GERMINATION ENHANCER

BACKGROUND

[0001] The imbedded energy used in the production of fertilizer currently accounts for approximately 30% of all energy used in commercial farming. Furthermore, ammonia for use in fertilizer is currently principally made using natural gas, with about 1.3% of all natural gas used in the United States being directed to ammonia manufacture. With concerns over the induction of global warming by releasing CO2 through the burning of fossil fuels such as natural gas, there is great interest in producing fertilizers that are renewable in origin, for example, the use of compost and, as a second example, the use of cyanobacteria inoculations into soil. Current farming practices are not always amenable to the form such renewable fertilizers take. As such there is interest in the production of concentrated fertilizers that are inherently renewable. On a second level, wastewater treatment is an energy-intensive process that uses -4% of U.S.

electrical energy production in order to convert nitrogenous wastes to nitrogen gas, methane and bio-solids. These products are of zero, or very low commercial value. Thus municipal, agricultural and industrial waste streams are largely untapped nitrogen resources.

[0002] The present invention is directed toward overcoming one or more of the problems discussed above.

SUMMARY OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0003] In one embodiment, the present invention includes a method to increase the growth or production of a plant by providing an arginine-enriched polypeptide. In another embodiment the method includes a method to make a composition comprising a nitrogen- enriched fertilizer. In some embodiments the arginine-enriched polypeptide can be obtained via a synthetic process or via culturing a transformed organism which expresses and secretes an arginine-enriched polypeptide. In some embodiments the arginine-enriched polypeptide includes Met-x-Arg5_2o, Args_2o and a polypeptide mixture with an average size of between 5 and 20 arginines. The arginine-enriched polypeptide, cultured media or conditioned media, optionally comprising the transformed organism can be bound to a material that is capable of binding cations such as CM sepharose or sepharose SP, for later recovery of the arginine-enriched polypeptide, or the arginine-enriched polypeptide can be bound to peat, diatomaceous earth, compost, clay, or soil, to create a composition comprising nitrogen-enriched fertilizer which can then be used on the plant to increase growth or production of the plant. The invention also includes fertilizers including an arginine-enriched polypeptide or fertilizers optionally including transformed organisms expressing an arginine-enriched polypeptide. The invention also includes organisms expressing Met-x-Arg5_2o, Args_2o and a polypeptide mixture with an average size of between 5 and 20 arginines.

[0004] Various modifications and additions can be made to the embodiments discussed without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, while the embodiments described above refer to particular features, the scope of this invention also included

embodiments having different combination of features and embodiments that do not include all of the above described features.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0005] Figure 1 shows the use of polyarginine for growth by a strain of E. coli cells that are auxotrophic for arginine.

[0006] Figure 2 shows the use of arginine for growth by the same strain of E. coli used in

Figure 1.

[0007] Figure 3 shows the increased uptake of NH ₄ from growth medium by E. coli cells when the cells are producing polyarginine. This only is true when cation exchange media is present, indicating that the polyarginine produced draws NH ₄ from solution by deposition of the NH ₄ as polyarginine on the cation exchange media.

[0008] Figure 4 shows an overview of Nitrogen Arginine Biorecovery (NAB)

[0009] Figure 5 shows in graph form the inhibition of the binding of cobalt to CM sepharose by polyarginine.

[0010] Figure 6 shows increased germination and biomass yield of Arabidopsis thaliana due to the addition of polyarginine or arginine to N-replete growth media.

[0011] Figure 7 shows in table form the inhibition of the binding of cobalt to CM sepharose by polyarginine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] While various aspects and features of certain embodiments have been summarized above, the following detailed description illustrates a few embodiments in further detail to enable one of skill in the art to practice such embodiments. The described examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. [0013] In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the described

embodiments. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, that other embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. Several embodiments are described and claimed herein, and while various features are ascribed to different embodiments, it should be appreciated that the features described with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated with other embodiments as well. By the same token, however, no single feature or features of any described or claimed embodiment should be considered essential to every embodiment of the invention, as other embodiments of the invention may omit such features.

[0014] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers used herein to express quantities, dimensions, and so forth used should be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about." In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise, and use of the terms "and" and "or" means "and/or" unless otherwise indicated. Moreover, the use of the term "including," as well as other forms, such as "includes" and "included," should be considered non-exclusive. Also, terms such as "element" or "component" encompass both elements and components comprising one unit and elements and components that comprise more than one unit, unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0015] The present invention includes a method for production and use of arginine-rich proteins for use as fertilizer. The arginine-rich proteins can be made synthetically but are preferably made by microorganisms. An important aspect of this method is that cells are forced to draw nitrogen-rich compounds from the medium by conversion of this nitrogen into a secreted arginine-rich protein, which is itself continuously drawn away from the cells by binding to cation exchange media. See Figure 4. The arginine-rich proteins may be used directly complexed to the anionic substrate, or optionally collected on the anionic substrate and released from the anionic substrate in a concentrated form for later use.

