PRODUCTION OF 5-HYDROXYMETHYL-2-FURFURAL FROM

LEVOGLUCOSENONE

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §1 19(e) from, and claims the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/582,067, filed December 30, 201 1 , which is by this reference incorporated in its entirety as a part hereof for all purposes.

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

The present invention relates to processes for preparing

5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural from levoglucosenone. BACKGROUND

Industrial chemicals obtained from inexpensive sources are desirable for use in industrial processes, for example as raw materials, solvents, or starting materials. It has become increasingly desirable to obtain industrial chemicals or their precursors from materials that are not only inexpensive but also benign in the environment. Of particular interest are materials which can be obtained from renewable sources, that is, materials that are produced by a biological activity such as planting, farming, or harvesting. As used herein, the terms "renewable" and

"biosourced" can be used interchangeably.

Furan and its derivatives, particularly C ₅ and C6 furanic compounds such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF, also known as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde), are useful intermediates in the production of fuels and industrial chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals, herbicides, stabilizers, and polymers. For example, HMF can be a useful material for the synthesis of tetrahydrofuran 2,5-dimethanol and 1 ,6-hexanediol. For cost and environmental reasons, it would desirable to be able to

synthesize such compounds from biomass. However, the synthesis of intermediates from biomass often relies on edible feedstock materials. For example, many routes that rely on dehydration of Ce carbohydrates to C ₅ and C6 furanic materials, such as furfural and HMF, start with glucose and fructose as a feedstock (see R. Karinen et al., ChemSusChem, 4(8), (201 1 ), 1002-1016).

At the highly acidic aqueous environments and high temperatures needed to form HMF from lignocellulose, HMF exhibits a high rate of decomposition to levulinic acid, formic acid, and a significant amount of humin byproducts which are undesirable tar-like materials. A process which allows for the production of HMF in water under close to neutral conditions from a non-food biomass lignocellulose derived material would be highly desirable.

Levoglucosenone, an isomer of HMF, can be produced from woody (lignocellulosic) material through pyrolysis. F. Shafizadeh et al.

{Carbohydrate Research, 71 , (1979), 169-191 ) found that heating levoglucosenone in 0.5 M HCI (pH=0.3) in a boiling water bath to reaction completion (2.5 hours) produced HMF in a 16% yield. Heating

levoglucosenone in 2 M acetic acid (pH=2.2) produced 1 ,6-anhydro- 3-deoxy- -D-e/ytf7/ -hexopyranos-2-ulose, (represented by Formula (l-a)) in a 77% yield, but no HMF.

There remains a need for a route to furanic compounds, such as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural, from non-food biomass-derived compounds such as levoglucosenone that avoids the production of undesired reactive intermediates.

SUMMARY

Described herein are processes to convert levoglucosenone to a product mixture comprising 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural. Such a product mixture can be heated in the presence of hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst to form a subsequent product mixture comprising 1 ,6-hexanediol and/or chemical intermediates which are useful in the synthesis of

1 ,6-hexanediol.

In one embodiment, a process is disclosed comprising:

a) contacting an aqueous reaction mixture comprising

levoglucosenone with a catalyst, wherein the initial pH of the reaction mixture is between about 3 and about 6, and

b) heating the reaction mixture at a temperature between about 120 °C and about 200 °C at a pressure of ambient pressure to about 1000 psi for a time sufficient to form a product mixture comprising 5-hydroxymethyl- 2-furfural.

In one embodiment, the process further comprises:

c) heating the product mixture comprising 5-hydroxymethyl- 2-furfural in the presence of hydrogen and a first hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature between about ambient temperature and about 120 °C at a pressure of about ambient pressure to about 1000 psi to form a second product mixture comprising one or more of 2,5-furandimethanol and tetrahydrofuran-2,5-dimethanol;

d) separating the second product mixture from the first

hydrogenation catalyst; and

e) reacting the second product mixture with hydrogen in the presence of a second hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature between about 120 °C and about 260 °C at a pressure of about 800 psi to about 2000 psi to form a third product mixture comprising one or more of

1 ,2,6-hexanetriol, 2-hydroxymethyltetrahydropyran, and 1 ,6-hexanediol.

