The present invention relates to a method for producing heterologous or exogenous DNA and RNA species in plant cell material such as genetically transformed plant cells in culture, plant tissue and plants derived from genetically transformed plant cells. In particular, the method relates to a more efficient method for producing DNA and RNA species and/or heterologous or exogenous proteins in plant organelles comprised in plant cell material, the genetic material required therefor, such as DNA and RNA, vectors, host cells, methods of introduction of genetic material into plant cells, plant cells comprising genetically modified plant organelles, and uses thereof.

Organelle transformation in plants has a great potential for the production of pharmaceuticals in plants, in improving the quality of food, as well as improving environmental stress resistance in plants. However, until the present invention truly efficient technologies, such as bombardment technologies, available for plastid transformation in a broad range of crop plants have been few. However, such plastid transformation events require several rounds of selection to achieve an homoplasmic state of transformation. The bombardment method is not efficient for the transformation of plant mitochondria because the size of mitochondria is considerably smaller than that of chloroplasts. Thus two problems for organelle transformation need addressing:

(i) delivery of transgenic nucleic acid (TNA) into plant organelles; and

(ii) amplification of the TNA to facilitate rapid achievement of an homoplasmic state in transformant plants.

The present invention describes efficient ways for both TNA delivery and amplification to facilitate rapid generation of organelle transformation in a wide range of crops.

For the purposes of the present invention the terms "plastid" and "plastids" and "plastid population" are used interchangeably, as are the terms "plant cell" and "plant cells", unless context demands otherwise. By employing or adapting endogenous cellular processes for the transfer of RNA derived from polynucleotide sequences introduced to the nucleus to the plastid genome, as described herein, the method of the invention is considered to be unique over prior art methods for the generation of plant cells or plants possessing genetically modified organelles, such as plastids and mitochondria .

According to the present invention there is provided an Agrobacterium strain comprising a) dysfunctional native virD2 and/or virE2 DNA sequences, substantially knock out mutations of native virD2 and/or virE2 DNA sequences, or no native virD2 and/or virE2 DNA sequences; and/or b) an Agrobacterium binary vector comprising a modified VirD2 DNA sequence lying outside of the T-DNA region comprising at least one of:

i) a DNA sequence encoding an organellar transit peptide fused to the 5' end of a VirD2 DNA sequence;

ii) a DNA sequence encoding a spytag peptide fused to the 5' end of a VirD2 DNA sequence; and

iii) a DNA sequence encoding a spytag peptide fused to the 3' end of a VirD2 DNA sequence.

In such Agrobacterium strains, the native functionality of the VirE2 sequence of Agrobacterium is at least substantially negated, and the modified Agrobacterium VirD2 sequence is under the transcriptional control of a bacterial promoter, typically a chemically inducible bacterial promoter.

The organellar transit peptide can be selected from plastid transit peptides or mitochondria transit peptides. The plastid transit peptide may be selected from transit peptides of chloroplasts , proplastids, etioplasts, chromoplasts , amyloplasts, leucoplasts and elaioplasts. The plant organellar transit peptides may be independently selected from the mitochondrial signal peptide from tobacco Fl-ATPase-1 β subunit, and the Arabidopsis CPN60 protein; and the plastidial transit peptide independently selected from the tobacco rbcS-cTP, and the Arabidopsis HSP70-CTP protein. In a preferment the organellar transit peptide may be selected from the transit peptides of Seq ID 10 (plastidial) and Seq ID 11 (mitochondrial) .

A DNA coding sequence for a spytag peptide may be any short peptide that has a spytag peptide functionality, such as Seq ID 37.

The Agrobacterium vector may also comprise at least one of

iv) an organellar transgene cassette comprising two origins of replication, one being located adjacent to and at the 5' end of a left flanking sequence and the second being located adjacent to and at the 3' end of a right flanking sequence, at least one DNA sequence of interest under operative control of an organellar promoter, and an organellar terminator; and

v) an organellar transgene cassette comprising two origins of replication located at the 5' and 3' ends of the cassette, respectively, at least one DNA sequence of interest under operative control of an organellar promoter, wherein the organellar promoter is positioned downstream of the origin of replication at the 5' end of the transgene cassette, and an organellar terminator and the organellar cassette does not contain left and right flanking sequences;

wherein the said origins of replication are all derived from a geminivirus and the DNA sequences making up iv) and v) , respectively, are all located within left and right T-DNA borders on the vector.

The DNA coding sequence of interest may be selected from that for a recombinant mammalian nucleic acid sequence, an isolated genomic mammalian nucleic acid sequence, a recombinant plant nucleic acid sequence and an isolated genomic plant nucleic acid sequence and two or more thereof.

The DNA coding sequence may be of any protein, polypeptide or peptide of interest, and may or may not include marker genes, such as that of sequence SEQ ID 17 (the aaDa gene sequence) , in addition to transgenes of interest for protein production. Suitable DNA coding sequences may include one or more sequences of interest for proteis such as insulin, preproinsulin, proinsulin, glucagon, interferons such as a-interferon, β-interferon, γ-interferon, blood- clotting factors selected from Factor VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, fertility hormones including luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone growth factors including epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and the like, prolactin, oxytocin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, somatostatin, erythropoietin (EPO) , enzymes such as β-glucocerebrosidase, haemoglobin, serum albumin, collagen, biotic and abiotic stress proteins, such as insecticidal and insect toxic proteins, for example from, or derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, nematicidal proteins, herbicide resistance proteins, (e.g. to glyphosate) , salt-tolerance proteins, drought tolerant proteins, proteins capable of conferring cytoplasmic male sterility to plant breeding lines; nutritional enhancement proteins involved in the biosynthesis of phenolics, starches, sugars, alkaloids, vitamins, and edible vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and active fragments thereof, industrial enzymes and active fragments thereof, and the like.

The origins of replication may be selected from those of gemini viruses such as those selected from Maize Streak Virus (MSV, subgroup I), for example SEQ ID 44, Beet Curly Top Virus (BCTV, subgroup II), for example SEQ ID 43, and Tomato Golden Mosaic Virus (TGMV, subgroup III), for example SEQ ID 45. The left flanking and right flanking sequences (LFS(s) and RFS(s), respectively) may be selected from any plastid as defined herein or mitochondrial source, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. Suitable chloroplast LFSs that may be used in the construction of vectors of the invention include the tobacco chloroplast LFS of Seq Id 15 and the rice chloroplast LFS of Seq Id 17 and their corresponding RFSs as shown in Seq Id 16 and Seq Id 18, respectively. Mitochondrial LFS and RFS sequences of use in the invention include those LFSs exemplified in Seq Id 23 (tobacco) and Seq Id 25 (rice) and RFSs exemplified in Seq Id 24 (tobacco) and Seq Id 26 (rice) .

The organellar promoter may be selected from chloroplasts, proplastids, etioplasts, chromoplasts , amyloplasts, leucoplasts and elaioplasts, and mitochondria, preferably from chloroplassts and mitochondria. Suitable organellar promoters of use in the invention include the tobacco prrn chloroplast promoter (Seq Id 19), the wheat prrn chloroplast promoter (Seq ID 20) the tobacco atp9 mitochondrion promoter (Seq Id 21) and the rice atp6 mitochondrion promoter (Seq Id 22) . Other organellar promoters of use in the invention include mitochondrion specific promoters selected from mitochondrial promoter nucleotide sequences, such as ATP6, ATP9, Cob, rrnl8, Rpsl3, Rpsl9, Cox3, Nad6, Nad9 5' untranslated sequences (promoter region) of tobacco mitochondria, and Arabidopsis mitochondria; and the plastid specific promoter sequences selected from the group consisting of the RNA polymerase promoter, rpo B promoter element, atpB promoter element, the clpP promoter element, the 16S rDNA promoter element, PrbcL, Prpsl6, the Prrnl6, Prrn-62, Pycf2-1577, PatpB-289, Prps2-152, Prpsl6-107, Pycfl-41, PatpI-207, PclpP-511, PclpP-173, PaccD-129, PaccD-129 promoter of the tobacco accD gene, the PclpP-53 promoter of the clpP gene, the Prrn-62 promoter of the rrn gene, the Prpsl6-107 promoter of the rpsl6 gene, the PatpB/E-290 promoter of the tobacco atpB/E gene, and the PrpoB-345 promoter of the rpoB gene .

The expression in the plastid, such as in the chloroplast, is effected by employing a plant plastid promoter such as plastid specific promoters and/or transcription regulation elements as alluded to above. Examples include the RNA polymerase promoter (WO 97/06250) and other promoters described in the art, eg in WO 00/07431, U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,402, WO 97/06250, WO 98/55595, WO 99/46394, WO 01/42441 and WO 01/07590; the rpo B promoter element, the atpB promoter element, the clpP promoter element (see also WO 99/46394) and the 16S rDNA promoter element. The plastid specific promoter may also have a polycistronic "operon" assigned to it (EP-A 1 076 095; WO 00/20611) . Further promoters that may be used in the method of the invention also include the PrbcL promoter, the Prpsl6 promoter, and the Prrnl6 promoter described in US Patent application 2006/0253916, the plastid specific promoters Prrn-62, Pycf2-1577, PatpB-289, Prps2-152, Prpsl6-107, Pycfl-41, PatpI-207, PclpP-511, PclpP-173 and PaccD-129 (WO 97/06250; Haj dukiewicz P T J et al . (1997) EMBO J 16:4041-4048), the PaccD-129 promoter of the tobacco accD gene (WO 97/06250), the PclpP-53 promoter of the clpP gene as highly active NEP promoter in chloroplasts (WO 97/06250), the Prrn- 62 promoter of the rrn gene, the Prpsl6-107 promoter of the rpsl6 gene, the PatpB/E-290 promoter of the tobacco atpB/E gene (Kapoor S et al. (1997) Plant J 11:327-337), and the PrpoB-345 promoter of the rpoB gene (Liere K & Maliga P (1999) EMBO J 18: 249-257) . Furthermore, all those promoters which belong to class III (Hajdukiewicz P T J et al . (1997) EMBO J 16:4041-4048) and all fragments of the class II promoters which control the initiation of transcription by NEP may be utilized in the method of the invention. Such promoters or promoter moieties are not generally known to be highly conserved. ATAGAATAAA is given as consensus near the transcription initiation site of NEP promoters. (Hajdukiewicz P T J et al (1997) EMBO J 16:4041-4048) . The organellar terminator may be selected from chloroplasts, proplastids, etioplasts, chromoplasts , amyloplasts, leucoplasts and elaioplasts, and mitochondria, preferably from chloroplassts and mitochondria. Suitable organellar promoters of use in the invention include the tobacco prrn chloroplast promoter (Seq Id 19) , the wheat prrn chloroplast promoter (Seq ID 20) the tobacco atp9 mitochondrion promoter (Seq Id 21) and the rice atp6 mitochondrion promoter (Seq Id 22) .

