B is a plot of interference signal strength over time for the example shown in Figure 4A. Hie example in Figure 4(a) shows a frequency chirp configuration where the range delay, r, is the same as that for Figure 3, but the bandwidth, B, is greater, and chirp duration, T, is longer (e.g., the chirp rate is maintained compared to Figure 3 in mis example). The LO beam in Figure 4A may, for example, be the LO beam provided from beam splitter 104 to combiner 112 in Figure 4. The Rx beam in Figure 4A may, lot example, be the Tx beam reflected (e.g., scattered) from object 110 of Figure 1 and received at transceiver 108.

[055] Examples of methods and systems described herein may process multiple temporal segments of an interference signal. Each of die temporal segments may have a bandwidth (e.g., a segmented bandwidth) which is less than the total bandwidth of the Rx and/or LO chirp bandwidth. Any number of temporal segments may be used including 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or another number of temporal segments. One or more processors, such as the processor 118 of Figure 1 , may determine a distance to an object for one or more temporal segment of the interference signal. A distance to an object may be determined by any of a variety of methods including those involving determining a beat note frequency corresponding to a certain temporal segment of an interference signal, in which a distance to an object may be determined with knowledge of the chirp rate. A frequency may be determined by any method including, but not limited to curve fitting, peak finding, fringe counting, and/or slope determination (e.g. for Hilbert transforms).

[056] Referring again to Figure 4A, the broader bandwidth (B) chirp may be processed in multiple (e.g., three shown in Figure 4A) segments such that each chirp segment duration. To, may be the same as mat for the proposed measurement (e.g. corresponding to the inverse of the desired update rate) shown in Figure 3 (e.g., the update rate is maintained for this example, compared to Figure 3). For the example shown in Figure 4A, the useful interference signal mat may be measured on a detector and digitized may be of temporal duration T~ r. This interference signal may be segmented into srr^lier-daration interference signal segments with durations To (e g., each having a smaller bandwidth Bo, which bandwidth may correspond to the desired range resolution, and is maintained for mis example, compared to Figure 3). These smaller temporal chirp segments may each be processed (e.g., by processor 118 of Figure I) to determine a range to an object. By utilizing a broader-bandwidth chirp, and thus reducing the occurrences of chirp turn-arounds compared to the example shown in Figure 3, a greater portion of the overall chirps are useful, and the measurement duty cycle is greater. Thus, distant objects may be measured without significantly compromising the update rate or chirp bandwidth.

[057] Figure 4B is a plot of an example temporal interference signal resulting from the chirp configuration in Figure 4A that may be segmented for processing. The processing of each segment of temporal duration % may include a transform (e.g., a fast Fourier Transform, Hilbert Transform) and/or any other processing of the interference signal or segment thereof. Accordingly, referring back to Figure 1, the processor 118 may be configured to process (e.g.. independently process) temporal segments of an interference signal provided from the detector 114 and/or digitizer 116. Accordingly, a transform may be taken (and/or other processing performed) of multiple portions of an interference signal, each portion corresponding to a segmented bandwidth which may be less than a total chirp bandwidm provided by laser source 102 and/or laser source 120. [058] The processing of temporal segments may occur in a variety of ways. In some examples, a processor may not process al! segments. In some examples, die processing of segments may result in more than one determination of a range to an object. For example, one or more processors (e.g., processor 118 of Figure 1) may determine a range to an object based on each segment So, in an example where three temporal segments of an interference signal are processed, three range determinations may be made in some examples. In some examples, multiple processed or unprocessed segments may be combined (e.g., averaged, summed, or differenced) by one or more processors (e.g., by processor 118 of Figure 1). Combining or averaging of interference signals to determine a range may occur in any sequence or order. For example, the range determinations for each of multiple segments may be averaged to determine an average range determination. Additionally or instead, the digitized interference signals may be averaged in the processor 118 in any step of processing, and then an average determination Of range may be produced, the combination (e.g., averaging) may occur either coherently (e.g., with consideration for the phase of the interference signal) or incoherently (e.g., without consideration for the phase of the interference signal). Coherent combining may, for some examples, include summing interference signals at any stage of processing, in the time domain or frequency domain, whereby the interference signal phases are included in the sum. incoherent combining may, in some examples, include summing magnitudes (or magnitudes squared) of interference signals at any stage of processing, in the rime domain or frequency domain. Incoherent combining (eg. averaging) may advantageously improve range precision in the presence of speckle.