In another embodiment, the process further comprises:

c) heating the product mixture comprising 5-hydroxymethyl- 2-furfural in the presence of hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature between about ambient temperature and 120 °C at a pressure of about ambient pressure to about 1000 psi for a time period of 10 minutes to 10 hours, and then at a temperature between about 120 °C and about 260 °C at a pressure of 800 psi to about 2000 psi for a sufficient time to form a second product mixture comprising one or more of 1 ,2,6-hexanetriol, 2-hydroxymethyltetrahydropyran, and 1 ,6-hexanediol.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The methods described herein are described with reference to the following terms.

As used herein, where the indefinite article "a" or "an" is used with respect to a statement or description of the presence of a step in a process of this invention, it is to be understood, unless the statement or description explicitly provides to the contrary, that the use of such indefinite article does not limit the presence of the step in the process to one in number.

As used herein, when an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as either a range, preferred range, or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. Where a range of numerical values is recited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range. It is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific values recited when defining a range.

As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," "contains" or "containing," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

As used herein, the term "about" modifying the quantity of an ingredient or reactant of the invention employed refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring and liquid handling procedures used for making concentrates or use solutions in the real world; through inadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients employed to make the compositions or carry out the methods; and the like. The term "about" also encompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditions for a composition resulting from a particular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term "about," the claims include equivalents to the quantities. The term "about" may mean within 10% of the reported numerical value, preferably within 5% of the reported numerical value.

As used herein, the term "biomass" refers to any hemicellulosic or lignocellulosic material and includes materials comprising hemicellulose, and optionally further comprising cellulose, lignin, starch, oligosaccharides and/or monosaccharides.

As used herein, the term "lignocellulosic" means comprising both lignin and cellulose. Lignocellulosic material may also comprise

hemicellulose. In some embodiments, lignocellulosic material contains glucan and xylan.

Hemicellulose is a non-cellulosic polysaccharide found in

lignocellulosic biomass. Hemicellulose is a branched heteropolymer consisting of different sugar monomers. It typically comprises from 500 to 3000 sugar monomeric units.

Lignin is a complex high molecular weight polymer and can comprise guaiacyl units as in softwood lignin, or a mixture of guaiacyl and syringyl units as in hardwood lignin.

As used herein, the abbreviations "Lgone" and "LGone" refer to

levoglucosenone, also known as 1 ,6-anhydro- 3,4-dideoxy-p-D- pyranosen-2-one. The chemical structure of levoglucosenone is

represented by Formula (I).

I

As used herein, the abbreviation "HMF" refers to 5-hydroxymethyl- 2-furfural, also known as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and as

5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural. The chemical structure of 5-hydroxymethyl- 2-furfural is represented by Formula (II).

HO'

As used herein, the abbreviation "FDM" refers to

2,5-furandimethanol, also known as 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan. The chemical structure of 2,5-furandimethanol is represented by Formula (III).

As used herein, the abbreviation "THFDM" refers to tetrahydro-

2,5-furandimethanol (also known as tetrahydrofuran-2,5-dimethanol or 2,5-tetrahydrofurandimethanol, or 2,5-bis[hydroxymethyl]tetrahydrofuran) and includes a mixture of stereoisomers (cis and racemic trans isomers). The chemical structure of tetrahydro-2,5-furandimethanol is represented by Formula (V).

V

As used herein, the abbreviation "1 ,2,6-HT" refers to

1 ,2,6-hexanetriol and includes a racemic mixture of isomers. The chemical structure of 1 ,2,6-hexanetriol is represented by Formula (VI). VI

As used herein, the abbreviation "THPM" refers to tetrahydro- 2H-pyran-2-methanol, also known as 2-hydroxymethyltetrahydropyran, and includes a racemic mixture of isomers. The chemical structure of tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-methanol is represented by Formula (VII).

H

VII

As used herein, the abbreviation "1 ,6-HD" refers to 1 ,6-hexanediol. The chemical structure of 1 ,6-hexanediol is represented by Formula (IX).