In alternative vi), the organellar transgene cassette comprising two origins of replication located at the 5' and 3' ends of the cassette, respectively, at least one DNA sequence of interest under operative control of an organellar promoter, wherein the organellar promoter is positioned downstream of the origin of replication at the 5' end of the transgene cassette, and an organellar terminator and the organellar cassette does not contain left flanking and right flanking sequences.

The DNA sequences making up iv) and v) of the Agrobacterium vector, respectively, are all located within a left border and a right border on the vector (i.e. the left and right borders are 25-base pair repeats on each end of the transfer DNA (also referred to as T- DNA) .

A DNA sequence coding for a replication initiation protein (Rep) selected from those of a suitable geminivirus, such as a functional Rep gene coding for a Rep protein selected from Beet Curly Top Virus, B-Rep (Seq Id 46), Maize Streak Virus, M-Rep (Seq Id 47), and Tomato Golden Mosaic Virus (T-Rep) (Seq Id 48) may be utilised to boost replication in the organelle. A vector of the invention, wherein expression of a viral Rep gene as defined herein is either from a transgene DNA coding sequence or from a vector comprising a cassette comprising a Rep gene fused to an organellar transit peptide, wherein the fused peptide is under operational control of a nuclear promoter and a nuclear terminator is also provided.

The vector described in v) may be present in the form of a single stranded or double-stranded circular DNA or mini-chromosome.

The nuclear promoter is a constitutive promoter or a chemically inducible promoter. Constitutive promoters may be selected from a plant nuclear promoter (for example, an exogenous nucleus specific promoter) is one that is able to drive expression of a nucleic acid sequence such as a cDNA sequence or a full length gene sequence in the nucleus of a plant cell, forming a transcribed RNA sequence. The plant nuclear promoter is one that is introduced in front of a nucleic acid sequence of interest and is operably associated therewith. Thus a plant nuclear promoter is one that has been placed in front of a selected polynucleotide component. Typically, a plant nuclear promoter, such as an exogenous nucleus specific promoter, is one that is transferred to a host cell or host plant from a source other than the host cell or host plant.

The cDNAs encoding a polynucleotide of the invention contain at least one type of nucleus specific promoter that is operable in a plant cell, for example, an inducible or a constitutive promoter operatively linked to a first and/or second nucleic acid sequence or nucleic acid sequence component as herein defined and as provided by the present invention. As discussed, this enables control of expression of polynucleotides of the invention. The invention also provides plants transformed with polynucleotide sequences or constructs and methods including introduction of such polynucleotide nucleic acid sequences or constructs into a plant cell and/or induction of expression of said first or second nucleic acid sequence or construct within a plant cell, e.g. by application of a suitable stimulus, such as an effective exogenous inducer.

The term "inducible" as applied to a promoter is well understood by those skilled in the art. In essence, expression under the control of an inducible promoter is "switched on" or increased in response to an applied stimulus (which may be generated within a cell or provided exogenously) . The nature of the stimulus varies between promoters. Some inducible promoters cause little or undetectable levels of expression (or no expression) in the absence of the appropriate stimulus. Other inducible promoters cause detectable constitutive expression in the absence of the stimulus. Whatever the level of expression is in the absence of the stimulus, expression from any inducible promoter is increased in the presence of the correct stimulus. The preferable situation is where the level of expression increases upon application of the relevant stimulus by an amount effective to alter a phenotypic characteristic. Thus an inducible (or "switchable" ) promoter may be used which causes a basic level of expression in the absence of the stimulus which level is too low to bring about a desired phenotype (and may in fact be zero) . Upon application of the stimulus, expression is increased (or switched on) to a level, which brings about the desired phenotype. One example of an inducible promoter is the ethanol inducible gene switch disclosed in Caddick et al (1998) Nature Biotechnology 16: 177-180. A number of inducible promoters are known in the art.

Chemically regulated promoters can be used to modulate the expression of a gene or a polynucleotide sequence of the invention in a plant through the application of an exogenous chemical regulator. Depending upon the objective, the promoter may be a chemically inducible promoter, where application of the chemical induces gene expression, or a chemical-repressible promoter, where application of the chemical represses gene expression. Chemically inducible promoters are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, the maize In2-2 promoter, which is activated by benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners, the maize GST promoter, which is activated by hydrophobic electrophilic compounds that are used as pre-emergent herbicides, and the tobacco PR-la promoter, which is activated by salicylic acid. Other chemically regulated promoters of interest include steroid-responsive promoters (see, for example, the glucocorticoid-inducible promoter in Schena et al. (1991) Proc . Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 55:10421-10425 and McNellis et al. (1998) Plant J. 14 (2) : 247-257) and tetracycline-inducible and tetracycline- repressible promoters (see, for example, Gatz et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 227:229-237, and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,814,618 and 5,789,156), herein incorporated by reference.

Where enhanced expression in particular tissues is desired, tissue- specific promoters can be utilized. Tissue-specific promoters include those described by Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J. 12(2)255- 265; Kawamata et al. (1997) Plant Cell Physiol. 38 (7) : 792-803; Hansen et al . (1997) Mol. Gen Genet. 254 (3) : 337-343 ; Russell et al . (1997) Transgenic Res. 6 (2) : 157-168; Rinehart et al . (1996) Plant Physiol. 112 (3) : 1331-1341; Van Camp et al . (1996) Plant Physiol. 112 (2) : 525-535; Canevascini et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112 (2) : 513- 524; Yamamoto et al . (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35 (5) : 773-778; Lam (1994) Results Probl . Cell Differ. 20:181-196; Orozco et al . (1993) Plant Mol Biol. 23 (6) :1129-1138 ; Matsuoka et al . (1993) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (20): 9586-9590 ; and Guevara-Garcia et al . (1993) Plant J. 4 (3) : 495-505.

So-called constitutive promoters may be used in the vectors, and cassettes, and methods of the present invention. Constitutive promoters include, for example, CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al . (1985) Nature 323:810-812); rice actin (McElroy et al . (1990) Plant Cell 2:163-171); ubiquitin (Christensen et al . (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 22:619-632 and Christensen et al . (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 25:675-689); pEMU (Last et al . (1991) Theor. Appl. Genet. 52:581- 588); MAS (Velten et al . (1984) EMBO J. 3:2723-2730); ALS promoter (U.S. Application Serial No. 08/409,297), and the like. Other constitutive promoters include those in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; and 5,608,142. In a preferment, the plant nuclear promoter used in the method of the invention is a constitutive promoter selected from the Ubiq3At Arabidopsis Promoter (SEQ ID 30), the cauliflower Mosaic virus 35S promoter (Seq Id 28) and the UbiqM maize Promoter (Seq Id 29) .

Naturally, the man skilled in the art will appreciate that other terminator DNA sequences may be present in vectors or constructs comprising Rep DNA as used in the invention. A terminator is contemplated as a DNA sequence at the end of a transcriptional unit which signals termination of transcription. These elements are 3'- non-translated sequences containing polyadenylation signals, which act to cause the addition of polyadenylate sequences to the 3' end of primary transcripts. For expression in plant cells the nopaline synthase transcriptional terminator (A. Depicker et al . , 1982, J. of Mol . & Applied Gen. 1:561-573) sequence serves as a transcriptional termination signal (Seq Id 30) as does the Ags terminator (Seq Id 31) .

Those skilled in the art are well able to construct vectors and design protocols for recombinant nucleic acid sequences or gene expression. Suitable vectors can be chosen or constructed, containing appropriate regulatory sequences, including promoter sequences, terminator fragments, polyadenylation sequences, enhancer sequences, marker genes and other sequences as appropriate. For further details see, for example, Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual: 2nd edition, Sambrook et al , 1989, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Many known techniques and protocols for manipulation of nucleic acid, for example in preparation of nucleic acid constructs, mutagenesis, sequencing, introduction of DNA into cells and gene expression, and analysis of proteins, are described in detail in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Second Edition, Ausubel et al . eds . , John Wiley & Sons, 1992. The disclosures of Sambrook et al . and Ausubel et al. are incorporated herein by reference. Specific procedures and vectors previously used with wide success upon plants are described by Bevan (Nucl. Acids Res. 12, 8711-8721 (1984)) and Guerineau and Mullineaux (1993) (Plant transformation and expression vectors. In: Plant Molecular Biology Labfax (Croy RRD ed.) Oxford, BIOS Scientific Publishers, pp 121- 148) .

Naturally, the skilled addressee will appreciate that each introduced transgene in a transgene cassette will be under regulatory control of its own exogenous plastidal or mitochondrial promoter, for example a chloroplast promoter and terminator or a mitochondrial promoter and terminator. When two or more target proteins are destined to be produced from a single carrier RNA it is preferable if they are able to be readily separated, for example by binding to different protein-specific antibodies (monoclonal or polyclonal) in the harvesting phase of the plant cell culture system.

Selectable genetic markers may facilitate the selection of transgenic plants and these may consist of chimaeric genes that confer selectable phenotypes such as resistance to antibiotics such as spectinomycin, streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, hygromycin, puramycin, phosphinotricin, chlorsulfuron, methotrexate, gentamycin, spectinomycin, imidazolinones , aadA and glyphosate.

When introducing selected nucleic acid sequences according to the present invention into a cell, certain considerations must be taken into account, well known to those skilled in the art. The nucleic acid to be inserted should be assembled within a construct, which contains effective regulatory elements, which will drive transcription. There must be available a method of transporting the construct into the cell. Once the construct is within the cell, integration into the endogenous chromosomal material either will or will not occur. Finally, as far as plants are concerned the target cell type must be such that cells can be regenerated into whole plants .