[0016] Herein by definition the term "protein" refers also to the terms "peptide" and

"polypeptide", and the term "polyarginine" specifies an arginine-rich protein, or a region within a protein, consisting entirely of arginine without other amino acid residues, where the terms "R _n " and "Arg _n " are polyarginine regions where R or Arg are shorthand for arginine and _n is the number of consecutive residues of arginine in the molecule.

[0017] An arginine-enriched polypeptide of the present invention includes, for example,

Met-x-Arg5_2o, Args_2o and a polypeptide mixture with an average size of between 5 and 20 arginines. However the arginine-enriched polypeptide of the present invention may be between 2 and 400 amino acids in length, between about 4 and about 200 amino acids in length, between about 6 and about 100 amino acids in length, between about 10 and about 50 amino acids in length. An arginine-enriched polypeptide may have an average size of about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20 arginines in length, but may be longer, such as about 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 300, 350, or 400 arginines in length.

[0018] Polyarginine is approximately 30% nitrogen. By comparison NH ₄ NO ₃ is 33% nitrogen, cyanophycin is 23% and urea is 44%. It is known that the arginine monomer acts as an effective fertilizer, with soil microorganisms readily reducing arginine to produce ammonia, which is then available for uptake by plants. Incorporation of arginine into preferred compounds containing polyarginine-rich regions creates a compound with unique attributes compared to that of arginine alone. For example, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, E. coli cells can utilize arginine more quickly for growth than they do polyarginine. This lag period suggests that polyarginine acts as a "slow-release" form of arginine. As a second example (Figure 5) polyarginine inhibits cobalt from binding cation exchange medium whereas arginine alone does not, indicating that the multiplicity of guanidinium groups on polyarginine will bind the cation exchange medium more tightly than arginine, facilitating continuous purification and

concentration away from competing cations in solution. This also suggests that polyarginine will bind soil more tightly than arginine alone, facilitating slow-release of nitrogen. The following examples also show ways in which arginine-rich proteins are different than merely adding arginine monomers alone: 1) the length of the polyarginine compound can be manipulated to modify nitrogen release rate of the fertilizer in comparison to the monomer arginine alone; and, 2) polyarginine-rich proteins can include non-basic amino acid residues in order to inhibit certain exoproteases and thereby slow nitrogen release rates of the fertilizer; this is the basis for the Nitrogen Arginine Biorecovery method (NAB) for driving nitrogen recovery into a trapped product, thereby reducing the presence of arginine monomer within the cell so that it is no longer available for feedback inhibition or for conversion into other cellular metabolites such as cyanophycin.

[0019] In Example 1 it is shown that E. coli strain NK5992 that normally requires arginine for growth because of a mutation in ArgA, N-acetylglutamate synthetase, does grow on polyarginine. On a per-monomer equivalency, the organism grows more poorly on polyarginine than when fed arginine monomer directly. This indicates that arginine and polyarginine have different modes and rates of uptake and use by this organism. [0020] A significant aspect of this invention is that arginine-rich proteins may inherently show slow-release characteristics in terms of supplying nitrogen to plants, since the monomer arginine must be released from polyarginine in a sequential fashion by enzymes prior to incorporation of the monomer into plant or microbial proteins. In this way, the length of the arginine-rich protein, or a mixture of arginine-rich proteins of different lengths is optimized to promote specific nitrogen release rates. According to the invention, soil microorganism uptake rate of polyarginine is related to the length of the polyarginine compound, with longer polyarginine regions leading to slower arginine uptake. By extension, longer polyarginine compounds represent a fertilizer with a slower release rate of nitrogen, and slow release fertilizers can comprise polyarginine compounds of differing lengths.

[0021] According to the invention, microorganism uptake rates of polyarginine can be modified by substituting non-basic amino acids in the polymer. By extension such compounds represent a fertilizer with altered nitrogen release rates; slow release fertilizers can comprise polyarginine compounds of different degrees of amino acid substitution.

[0022] Municipalities, agriculture and industry are charged by government regulations to limit the effluence of nitrogen compounds into the environment. Current practice is to first treat nitrogen-rich effluents to microbial aerobic oxidation with conversion of ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate. This is then followed by anoxic microbial treatment with reduction of nitrate to N ₂ . In this way fixed nitrogen (often sourced from fertilizer) is lost either by disposal of the treatment microbes or by emission to the air.