IX

As used herein, the abbreviation "1 ,2-HD" refers to 1 ,2-hexanediol and includes a racemic mixture of isomers. The chemical structure of 1 ,2- hexanediol is represented by Formula (X).

X

As used herein, the abbreviation "1 ,5-HD" refers to 1 ,5-hexanediol and includes a racemic mixture of isomers. The chemical structure of 1 ,5- hexanediol is represented by Formula (XII).

OH

^^^^^OH

XII

As used herein, the abbreviation "1 ,5PD" refers to 1 ,5-pentanediol. The chemical structure of 1 ,5-pentanediol is represented by Formula (XIII). HO ^v ^ OH

XIII

Disclosed herein are processes for obtaining 5-hydroxymethyl-2- furfural from levoglucosenone, which in turn can be derived from a renewable biosource. As used herein, the term "renewable biosource" includes biomass and animal or vegetable fats or oils.

A renewable biosource can be pyrolyzed under high temperature conditions in the presence of an acid catalyst to provide useful chemical intermediates. For example, pyrolysis of wood, starch, glucose or cellulose can produce levoglucosenone by known and conventional methods (see, for example, Ponder (Applied Biochemistry and

Biotechnology, Vol 24/25, 41 -41 (1990)) or Shafizadeh [Carbohydrate Research, 71 , 169-191 (1979)).

In the processes disclosed herein, a catalyst is contacted with an aqueous reaction mixture comprising levoglucosenone, wherein the initial pH of the reaction mixture is between about 3 and about 6, and then heated at reaction conditions sufficient to effect formation of a product mixture comprising 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural.

The concentration of levoglucosenone in water, whether dissolved or as a suspension, is between about 1 wt% and about 50 wt%; in some embodiments it is between and optionally includes any two of the following values: 1 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt%, 25 wt%, 30 wt%, 35 wt%, 40 wt%, 45 wt%, and 50 wt%. The optimal concentration will depend on the intended reaction conditions.

The pH of the reaction mixture is between about 3 and about 6. In some embodiments the pH is between and optionally includes any two of the following values: 3, 4, 5, and 6. In some embodiments,

levoglucosenone as obtained by pyrolysis of biomass contains small amounts of acidic components, including formic cid, acetic acid, and levulinic acid.

The catalyst can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. In some embodiments the catalyst is an acid. Examples of catalysts include without limitation: mineral acids such as, for example, H ₂ SO ₄ , HCI, H ₃ PO ₄ , and HNO3; organic acids, such as propionic acid, glycolic acid, benzoic acid, and levulinic acid; zeolites, such as H-Y zeolite, mordenite, faujasite and beta zeolite; aluminosilicates such as mesoporous silica;

montmorillonites, and derivatives thereof; heteropolyacids such as

12-tungstophosphoric acid and derivatives thereof; acidic resins, such as ion-exchange resins containing sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid functional groups; metal oxides such as tungsten(IV) oxide, tungsten(VI) oxide, molybdenum(IV) oxide, molybdenum(VI) oxide, rhenium(IV) oxide, rhenium(VII) oxide, ammonium perrhenate (NH ReO ₄ ), and aluminum oxide; and supported transition metal catalysts, such as PtWO _x /TiO ₂ , and PdMoO _x /TiO ₂ .

In some embodiments, the catalyst loading is determined by the amount of acid catalyst needed to achieve the desired pH, that is, between about pH 3 and about pH 6. In some embodiments, the catalyst loading can be from about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, for example from about 0.2 wt% to about 15 wt%, or from about 0.2 wt% to about 10 wt%, based on the weight of the water.

An inert gas sweep (e.g., nitrogen) can be used to exclude oxygen from the reaction vessel. The applied pressure of the inert gas during the reaction can range from ambient pressure (i.e., 0 applied pressure) to about 1000 psi. In some embodiments, the applied pressure is between and optionally includes any two of the following values: 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 psi.

The reaction temperature is between about 100 °C and about 200

°C. In an embodiment, the reaction temperature is between about 120 °C and about 150 °C, or between about 120 °C and about 200 °C. In some embodiments, the reaction temperature is between and optionally includes any two of the following values: 100 °C, 1 10 °C, 120 °C, 130 °C, 140 °C, 150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, 180 °C, 190 °C, and 200 °C.