Plants transformed with DNA segments containing sequences of interest as provided herein may be produced by standard techniques, which are already known for the genetic manipulation of plants. DNA can be transformed into plant cells using any suitable technology, such as a disarmed Ti-plasmid vector carried by Agrobacterium exploiting its natural gene transfer ability (EP-A-270355, EP-A- 0116718, NAR 12(22) 8711 -87215 1984), particle or micro projectile bombardment (US 5100792, EP-A-444882, EP-A-434616) microinjection (WO 92/09696, WO 94/00583, EP 331083, EP 175966, Green et al . (1987) Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Academic Press), electroporation (EP 290395, WO 8706614) other forms of direct DNA uptake (DE 4005152, WO 9012096, US 4684611), liposome mediated DNA uptake (e.g. Freeman et al. Plant Cell Physiol. 29 : 1353 (1984)), or the vortexing method (e.g. Kindle, PNAS U.S.A. 87 : 1228 (1990d) Physical methods for the transformation of plant cells are reviewed in Oard, 1991, Biotech. Adv. 9 : 1-11.

Thus once a nucleic acid sequence or gene has been identified, it may be reintroduced into plant cells using techniques well known to those skilled in the art to produce transgenic plants of the appropriate phenotype .

Agrobacterium transformation is widely used by those skilled in the art to transform dicotyledonous species. Production of stable, fertile transgenic plants in almost all economically relevant monocot plants is also now routine: (Toriyama, et al . (1988) Bio/Technology 6, 1072-1074; Zhang, et al . (1988) Plant Cell Rep. 7, 379-384; Zhang, et al . (1988) Theor. Appl . Genet 76, 835-840; Shimamoto, et al. (1989) Nature 338, 274-276; Datta, et al . (1990) Bio/Technology 8, 736-740; Christou, et al . (1991) Bio/Technology 9, 957-962; Peng, et al . (1991) International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines 563-574; Cao, et al . (1992) Plant Cell Rep. 11, 585-591; Li, et al . (1993) Plant Cell Rep. 12, 250-255; Rathore, et al. (1993) Plant Molecular Biology 21, 871-884; Fromm, et al . (1990) Bio/Technology 8, 833-839; Gordon-Kamm, et al . (1990) Plant Cell 2, 603-618; D'Halluin, et al . (1992) Plant Cell 4, 1495-1505; Walters, et al. (1992) Plant Molecular Biology 18, 189-200; Koziel, et al . (1993) Biotechnology 11, 194-200; Vasil, I. K. (1994) Plant Molecular Biology 25, 925-937; Weeks, et al . (1993) Plant Physiology 102, 1077-1084; Somers, et al . (1992) Bio/Technology 10, 1589-1594; W092/14828) . In particular, Agrobacterium mediated transformation is now a highly efficient alternative transformation method in monocots (Hiei et al . (1994) The Plant Journal 6, 271-282) .

The generation of fertile transgenic plants has been achieved in the cereals rice, maize, wheat, oat, and barley (reviewed in Shimamoto, K. (1994) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 5, 158-162.; Vasil, et al. (1992) Bio/Technology 10, 667-674; Vain et al . , 1995, Biotechnology Advances 13 (4) : 653-671; Vasil, 1996, Nature Biotechnology 14 page 702) . Wan and Lemaux (1994) Plant Physiol . 104: 37-48 describe techniques for generation of large numbers of independently transformed fertile barley plants.

Micro projectile bombardment, electroporation and direct DNA uptake are preferred where Agrobacterium is inefficient or ineffective. Alternatively, a combination of different techniques may be employed to enhance the efficiency of the transformation process, e.g. bombardment with Agrobacterium coated micro particles (EP-A-486234) or micro projectile bombardment to induce wounding followed by co- cultivation with Agrobacterium (EP-A-486233 ) .

Following transformation, a plant may be regenerated, e.g. from single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs, as is standard in the art. Almost any plant can be entirely regenerated from cells, tissues and organs of the plant. Available techniques are reviewed in Vasil et al . , Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. I, II and III, Laboratory Procedures and Their Applications, Academic Press, 1984, and Weiss Bach and Weiss Bach, Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, Academic Press, 1989.

The particular choice of a transformation technology will be determined by its efficiency to transform certain plant species as well as the experience and preference of the person practising the invention with a particular methodology of choice. It will be apparent to the skilled person that the particular choice of a transformation system to introduce nucleic acid into plant cells is not essential to or a limitation of the invention, nor is the choice of technique for plant regeneration.

Also according to the invention there is provided a plant cell having incorporated into its genome at least a nucleotide sequence, particularly heterologous nucleotide sequences, as provided by the present invention under operative control of regulatory sequences for control of expression as herein described. The coding sequence may be operably linked to one or more regulatory sequences which may be heterologous or foreign to the nucleic acid sequences employed in the invention, such as those not naturally associated with the nucleic acid sequence (s) for its (their) expression. The nucleotide sequence according to the invention may be placed under the control of an externally inducible promoter to place expression under the control of the user. A further aspect of the present invention provides a method of making such a plant cell involving introduction of nucleic acid sequence (s) contemplated for use in the invention or a suitable vector including the sequence (s) contemplated for use in the invention into a plant cell and causing or allowing recombination between the vector and the plant cell genome to introduce the said sequences into the genome. The invention extends to plant cells containing a nucleotide sequence according to the invention as a result of introduction of the nucleotide sequence into an ancestor cell .

The term "heterologous" may be used to indicate that the gene/ sequence of nucleotides in question have been introduced into said cells of the plant or an ancestor thereof, using genetic engineering, ie by human intervention. A transgenic plant cell, i.e. transgenic for the nucleotide sequence in question, may be provided. The transgene may be on an extra-genomic vector or incorporated, preferably stably, into the genome. A heterologous gene may replace an endogenous equivalent gene, ie one that normally performs the same or a similar function, or the inserted sequence may be additional to the endogenous gene or other sequence. An advantage of introduction of a heterologous gene is the ability to place expression of a sequence under the control of a promoter of choice, in order to be able to influence expression according to preference. Furthermore, mutants, variants and derivatives of the wild-type gene, e.g. with higher activity than wild type, may be used in place of the endogenous gene. Nucleotide sequences heterologous, or exogenous or foreign, to a plant cell may be non- naturally occurring in cells of that type, variety or species. Thus, a nucleotide sequence may include a coding sequence of or derived from a particular type of plant cell or species or variety of plant, placed within the context of a plant cell of a different type or species or variety of plant. A further possibility is for a nucleotide sequence to be placed within a cell in which it or a homologue is found naturally, but wherein the nucleotide sequence is linked and/or adjacent to nucleic acid which does not occur naturally within the cell, or cells of that type or species or variety of plant, such as operably linked to one or more regulatory sequences, such as a promoter sequence, for control of expression. A sequence within a plant or other host cell may be identifiably heterologous, exogenous or foreign.

Plants which include a plant cell according to the invention are also provided, along with any part or propagule thereof, seed, selfed or hybrid progeny and descendants. Particularly provided are transgenic crop plants, which have been engineered to carry genes identified as stated above. Examples of suitable plants include tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and other Nicotiana species, carrot, vegetable and oilseed Brassicas , melons, Capsicums, grape vines, lettuce, strawberry, sugar beet, wheat, barley, corn (maize), rice, soybean, peas, sorghum, sunflower, tomato, cotton, and potato. Especially preferred transgenic plants of the invention include cotton, rice, oilseed Brassica species such as canola, corn (maize) and soybean.

In addition to a plant, the present invention provides any clone of such a plant, seed, selfed or hybrid progeny and descendants, and any part of any of these, such as cuttings, seed. The invention provides any plant propagule that is any part which may be used in reproduction or propagation, sexual or asexual, including cuttings, seed and so on. Also encompassed by the invention is a plant which is a sexually or asexually propagated offspring, clone or descendant of such a plant, or any part or propagule of said plant, offspring, clone or descendant.

The present invention also encompasses the polypeptide expression product of a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention as disclosed herein or obtainable in accordance with the information and suggestions herein. Also provided are methods of making such an expression product by expression from a nucleotide sequence encoding therefore under suitable conditions in suitable host cells e.g. E.coli. Those skilled in the art are well able to construct vectors and design protocols and systems for expression and recovery of products of recombinant gene expression.

The heterologous or exogenous target protein is contemplated to be any protein of interest that may be produced by the method of the invention .

A polypeptide according to the present invention may be an allele, variant, fragment, derivative, mutant or homologue of the (a) polypeptides as mentioned herein. The allele, variant, fragment, derivative, mutant or homologue may have substantially the same function of the polypeptides alluded to above and as shown herein or may be a functional mutant thereof.

"Homology" in relation to an amino acid sequence or polypeptide sequence produced by the method of the invention may be used to refer to identity or similarity, preferably identity. As noted already above, high level of amino acid identity may be limited to functionally significant domains or regions.

In certain embodiments, an allele, variant, derivative, mutant derivative, mutant or homologue of the specific sequence may show little overall homology, say about 20%, or about 25%, or about 30%, or about 35%, or about 40% or about 45%, with the specific sequence. However, in functionally significant domains or regions, the amino acid homology may be much higher. Putative functionally significant domains or regions can be identified using processes of bioinformatics , including comparison of the sequences of homologues .

Functionally significant domains or regions of different polypeptides may be combined for expression from encoding nucleic acid as a fusion protein. For example, particularly advantageous or desirable properties of different homologues may be combined in a hybrid protein, such that the resultant expression product, may include fragments of various parent proteins, if appropriate.

Similarity of amino acid sequences may be as defined and determined by the TBLASTN program, of Altschul et al . (1990) J. Mol . Biol. 215: 403-10, which is in standard use in the art. In particular, TBLASTN 2.0 may be used with Matrix BLOSUM62 and GAP penalties: existence: 11, extension: 1. Another standard program that may be used is BestFit, which is part of the Wisconsin Package, Version 8, September 1994, (Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, Wisconsin 53711) . BestFit makes an optimal alignment of the best segment of similarity between two sequences. Optimal alignments are found by inserting gaps to maximize the number of matches using the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman {Adv. Appl . Math. (1981) 2: 482-489) . Other algorithms include GAP, which uses the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm to align two complete sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. As with any algorithm, generally the default parameters are used, which for GAP are a gap creation penalty = 12 and gap extension penalty = 4. Alternatively, a gap creation penalty of 3 and gap extension penalty of 0.1 may be used. The algorithm FASTA (which uses the method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) PNAS USA 85: 2444-2448) is a further alternative.

Use of either of the terms "homology" and "homologous" herein does not imply any necessary evolutionary relationship between compared sequences, in keeping for example with standard use of terms such as "homologous recombination" which merely requires that two nucleotide sequences are sufficiently similar to recombme under the appropriate conditions.