[0023] An important aspect of this invention is NAB whereby arginine-rich proteins are continuously or semi-continuously trapped on cation exchange media so as to act as a sink to drive uptake of nitrogen from feed streams into a concentrated, recoverable, useful product. NAB uses organisms optimized at a number of discrete steps where the entirety of these steps is directed at increasing the amount of nitrogen trapped as arginine-rich protein. NAB comprises: increased nitrogen uptake; increased production of arginine; decreased catabolism of arginine; increased production of arginine tRNAs; increased production of arginine-rich proteins;

decreased production of competing products; increased secretion of arginine-rich proteins; and, specifically trapping the arginine-rich protein on cation exchange media.

[0024] Individually, a number of the steps described in NAB have been applied by the art to the production of arginine monomers. By way of example: down-regulation of the arginase, arginine decarboxylase, arginine deiminase, arginine amidinotransferase, arginine

succinyltransferase and arginine oxidase/dehydrogenase pathways. All of these modifications were made to increase the production of arginine monomer as a product. The previous art has not coupled over-production of arginine to the subsequent over-production of arginine -rich proteins. The current invention incorporates some of these steps, but only does so in treating arginine monomer as a transient compound that is immediately converted into an arginine-rich, secreted protein. In one embodiment, argO export genes are mutated to reduce export of arginine monomer from the cell. This leads to an increased production of arginine-rich proteins. This is in direct opposition to the approach taken by the art where arginine export is increased in order to increase the production of arginine monomer. Also, the invention contemplates knocking out carboxypeptidase B gene in order to lower degradation of arginine-rich proteins and thereby increase product yield in the current invention. This would be expected to have a neutral or negative effect in the case where production of arginine monomer is preferred.

[0025] One step in NAB is the production of arginine-rich proteins that are efficiently transported across the cell membrane or cell wall and outside into the surrounding medium. Prior art has shown that Rg is readily taken up by cells. We show in Example 2 that production of Met-Argg peptide, when produced by E. coli is implicated in reduction of ammonium

concentration in growth medium using the NAB process. According to the invention, % arginine of the produced peptide, and/or length of the arginine-rich peptides can be modified to promote flux of the arginine-rich protein across the cell wall and out into the surrounding medium.

Similarly according to the invention, peptides may be actively secreted into the exterior medium by the addition of secretion coding sequences; this is a distinctly different method of transport than that which the arginine monomer undergoes in prior art.

[0026] An important aspect of this invention is the screening for arginine-rich proteins that are efficiently secreted by the organisms. As is known in the art, Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 is used to detect arginine levels; it could be adapted for use in an agar detection system to distinguish colonies of cells having higher rates of polyarginine production and secretion. This invention discloses that Escherichia coli strain NK5992, an arginine auxotroph, grows on polyarginine, and therefore can be used as a sensor strain to detect increased polyarginine production and secretion by the production strain.

[0027] An important aspect of arginine-rich protein overproduction is the screening of the organism for strains having increased arginine-rich protein output. Such screening would be similar to that described above for use in determining secretion levels of arginine-rich protein variants.

[0028] The art has shown the utility of adding polyarginine tags to proteins in order to facilitate purification of the proteins via cation exchange chromatography, or to facilitate binding of the polyarginine-tagged proteins to mica surfaces. A significant aspect of NAB is the preferentially continuous removal of arginine-rich protein from the culture medium using cation exchange in order to drive nitrogen recovery. Semi-continuous removal and batch removal of arginine-rich proteins is also a possibility. This aspect of NAB relies on the difference in binding of nitrogen as fixed in arginine-rich proteins versus the binding of nitrogen in forms found in the feed stream, generally N ₂ , N¾, NH ₄ , NO ₂ NO ₃ and forms of organic nitrogen such as that found in nucleotides and (non-arginine-rich) proteins. The guanidinium group of arginine is strongly positively charged, having a pKa of approximately 12.4. This group allows binding to cation exchange resin even at basic pH levels and in the presence of competing cations such as metals. We show in example 5, Figure 5 and Figure 7, that cobalt is inhibited from binding cation exchange media in the presence of competing polyarginine. Furthermore it is expected that the presence of a multiplicity of arginine residues within an arginine-rich protein will have an additive effect upon binding affinity to cation exchange media, particularly in regards to displacement of other competing non-polycationic cations such as free arginine monomer or metals. Therefore this high number of localized positive charges on arginine-rich proteins will facilitate removal of the arginine-rich protein from the culture medium even in the presence of competing, positively charged molecules. We show in Example 2 that NAB drives nitrogen recovery from media to a much greater extent in the presence of cation exchange media than in its absence, resulting in lower final concentrations of nitrogen in growth media when NAB is practiced in the presence of cation exchange media than when practiced in its absence. In one of the embodiments of the invention, modifications to the arginine-rich protein, in particular increases in length of polyarginine regions, drive greater nitrogen recovery.