The processes disclosed herein can be carried out in standard reactors as are known in the art, such as a batch reactor, continuous stirred tank reactor, or a continuous flow reactor. In one embodiment, the continuous flow reactor is in liquid flow mode. The suitable vessel can be equipped with a means, such as impellers, for agitating the reaction mixture. These and other suitable reactors are more particularly described, for example, in Fogler, Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 2 ^nd edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc., (1992).

At the end of the designated heating time, the catalyst can be separated from the product mixture by methods known in the art, for example, by filtration. After separation from the catalyst, the product mixture

components, including 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural and any unreacted levoglucosenone, can be separated from one another using any

appropriate method known in the art, for example distillation, extraction, chromatography, adsorption by resins, separation by molecular sieves, or pervaporation.

In one embodiment, the process further comprises:

c) heating the product mixture comprising 5-hydroxymethyl- 2-furfural in the presence of hydrogen and a first hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature between about ambient temperature and about 120 °C at a pressure of about ambient pressure to about 1000 psi to form a second product mixture comprising one or more of 2,5-furandimethanol and tetrahydrofuran-2,5-dimethanol;

d) separating the second product mixture from the first

hydrogenation catalyst; and

e) reacting the second product mixture with hydrogen in the presence of a second hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature between about 120 °C and about 260 °C at a pressure of about 800 psi to about 2000 psi to form a third product mixture comprising one or more of

1 ,2,6-hexanetriol; 2-hydroxymethyltetrahydropyran; and 1 ,6-hexanediol.

In one embodiment, the process further comprises:

c) heating the product mixture comprising 5-hydroxymethyl- 2-furfural in the presence of hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst at a temperature between about ambient temperature and 120 °C at a pressure of about ambient pressure to about 1000 psi for a time period of

10 minutes to 10 hours, and then at a temperature between about 120 °C and about 260 °C at a pressure of 800 psi to about 2000 psi for a sufficient time to form a second product mixture comprising one or more of 1 ,2,6-hexanetriol; 2-hydroxymethyltetrahydropyran; and 1 ,6-hexanediol.

In one embodiment, the second product mixture comprises

1 ,6-hexanediol.

Suitable hydrogenation catalysts for this reaction step include one or more of copper catalysts, supported platinum/tungsten catalysts, supported platinum catalysts, and supported palladium catalysts, supported ruthenium catalysts, supported rhodium catalysts, supported nickel catalysts, catalysts derived from nickel-aluminum alloys, and catalysts derived from cobalt-aluminum alloys.

2,5-Furandimethanol, tetrahydrofuran-2,5-dimethanol,

1 ,2,6-hexanetriol, and 2-hydroxymethyltetrahydropyran are intermediates useful in the production of 1 ,6-hexanediol. 1 ,6-Hexanediol is a useful intermediate in the industrial preparation of nylon. For example,

1 ,6-hexandiol can be converted by known methods to 1 ,6-hexamethylene diamine, a useful monomer in nylon production.

EXAMPLES

The methods described herein are illustrated in the following examples. From the above discussion and these examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various uses and conditions.

The meaning of abbreviations is as follows: "g" means gram(s), "GC" means gas chromatography, "HPLC" means high pressure liquid chromatography, "h" means hour(s), "ml_" means milliliter(s), "psi" means pound(s) per square inch, "wt%" means weight percentage, "μηη" means micrometer(s), "%" means percent, "°C" means degrees Celcius, "mg" means milligram(s), "mm" means millimeter(s), "mL/min" means milliliters per minute, "m" means meter(s), "μΙ_" means microliter(s), "mmol" means millimole(s), "min" means minute(s), "mol%" means mole percent, "M" means molar, "mg/g" means milligram(s) per gram, "RPM" means revolutions per minute, "MPa" means megaPascal(s), "Ex" means example, and "Comp Ex" means Comparative Example.

