SYSTEM

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIO S OOOlJ This patent application is a Continuation-In-Part of and claims priority to U.S

Application Serial No. 16 182,931 Hied November 7 _» 2018 and is related to the following cases, the contents of which are also incorporated by reference herein: U.S. Patent No. 9,394,702 issued July 19, 2016; U.S. Patent No. 9,528,280 issued December 27, 2016; U .S. Application Serial No. 15/388,304 filed December 22, 2016; U.S. Application Serial No. 15/333,291 filed October 25, 2016; and U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 15/682,956 filed August 22, 2017.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION ( 1 ) Field of the Invention

[OO02J Several aspects of this disclosure relate to a progressive stage load distribution and absorption underlay ment system, primarily for comfort underfoot and injury mitigation i such environments of use as an elder care or senior living facility.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION jOiRUJ It would be desirable to implement below a superstructure that receives percussive impacts an underlayment system that will reduce impact forces and therefore reduce the potential risk of injury associated with fall-related impacts on the surface. Potential benefits include reducing injury risk due to fells on the flooring surface, minimizing system cost, maintaining system durability, facilitating installation, abating noise while offering surface quality and comfort for both patients and caregivers.

|0004j While such underlayment layers provide some added benefit, they also increase system cost, installation complexity, and often reduce the durability of the top flooring material. To date, no commercially cost effective and durable underlayment system has been developed that provides a substantial injury ri k reduction due to falls on the variety of flooring products. Several attempts have been made, but such approaches often fail to meet certain performance and cost effectiveness objectives,

I0C J5J One important aspect when considering deploying an underlayment system for impact protection is the consistency in performance over the entire surface. The impact performance of previous approaches varies substantially when comparing the center of the energy absorbing materia! and the seams or joints between adjacent energy absorbing materials. The seams between foams, rol ls or panels, for example, lack cross linking or bonds between adjacent energy absorbers. These areas are weaker than the center of the energy absorber and deform at a lower applied load compared to the areas away from the seam. This results in areas where not onl is the impact performance inconsistent across the surface, but also promotes loss of balance since locations are not visible. Finally, these areas can also promote inconsistent wear patterns in the floor covering that may result in visual and structural defects over time due the stress induced on the floor co vering by the seams in the underlayment. While some technologies, like foam, may be weaker at the seams one can appreciate that other products like injection molded tiles maybe stronger at the seams and weaker in the center, again creating inconsistencies in impact, instability, and wear patterns across a flooring surface,

|0006| Another important aspect when considering deploying an underlayment system for impact protection is comfort and vibration damping under foot. The ideal underlayment product would provide both enhanced comfort under foot while providing enhanced impact protection. Conventional approaches historically accomplished this by adding layers to the construction which adds both cost and system complexity. For example, two layers of foam that differ in densit and or chemistry may be layered beneath the flooring surface where a softer layer enhances comfort under foot and a second more firm layer enhances the impact absorbing properties. Injection molded tiles will often be assembled between a layer of compliant foam and the finished flooring product. Adding layers to flooring syste result in added costs, complexity, and failure modes that are undesirable,

[0007J Against this background, it would be desirable to develop a progressive stage load distribution and absorption system that would underlay a superstructure material such as flooring system to mitigate injuries and soften footfalls, while reducing noise an vibration where possible. [0008] Ideally, such a system would be of .relatively low cost and present a low profile to minimize tripping, yet be durable. In several embodiments, an underlayment infrastructure would be compatible with a superstructure material such as sheet vinyl and carpet

[0009J This disclosure includes a progressive or multi-stage load distributing and absorbing s stem that lies below a superstructure material which is exposed to percussive forces. The progressive stage load distributing and absorbing system is interposed between the superstructure material and a foundation below hi several embodiments, such progressive systems offer a first an one or more subsequent levels of reaction to an impacting load, the reaction varying from a initially relatively compliant stage and then transforming to a gradually stiffer response to further load absorption. This behavior tends to offer a padded response to for example a heavy footfall or a tumbling patient. As a result, serious injury may be lessened or avoided