[0029] Accordingly, the instant invention includes a method to increase the growth or production of a plant, comprising supplying the plant with an arginine-enriched polypeptide. The present invention also includes a method to make a composition comprising a nitrogen-enriched fertilizer, comprising supplying an arginine-enriched polypeptide; and binding the arginine- enriched polypeptide to a cation exchange material to create the nitrogen-enriched fertilizer.

[0030] The present invention also includes a method to make a nitrogen-enriched fertilizer, comprising; culturing an organism which expresses and secretes into the media an arginine-enriched polypeptide selected from the group consisting of Met-x-Arg5-20, Arg5-20 and a polypeptide mixture with an average size of between 5 and 20 arginines; exposing the cultured media or conditioned media to a material that is capable of binding cations under conditions that allow the arginine-enriched polypeptide to bind to the material, wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of peat, diatomaceous earth, compost, clay, or soil to create the composition comprising a nitrogen-enriched fertilizer. [0031] The present invention also includes a method to increase the growth or production of a plant comprising: culturing an organism which expresses and secretes into the media an arginine-enriched polypeptide. In one embodiment, the arginine-enriched polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of Met-x-Arg5_2o, Args_2o and a polypeptide mixture with an average size of between 5 and 20 arginines. The method also includes exposing the cultured media or conditioned media to a material that is capable of binding cations under conditions that allow the arginine-enriched polypeptide to bind to the material, wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of peat, diatomaceous earth, compost, clay, or soil to create the composition comprising a nitrogen-enriched fertilizer; and exposing the plant to the composition comprising the nitrogen-enriched fertilizer, wherein the growth or production of the plant is increased.

[0032] The present invention also includes a composition comprising a fertilizer which includes a material capable of binding to cations and an arginine-enriched polypeptide.

[0033] Another important aspect of this invention is to use cation exchange media such as peat, humus, composted crop residue or diatomaceous earth that are amenable to crop growth. This would allow direct use of the arginine-rich protein-bound cation exchange media as a nitrogen-enhanced fertilizer, making the arginine-rich protein available for conversion to ammonia by soil microbes or direct assimilation of the arginine-rich protein into plant roots. According to the invention, peat and alternatively diatomaceous earth, when bound with arginine-rich protein, supplies nitrogen to soil microorganisms and plants.

[0034] Another aspect of the invention is that the arginine-rich protein may instead be removed from the cation exchange medium where the arginine-rich protein is further collected for use in a concentrated form. Therefore, concentrated arginine-rich protein collected from cation exchange medium is directly taken up as a nitrogen source by soil microorganisms and plants.

[0035] Another aspect of this invention is that arginine-rich proteins may have specific utility as a foliar application of fertilizer or for direct absorption by plant root cells. It is known that various peptides easily cross the outer cell membrane of a number of known cell types. Such peptides include the TAT peptide, and the polypeptide Argg, where such peptides have been used to chaperone DNA and/or GFP into barley leaves, tobacco cells, and onion and tomato root cells. There is some indication that arginine-rich proteins taken up by cells either remain inside the cell or are freely diffusible back across the cell wall. There is no prior indication that the TAT peptide, or the polypeptide Argg will act as a nitrogen source upon application to soils or directly to plants and that these peptides can support plant growth. [0036] The fertilizer compositions of the present invention disclosed here may be used as a composition containing the arginine-rich protein alone or mixed in as a further composition with other macronutrients and macronutrients required for plant growth, as well as other components that aid in composition delivery, such as surfactants, waxes and emulsifiers.

[0037] The disclosed fertilizer compositions of the invention can be supplied as concentrate or ready-to-use liquids, thickened liquids, liquids having components to increase adherence of the disclosed fertilizer to plant surfaces, gels, powders, granules, pellets, blocks, or tablets. A concentrate composition refers to a product that is diluted with water before being applied to the crops. A ready-to-use composition refers to a product that is applied to a crop without dilution. When provided as a liquid, thickened liquid, or gel, the composition can be a concentrate that is diluted with water before being applied to the crop. This allows for less product to be shipped and stored. The product can also be provided as a ready-to-use liquid. When provided as a solid, especially a powder, granule, or pellet, the solid can be applied as a ready-to-use product where the product is scattered around the crops. The product can also be provided as a solid concentrate that is diluted with water before being applied to the crop. In some embodiments, the composition is a ready-to-use liquid. In some embodiments, the disclosed composition is provided as a two-part composition. In some embodiments, the disclosed composition is provided as a one-part composition.