Materials

All reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) unless stated otherwise. Levoglucosenone (90% purity) was obtained from TimTec LLC (Newark, DE). CBV 712 H-Y (6), CBV 780 H-Y (40), CBV 901 H-Y (80), and CBV 21 A H-mordenite (10) were obtained from Zeolyst International (Conshohocken, PA) and calcined at 550 °C in air for 8 h before use. The sponge nickel catalyst (A-2000) was obtained from Johnson Matthey Catalysts (West Deptford, NJ) and the activated nickel catalyst (BLM 1 12 W) was obtained from Evonik Degussa Corporation (Parsippany, NJ). The sulfonic acid-based cation exchange resin used was DOWEX™ 50WX8, 200-400 mesh, which was obtained from Sigma- Aldrich. The AI2O3 (acidic, Brockmann I activated standard grade) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetrahydro-2,5-furandimethanol (95%) and 2,5-furandimethanol (95%) were purchased from Penn A Kern

(Memphis, TN). Tetrahydrofuran was obtained from EMD Chemicals (Gibbstown, NJ). Deionized water (pH = 5.2) was used unless otherwise indicated.

The H ₀ .5Cs2.5PW ₁₂ O ₄ o catalyst was prepared from aqueous solutions of H ₃ PWi ₂ O ₄ o and CS2CO3. The H ₃ PWi ₂ O ₄ o was dehydrated at 60 °C for 2 h prior to use and the Cs ₂ CO ₃ was dehydrated at 420 °C for 2 h prior to use. The heteropolyacid was prepared by titrating an aqueous solution of H ₃ PW ₁₂ O ₄ o (0.08 M) with an aqueous solution of Cs ₂ CO ₃ (0.25 M) at room temperature at a rate of 1 mL/min. The white colloidal suspension was evaporated to a solid at 50 °C under vacuum and then placed in a 120 °C vacuum oven for 2 h. The solids were then treated at 300 °C for 1 h.

The Pt/W/TiO ₂ catalyst was synthesized using the following procedure. Aerolyst 7708 TiO ₂ (0.92 g, Evonik) that had been ground with a mortar and pestle and passed through a 0.0165" mesh sieve, then wetted with 1 .0 mL of deionized water, was impregnated with 0.08 g of tetraammineplatinum (II) nitrate (Strem, Cat # 78-2010) dissolved in 1 .0 mL of deionized water. The resulting wet suspension was vortexed for 15 min and then vacuum-dried at 1 10 °C overnight. The resulting precipitate was wetted with 1 .0 ml_ of deionized water. Then 0.0535 g of ammonium tungsten oxide hydrate (para analogue) (Alfa, stock # 22640), which had been thoroughly dissolved in 2.0 ml_ of deionized water, was added on to the wetted precipitate. The resulting wet suspension was vortexed for 15 min and then vacuum-dried at 1 10 °C overnight. After reaching room temperature, the material was transferred to a ceramic boat and calcined in air at 400 °C for three h. The calcined Pt/W/TiO ₂ catalyst had a Pt loading of 4 wt% based on the total weight of the catalyst, and a 1 :1 molar ratio of Pt:W .

The Pd/Mo/TiO ₂ catalyst synthesis was similar except palladium (II) nitrate dihydrate (Aldrich, Cat. # 76070) and ammonium molybdate hydrate (para analogue) (Alfa, stock # 1081 1 ) were used. The calcined Pd/Mo/TiO ₂ catalyst had a Pd loading of 4 wt% based on the total weight of the catalyst, and a 1 :1 molar ratio of Pd:Mo.

Methods

Sample preparation and reaction conditions for an 8-well parallel pressure reactor

Into 1 .5 ml_ glass vials (ROBO Autosampler Vial, VWR

International, Radnor, PA), LGone (37.5 mg, 5 wt% loading) was introduced, followed by water (0.75 g) and catalyst. A magnetic stirbar (7 x 2 mm, VWR International) was inserted and the vials capped with a perforated septum to limit vapor transfer rates. The vials were then placed into a stainless steel (SS316) parallel pressure reactor (8 individual wells) and sealed. Any unused wells were filled with water. Upon sealing, the reactor was connected to a high pressure gas manifold and the content was purged with nitrogen gas (1000 psi) 3 times before pressurizing. The reactor was then heated to the desired reaction temperature and left for a specified time. Upon cooling, the reactor was depressurized, the vials removed and prepared for analysis.