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an isolated polynucleotide sequence that comprises

a) a dysfunctional VirE2 DNA sequence, substantially no VirE2 DNA or no VirE2 DNA sequence;

b) a modified VirD2 DNA sequence comprising at least one of:

i) a DNA sequence encoding an organellar transit peptide fused to the 5' end of a VirD2 DNA sequence;

ii) a DNA sequence encoding a spytag peptide fused to the 5' end of a VirD2 DNA sequence; and

iii) a DNA sequence encoding a spytag peptide fused to the 3' end of a VirD2 DNA sequence.

The isolated polynucleotide sequence of this aspect of the invention further may further comprise at least one of

iv) an organellar transgene cassette comprising two origins of replication, one being located adjacent to and at the 5' end of a left flanking sequence and the second being located adjacent to and at the 3' end of a right flanking sequence, at least one DNA sequence of interest under operative control of an organellar promoter, and an organellar terminator; and

v) an organellar transgene cassette comprising two origins of replication located at the 5' and 3' ends of the cassette, respectively, at least one DNA sequence of interest under operative control of an organellar promoter, wherein the organellar promoter is positioned downstream of the origin of replication at the 5' end of the transgene cassette, and an organellar terminator and the organellar cassette does not contain left and right flanking sequences; and

wherein the said origins of replication are all derived from a geminivirus .

Naturally, the skilled addressee will appreciate that the isolated polynucleotide sequence as defined herein may comprise genomic DNA and/or cDNA. The skilled addressee will also appreciate that the description of each of its component parts is as defined herein for other aspects and variants of the invention.

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided use of a polynucleotide sequence as defined herein, in the production of a transgenic plant. Also provided herein is use of a polynucleotide sequence as defined herein, in the production of a polypeptide or protein in a plant.

In a still further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of transforming a plant cell with a DNA of interest via an Agrobacterium vector comprising the steps of:

a) introducing into the plant cell at least a first nucleic acid sequence that comprises at least one of:

i) an organellar transgene cassette comprising two origins of replication, one being located adjacent to the 5' end of a left flanking sequence and the second being located adjacent to the 3' end of a right flanking sequence, at least one DNA sequence of interest encoding a transgene of interest under operative control of an organellar promoter, and an organellar terminator; and

ii) an organellar transgene cassette comprising two origins of replication located at the 5' and 3' ends of the cassette, respectively, at least one DNA sequence of interest encoding a transgene of interest under operative control of an organellar promoter, the organellar promoter being positioned downstream of the origin of replication at the 5' end of the transgene cassette, an organellar terminator and wherein the organellar cassette does not contain left and right flanking sequences;

wherein the said origins of replication are all derived from a geminivirus and the DNA sequences making up i) and ii), respectively, are all located within a left border and a right border on the vector.

In this method aspect of the invention, the organellar promoter and organellar terminator are selected from a plant mitochondrion promoter, a plant mitochondrion terminator, a plant plastid promoter, and a plant plastid terminator, respectively. Suitably, the plant organellar promoter and plant organellar terminator are selected from plastid promoters and plant plastid terminators selected from chloroplasts, proplastids, etioplasts, chromoplasts , amyloplasts, leucoplasts and elaioplasts, the promoter and terminator being preferably selected from chloroplasts.

In this method aspect of the invention, the DNA coding sequence of interest is selected from a recombinant mammalian nucleic acid sequence, an isolated genomic mammalian nucleic acid sequence, a recombinant plant nucleic acid sequence and an isolated genomic plant nucleic acid sequence and two or more thereof. The DNA coding sequence of interest or isolated nucleic acid sequence of interest encodes a transgene of interest and may be selected from insulin, preproinsulin, proinsulin, glucagon, interferons such as a- interferon, β-interferon, γ-interferon, blood-clotting factors selected from Factor VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, fertility hormones including luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone growth factors including epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and the like, prolactin, oxytocin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, somatostatin, erythropoietin (EPO) , enzymes such as β- glucocerebrosidase, haemoglobin, serum albumin, collagen, biotic and abiotic stress proteins, such as insecticidal and insect toxic proteins, for example from, or derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, nematicidal proteins, herbicide resistance proteins, (e.g. to glyphosate) , salt-tolerance proteins, drought tolerant proteins, proteins capable of conferring cytoplasmic male sterility to plant breeding lines; nutritional enhancement proteins involved in the biosynthesis of phenolics, starches, sugars, alkaloids, vitamins, and edible vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and active fragments thereof, industrial enzymes and active fragments thereof. Suitably, the DNA coding sequence of interest may be selected from a transgene or isolated nucleic acid sequence that is capable of conferring cytoplasmic male sterility to a plant, for example a DNA sequence selected from the petunia mitochondrion pcf sequence, orflOl sequence of sorghum and orf 79 of rice.

The mitochondrion specific promoter is selected from mitochondrial promoter nucleotide sequences, such as ATP6, ATP9, Cob, rrnl8, Rpsl3, Rpsl9, Cox3, Nad6, Nad9 5' untranslated sequences (promoter region) of tobacco mitochondria, and Arabidopsis mitochondria; and the plastid specific promoter sequence is selected from the group consisting of the RNA polymerase promoter, rpo B promoter element, atpB promoter element, the clpP promoter element, the 16S rDNA promoter element, PrbcL, Prpsl6, the Prrnl6, Prrn-62, Pycf2-1577, PatpB-289, Prps2-152, Prpsl6-107, Pycfl-41, PatpI-207, PclpP-511, PclpP-173, PaccD-129, PaccD-129 promoter of the tobacco accD gene, the PclpP-53 promoter of the clpP gene, the Prrn-62 promoter of the rrn gene, the Prpsl6-107 promoter of the rpsl6 gene, the PatpB/E-290 promoter of the tobacco atpB/E gene, and the PrpoB-345 promoter of the rpoB gene .

In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of transforming a plant cell with a DNA of interest via an Agrobacterium vector comprising the steps of:

a) introducing into the plant cell at least a first nucleic acid sequence that comprises:

i) an organellar transgene cassette comprising two origins of replication located at the 5' and 3' ends of the cassette, respectively, at least one DNA sequence of interest encoding a transgene of interest under operative control of an organellar promoter, the organellar promoter being positioned downstream of the origin of replication at the 5' end of the transgene cassette, an organellar terminator and wherein the organellar cassette does not contain left and right flanking sequences; and

ii) and introducing into the plant cell at least a second nucleic acid sequence comprising a viral Rep gene co-presented on a nuclear cassette comprising a Rep gene fused to an organellar transit peptide, wherein the fused peptide is under operational control of a nuclear promoter and a nuclear terminator ; and

wherein the origin of replication is derived from a geminivirus and the DNA sequences making up the organellar transgene cassette of i) are all located within a left border and a right border on the vector.

Naturally, the skilled addressee will appreciate that the organellar transit peptide of ii) and the Rep gene are as defined herein.

In a still further aspect of the invention there is provided a plant cell obtained according to the plant cell transformation method, above. Further more there is provided a plant cell transformed with a vector, transgene cassette, transgene or isolated DNA sequence as defined herein.

In a still further aspect of the invention there is provided a plant including transformed organelles selected from plant plastids and mitochondria transformed as defined herein. There is also provided a transformed plant organelle as defined herein and a population of transformed plant organelles as defined herein comprised in a plant cell. The population of transformed plant organelles of the invention may be located in plant cells selected from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and other Nicotiana species, arabidopsis, potato, corn (maize), canola (rape), rice, wheat, barley, brassica sp. such as cauliflower, broccoli (e.g. green and purple sprouting), cabbage (e.g. red, green and white cabbages), curly kale, Brussels sprouts, cotton, algae (e.g. blue green species), lemnospora, or moss (e.g. physcomitrella patens), tomato, capsicum, squashes, sunflower, soyabean, carrot, melons, grape vines, lettuce, strawberry, sugar beet, peas, and sorghum. In a preferment, the population of transformed plant organelles are located in plant cells selected from cotton, rice, oilseed Brassica species such as canola, corn (maize) and soyabean.

In yet a further apsect of the invention there is provided a method of producing at least a heterologous or exogenous protein in a plant that comprises: 1) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a vector, transgene cassette, transgene or isolated DNA sequence as defined herein;

2) growing said regenerable plant cell of step 1 ) ;

3) selecting a plant cell of 2), wherein the transgene or isolated DNA sequence is integrated into the organellar genome;

4) regenerating a plant from the plant cell of 3); and

5) growing the plant of (7) .

In this aspect of the invention, the plant organellar genome is independently selected from that of plant mitochondria and plant plastids.

In a further apsect of the invention there is provided a host cell containing a heterologous polynucleotide or nucleic acid vector as defined herein. The host cell may be a plant cell or a bacterial cell. Typically, the host cell is comprised in a plant as defined herein, a plant part or a plant propagule, or an extract or derivative of a plant or in a plant cell culture.

The teaching of all references cited herein is incorporated in its entirety into the present description. There now follow non-limiting examples and figures illustrating the invention.

FIGURES

Figure 1. Schematic presentation of wild type Ec86 retron (A), and reshuffled version of the retron for reverse transcription of TNA (B) . Constructs with fusion between Ec86 reverse transcriptase and groupll intron-encoded protein (IEP) such as LtrA, Rmlnt IEP and al2 IEP were used to reverse transcribe TNA-RNA translocated into the organelles (C) . A rigid linker and transit peptide (TP) were added to optimise expression and targeting of the fused peptide to corresponding organelles.

Figure 2. Groupll intron-based vectors for TNA-RNA delivery into the plant organelles. TNA was inserted either in domainlV of the intron (A) or flanked by the intron on 5' or 3'- end of the TNA (B) . Each construct contains reshuffled retron at 3' -end for reverse transcription of the TNA-RNA into ssDNA. The Ec86 RT-IEP fusion can both translocate TNA into the organelles and perform reverse transcription of the TNA.

Figure 3. Potato Virus Y (PVY)-base vector for TNA-RNA delivery into the plant organelles. PVY polymerase and coat protein were replaced by TNA with the reshuffled retron at 3' -end (A) . Thus the vector contains all viral genes at its 5' -end, and the TNA at the 3' -end. Viral VPg protein was functionally fused with chloroplast or mitochondrial transit peptide (TP) for translocation of viral-TNA RNA covalently linked with VPg to specific organelles. A fusion of 35S promoter and viral sequence provides precise transcription start position. Viral polymerase was delivered in trans under constitutive nuclear promoter (B) .

Figure 4. Schematic presentation of modified PVY-based vector where SpyTag sequence was functionally fused either at 5'- (ST5) or 3'- ends (ST3) of the gene encoding VPg protein.