[0038] The disclosed compositions of the invention may be provided as a concentrate that is diluted with water to form a ready-to-use composition, or may be provided as a ready-to-use composition. The disclosed compositions may be applied to a seed or plant by scattering, sprinkling, spraying, misting, foaming, dusting, injecting, or applying with a targeted application such as a seed application. As an example, the ready-to-use composition may be a solid that is scattered around a plant or may be a liquid that is applied around or on a plant.

[0039] In some embodiments, in one embodiment the compositions of the invention are applied to the seed during planting. This allows the plant to obtain the most benefit from the compositions of the invention, and develop the strongest root system. This will then allow the developed plant to access more water and nutrients which in turn makes it more drought resistant.

[0040] In some embodiments, when applying the compositions of the invention to the seeds, the composition may be applied at a given distance from the seed and distance into the soil. In other embodiments, the compositions may be applied to either side of the seed, in front or in back of the seed in the row, or even on the seed. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to not apply the compositions directly to the seed. It may be desirable for the compositions to be applied at the same soil depth of the seed versus above the seed on top of the dirt. When applying the composition with seed planting, the composition may be applied at a concentration or rate of application that is suitable for the specific plant type to be grown, which can be determined by one of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are applied or reapplied to the plant leaves.

[0041] In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the compositions of the invention to be applied to the seed prior to planting. Optionally this is accomplished as a seed coating or covering.

[0042] It may be desirable to foliar-apply the compositions of the invention. This may be a single application, may be part of a series of foliar applications, or may be done in conjunction with an earlier seed application. When applying the compositions of the invention to the leaves, the composition may be applied at a concentration or rate of application that is suitable for the specific plant type to be grown, as can be determined by one of skill in the art.

[0043] The present invention also includes a method to enhance germination of a seed, as discussed elsewhere herein. As shown in example 4, Figure 6, polyarginine and arginine stimulate the germination and growth of Arabidopsis thaliana in liquid culture in a dose- dependent manner over the control when added as an extra ingredient to an otherwise complete nitrogen-containing commercial plant tissue culture medium. The invention includes the use of specific amounts of either polyarginine or arginine to obtain increased growth and/or germination of many plant seed types, including, but not limited to all grains, legumes, fruits, flowers, podded vegetables, bulb and stem vegetables, root and tuberous vegetables, sea vegetables, leafy and salad vegetables, woody species, ornamentals, houseplants, algae and cyanobacteria and plants used for biomass or biofuel production. The present invention includes the use of specific amounts of either polyarginine or arginine to obtain increased growth and/or germination of seeds in soil, in one embodiment, through the use of direct application or by coating seeds with a specific amount of polyarginine or arginine prior to planting. The present invention provides an embodiment where R ₉ and other arginine-rich proteins of the invention, applied either as a foliar feed or as a soil nutrient supplies nitrogen to encourage growth of plants.

[0044] This invention also recognizes that such concentrated forms of arginine-rich protein have a number of important industrial uses other than use in fertilizer. By way of example, the production of animal feed, or the production of Argg or other arginine-rich proteins of the invention, as drug delivery agents.

[0045] This invention therefore describes a method whereby nitrogen is in effect continuously pulled from solution by an organism, concentrated into a soluble polymer, secreted, and then collected from solution by soil-amenable cation exchange media so as to drive the flux of nitrogen from the feed stream into a concentrated, usable fertilizer or arginine-rich product.

[0046] Thus, the present invention includes use of arginine-rich protein (or polypeptide) as fertilizer wherein said protein is generally greater than 60% arginine. The arginine-rich proteins are polymers generally between 2 and 400 amino acids in length, but that may be larger in order to facilitate secretion by the cell, and/or in order to facilitate aggregation and or collection outside of the cell, and/or to facilitate formulation, uptake as fertilizer by cells and/or slowed nitrogen release by degrading organisms or enzymes.

[0047] The arginine-rich protein or polypeptide may have the % arginine, composition and amino acid sequence and/or length of the arginine-rich protein modified to increase or decrease the rate of nitrogen release from the arginine-rich protein when used as a fertilizer; and/or to increase passive diffusion or active secretion of the arginine-rich protein to the outside of the cell.

[0048] The arginine-rich proteins may be produced by an organism or a transformed organism. Such organisms may be grown photoautotrophically, chemoautotrophically or heterotrophically on a nitrogen-rich feedstream in such a way so as to stimulate nitrogen uptake and increase production of arginine-rich proteins.

[0049] The nitrogen-rich feedstream may include waste streams such as municipal, agricultural, and/or industrial wastewater, or water in holding ponds and lagoons, or any defined media with the intent to maximize the production of the arginine-enriched polypeptide.

Macronutrients and micronutrients may be added to these media to ensure organism survival or productivity.

[0050] The arginine-rich proteins may include secretory sequences that act to direct the arginine-rich protein to secretion by the cell. Such secretory signals may be cleaved off in the process of secretion, cleaved off after production, or left on the arginine-rich protein.