Sample preparation and reaction conditions for a 1 -well pressure reactor

Into a stainless steel (SS316) pressure reactor containing 1 well, was placed LGone, water, and the desired catalyst. A magnetic stirbar (7 x 2 mm, VWR International) was inserted and the reactor block was sealed. Upon sealing, the reactor was connected to a high pressure gas manifold and the content was purged with nitrogen gas (1000 psi) 3 times before pressurizing. The reactor was then heated to the desired reaction temperature and left for the specified time. Upon cooling, the block was depressurized and the reaction contents collected for analysis.

Measurement of pH

The initial pH of the reaction samples was measured using pH strips (colorpHast®, EMD, Billerica, MA), or with a pH meter (Beckman φ340 pH/Temp Meter). When using the strips to measure pH, the pH values were recorded as a single numerical value (for example, 4) or a range of values (for example, 3-4). When using the pH meter, the pH values were recorded up to two decimal places (for example, 3.00). The initial pH of the samples before reaction was recorded. The pH of deionized water measured with the pH strips was 5 and with the pH meter was 5.2. The pH of deionized water and 5 wt% levoglucosenone was 5.4. GC analysis

To each cooled glass vial containing a reaction product mixture, an internal standard solution of 3.5% diethyleneglycol diethyl ether in isopropanol was added to approximately double the original volume. The sample was mixed thoroughly and 1 mL was filtered through a 0.2 μιτι filter (GHP Acrodisc 13 mm syringe filter, PALL Life Sciences, Port

Washington, NY) into an autosampler vial. The sample analysis was performed with an Agilent 5890 gas chromatograph with 7673

autosampler. The column was an Agilent RTX Stabilwax column (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.5 μηη). The injector was maintained at 250 °C and the injection volume was 1 μί with a split ratio of 20:1 . The carrier gas was helium at 1 mL/min and a FID detector at 250 °C was used.

Concentrations were determined from a standard calibration curve developed for each of the analytes with diethylene glycol diethyl ether. HPLC analysis

Each cooled reaction sample was transferred to a glass vial and diluted with water to a mass of 14-20 g. One gram of the diluted reaction sample was then added to a second glass vial. To this second vial was added one gram of 2-hexanol in distilled water (5 mg/g) as the internal standard. A solution of 1 % sodium bicarbonate in water was also added to the vial to bring the sample weight up to 5 g. The sample was mixed thoroughly and 1 ml_ was then filtered through a 0.2 μιτι filter (GHP Acrodisc 13 mm syringe filter, PALL Life Sciences, Port Washington, NY). The concentration of HMF, FDM, and THFDM were measured by HPLC (1200 Series, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) using an Aminex HPX-87P column (300 mm x 7.8 mm, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) fitted with a guard column and detected using a Rl detector. The column and guard column were held at 80 °C and the Rl Detector was held at 55 °C. Injection volume was 20 μί and sample run times were 60 min in length with a 0.6 mL/min flow rate using a water mobile phase. Concentrations were determined from a standard calibration curve developed for each of the analytes with 2-hexanol. Using this HPLC method, retention time of HMF was 32.9 min, 22.9 min for FDM, and 41 .8 min for THFDM.

EXAMPLE 1

Conversion of levoglucosenone to HMF in water at pH 5 The reaction was prepared as described above using a 1 -well pressure reactor. The LGone (5 wt% loading) was added to water for a total weight of 15 g and heated at 60 °C for 2 h and increased to 180 °C for an additional 4 h under 850 psi nitrogen. The initial pH was 5. It is believed that this is due to the pH of the deionized water and/or any acidic impurities present in the LGone. After cooling, the reaction mixture was analyzed and revealed no starting material and 25% HMF yield.

EXAMPLES 2 - 25

Conversion of levoglucosenone to HMF in water with selected catalysts These samples were run in the 8-well pressure reactor as described above, at 150 °C for 4 h while pressurized at 850 psi nitrogen. The results in Table 1 show that HMF was formed from LGone in the presence of a variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The heterogeneous catalysts were used as received and the zeolites were used as powders.