[059] For the example of Figure 4Λ, the resolution achieved may be tiWo , which may in some examples be better than the case in Figure 3 due in part to the poor temporal overlap between the Rx and LO for the example in Figure 3. Accordingly, examples of systems and methods; described herein may have a resolution which is based on the segmented bandwidth (e.g., a segmented portion of a total chirp bandwidth) corresponding to a temporal segment of an interference signal that may be processed by one or more processors to determine a distance to at least a portion of an object. Moreover, the duty cycle of the measurement in die example of Figure 4A may be ( rather than for the example in Figure 3. Accordingly, examples of systems and methods described herein may have a duty cycle which is based on a total laser chirp and a single delay time, where die total laser chirp may be used to produce multiple distance measuremeats (e;g., each corresponding to a temporal segment of the chirp). Examples of FMCW systems and methods described herein (e.g., system 100 of Figure 1) may have an update rate of the FMCW laser radar system which is raster than the inverse of the laser chirp duration. For example, the update rate may be related to die length of the temporal segment, which may be shorter than the laser chirp duration. Also note, for the example in Figure 3, if the system is used for longer object ranges or shorter chirp durations, such that To < r, the LO and Rx portions may not be temporally overlapped at all, which may result in little or no capability to accurately detect an object Systems and methods described herein may address this limitation in some examples at least because it may be more likely to have significant temporal overlap between the similar LO and Rx portions for shorter chirp durations or for longer object ranges.

[060] Examples of methods described herein may accordingly include producing an interference signal from a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) laser radar system, such as the system shown in Figure 1 (e.g., an interference signal provided by the detector 1 14). The interference signal may correspond to a laser chirp over a chirp bandwidth. For example, referring to Figure 4A, an interference signal may be provided by an FMCW laser radar system that may correspond to the down chirp of the LO and RX signals over the chirp bandwidth B. The interference signal strength is shown in Figure 4S, and the interference signal may be usable for determining distances during a time the LO and RX beams overlap (e.g., when bom are chirping in (he same direction), in die example of Figure 4A and Figure 4B, during the downward chirp of the LO and RX beams, the interference signal may be usable for the time T-t shown.

[061] Methods may also include processing multiple temporal segments of the interference signal (e.g., using one or more processors, such as the processor 118 of Figure 1} for one or more laser chirps. Bach of the multiple temporal segments may correspond to a respective segmented band width, and each of the respective segmented bandwidths may be less than the chirp bandwidth, in the example of Figure 4A, the three multiple temporal segments To are shown, each corresponding to a segmented bandwidth Bo. Each of the temporal segments To may be used to determine (e.g., by the processor 118 of Figure 1 ) a distance to at least a portion of an object.

[062] Accordingly, methods described herein may process multiple temporal segments of an interference signal for one or more (e.g., each) laser chirp. If multiple laser chirps produce interference signals, the multiple laser chirps may overlap temporally (e.g. two different lasers chirped simultaneously) or may not overlap temporally (e.g. sequential chirps of a single laser).

[063] In some examples, more than one laser beam may be used (e.g., the laser source 102 and the laser source 120 of Figure ! ) for a range measurement For example, an FMCW laser radar system may utilize multiple laser beams. Measurements using multiple laser beams may be used, for example, to wholly and/or partially compensate for Doppler errors or speckle noise, or may be used to determine object speed in the direction of the incident laser beam; In systems utilizing multiple laser beams, multiple interference signaJs may be produced (e.g., by detector 114 of Figure 1), at least one interference signal corresponding to each of the multiple laser beams. Examples of systems and methods described herein may process multiple temporal segments of each of the interference signals (e.g., using processor 118 of Figure 1). m examples utilizing multiple laser beams, the processed temporal segments of multiple interference signals corresponding to each laser may coincide in time (wholly and/or partially). For example, a first interference signal corresponding to a first laser beam may have a temporal segment which may correspond in time with a temporal segment of a second interference signal corresponding to a second laser beam. In some examples, temporal segments of multiple interference signals which coincide and/or overlap in time may be processed together (e.g., by processor 118 of Figure 1). Processing temporal segments together from multiple interference signals corresponding to multiple laser beams may wholly and/Or partially compensate for Doppler errors and/or speckle noise, or may be used to determine object speed in the direction of the incident laser beam. Processing of multiple temporal segments to compensate for Doppler errors and/or speckle noise may be performed by averaging the beat note frequency from an interference signal segment from an up chirp with the beat note frequency from an interference signal segment from a down chirp, for instance. For this and other examples, die interference signal segments may or may not overlap in time. The average beat note hW may, with a known chirp rate, be used to determine a corrected distance as previously described or using other methods. Processing of multiple temporal segments to determine an object velocity may be performed by differencing the beat note frequency from an interference signal segment from an up chirp with the beat note frequency from an interference signal segment from a down chirp. For this and other examples, the interference signal segments may or may npi overlap in time. Other variations of this calculation, including using same or different chirp rate magnitudes and same or different chirp directions (e.g. up chirp versus down chirp), may also be used. In some examples, interference signal segments that do not coincide in time may also be processed together.