The organisms may be isolated from various wastewater sources or from agricultural lagoons. Multiple different types of organisms may be utilized, either singularly or in combinations in order to efficiently convert a given feedstock to arginine-rich protein. Example organisms include facultative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, aerobic bacteria, such as nitrifying bacteria, exemplified by genus Nitrosomonas and nitrobacter, sulfur bacteria, exemplified by genus Thiothrix and Thiobacillus, and iron bacteria, exemplified by genus Siderocapsa. Other candidate organisms include those typically used for the production of arginine (example genus Corynebacterium (Brevibacterium), Bacillus, and Serratia). Other candidate organisms include acetogenic bacteria (example genus Acetobacter), coliforms (example genus Escherichia), cyanobacteria (example genus Oscillatoria), fecal coliforms, fermentative bacteria (example genus Proteus), filamentous bacteria (example genus Haliscomenobacter), floc-forming bacteria (example Zoogloea), gliding bacteria (example genus Beggiatoa), gram-positive bacteria (example genus Bacillus), gram-negative aerobic cocci and rods (example genus Acetobacter), gram-negative facultative anaerobic rods (example genus Escherichia), hydrolytic bacteria (example genus Bacteriodes), methane-forming bacteria (example genus Methanobacterium), nocardioforms (example genus Nocardia), pathogenic bacteria (example genus Campylobacter) poly-P bacteria (example genus Acinobacter), saprophytic bacteria (example genus

Micrococcus), sheathed bacteria (example genus Sphaerotilus), spirochetes (example genus Spirochaeta), among others.

[0051] The organisms can be genetically modified or otherwise selected to increase the production of arginine-rich proteins through down-regulation of arginine export genes such as argO, through down-regulation of genes that would degrade arginine-rich proteins, such as carboypeptidase B, and through limiting or eliminating the production of arginine-rich byproducts such as cyanophycin that would otherwise compete with production of the arginine-rich protein. Included are modified organisms containing combinations of these modified attributes.

[0052] The organisms may also be genetically modified or otherwise selected to specifically increase for arginine-rich protein production: by way of example, through up- regulation of the arginine-rich protein itself; through up-regulation of levels of arginine tRNAs; through down-regulation of other arginine-rich proteins. Included are modified organisms containing combinations of these modified attributes.

[0053] The organisms may also be genetically modified or otherwise selected to specifically increase for arginine-rich protein production: by way of example, up-regulation of arginine synthesis genes such as argininosuccinate lyase, down-regulation of arginine catabolism genes such as arginase, and down-regulation of arginine synthesis feedback inhibition genes such as argA. Included are modified organisms containing combinations of these modified attributes.

[0054] The strains of the organism may be screened for and/or selected for increased arginine-rich protein production and secretion using, for example: arginine-reactive reagents such as Sakaguchi reagent or Brilliant Blue Coomassie G250; using growth of an arginine auxotroph indicator strain; or, use of an antibody or aptamer for detection of arginine-rich proteins.

[0055] The organisms producing the arginine-rich proteins can be nitrogen-fixing organisms, such as, for example, cyanobacteria or other photosynthetic organisms such as non- sulfur purple bacteria or a mixture of nitrogen-fixing organisms and possibly complex mixtures of other organisms so as to facilitate the production of arginine-rich proteins. Optionally, the nitrogen-fixing organisms are genetically modified or otherwise selected to increase the level of nitrogen fixation.

[0056] Additionally, the arginine-rich proteins may include protein tags such as streptag,

His-6, or maltose binding protein so as to facilitate concentration and capture of the arginine-rich protein in the solution outside of the cells.

[0057] As defined herein, "protein" by definition include peptides and polypeptides, and arginine refers to L-arginine.

[0058] In one embodiment, the arginine-enriched polypeptides are trapped and concentrated using cationic exchange media, by way of example either the weak cation exchange material CM sepharose or the strong cation exchange material Sepharose SP.

[0059] In one embodiment, the arginine-enriched polypeptides are trapped and concentrated using cationic exchange media (or material) that is suitable for use as a fertilizer, preferably an inexpensive and widely- available material such as peat, diatomaceous earth, clay, soil, or compost, where the added arginine-rich proteins will act as an added growth stimulant.

[0060] In one embodiment, the cell production of the arginine-rich proteins is concurrent with trapping the arginine-rich proteins on the cationic exchange media (or material) so as to create a nitrogen recovery method (NAB) where the cation exchange media acts as an ultimate sink for nitrogen and thereby drives the cellular uptake of nitrogen, conversion into arginine, incorporation into arginine-rich protein, and secretion of the arginine-rich protein.