Figure 5. Vectors for overexpression of the SpyCatcher peptide. The

SpyCatcher could be expressed either from constitutive nuclear promoter or from inducible promoter, such as DEX -inducible promoter. The SpyCatcher peptide is also fused with chloroplast or mitochondrial transit peptide for translocation of TNA into organelles .

Figure 6. Binary vectors containing modified virD2 gene. A cassette containing Agrobacterium virDl promoter, virDl gene, cTP- or mTP- virD2 fusion and rrnB terminator was inserted into the pBIN19 binary vector outside of the T-DNA boarders. When the vector delivered into Agrobacterium, modified virD2 protein will be produced in bacteria upon induction with acetosyringon .

Figure 7. Binary vectors containing virD2 gene modified by fusion of SpyTag sequence to 5'-(ST5) or 3'-ends (ST3) .

Figure 8. Vectors for TNA amplification in the organelles using Geminivirus replication system. Two viral origins of replication are provided on flanks of the TNA from Maize Streak Virus (MOR) , Beet Curly Top Virus (BOR) , and Tomato Golden Mosaic Virus (TOR) . As TNA contains LFS and RFS, amplification of the TNA facilitates quick achievement of homoplasmic state of transformants .

Figure 9. Vectors for generation of autonomous mini-chromosome in the organelles, based on Geminivirus replication system. As the cassettes do not contain LFS and RFS, they will not be inserted in the genome of organelles, but the cassette will be amplified as long as a source of replicase is provided either from the mini- chromosome, or from plant nucleus. MOR- viral origin of replication from maize streak virus, BOR- viral origin of replication from beet top curly virus, TOR- viral origin of replication from tomato golden mosaic virus .

Figure 10. Vectors containing cassette for overexpression of replication initiation protein (Rep) from geminivirus. The Rep gene can be fused to either chloroplast or mitochondrial transit peptides to generate amplification of TNA in organelles.

Figure 11. PCR analysis of spectinomycin resistant plants for insertion of transgene into the chloroplast genome of tobacco (A) and rice (B) . (A) : lane 1-3- OTV1; lanes 4-5-OTV2; lanes 6-7-OTV3: lanes 8-9-OTV4, lanes 10-12-OTV5; lanes 13-14-OTV6.

(B) : lane 1-WT DNA of rice; lanes 2-5- OTV7; lanes 6-9- OTV8; lanes 10-13- OTV9; lanes 14-15-OTV10, lane 16-negative control.

Figure 12. PCR analysis of spectinomycin resistant plants generated using Potato Virus Y translocation sequence. Lanes 1-4- OTV21; lanes 5-8 - OTV22 + OTV27; lanes 9-12- OTV23 + OTV27.

Figure 13. PCR analysis of transgene flanking sequence using virD2 approach for chloroplast transformation in tobacco. Lanes 1-5- 0TV21; lanes 6-7- OTV22 + OTV27; lanes 8-9- OTV23 + OTV27.

Figure 14. Southern analysis for amplification of the TNA in tobacco chloroplasts . (A) lanes 1-4- BCTV-based replicon (OTV33+OTV39) ; lanes 5-6- TGMV-based replicon (OTV35+OTV41 ) . (B) lanes 1-8- MSV- based replicon (OTV34+OTV40) .

Figure 15. Southern analysis for replication of mini-chromosome in tobacco without insertion into the chloroplast genome. Lanes 1-5- BCTV-based replicon (OTV45+OTV39) ; lanes 6-10-TGMV-based replicon (OTV46+OTV41) .

Figure 16. PCR analysis of flanking sequences for mitochondrial transgene insertion in tobacco (A) and rice (B) using groupll intron and PVY-based translocation sequences .

(A) Lane 1-DNA of WT tobacco; lanes 2-3-OTV11; lanes 4-6 OTV12; lane7-OTV13, lane 8-OTV14, lanes 9-10- OTV15; lane 11- OTV16; lanes 12-13- OTV24; lanes 14-15- OTV25+OTV28; lane 16- OTV26+OTV28, lane 17- negative control.

(B) lanes 1-3- OTV17; lanes 4-6- OTV18; lane 7-8- OTV19; lane 9- OTV20, lane 10- negative control.

Figure 17. PCR analysis of transgene flanking sequence using virD2 approach for mitochondria transformation in tobacco. Lane 1- DNA of WT tobacco; lanes 2-5- OTV30; lanes 6-9- OTV31+OTV28; lanes 10-13- OTV32+OTV28, lane 14-negative control. The expected size of band indicated by arrow.

Figure 18. Southern analysis of the TNA mini-chromosome amplification in the mitochondria using Geminivirus replication system. Lanes 1-4- BCTV-based replicon (OTV47+OTV42 ) ; lanes 5-8- TGMV-based replicon (OTV48+OTV44 ) .

Figure 19. Table of Constructs used in performing the invention and variants 1 and 2

Figure 20. Constructs used for chloroplast transformation in tobacco, potato and maize. The AIBW construct (OTV50) contains a replicon cassette located between two viral origins of replication from BCTV (BOR1 and BOR2 ) . The transgene cassette contain 16S promoter from tobacco driving aadA and GFP, while repA gene from BCTV is driven by maize clpP promoter. The construct AJWP (OTV49) was used to generate transiently repA protein expression from the nucleus, to give a boost for replication of the replicon from the AIBW construct (OTV50)in the chloroplasts. It contains 35S promoter, chloroplast transit peptide (cTP) translationally fused to repA gene .

Figure 21. Southern analysis confirming replication of transgene cassette from AIBW construct (OTV50) in tobacco (lane 1-5), in potato (lane 6-11) and in maize (lane 12-14) . Expected size of replicon is around 2 kb. DNA of homoplasmic chloroplast transgenic line of tobacco was used as a positive control (line 15) . WT-DNA of non-transgenic tobacco as a negative control .

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

Nucleic acid amplification for plant organelle transformation and gene expression in plant organelles .

Summary .

Sequences employed in the invention are included hereinbelow. Table 1 shows a list of constructs employed in the three variants of the invention .

We have employed a combination of transgene nucleic acid (TNA) delivery and its amplification in the organelle to improve the efficiency of organelle transformation and transgene expression in plant organelles.

The RNA approach for transgene nucleic acid delivery utilised complex and conserved structure of group II introns and reverse transcription of the RNA in the organelles using modified retron- specific reverse transcriptase. Utilisation of the covalent link between VPg protein from Potato Virus A (PVA) or Potato Virus Y and viral RNA with transgene nucleic acid or transgene nucleic acid in combination with the SpyTag-SpyCatcher system also gave rise to efficient delivery of transgene nucleic acid into the plant organelles .

The DNA approach utilised a covalent link between specific protein and transgene nucleic acid to target it to the organelles. Utilisation of virD2 protein directly from Agrobacterium for T-DNA delivery into the organelles is described herein. Improvement of DNA delivery into organelles using a SpyTag-SpyCatcher system is also described herein. Amplification of transgene nucleic acid in the plant organelle is achieved by utilising the replication system of plant-specific gemini viruses. Placing of the transgene nucleic acid between two viral origins of replication with simultaneous delivery of viral replication initiation protein into the plant organelles was sufficient to amplify transgene nucleic acid located between two viral origins in linear and circular forms of dsDNA, as well as in the circular form of ssDNA. Amplification of transgene nucleic acid allows efficient saturation of the organelle genome with transgene insertion, or efficient transgene expression in the plant organelle from mini-chromosomes generated from the amplification vector.

Introduction .

Organelle transformation in plants has a great potential for the production of pharmaceuticals in plants, in improving the quality of food, as well as improving environmental stress resistance in plants. However, until the present invention there have been no truly efficient technologies available for organelle transformation in a broad range of crops. To date, only the bombardment method has routinely yielded transformation events in chloroplasts of tobacco, in which, however a few rounds of selection are required to achieve an homoplasmic state of transformation. The bombardment method cannot be used for the transformation of plant mitochondria, because the size of mitochondria is considerably smaller than that of chloroplasts. Thus two problems for organelle transformation needed to be addressed:

(i) delivery of transgenic nucleic acid (TNA) into organelles; and

(ii) amplification of the TNA to facilitate rapid achievement of homoplasmic state of transformants .

We have developed efficient ways for both TNA delivery and amplification to facilitate rapid generation of organelle transformation in a wide range of crops.

RNA approach for delivery of transgene nucleic acids (TNA) into the organelles .

The RNA approach of the present invention for delivery and insertion of transgene nucleic acid (TNA) into the plant organelle is based on

(i) expression of a TNA cassette from the nucleus, (ii) recruiting TNA RNA from the cytoplasm into the organelles, (iii) reverse transcription of the recruited TNA RNA into single stranded DNA

(ssDNA) in the organelles, and (iv) insertion of the TNA into the organelle genome using homologous recombination. A traditional vector is used which contains a constitutive nuclear promoter driving a TNA cassette fused with sequences for RNA translocation into the organelle and reverse transcription. Transformation could be achieved by both transient overexpression and stable transformation of the nuclear cassette.

Reverse transcription of RNA-TNA in the organelles .

In order to generate insertion of the TNA into the organelle genome, RNA containing the TNA is first reverse transcribed into ssDNA. For this purpose we have utilised a retron-based reverse transcription system.

A retron is a distinct DNA sequence found in the genome of many bacteria species that codes for reverse transcriptase and a unique single-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid called multicopy single-stranded DNA

(msDNA) . Retron msr RNA is the non-coding RNA produced by retron elements and is the immediate precursor to the synthesis of msDNA. The retron msr RNA folds into a characteristic secondary structure that contains a conserved guanosine residue at the end of a stem loop. Synthesis of DNA by the retron-encoded reverse transcriptase

(RT) results in the DNA/RNA chimera which is composed of a short single-stranded DNA linked to a short single-stranded RNA. The RNA strand is joined to the 5' end of the DNA chain via a 2 '-5' phosphodiester linkage that occurs from the 2 ' position of the conserved internal guanosine residue (Lampson et al . , 2005) .