TABLE 1 . Results for Examples 2-25

16 Rhenium(IV) 10 3.0 71 18

oxide

17 Ammonium 34 5-6 89 30

perrhenate ^*

(NH ReO ₄ )

18 PtW/TiO ₂ ^* 40 5-6 79 29

19 PdMo/TiO ₂ ^* 40 5 72 34

20 Glycolic acid 25 3 98 35

21 Levulinic acid 20 3 86 37

22 Benzoic acid 3 3 100 25

23 Propionic acid 5.4 3.1 61 27

24 H ₂ SO ₄ (0.005 M) 58.7 3.6 58 36

25 H ₃ PO ₄ (0.025 M) 39.8 3.5 52 43

^* These examples used autogenous pressure under N ₂ atmosphere.

EXAMPLE 26

Conversion of levoglucosenone to HMF with H-Y as catalyst

The reaction was prepared as described above using a 1 -well pressure reactor. The LGone (0.23 g, 5 wt% loading) and H-Y (40) catalyst (148 mg) were added to water (4.5 g) for a total weight of 4.9 g and heated at 180 °C for 4 h under 850 psi nitrogen. The initial pH was 4. After cooling, the reaction mixture was analyzed and revealed 92% LGone conversion and 21 % HMF yield.

EXAMPLE 27

Conversion of levoglucosenone to HMF under autogenous pressure The reaction was performed in an 8-well pressure reactor as described above at 150 °C for 4 h with autogenous pressure or at 850 psi nitrogen with a catalyst. As shown in Table 2, HMF was formed with or without added pressure. Results for Example 5 are included.

TABLE 2. Results for Examples 5 and 27 Ex Catalyst Loading PH N ₂ Lgone HMF

(mg) Pressure Conversion Yield

(psi) (%) (%)

27 H-Y 50 3-4 0 96 50

(Si/AI=40)

CBV-780

5 H-Y 50 3-4 850 94 54

(Si/AI=40)

CBV-780

EXAMPLES 28 - 33

Conversion of levoqlucosenone to HMF at 120 °C and 150 °C

The reaction was performed in an 8-well pressure reactor as described above with different catalysts. The results are shown in Table 3 and illustrate that the temperature can be varied to improve HMF yield for a given set of conditions. For example, using phosphotungstic acid as the catalyst (2 mg, 4 h run time), increasing the reaction temperature from 120 °C to 150 °C improved the yield of HMF from 3% to 47%.

TABLE 3. Results for Examples 28-33

33 H-Y (Si/AI=40) 50 3-4 150 1 99 45

CBV-780

EXAMPLES 34-35

Conversion of levoqlucosenone to HMF with different reaction times The reaction was performed in an 8-well pressure reactor as described above, for either 1 h or 4 h under 850 psi nitrogen with different catalysts. The results are shown in Table 4, which also includes results for Examples 28 and 31 . These results demonstratethat the reaction time can be varied to improve HMF yield for a given set of conditions. Increasing the reaction time from 1 h to 4 h improved the LGone conversion and HMF yield for the sulfonic acid cation exchange resin catalyst at 120 °C and the phosphotungstic acid catalyst at 150 °C.

TABLE 4. Results for Examples 28, 31 , 34, and 35

EXAMPLES 36-38

Conversion of levoqlucosenone to HMF with different catalyst loadings The reaction was performed in an 8-well pressure reactor as described above under 850 psi nitrogen with different catalysts. The results are shown in Table 5, which also includes results for Example 28, and demonstrate that the catalyst loading can be varied to improve HMF yield for a given set of conditions. For example, at 120 °C, the HMF yield was increased for the sulfonic acid cation exchange resin by increasing the catalyst loading from 15 mg to 30 mg for a 1 -hour run time, and for the H-Y catalyst by increasing the loading from 20 mg to 50 mg for a 4-hour run time.