[0061] In yet another embodiment, the arginine-enriched polypeptides, after binding to the material, are released from being bound to the cationic exchange media (material) so as to allow concentration of the arginine-rich proteins for further direct use as fertilizer or for further processing for other uses.

[0062] Arginine-enriched polypeptides of the invention include synthesized arginine-rich compounds comprised principally of L- and/or D- stereoisomers of primarily arginine monomers, but with addition of additional monomers or cross-linkers in order to enable formulation or to alter formulation uptake rates, wherein such compounds are used directly as fertilizer or are first bound to exchange media that is suitable for use as a fertilizer.

[0063] In another embodiment of the present invention, polyarginine and/or arginine may be used to increase growth amount or growth rate, and/or increase and/or enhance germination of seeds, grafts and/or plant cell culture, including Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Specifically, polyarginine or arginine caused increased plant length, decreased germination time, increased germination percent, and increased total biomass accumulation at the measured stages of plant growth in a dose-dependent manner over a control where polyarginine or arginine was not used. The invention includes the use of specific amounts of either polyarginine or arginine to obtain increased growth and/or germination of many plant seed types, including, but not limited to sugar cane, soybeans, maize, rice, wheat, potatoes, sugar beet, cassava, soybeans, tomatoes barley, sweet potatoes, watermelons, bananas, onions, apples, cabbages, oranges grapes, cucumbers, sorghum, cotton, and rapeseed. Also included are application of polyarginine or arginine to other plants including: grains, legumes, fruits, flowers, podded vegetables, bulb and stem vegetables, root and tuberous vegetables, sea vegetables, leafy and salad vegetables, woody species, ornamentals, houseplants, algae and cyanobacteria and plants used for biomass or biofuel production. Arginine and/or polyarginine may be used to increase growth and/or germination of seeds or plant tissue grafts in either liquid culture, hydroponic media, soil, or other media. The invention includes the use of specific amounts of either polyarginine or arginine to obtain increased growth and/or germination of seeds in soil, particularly through the use of direct application or by coating seeds with a specific amount of polyarginine or arginine prior to planting, with amounts of arginine/polyarginine to be used as determined by one of skill in the art. For example, in liquid media, the amount of arginine and/or polyarginine to use can include a range of between about 10 μg/ml and about 1 mg/ml , between about 1 μg/ml and about 800 μg/ml, between about 10 μg/ml and about 500 μg/ml, between about 30 μg/ml and about 300 μg/ml, between about 50 μg/ml and about 150 μg/ml M, or between about 80 μg/ml and about 120 μg/ml, or about 100 μg/ml. Appropriate amounts of arginine/poly arginine to be used in other media types can be determined by one of skill in the art.

[0064] The description of the various embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting of the invention to the form disclosed. The scope of the present invention is limited only by the scope of the following claims. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiments described and shown in the figures were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All references cited herein are incorporated in their entirety by reference.

EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1

[0065] Example 1. Growth comparison of an E. coli arginine auxotroph on arginine

(Figure 1) and polyarginine (Figure 2). E. coli strain NK5992 was pre-grown on arginine in M9 medium, spun down and resuspended in a 60-fold dilution of fresh M9 containing the indicated levels of arginine or synthesized polyarginine (Arg ₇ o ;Sigma, 15-70KD, 80-400 amino acids). Cells were grown in triplicate at 37°C on a 96-well plate with measurement at 600nm using a Tecan InfiniteM200 pro.

EXAMPLE 2

[0066] Decreases in ammonium concentration is dependent upon both cation exchange resin in the growth media and E. coli containing an R9 gene. E. coli SI 7-1 cells were transformed either with the control pFLAG-CTS plasmid (the OmpA signal sequence followed by a neutral FLAG peptide), the pFLAG-CTS plasmid containing the OmpA R9 sequence (the OmpA signal sequence followed by nine arginines and a stop codon) or just the R9 sequence. One ml of cells were grown to an OD of 0.3 600nm in M9 medium containing 0.2% glucose and 340 mg/L ammonium as ammonium chloride and then induced with 1 mg/ml IPTG. Where indicated, cation exchange media (CEM) was added as 24 micro equivalents (approximately 15 μΐ of swelled resin) of either Whatman Express-ion C (carboxymethyl cellulose) or Whatman Express-ion S (sulphoxyethyl cellulose), and where the CEM had been preconditioned overnight in M9 medium. The initial M9 medium had about 55 microequivalents of NH4+ per ml. Cells were grown in biological triplicate, with shaking, for 48 hours at 37°C. Ammonium levels for each replicate were detected in technical duplicate using a YSI 7100MBS. Most error resulted from between-biological replicates rather than technical measurements. Addition of CEM to M9 medium alone showed a slight lowering of measured ammonium, but this lowering was well within analysis error. Error bars were calculated using one standard deviation from the mean. See Figure 3. Per each data set, the first column: No CEM; second column: CEM-C; third column, CEM-S.