Retron-encoded reverse transcriptase has high efficiency for reverse transcription of fragments of up to lOOObp, but amplification of longer fragments appears to be difficult due to the processivity - that is to say, fragment size limited processing power - of retron- encoded reverse transcriptase. Attempts at improving reverse transcription using reshuffled retrons have been made (Shimamoto et al., 1998, Rozwadowski and Lydiate, 2003), but no successful amplification of fragments longer than lOOObp has been reported. Since chloroplast cassette for delivery of TNA exceeds significantly the length of lOOObp, a more processive or powerful reverse transcriptase had to be engineered. We have optimized a retron-based reverse transcription system by the introduction of a reshuffled retron sequence (Figure IB) and fusion of this retron reverse transcriptase to a more processive reverse transcriptase encoded by a group II intron, such as LtrA from Lactococus lactis, Rmlnt ORF from Sinorhizobium meliloti , and the al2 intron encoded protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Figure 1C) . The combination of the reshuffled retron with an engineered reverse transcriptase significantly improved reverse transcription of longer fragments. Thus, the combination of RNA delivery to plant organelles with an improved reverse transcription system considerably increased the efficiency of organelle transformation.

SEQ ID 1 Reshuffled Ec86 retron

Ctgatgctctccgagccaaccaggaaacccgttttttctgacgtaagggtgcgcaacttt cgagctcg cctgctgtgccagccggcgagcgtcgacatgcgcacccttagcgagaggtttatcattaa ggtcaacc tctggatgttgtttcggcatcctgcattgaatctgagttactgtctgttttccttgttgg aacggaga gcatcgctctagagtctc

SEQ ID 2

Ec86 RT-LtrA fusion (the linker is in bold italics)

atgaaatccgctgaatatttgaacacttttagattgagaaatctcggcctacctgtc atgaacaattt gcatgacatgtctaaggcgactcgcatatctgttgaaacacttcggttgttaatctatac agctgatt ttcgctataggatctacactgtagaaaagaaaggcccagagaagagaatgagaaccattt accaacct tctcgagaacttaaagccttacaaggatgggttctacgtaacattttagataaactgtcg tcatctcc tttttctattggatttgaaaagcaccaatctattttaaataatgctaccccgcatattgg ggcaaact ttatactgaatattgatttggaggattttttcccaagtttaactgctaacaaagtttttg gagtgttc cattctcttggttataatcgactaatatcttcagttttgacaaaaatatgttgttataaa aatctgct accacaaggtgctccatcatcacctaaattagctaatctaatatgttctaaacttgatta tcgtattc agggttatgcaggtagtcggggcttgatatatacgagatatgccgatgatctcaccttat ctgcacag tctatgaaaaaggttgttaaagcacgtgattttttattttctataatcccaagtgaagga ttggttat taactcaaaaaaaacttgtattagtgggcctcgtagtcagaggaaagttacaggtttagt tatttcac aagagaaagttgggataggtagagaaaaatataaagaaattagagcaaagatacatcata tattttgc ggtaagtcttctgagatagaacacgttaggggatggttgtcatttattttaagtgtggat tcaaaaag ccataggagattaataacttatattagcaaattagaaaaaaaatatggaaagaacccttt aaataaag cgaagaccggatccaccgtggatgcggcgctggcggcggcgcagactgcggcggcggcgg cggtcgag aacatgaagccaacaatggcaatcctcgaacgaatctctaagaactcacaggagaacatc gacgaggt cttcacaagactttaccgttaccttctccgtcctgacatctactacgtggcatatcagaa cctctact ctaacaagggagcttctacaaagggaatcctcgatgatacagctgatggattctctgagg agaagatc aagaagatcatccaatctttgaaggacggaacttactaccctcagcctgtccgaagaatg tacatcgc aaagaagaactctaagaagatgagacctcttggaatcccaactttcacagacaagttgat ccaggagg ctgtgagaatcatccttgaatctatctatgagcctgtcttcgaggatgtgtctcacggtt tccgacct cagcgaagctgtcacacagctttgaagacaatcaagagagagttcggaggtgcaagatgg ttcgtgga gggagatatcaagggatgcttcgataacatcgaccacgtcacactcatcggactcatcaa ccttaaga tcaaggatatgaagatgagccagttgatctacaagttcctcaaggcaggttacctcgaaa actggcag taccacaagacttacagcggaacacctcagggcggaatcctctctcctctcctcgctaac atctatct tcatgaattggacaagttcgttctccaactcaagatgaagttcgaccgagagagtccaga gagaatca cacctgaataccgggagcttcacaacgagatcaaaagaatctctcaccgtctcaagaagt tggagggc gaggagaaggctaaggttctcttggaataccaggagaagaggaagaggttgcctacactc ccttgtac atcacaaacaaacaaggtcttgaagtacgtccgatacgctgacgacttcatcatctctgt taagggaa gcaaggaggactgtcaatggatcaaggagcaattgaagctcttcatccataacaagctca agatggaa ttgagtgaggagaagacactcatcacacatagcagtcagcctgctcgtttcctcggatac gacatccg agtcaggagaagtggaactatcaagcgatctggaaaggtcaagaagagaacactcaacgg gagtgtgg agcttctcatccctctccaagacaagatccgtcaattcatcttcgacaagaagatcgcta tccagaag aaggatagctcatggttcccagttcacaggaagtaccttatccgttcaacagacttggag atcatcac aatctacaactctgaattgagaggtatctgcaactactacggtctcgcaagtaacttcaa ccagctca actacttcgcttaccttatggaatactcttgcttgaagactatcgcatctaagcataagg gaacactc tcaaagaccatctctatgttcaaggatggaagtggttcttggggaatcccttacgagatc aagcaggg gaagcagaggagatacttcgccaacttcagtgaatgcaaatctccttaccaattcactga tgagatca gtcaagctcctgtgctttacggatacgctcggaacactcttgagaacagacttaaggcta agtgttgt gagctttgtggaacatctgatgagaacacatcttacgagatccaccacgtcaacaaggtc aagaacct taagggaaaggagaagtgggagatggcaatgatcgctaagcagcggaagactcttgttgt ttgcttcc attgtcatcgtcacgtgatccataagcacaagtga

SEQ ID 3

Ec86 RT-Rmlnt IEP fusion

atgaaatccgctgaatatttgaacacttttagattgagaaatctcggcctacctgtc atgaacaattt gcatgacatgtctaaggcgactcgcatatctgttgaaacacttcggttgttaatctatac agctgatt ttcgctataggatctacactgtagaaaagaaaggcccagagaagagaatgagaaccattt accaacct tctcgagaacttaaagccttacaaggatgggttctacgtaacattttagataaactgtcg tcatctcc tttttctattggatttgaaaagcaccaatctattttaaataatgctaccccgcatattgg ggcaaact ttatactgaatattgatttggaggattttttcccaagtttaactgctaacaaagtttttg gagtgttc cattctcttggttataatcgactaatatcttcagttttgacaaaaatatgttgttataaa aatctgct accacaaggtgctccatcatcacctaaattagctaatctaatatgttctaaacttgatta tcgtattc agggttatgcaggtagtcggggcttgatatatacgagatatgccgatgatctcaccttat ctgcacag tctatgaaaaaggttgttaaagcacgtgattttttattttctataatcccaagtgaagga ttggttat taactcaaaaaaaacttgtattagtgggcctcgtagtcagaggaaagttacaggtttagt tatttcac aagagaaagttgggataggtagagaaaaatataaagaaattagagcaaagatacatcata tattttgc ggtaagtcttctgagatagaacacgttaggggatggttgtcatttattttaagtgtggat tcaaaaag ccataggagattaataacttatattagcaaattagaaaaaaaatatggaaagaacccttt aaataaag cqaaqaccggatccaccgtggatgcggcgctggcggcggcgcagactgcggcggcggcgg cggtcgag aacatgacttcggaaagtacgacagacaagccgtttcgaattgagaaacgtcgagtgtac gaagctta caaagcggtcaaagccaaccgtggcgcggccggggtggacgggcagacgctggagatatt tgagaaag accttgcagcaaacctctacaagatctggaatcggatgtcctcgggaacctactttccgc cgccggtg cgcgccgtctccattccgaagaaggctggaggcgaaagggttttgggtgtgcccacggtc agcgatcg gatcgcgcagatggtggtcaagcagatgatcgagccggatttggactccctctttcttcc ggactcct acggttacaggccgggaaaatcggccctggatgctgtcggagtgacgcgtcagcggtgct ggaagtat gattgggttttggaattcgacatcaaagggctgtttgacaatcttccgcatgatctcttg ctgaaggc ggtcagaaaagacgtcaaatgcaactgggctctgctctacatcgaaagatggctgactgc gcctatgg aaaagaacggagaagtcatcgagcggtcacgcggtaccccacagggaggcgtggttagcc cgatcttg gcgaatctctttctgcactatgcatttgatctctggatgacgcggacgcatcccgacctt ccatggtg tcgatatgccgacgatggtcttgttcactgccagagcgagcaacaagccgaagccctcag ggtggagc tgagttctcggctggcagcgtgcggacttcagatgcatccgacaaagaccaagattgtct actgcaag gatcaacggcgcagggaggcgtatccgaatgtcacgttcgactttctcgggtatcagttc cggccgcg acgggtggcgaacacacagcgggacgagttcttctgtggctacacgcctgcggtcagtcc gacggcgc tcaagtcgatgcgggcaacgatcaaaagtttgaacatcccgcggcagacgccggggacgc tggccgaa atagccaaacagctcaatccactccttcggggatggattgcctactatggacggtacagt cgttcggc cctgtccactctggctgattacgttaatcagaaactcagggcttggatcaggcgaaagtt caaacgct ttcagtcccataagacacgcgccagcctcttcttgcgaaagctggcgcgggaaaatccgg ggctgttc gtgcattggaaggcgttcggaacgaacacgtttacctga