[001 Of Several embodiments contemplate one or more progressive stage load distributing and absorbing tiles that are positioned side-by side. At least some of the tiles have a barrier layer that lies below the superstructure material - primarily to distribute, rather than absorb an impacting force, such as a heavy footfall. To cushion the blow, a load absorbing underlayment infrastructure is positioned below the barrier layer

[001 .11 The underlayment infrastructure in a typical tile has one or more progressi ve stage“hat- shaped” (defined below) absorbing members. In a preferred embodiment, each of those members has a relatively stiff initial load transmission subsystem that preferably lies below and next to the barrier layer. This subsystem at first transmits forces from the hit to a relatively compliant stage absorbing subsystem in this disclosure“relatively” broadly refers to the relative stiffness of the stiff and compliant absorbing subsystems in response to a hit. The compliant subsystem may be lowermost (preferably), or in some embodiments be uppermost. After the compliant subsystem deflects and perhaps bottoms out, the primary role of the stiff stage absorbing subsystem reverts to load absorption, rather than load transmission

[0012] Consider one relatively stiff force transmission subsystem that primarily transmits, rather than absorbs energy. As noted earlier, it lies below the barrier layer in that subsystem is a basal portion that preferably is positioned adjacent to the barrier layer. The basal portion originates as a sheet material that is preferably thermofbrmed to produce the stiff and compliant progressive stage absorbing members that constitute the disclosed infrastructure. Alternative methods include compression molding, casting, vacuum forming and injection molding.

|O013j In at least some of the stiff stage progressive absorbing members, a curvilinear wall extends from the basal portion toward the foundation. Preferably, such a wall has a draft angle (Q, Figure I) that lies between about 4 and 40 degrees. This wall has a top region extending from the basal portion and a bottom region at the opposite end portion of the wall . In several embodiments, a shoulder portion extends inwardly from the bottom region. In other embodiments, the shoulder portion may not exist. In those eases, there is a somewhat continuous transition between the stiff and compliant stage subsystems,

(0014) Following impact upon the superstructure, ignoring optional adhesives, a load is transmitted across the barrier layer initially to the stiff stage subsystem of the progressive stage absorbing members of the underlayment infrastructure. Such load travels through the wall of the stiff stage absorbing subsystem, it reaches across a shoulder (if a shoulder exists) and then to the compliant stage absorbing subsystem before impinging on the foundation. If there is a rebound or recoil, such loads are delivered back to the stiff stage, w hich then assumes a more compliant role rather than its former load-transmission role. In such walls, load absorption is achieved by the wall bending inwardly or outwardly to or toward an un-defiected position.

£00151 One result of these subsystems cooperating in the described manner is that the compliant stage absorbing subsystem deflects before one or more of the stiller transmission stage absorbing subsystems in response to the load. The relatively stiff subsystem is available to absorb what remains of the impacting load alter the compliant stage has deflected or bottomed out. Consequently, footfalls are softened, vibration is lessened, noise is reduced and injury after a fall is mitigated.

(00101 Accordingly, several embodiments of this disclosure include a progressive stage load distributing and progressive stage energy absorbing system that lies below a superstructure material which is exposed to continual or intermittent percussive loads. Often, such forces may cause a high localized pressure, such as when forces from a wheelchair are exerted through narrow wheels. 00171 ¾ the underlayment infrastructure, load absorption is mainly provided by groups of progressive stage absorbing members that are provided in tiles thereof (described below). Ti les are united by inier-engagement of overlapping barrier layers that overhang the ceilings of adjacent tiles.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018J Figure l is vertical section of one embodiment of a progressive stage load distributing and absorbing underlayment system.

[0019] Figure 2 is a top view of an embodiment of a progressive stage load distributing and absorbing underlayment system that has four quadrilateral preferably rectangular tiles.