[064] In some example systems or methods, temporal segments of interference signals from different chirps may be processed together. For example, temporal segments of interference signals corresponding to similar (e.g., identical) optical frequencies may be processed together (e,g.„ by processor 118 of Figure 1). For example, the start of an "up" chirp and the end of a "down" chirp may both correspond to similar (e.g., identical) optical frequencies (e.g. corresponding to die up and down chirps shown in Figure 2A). It may therefore be desirable to process temporal segments of interference signals corresponding to multiple regions of similar optical frequency together, which may mitigate problems resulting from effects such as dispersion and/or speckle in some examples. The multiple temporal segments of interference signals used for processing may comprise segments corresponding to similar (e.g. identical) frequencies of sequential laser chirps, and may comprise segments corresponding to opposite chirp rates.

[065] Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of an automotive LiDAR application arranged in accordance with examples described herein. The LiDAR application includes automobile 502, lidar system 504, automotive controls 506, tree 508, building 510, and person 512. Additional, fewer, and/or different examples may be used.

[066] LiDAR systems described herein, such as system 100, may be used to implement lidar system 504. The lidar system 504 may implement methods described herein, including processing temporal segments of a chirp bandwidth, each of the temporal segments corresponding to a smaller segmented bandwidth. While shown as an automobile 502, other moving objects may make use of lidar system 504 in other examples. For example, an aircraft, drone, helicopter, boat, and/or bicycle may be used.

[967] Automotive LiDAR applications may provide a LiDAR system, such as !idar system 504 on, in, and/or in communication with an automobile, such as automobile 502. The lidar system 504 is depicted mounted on a roof of automobile 502, however other positions may be used (e.g., in the dash, under the hood). The lidar system 504 may direct one or more laser beams toward targets in the scene.

[068] Any number or kind of objects (e.g., surfaces) may be measured using LiDAR systems described herein, including tree 508, building 510, and/or person 5)2, In some examples, objects may include other automobiles, aircraft, drones, etc, Accordingly, LiDAR systems described herein may provide distance measurements for multiple objects in a scene.

[069] The automotive controls 506 may be in communication with the lidar system 504 to configure, start, stop, and/or interact with the lidar system 504. The automotive controls 506 may additionally or instead receive an output of the lidar system 504 and take action based on the output, including to change speed and/or heading.

[070] Distance and/or velocity measurements described herein may be used by the automotive controls 506 to, for example, develop a 3D map of a scene. With a 3D map of the scene, more accurate commands and control may be provided by the au tomotive controls 506. In some examples the 3D map, distance, and/or velocity measurements may be displayed to a driver of the automobile 502 and/or other individuals in communication with the lidar system 504. in some examples (e.g., in autonomous and/or semi-autonomous vehicle operation), the automotive controls 506 may cause the automobile 502 to start, stop, turn, change direction, speed up and/or slow down based on the distance measurements and/or 3D map of the scene;

[071] From the foregoing it will be appreciated mat, although specific embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made while remaining with the scope of the claimed technology.

[072] Examples described herein may refer to various components as "coupled" or signals as being '"provided to" or "received from" certain components, it is to be understood that in some examples the components are directly coupled one to another, while in other examples the components are coupled with intervening components disposed between them. Similarly, signal may be provided directly to and/or received directly from the recited components without intervening cotnponents, but also may be provided to and/or received from the certain components through intervening components.