SEQ ID 4

Ec86 RT-al2 IEP fusion

atgaaatccgctgaatatttgaacacttttagattgagaaatctcggcctacctgtc atgaacaattt gcatgacatgtctaaggcgactcgcatatctgttgaaacacttcggttgttaatctatac agctgatt ttcgctataggatctacactgtagaaaagaaaggcccagagaagagaatgagaaccattt accaacct tctcgagaacttaaagccttacaaggatgggttctacgtaacattttagataaactgtcg tcatctcc tttttctattggatttgaaaagcaccaatctattttaaataatgctaccccgcatattgg ggcaaact ttatactgaatattgatttggaggattttttcccaagtttaactgctaacaaagtttttg gagtgttc cattctcttggttataatcgactaatatcttcagttttgacaaaaatatgttgttataaa aatctgct accacaaggtgctccatcatcacctaaattagctaatctaatatgttctaaacttgatta tcgtattc agggttatgcaggtagtcggggcttgatatatacgagatatgccgatgatctcaccttat ctgcacag tctatgaaaaaggttgttaaagcacgtgattttttattttctataatcccaagtgaagga ttggttat taactcaaaaaaaacttgtattagtgggcctcgtagtcagaggaaagttacaggtttagt tatttcac aagagaaagttgggataggtagagaaaaatataaagaaattagagcaaagatacatcata tattttgc ggtaagtcttctgagatagaacacgttaggggatggttgtcatttattttaagtgtggat tcaaaaag ccataggagattaataacttatattagcaaattagaaaaaaaatatggaaagaacccttt aaataaag cgaagaccggatccaccgtggatgcggcgctggcggcggcgcagactgcggcggcggcgg cggtcgag aacatgccgtttcgcttaatttatcactgtattgaagtgttaattgataaacatatctct gtttattc aattaatgaaaactttaccgtatcattttggttctggttattagtagtaacatacatagt atttagat acgtaaaccatatggcttacccagttggggccaactcaacggggacaatagcatgccata aaagcgct ggagtaaaacagccagcgcaaggtaagaactgtccgatggctaggttaacgaattcctgt aaagaatg tttagggttctcattaactccttcccacttggggattgtgattcatgcttatgtattgga agaagagg tacacgagttaaccaaaaatgaatcattagctttaagtaaaagttggcatttggagggct gtacgagt tcaaatggaaaattaagaaatacgggattgtccgaaaggggaaaccctggggataacgga gtcttcat agtacccaaatttaatttaaataaagcgagatactttagtactttatctaaattaaatgc aaggaagg aagacagtttagcgtatttaacaaagattaatactacggatttttccgagttaaataaat taatagaa aataatcataataaacttgaaaccattaatactagaattttaaaattaatgtcagatatt agaatgtt attaattgcttataataaaattaaaagtaagaaaggtaatatatctaaaggttctaataa tattacct tagatgggattaatatttcatatttaaataaattatctaaagatattaacactaatatgt ttaaattt tctccggttagaagagttgaaattcctaaaacatctggaggatttagacctttaagtgtt ggaaatcc tagagaaaaaattgtacaagaaagtatgagaataatattagaaattatctataataatag tttctctt attattctcatggatttagacctaacttatcttgtttaacagctattattcaatgtaaaa attatatg caatactgtaattggtttattaaagtagatttaaataaatgctttgatacaattccacat aatatgtt aattaatgtattaaatgagagaatcaaagataaaggtttcatagacttattatataaatt attaagag ctggatatgttgataaaaataataattatcataatacaactttaggaattcctcaaggta gtgttgtc agtcctattttatgtaatatttttttagataaattagataaatatttagaaaataaattt gagaatga attcaatactggaaatatgtctaatagaggtagaaatccaatttataatagtttatcatc taaaattt atagatgtaaattattatctgaaaaattaaaattgattagattaagagaccattaccaaa gaaatatg ggatccgataaaagttttaaaagagcttattttgttagatatgctgatgatattatcatt ggtgtaat gggttctcataatgattgtaaaaatattttaaacgatattaataacttcttaaaagaaaa tttaggta tgtcaattaatatagataaatccgttattaaacattctaaagaaggagttagttttttag ggtatgat gtaaaagttacaccttgggaaaaaagaccttatagaatgattaaaaaaggtgataatttt attagggt tagacatcatactagtttagttgttaatgcccctattagaagtattgtaataaaattaaa taaacatg gctattgttctcatggtattttaggaaaacccagaggggttggaagattaattcatgaag aaatgaaa accattttaatgcattacttagctgttggtagaggtattataaactattatagattagct accaattt taccacattaagaggtagaattacatacattttattttattcatgttgtttaacattagc aagtaaat ttaaattaaatactgttaagaaagttattttaaaattcggtaaagtattagttgatcctc attcaaaa gttagttttagtattgatgattttaaaattagacataaaataaatataactgattctaat tatacacc tgatgaaattttagatagatataaatatatgttacctagatctttatcattatttagtgg tatttgtc aaatttgtggttctaaacatgatttagaagtacatcacgtaagaacattaaataatgctg ccaataaa attaaagatgattatttattaggtagaatgattaagataaatagaaaacaaattactatc tgtaaaac atgtcattttaaagttcatcaaggtaaatataatggtccaggtttatag Delivery of transgene nucleic acid to organelle using groupll intron .

We utilise groupll introns to deliver RNA of transgene into the organelles. The cassette containing transgene nucleic acid was inserted into domainlV of LtrB intron from Lactococus lactis, Rmlntl intron from Sinorhizobium meliloti, al2 intron from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, tobacco groupll intron from nadl gene containing matK intron-encoded gene (Figure 1A) . The transgenic nucleic acid can be fused at the 5' or 3'-prime ends of the groupll intron (Figure IB), and is translocated to organelle with the same efficiency as in case when TNA was inserted in domain IV of the groupll intron. We did not observed splicing of the groupll intron in the cytoplasm of the plants and only in environment of the plant organelle intron could be spliced. Thus TNA located at any end of intron can still be translocated to organelles.

SEQ ID 5

Lactococcus lactis LtrB intron (the cloning site for TNA in domain IV is in bold)

Gtgcgcccagatagggtgttaagtcaagtagtttaaggtactactctgtaagataacaca gaaaacag ccaacctaaccgaaaagcgaaagctgatacgggaacagagcacggttggaaagcgatgag ttacctaa agacaatcgggtacgactgagtcgcaatgttaatcagatataaggtataagttgtgttta ctgaacgc aagtttctaatttcggttatgtgtcgatagaggaaagtgtctgaaacctctagtacaaag aaaggtaa gttatggttgtggacttatctgttatcaccacatttgtacaatctgtaggagaacctatg ggaacgaa acgaaagcgatgccgagaatctgaatttaccaagacttaacactaactggggatacccta aacaagaa tgcctaatagaaaggaggaaaaaggctatagcactagagcttgaaaatcttgcaagggta cggagtac tcgtagtagtctgagaagggtaacgccctttacatggcaaaggggtacagttattgtgta ctaaaatt aaaaattgattagggaggaaaacctcaaaatgaaaccaacaatggcaattttagaaagaa tcagtaaa aattcacaagaaaatatagacgaagtttttacaagactttatcgttatcttttacgtcca gatattta ttacgtggcgggcgcgccacgcgtgcggccgctgggaaatggcaatgatagcgaaacaac gtaaaact cttgttgtatgctttcattgtcatcgtcacgtgattcataaacacaagtgaatttttacg aacgaaca ataacagagccgtatactccgagaggggtacgtacggttcccgaagagggtggtgcaaac cagtcaca gtaatgtgaacaaggcggtacctccctacttcac

SEQ ID 6

Sinorhizobium meliloti Rmlntl intron

gtgtgctgcagaggcacggaaggagttcaacatgaactaagaccgtggcgtaaagct gcgtgaatgat gggggacggccctccgggatcggctttcaggagcgggtctcaaaccagtccgagctgctg cggtaaag agccgtggtggtgagcgtcggatgaaacgttcggacgagatccgagcaggtgcatgtcca aaagacga acgaaagtgaaccctccgaggacgcgtcgttatgaacgtaagtgtcgtcgaaaccaggac cgtttcgt catcctgggacaagtccgccagatgcctgatgaccgggcgggcggcgaccggcgtagagg gggcgtga gttggacataggctttcacgcggaactgcaggaaccaggctcctgatgtcaagggagaag ctcaagcg gcgcaaaccgcaaggcgagagtaccgatgcaggagactggggcggatcgccccgtatgag cgtcgagg accctgtaatggggtcggagcaaagggggcggatcaggccgtcgtattgtttgaaacaac tggaaaca ggatgacttcggaaagtacgacagacaagccgtttcgaattgagaaacgtcgagtgtacg aagcttac aaagcggtcaaagccaaccgtggcgcggccggggtggacgggcagacgctggagatattt gagaaagg gcgcgccacgcgtgcggccgcgccagcctcttcttgcgaaagctggcgcgggaaaatccg gggctgtt cgtgcattggaaggcgttcggaacgaacacgtttacctgatgggagcggtgtgaatcgag aggttcac gcaccgttctgcgagaggccggctggtgaaactcctccggcctactcacc

SEQ ID 7

Saccharomyces cerevisiae al2 intron

Gcgccgtttcgcttaatttatcactgtattgaagtgttaattgataaacatatctctgtt tattcaat taatgaaaactttaccgtatcattttggttctgattattagtagtaacatacatagtatt tagatacg taaaccatatggcttacccagttggggccaactcaacggggacaatagcatgccataaaa gcgctgga gtaaaacagccagcgcaaggtaagaactgtccgatggctaggttaacgaattcctgtaaa gaatgttt agggttctcattaactccttcccacttggggattgtgattcatgcttatgtattggaaga agaggtac acgagttaaccaaaaatgaatcattagctttaagtaaaagttgacatttggagggctgta cgagttca aatggaaaattaagaaatacgggattgtccgaaaggggaaaccctggggataacggagtc ttcatagt acccaaatttaatttaaataaagcgagatactttagtactttatctaaattaaatgcaag gaaggaag acagtttagcgtatttaacaaagattaatactacggatttttccgagttaaataaattaa tagaaggc gcgccacgcgtgcggccgcatgattaagataaatagaaaacaaattactatctgtaaaac atgtcatt ttaaagttcatcaaggtaaatataatggtccaggtttataataattattatactccttcg gggtcgcc gcgggggcgggccggactattaaatatgcgttaaatggagagccgtatgatatgaaagta tcacgtac ggttcggagagggctcttttatatgaatgttattacattcagataggtttgctactctaa a

SEQ ID 8

Tobacco nadl intron

gtgcggggctttgcatctgacattcgttgggcttctctcttcgggagcctgcgcccc ggcgtttttgt gcaataaacccctccggccgaagactagtggtaggtggtcctgcggagctttcggaaaag ggtagcct tgtgtgtaagcacagcaatgaaccgcggcgaaccctcagacgacctatctaagattaggg ggggatcc tcagtagtggtgaccctttcactcttccacggactgatacatgtaccgaatgctcatacg ggaaagtt tactcctgggtctggaacctggggggttgctccgagaaatcctttctttctcgtccactc aggggggt gcggacacacctgcgcggattacaggtgacagttacaagaatggcggggaagttaacagt acccgacg acattcagggatggatgtagacccatcgggcagggataatcattccggtcctgggagaag tggcgacc attctcaagaaccaaaaagactgagctgagggaagccctatgagtcactgaaacgacggc aggagtgc cctttttctatcaatagagggagcaaaaaacgggctttgctcccctttacaatatgaaga aagaaata agggtcgaagtttagaccgctcacagtagttctacctatagaaaggatcatgaaagaggc gatcagaa tggtactcgaatccatttacgatctcgagtttccagacacatcgcacttccgctcgggtc gaggcttc cactccgtcctaagacggggcgcgccacgcgtgcggccgctagagcttgggaagctcgga tccggtca agatccgaacaacaatgagcactcaactactagtaaaaagggagaaagttgactttgaga aagaaggt gcttcttgccgctttattagtaagtaagcttgttttatatctcctcaataaaggcgaaag atcactcc taaaagcaagctttctcttatatacgataccataccacataatttcatttgccttcctgc ttaaggca ctagttcggatgga