[00201 Figure 3 is a top view of an embodiment of a progressive stage load distributing and absorbing underlayment system that has four quadrilateral tiles with various edge seams.

[0021J Figure 4 shows a hexagonal array of load absorbing members in an underlayment infrastructure.

[00221 Figure 5 is an isometric view of these members, with a lobe forming part of a compliant stage.

[0023] Figure 6 is an isometric view of an alternate embodiment of such load absorbing member, with a star- haped compliant stage.

[0024] Figure 7 illustrates progressi ve collapse of lobe-topped members of varying height.

[0025] Figure 8 illustrates progressive collapse of star-topped load absorbing members apertures of varying height.

[0026] Figure 9 illustrates progressive collapse o flat roofed members of varying height.

[0027] Figure 10 is a cross sectional view of the progressive stage load distributing and absorbing system including an underlayment infrastructure with a progressi ve load absorbing member, including a stiff stage and one embodiment of a compliant stage. |0Q28| .Figure 1 1 illustrates a barrier layer of a tile that overlaps a load absorbing infrastructure below

|O029| Figure 12 shows an alternative ( inverted) embodiment of a load absorbing member.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030) As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale; some features ma be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ alternative embodiments of this disclosure,

[00311 Thi s disclosure includes a progressive stage load distributing an d absorbing sy stem 10

(Figure i) that lies below a superstructure material 12 which is exposed to steady or intermittent percussive forces. The progressive stage load distributing and absorbing syste 10 is interposed between a superstructure material (such as tile or carpeting, for example) 12 and a foundation 16 below

[0032) Several embodiments have one or more progressive stage load distributing and absorbing tiles 17 (Figures 2 - 3) At least some of the tiles 17 have a barrier layer 18 that lies below the superstructure material 12 primarily to distribute, rather than absorb an impacting load, such as a heavy footfall or a rolling wheelchair. To cushion the blow, mute noise and deaden vibration, an underlayment infrastructure (described later) 20 is positioned below the barrier layer 18

[0033J The tiles 17 that house the underlayment infrastructure 20 have one or more progressive stage hat-shaped (defined below) absorbing members 21 (Figure 1). (One or more of those members 21 have a relatively stiff load transmission subsystem 23 that delivers force to a compliant stage absorbing subsystem 22 that is the first subsystem to deflect. Preferably, the compliant stage 22 absorbing subsystem lies adjacent to the foundation 16. |0Q34| Included in the stiff force transmission (and later, residual force-absorbing) subsystem

23 is a basal portion 24 that in several embodiments is positioned adjacent to the barrier layer 18 (Figure 1 ) The basal portion 24 originates as a sheet material that is preferably thermoformed to produce the progressive stage absorbing members 21 that constitute the disclosed infrastructure 20.

|003S) A curvilinear wall 26 extends from the basal portion 24 toward the foundation 16. In this context,“curvilinear” means curved when viewed from above or below and substantially linear before impact when viewe from die side. This wall 26 has a top region 30 extending from the basal portion 24 and a bottom region 28 at the opposi te end portion of the wall 26. In several embodiments, a shoulder portion 25 extends inwardly from the bottom region.

[0036| After impact, loads are transmitted across the barrier layer 18 to the stiff three transmission subsyste 23, and then to the compliant stage absorbing subsystem 22 that extends from the stiff stage subsystem 23, in many embodiments towards the foundation 16,

[0O37j To set the stage (returning to Figures 2 - 3), in exemplary embodiments of a progressive stage energy absorbing underiayment system 10, there are tour tiles 17 secured to one another. This arrangement of adjacent tiles produces four-tile seams and two-tile seams. Four areas are magnified in Figure 2 to show three unique seam conditions compared to the tile central area. The tile central area (far left) has no seams and constitutes above 85% of the system surface area. The other 15% includes seams of various configurations that need to perform in a similar manner to the tile central area litis is in contrast with the four-tile seam (lower left) where four barrier layers intersect. The straight two-panel seam (lower right) and straight two-panel male/female registration seam (upper right) are also depicted in Figure 2