EXAMPLE 3.

[0067] Figure 4. Schematic of the Nitrogen- Arginine Biorecovery (NAB) Process.

Nitrogenous compounds are taken up by cells, converted to highly positively-charged polyarginine molecules and trapped on cation exchange media. Through mass transfer nitrogen is depleted to very low levels in the surrounding medium. The polyarginine can either be recovered from the cation exchange media, or the polyarginine-coated media can be used directly as a soil amendment. See Figure 4.

EXAMPLE 4. [0068] See Figure 6. Polyarginine and arginine were shown to act as a fertilizer as well as a stimulant for germination. Approximately 300 Arabidopsis thaliana seeds were soaked in 75% ethanol for one minute, then soaked in 10% bleach, 0.02% TRITON X100 for five minutes, then washed five times with sterile water. The seeds were then resuspended in about 4 ml water, and dispensed into 30 Eppendorf tubes at approximately 100 microliters per tube, for a total of 8- 9 seeds per tube. Test conditions included either water, IX or 0.1X MS medium (Caisson;

MSPA0910, MS medium with added macro and micronutrients, Vitamins and glycine; IX media is nitrogen replete with a final glycine content of 2 mg/mL and NH ₄ NO ₃ at 1.6 g/L), and either zero, lOug/ml, 30 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, and 300 μg/ml polyarginine (Arg ₇₀ ; Sigma, 15-70KD, 80- 400 amino acids) or arginine. Growth conditions were 75 μΕ m ^"1 s ^"1 LED light as detected at level with the seed through the plastic Eppendorf cap, with shaking at 200 RPM at 21 °C. Wet weight total biomass was determined on Day 5, germination profiles were determined on day 4. Root length and stem lengths are in mm.

[0069] Results: At day 4. Arginine and polyarginine were shown to have increased percentages of Arabidopsis thaliana germination by up to 9-fold (see column: x-fold

germination) in a dose-dependent manner when the seeds were grown in lx MS nitrogen-replete media. The arginine had the same relative effect on percent germination when added to O.lxMS medium. The optimal level of either arginine or polyarginine was 100 μg/ml. At day 5, arginine and polyarginine were shown to have increased Arabidopsis thaliana biomass production by up to 4-fold (see column: x-fold biomass) in a dose-dependent manner. Again, the optimal level of arginine or polyarginine was 100μg/ml. This is of particular note because the commercial SM medium used was designed with sufficient NH ₄ NO ₃ for plant growth. Using 100 μg/ml polyarginine in water, the seeds showed a large amount of root growth that was not found in the case of using arginine. It is not known what caused this or the isolated case of increased growth at O.lx MS using 10 μg/ml polyarginine.

EXAMPLE 5.

[0070] See Figure 7 and Figure 5. The binding of cobalt to cation exchange resin CM sepharose was shown to be inhibited by the presence of polyarginine but not by the presence of arginine. Solutions were made having a final level of 2.5 μΜ C0CI ₂ , 0.95 μΜ of either Arginine or polyarginine (Arg ₇ o, Sigma, 15-70KD, 80-400 amino acids) and 0.65 μΜ meq of CM seph (5μ1 wet volume). This represents competitive conditions, having 2.6-fold excess cobalt over the arginine/polyarginine, and saturation of the CM sepharose with cations. The C0CI ₂ and inhibitor (either arginine, polyarginine, or water) were mixed prior to adding the sepharose. The final solution had a C0CI ₂ concentration of 25 mM. After sitting for 1 minute the sepharose was washed 2x with water to remove excess cobalt and inhibitor. The cobalt was then stripped from the column material with 50 μΐ of 50 mM EDTA and this cobalt-containing wash was made basic with 50 μΐ of 50 mM NaOH. The cobalt-containing wash was then monitored on a DU800 spectroscope at 463nm wavelength for the data of Table 2, and from 350nm to 650nm for Figure 5. The data of Figure 5 and Figure 7 were from separate experiments acquired on two different days.

[0071] Results: Under the conditions used, polyarginine out-competed cobalt >2:1 for binding to CM sepharose when the number of anionic sites on the CM sepharose was limiting. This occurred even though the cobalt was in a 2.6-fold excess over the polyarginine (molar excess as calculated on a per arginine monomer basis; the excess Co ⁺⁺ over polyarginine on a molar basis was at least 210-fold since the polyarginine used had 80-400 arginine residues per molecule). Arginine did not compete with cobalt for the CM sepharose but instead, for unknown reasons, enhanced the binding of cobalt to the resin.