TABLE 5. Results for Examples 36-38 and Example 28

EXAMPLES 39 and 40

Conversion of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural to a product mixture comprising

2,5-furandimethanol and tetrahvdro-2,5-furandimethanol Examples 39 and 40 were performed in an Endeavor Parallel

Pressure Reactor (Biotage LLC, Charlotte, NC). The glass reaction vessel (RV) inserts were prepared for each Example as specified with a total weight of 5 g. HMF (0.25 g) was added to approximately 4.5 g of 10% water in tetrahydrofuran, followed by approximately 0.2 g catalyst slurry (50 wt% in water), as indicated in the Table below. The reaction vessels were loaded into the reactor block and the stirring was set at 450 RPM. The RVs were purged with nitrogen three times, then purged with H ₂ three times, and then pressurized to 100 psi (0.69 MPa) with H ₂ and heated to 100 °C over a period of 15 min. The pressure was then increased to 400 psi (2.76 MPa) and the RVs were left in this state for 3 h before heating was shut off and the RVs were left to cool below 50 °C. The RVs were then removed from the reactor block and the reaction solutions were transferred to glass vials where they were diluted with water for a total mass of 14-20 g. All reaction solutions were then analyzed for the presence of HMF, FDM, and THFDM using HPLC. The results are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6. Results for Examples 39 and 40

EXAMPLE 41

Conversion of tetrahvdro-2,5-furandimethanol to a product mixture comprising 1 ,6-hexanediol and 1 ,2,6-hexanetriol using a Pt/W/TiO? catalyst

To a stainless steel (SS316) pressure reactor equipped with a magnetic stir bar and 5 ml of water were added 250 mg of

2,5-tetrahydrofurandimethanol (-95% pure) and about 250 mg of 4%

Pt/W/TiO2 catalyst. The reactor was sealed, connected to a high pressure gas manifold, and purged with nitrogen gas (1000 psi) three times. About 800 psi of hydrogen was then added and the reactor was heated to 160 °C. After 6 h, the reactor was allowed to cool to room temperature within 2 h and depressurized. The reaction product solution was diluted with n- propanol and filtered through a standard 5 micron disposable filter. A sample was taken and analyzed by GC and GC/MS; results are given in Table 7.

TABLE 7

EXAMPLE 42

Conversion of THFDM to a product mixture comprising 1 ,6-HD and 1 ,2.6-HT using a Pt/W/TiO? catalyst at 160 °C and a 24 hour reaction time Example 42 was conducted the same way as Example 41 , but the reaction time was 24 h instead of 6 h. Results are given in Table 8.

TABLE 8

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE A

5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural concentration over time in 0.5 M HCI at 100 °C Into a round-bottom flask, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (0.539 g, 4.27 mmol) was introduced with water (47.93 mL) and HCI (12 M, 2.066 mL, 25 mmol). The initial pH of the reaction mixture was 1 .2. The reaction mixture was heated with stirring at 100 °C for 24 h with sampling at intervals. The samples were analyzed by GC to determine the amount of

5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural present in solution; results are presented in Table 9. The data shows that the 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural

concentration decreased with time, and that no 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural remained in the last sample taken. These results demonstrate that

5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural is not stable at these reaction conditions.

TABLE 9

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE B

Heating of levoglucosenone in aqueous solution at pH 10 and 100 °C Into a round-bottom flask were added levoglucosenone (0.208 g, 1 .65 mmol), water (4.0 mL), and sodium hydroxide (2 mg). The initial pH of the aqueous reaction mixture was 10. The reaction mixture was heated with stirring at 100 °C for 22 h with sampling at intervals. The samples were analyzed by GC to determine if HMF was present. No HMF was observed, demonstrating that under these conditions levoglucosenone was not converted to HMF.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C

Conversion of levoglucosenone to HMF using sulfonic acid cation exchange resin at 100 °C

Into a round-bottom flask, LGone (0.202 g, 1 .6 mmol) was introduced with water (4.04 g) and the sulfonic acid-based cation exchange resin DOWEX™ (50WX8-400, 1 12 mg). The initial pH was 3.5. The reaction was heated to 100 °C for 24 h with sampling at intervals. The samples were analyzed on the GC to determine 5-hydroxymethyl- 2-furfural yield; results are shown in Table 10. After 22.5 h, the HMF yield was 23%.

TABLE 10