|0038) In Figure 2, there is a staggered configuration that forms a progressive stage load distribution and energy absorbing system. This arrangement of adjacent tiles produces three-panel (Figure 3) and two-panel seams, Three areas have been magnified in Figure 3 to show the remaining three unique seam conditions that contrast with the four shown in Figure 2, The two-tile sinusoidal edge seam (lower left) is where the trim edge of the adjacent underiayment infrastructure is sinusoidal. The three-tile seam (bottom middle) is where three barrier layers intersect. Finally, we see one example of the two-tile male/female registration sinusoidal edge seam (lower right). |0Q39| .Figure 4 is a bottom view of one embodiment of a therm oformed under lay men! infrastructure 20 showing an array of energy absorbing members 21 in a hexagonal configuration . The basal portion 24 between adjacent members 21 may be planar or ribbed, depending on the desired layout. Generally, the hexagonal array is preferred due the dense arrangement of adjacent structures. fO040] As described herein, there are three alternative embodiments of a representative compliant stage subsystem - a lobe feature, a star-shaped feature, and a configuration in which adjacent groups of members have different heights,

|004 i j Figure 5 is an isometric botto view of a lobe embodiment 38 of a compliant stage 22 in typical load absorbing members 21. FI ere, there is an array of hat-shaped progressive stage absorbing members 21 that possess a male lobe 38 whose base 40 is recessed within the shoulder 25 of the member 21 The lobe 38 is surrounded by a moat-like depression which is recessed into the shoulder. The top of the lobe extends beyond the plane of the shoulder, much like a tower that lies inside and above the moat. This moat draw's material into itself during the thennoforming process and preferentially lobe walls.

[0O42J Figure 6 is an isometric view of a star- haped feature 42 that crowns the compliant stage 22 The star may have 3-10 amis 44 A nucleus portion 46 of a star-shaped feature 42 has a geometry that may be selected from any number of polygonal shapes to create a feature that is both recessed within and protrudes from the shoulder portion 25 of the member 21 This depth-up draw occurs largel because a small footprint creates a weakening and a lower resistance to an applied load for the“drawn feature” (e.g., compliant stage 22) compared to a“host feature” (e.g., stiff stage 23). Portions of the star may be relatively fiat or be recessed

10043 j Figure 9 is sectional view·· through a third alternate (“sky scraper”) embodiment 48 of a progressive stage underlayment infrastructure 10 in which adjacent load absorbing members 21 or groups of load absorbing members are of different heights, Separating each of such members is a basal portion 24, i,e., the substantially unchanged portion of the sheet that enters the thennoforming process. A curvilinear wall 26 extends there from and a floor 27 lies across the lower portion 28 of the curvilinear wall. Such a structure could be installed so that the basal portion 24 is positioned adjacent to the barrier layer 18. In an inverted configuration (see, e.g.. Figure 12), the basal portion 24 is positioned adjacent to the foundation 16, Note that the plane (or ceiling or floor portion) of each member 21 is flat (i.e., it lacks a drawn feature) and lies parallel to the foundation 16 The first section (Ϊ) shows that the system, at a minimum, bears the weight of the superstructure 12 itself. Under an applied load in excess of the taller member yield force, die taller weaker members begin compressing and absorbing a portion of the lota! load exerted (see, (ΪI)). This continues until the floor of the shorter members contacts the foundation (see, (111)) At that stage, the force required to compress the system further is greater than that required to compress the taller members. 0044 J The compression characteristics of the taller and shorter members 21 ca be tuned by selecting material type, material thickness, draw depth and the like to develop characteristics that enhance comfort under foot, dampen vibrations, or absorb sound. The third section (111) in Figure 9 shows the response of the system to an even higher applied load. Under this load level, which is likely at a level tuned to reduce the risk of fall injury, both the taller and shorter members collapse in a controlled manner to absorb the impact load

[00451 lu each embodiment of the complian t stage (see, e.g. Figures 7-8), there i s a progressi ve collapse of members from the weakest to the strongest. However, there is an additional level of crush resistance. The first section (I) shows the compression of the drawn feature (e.g., a lobe) that extends from the member's floor in a direction opposite to that in which the stiff stage compliant subsystem lies. Once the drawn feature collapses (II), the load is transferred to the taller member (relatively stiff subsystem) which begins bearing its share of the load. Once the applied force exceeds the yield force of the taller members, they begin to collapse until they compress to the point where the smaller members contact the foundation (III). Finally, once an applied load exceeds the force required to yield the entire load distributing and absorbing system, the taller and shorter apertures collapse simultaneously IV).

10046 J Figure 8 show's that the star-shaped embodiment of the compliant stage collapses in a somewhat different manner from the lobes in Figure 7.

[0O47J Alternative embodiments include absorbing member shapes beyond those depicted

(e.g., those having a wall that is not curvilinear, but having a drawn feature in the associated member floor). Such a wall may be curved for instance, when viewed from the side in an undeflected condition. If desired, ribs may be provided for added stiffness between load absorbing members. Further, arrays of members ma be arranged in a configuration (in contrast to Figure 4) that is other than hexagonal, In some applications and environments, materials may be selected that are other than thermoplastic polyurethane and polycarbonate.

{0048| In one embodiment of a progressive stage load distributing and absorbing underlayment system 10 (e.g,, Figure 2), there are has four quadrilateral, preferably rectangular, tiles 17. A representative tile appears in Figure 1 1 . Such tiles are positioned relative to one another by inter- engaging mating registration features 50, 52, including male 50 and female 52 features provided along the edges of a barrier layer 18 Each tile 17, 19, 21, 23 has an infrastructure 20 with a plurality of absorbing members 22 for load absorption and a barrier layer 18 for load distribution.

[0049! In Figure 1 1 , the barrier layer 18 (in this case) is quadrilateral with edges Bl , B2, B3 and B4. A sub-assembly of underlying absorbing members 22 includes individual members 22 that are conjoined by basal portions 24 which, before for example thermoforming take the form of a planar basal sheet. The absorbing members 22 coordinate to form a periphery of the sub-assembly that in many cases is quadrilateral and has edges AL A2 _» A3 and A4, Each barrier layer 18 preferably is securely affixed to one or more of the ceilings 24 in a tile. In some cases, die barrier layer 18 is affixed to one or more of the ceilings 24 by means for securing 55 such as an adhesive or by mechanical means including screws, rivets, pins and the like.

[0050 f To pro ote inter engagement between tiles in an assembly, edge B 1 of the barrier layer

18 overhangs edge A! of the sub-assembly of absorbing members 22 and edge B2 overhangs edge A2 Thus, edges A3 and A4 of the sub-assembly of absorbing members 22 extend beyond overlying edges B3 and B4 of the barrier layer 18. This arrangement creates an overhanging L-shaped platform 25 of the barrier layer 18 and an open L- shaped overhanging portion formed by the ceilings 24 of the absorbing members 22 hi the sub-assembly in adjacent tiles, the L-shaped overhanging portion 27 associated with a given tile 19 supports the L-shaped platform of the barrier layer 18 of an adjacent tile. One consequence of diis arrangement is that adjacent tiles engage each other in such a way as to inhibit relative lateral movement therebetween.

[00511 As shown in Figures 2 3, interlocking engagement of adjacent tiles in a group is provided by mating registration features 50, 52, In a preferred embodiment, these mating registration features 50, 52 are trapezoidal in shape. For example, a male trapezoid 50 abuts a female trapezoid 52 along the edges of adjacent tiles 17, 19, 21, 23 It will be appreciated that there are alternative shapes of mating registration features, such as keyholes, sawtooth, semicircles, jigsaw-like pieces, etc

{0052j As used herein the term“hat-shaped” includes frasio-conical, which may or may not be inverted, as described later. Such hat-shaped members 22 may have a top wall portion 28 that has a footprint which is circular, oval, elliptical, a cloverleaf, a race track, or some other rounded shape with a curved perimeter. Simi larly, for a bottom wall portion 30 of an absorbing member 21. As used herein the term ⁵ hat-shaped” includes shapes that resemble those embodied in at least these hat styles; a boater/skimmer hat, a bowler, Derb hat, a bucket hat, a cloche hat, a fedora, a fez, a gambler hat, a homburg hat, a kettle brim or up-brim hat, an outback or Aussie hat, a panama hat, a pith helmet, a porkpie hat, a top hat, a steam punk hat, a safari hat or a trilby hat. See, e.g.,

guide, which is incorporated by reference.

f 01153 f As used herein the terms“hat-shaped” and“ Trust o-comcaf’ exclude structures that include a ridge line or crease in continuous curvilinear wall 26 associated with an absorbing member 21, because such features tend to promote stress concentration and lead to probable failure over time when exposed to percussive blows. They tend to concentrate, rather than distribute or absorb incident forces.

|O054j Connecting the basal portion 24 between absorbing members and th door 27 of an absorbing member 22 in most embodiments is a curvilinear wall 26. When viewed laterally, a curvi linear wadi 26 appears substantially linear or straight before being subjected to an impact that may reign through the superstructure 12 on a barrier layer 18. When viewed from above or below, the footprint of the bottom portion 30 or top portion 28 may appear circular, elliptical, oval, a clover leaf, a race-track or some other rounded shape with a curved perimeter.

|(H155| The floor 27 of an absorbing member 21 may be flat or crenelated. As noted earlier, the floor 27 or in some cases the basal portion 24 may have a drawn lobe feature 38 or a star-shaped feature 42 extending therefrom. j0056j The absorbing members 21 may be manufactured from a resi lient thermoplastic and be formed into fmsto-conieal or hat-shaped members that protrude from a basal sheet 24 which before exposure to a forming process is substantially flat, |0057| In one preferred embodiment, the barrier layer 18 is made from a strong thin layer of a polycarbonate (PC), a composite or a metal or other suitable rigid material, the absorbing member 21 is made from a resilient thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and the means for securing 55 is provided by a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) which bonds well to both the PC and TPU.

10(1581 Thus, an underlayment in frastructure 20 is created by the j uxiapositi on of a barrier layer

18 and an underlying infrastructure of progressive stage absorbing members 21. 0059} An assembly of absorbing members 21 and overlying barrier layer 18 forms a ti le 17,

Adjacen t: ti les are inter-engaged by overlapping and underlapping edges of the barrier layer 18 in the manner described above. Preferably, a small, but acceptable, gap exists between barrier layers 18 associated with adjacent tiles. 0060} If desired, a means for securing, such as an adhesive 55 can be applied to one or both surfaces prior to the application of pressure which then adhesively attaches a barrier layer 18 to a tile 17. An underlayment infrastructure 20 is thus assembled when the edges of adjacent tiles are brought into registration through the inter-engagement of mating registration features 50, 52 of adjacent edges of associated barrier layers 18.

}O061} While a pressure sensitive adhesive is a preferred embodiment of means for securing

55 a barrier layer 18 to the basal portion or ceiling 24 of a tile, alternatives for attaching overlapped tiles together through their associated barrier layers 18 include mechanical means for attaching such as Velcro®, tape, rivets, etc.

|0062| The overlap of the barrier layers 18 and proximity of the absorbing members 22 on adjacent tiles distributes a load applied to the barrier layer 18 over a broad area. Loads are evenly distributed when applied either on a seam between adjacent tiles or within a tile. Loads are at least partially absorbed by flexure and possible rebound of the compliant and stiff stages in the absorbing members.

100631 In more detail, selected features of the disclosed progressive load distributing and absorbing system include: immt A: Engineered Performance Consistency

|0065| Traditional flooring systems, which are installed over rigid surfaces such as concrete, tend to have little energy absorbing capabilities, thereby posing a risk for fall related injuries. Due the rigid nature of their construction, they do however provide a consistent surface in terms of firmness and stability under foot. A rigid surface such as a foundation supports the flooring product over its entire area. This is essential for products like ceramic tile, glass tile, wood flooring, and the like.

10066] One challenge in developing, installing, and maintaining an attractive, yet compliant flooring system that reduces the risk of injur lies in engineering the system to maintain a consistent firmness and stability over the entire flooring surface throughout its normal life cycle, while being compliant. The system must balance compliance needs, yet accommodate other activities like walking, running, rolling in a wheelchair, and supporting other items such as furniture, equipment, and other objects. An ideal load distributing and absorbing system needs to be firm and stable under foot under such normal activities and at the same time be engineered to deflect or stroke to the greatest degree possible during a potentially injurious fail or impact event.

[006? J Additionally, the layers of the load distributing and absorbing system need to work in concert in order to maintain an attractive appearance after years of repeated wear and abuse. Ideally , the system needs to remain unblemished before, during, and after impact events and everyday activities

(0068f The disclosed system is engineered for performance consistency at any and all points.

Seven unique conditions were identified to confirm performance consistency via the scientific method and statistical probability analysis. These conditions will be described below. This will be followed by a description of the test devices and their intended purpose. Finally, a statistical analysis will be reported below that analyzes the consistency in performance across the entire surface.

[O069J B: Enhanced Load Distributing and Absorbing Flooring System

100701 Thermoforming begins with a basal sheet of material of constant thickness. The thermoplastic raw' material is heated to the softening point and then stretched over a form tool via vacuum, pressure, and mechanical means. The thickness of the thermofbrmed part is a function of the base raw material thickness, raw materia! type, form temperature, and tool geometry which includes depth of draft, draft angle, and the upper assist design and clearance. Generally, areas where the depth of draw is greatest, the material is stretched in multiple directions. This results in thinner wall profiles than areas that experience less stretching.

[0071 j Load absorbing members typically have a thicker ceiling and floor, while there is substantial thinning in the curvilinear wall. These members produce a generally“square wave” force versus displacement response to an applied load. There is an initial ramp up in force until the wall buckles and then maintains a relatively constant reaction force to the applied load throughout the available stroke. In members formed from the same base thickness, ceteris paribu , taller structures will yield at a lower load level than shorter structures.

[0072! Representative applications and advantages include:

• Military grade impact protection for seniors;

• Reduces the risk of hip and other fractures due to falls;

• Reduces the risk of traumatic brain injury due to fails;

• Reduces fatigue with enhanced comfort under foot;

• Stable under foot and is there when needed;

• Engineered transitions between adjacent tiles meet ADA accessibility requirements;

• Enhanced soun transmission loss performance;

• Enhanced system vibration dampening;

• Low profile for renovation or new construction;

• Easy to install;

• Compatible with conventional flooring adhesives;

Light weight; • Affordable;

• Durable and capable of withstanding many impacts;

• Can be installed over green concrete;

• Provides additional thermal insulation;

• incorporates post-industrial content;

• Acts as a vapor barrier.

[«0731 Testing has demonstrated that use of various embodiments of the disclosed system may lead to a:

• 20-fold reduction in risk of cri tical head injury;

• 60% reduction in the probability of moderate head injury;

• 3-fold reduction in GMAX;

2.5-fold reduction femoral neck force during falls for average older females;

* 3~fold increase in force reduction;

• 2.5-fold reduction in en ergy restitution ;

• firm and stable and stable surface that supports mobility; substantially more comfort under foot for caregivers and older adults.

[0074J Test data also indicate that the proposed progressive stage load distributing and absorbing systems have the potential to substantially reduce the risk of injury and improve the quality of life for both older adults and caregivers. TABLE OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

j0076j While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe ail possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, the features of various implementing embodiments may be combined to form further embodiments of the invention.