SEQ ID 9

Tobacco matR gene from nadl intron

atgaaagaggcgatcagaatggtactcgaatccatttacgatctcgagtttccagac acatcgcactt ccgctcgggtcgaggcttccactccgtcctaagacggatcaaagaagagtggggaacctc tcgctggt ttttggaattcgacatcaggaagtgttttcacaccatcgaccgacatcgactcatcccaa tctttaag gaagagatcgacgatcccaagttcttttaccccattcagaaagtcttttccgccggacga ctcgtagg aggtgagaagggcccttactccgtcccacacagtgtattactatcggccctaccaggcaa catctacc tacacaagctcgatcaggagatagggaggatccgacagaagtacgaaattccgattgttc agagaata agatcggttctattaagaacaggtcgtattgatgaccaagaaaagtcttccgaagaagca agcttcaa cgctccccaagacaacagagccatcattgtggggaggttaaagagcatccaacgcaaagc ggcctttc attcccttgtttcgtcgtggcacaccccccccacaagcaccccccggctcaggggggacc agaaaacg cctttcgttttccacccttcgtcggcccttgccgccttccttaacaagccctcgagcctc ctttgcgc cgccttcttcatagaagccgccgggtttacccggaagtccgaattctatggtagagaacg ctgtaata ataattgggccatgagagactcttttaagtattgcaaaagaaagggcccgctgatagagc tgggcggg gaggcgatacttgttatcaggtcagagagaggcctggcccgtaagctggcccccttaaaa acctatta cttaataaggatttgttacgcgcgatatgccgacgacttactactgggaatcgtgggttc cgtcgagc ttctcatagaaatacaaaaacgtatcgcccacttcctacaatctggcttgaacctttggg tagactct gcaggatcaacaaccatagctgcacggagtacggtagaattcctcggtacggtcattcgg gaagtccc tccgagggcgactcccatacaattcttgcgagagctggagaagcgtctacgggtaaagca ccgtatcc atataactgcttgccacctacgctccgccatccattcaaagtttaggaacctaggtaata gtatcccg atcaaagagctgacgaaggggatgagcggaacagggagtctactggacgcggttcaacta gcggagac tcttggaacagctggagtaagaagtccccaagtgagcgtcttatggggggccgtcaagca catacggc aaggatcaagggagatctcgttgttgcatagctcaggtcggagcaaggtgccatcggacg ttcaacag gtagtctcacgatcgggcactcatgccccgacattgtcattgtatactcccgcgggtcgg aaggcggc gggggaaggagggggacactgggcgagatctatcagcagcgaattccccatacaaataga ggcaccta tcaaaaagatacttcgaaggcttcgggatcgaggtctcattagccgaagaagaccctggc caatccac gtggcctgcttgacgaacgtcagcgacggagacatcgtaaattggtccgcgggcatcgcg ataagtcc tctgtcctactacaggtgctgcgacaacctttaccaagtccgaacgattgtcgaccacca gatccgct ggtctgcaatattcaccccggcccacaagcacaaatcctcggcgcggaatataatcctaa agtactcc aaagactcaaatatagtcaatcaagaaggtggtaagacccttgcagagttccccaacagc atagagct tgggaagctcggatccggtcaagatccgaacaacaatgagcactcaactactagtaaaaa gggagaaa gttga

SEQ ID 10

Chloroplast Transit Peptide

Atggcttcttctgctcaaatacacggtctcggaaccgcttctttctcttccctcaaaaaa ccctcttc catatccggcaactccaaaacccttttcttcggtcagcgactcaattccaaccactctcc cttcaccc gcgccgcattccctaaattaagtagcaaaacctttaagaagggtttcactttgagagtt

SEQ ID 11

Mitochondria Transit Peptide

Atggcttctcggaggcttctcgcctctctcctccgtcaatcggctcaacgtggcggcggt ctaatttc ccgatcgttaggaaactccatccctaaatccgcttcacgcgcctcttcacgcgcatcccc taagggat tcctcttaaaccgcgccgtacagtacgctacctccgcagcggcaccggcatctcagccat ca

SEQ ID 12

Tobacco chloroplast LFS

Gcgttcgaactccttcttaaacaacatcgaattaaaccaccatctttccatagagttttc ttgccccc tatttgcatgaaaatacaatagatgaatagtcattcgctataaaattatttatttgaata tcttattt cctatcagactaagcatagaaatccaatcactaggattattaactaataaggattgtgag tattgaaa aaaagttctgaatctgggggaacacttcactatatattaatatgttggaaccccctttat attattta aaataatataatttttaataaagggcggcttctcctatgtcgtgtcaaattcgcatcgaa aaaagaga tttgtcctctcctataaagaaataaaaaaataattgtttcgtaaaatctcgtctaatact aatatcta atcactaacaaatctaaaatttaataaaaaaataagtaataaattaaggttctatttcaa cacggaac aaaggggacaatatacaggatgggtagaaagaggtgtgatacttggcttgattcagggaa actacaaa ctacaggatagaaaagaatataccaatcctaaggatccgtaggattaattgtggatccaa gacaacaa tagaaagatttgag

SEQ ID 13

Tobacco chloroplast FS

Ctagattttgtatttcaaatcttgtatatctaggtaagtatatacttagtcaaaatatat gcaataga atctttgttgtattcggctcaatccttttagtaaaagattgggccgagtttaattgcaat tcaattaa gagaacgaaggataattacttgagttctttctccttatccttctttatttcctgctaatt tatctgct aatgtctactgtttttacttatccaaaacgtccactgctgcaaaattaaatacgatctct ttccatac ttcacaagcagcagctagttccgggctccatttgcaagcctcgcgaataatttcattacc ttcctgag caagatcacgtccttcattacgagcttttacacatgcttctagagctactcgattagcta cggcacct ggcgcattaccccaaggatgtcctaaagttcctccaccgaactgtagtacggaatcatcc ccaaagat ctcggtcagagcaggcatatgccaaacgtgaatacctcctgaagccacgggtagaacacc tggtaaag agacccaatcttgagtgaaataaataccgcgacttcgatcttgttcaacaaaatcatcac gcagtaaa tcaacaaagcccaaagttatgtct

SEQ ID 14

Rice chloroplast LFS

Ccgtgtcaatcacttccattcctctcatcaacccatctgtagcactcatagctacagctc taactcga ttatttcctaataattgttgtacctcacaagttacattaatttgcttaccgtcagtgtct cgactctt gactaccaaagcattataaatataaggtaacttgcccgggggaaaagtgacatccagcac gggtccaa taatttgatcgatacgccctgtacttttttcttcaattgtagaaaccccgggacgagaag tagtagga ttggttctcataattatcacataattttcaaaaaaaaggaatttatcgaaattttgattt ttttcttg ttgaataatgccaaatcaacaccaaaaaaatatccaaaaatccaaaagtcaaaaggaaat gaattagt taattcaataagagagaaaaggggaccagcacttgatttcgttgcccaaacgaatcccat tcaatcgt ttactcatggaatgagcccgtcggaaagttcaatcaatctttttttcatatacattttgc cttttgta aacgatttgtgcctactctactttcttatctaggacttcgatatacaaaatatatactac tgtgaagc atagattgctgtcaacagagaattttcgtagtatttaggtatttccactcaaaataagaa aagggggt ctattaagaacttaataaggattagaagttgatttggggttgcgctatatctattaaaga gtatacaa taaagatggatttggtgaatcaaatccatggtttaataacgaagcatgttaacttaccat aacaacaa c

SEQ ID 15

Rice chloroplast RFS

Tcaattcttatcgaattcctatagtagaattcctatagcatagaatgtacacagggtgta cccattat atatgaatgaaacatattatatgaatgaaacatattcattaacttaagcatgccccccat tttcttta atgagttgatattaattgaatatcttttttttaagatttttgcaaaggtttcatttacgc ctaatcca tatcgagtagaccctgtcgttgtgagaattcttaattcatgagttgtagggagggacgta tgtcacca caaacagaaactaaagcaagtgttggatttaaagctggtgttaaggattataaattgact tactacac cccggagtacgaaaccaaggacactgatatcttggcagcattccgagtaactcctcagcc gggggttc cgcccgaagaagcaggggctgcagtagctgccgaatcttctactggtacatggacaactg tttggact gatggacttaccagtcttgatcgttacaaaggccgatgctatcacatcgagcccgttgtt ggggagga taatcaatatatcgcttatgtagcttatccattagacctatttgaagagggttctgttac taacatgt ttacttccattgtgggtaacgtatttggtttcaaagccctacgcgctctacgtctggagg atctgcga attccccctacttattcaaaaactttccaaggtccgcctcatggtatccaagttgaaagg gataagtt gaacaaatacggtcgtcctttattgggatgtactattaaaccaaaattgggattatctgc aaaaaatt atggtagagcatgttatgagtgtctacgcggtgg

SEQ ID 16

rrnB terminator

aggcatcaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagactgggcctttcgttttatctgt tgtttgtcggt gaacgctctcctgagtaggacaaatccgccc

SEQ ID 17

aadA gene

atgagggaagcggtgatcgccgaagtatcgactcaactatcagaggtagttggcgtc atcgagcgcca tctcgaaccgacgttgctggccgtacatttgtacggctccgcagtggatggcggcctgaa gccacaca gtgatattgatttgctggttacggtgaccgtaaggcttgatgaaacaacgcggcgagctt tgatcaac gaccttttggaaacttcggcttcccctggagagagcgagattctccgcgctgtagaagtc accattgt tgtgcacgacgacatcattccgtggcgttatccagctaagcgcgaactgcaatttggaga atggcagc gcaatgacattcttgcaggtatcttcgagccagccacgatcgacattgatctggctatct tgctgaca aaagcaagagaacatagcgttgccttggtaggtccagcggcggaggaactctttgatccg gttcctga acaggatctatttgaggcgctaaatgaaaccttaacgctatggaactcgccgcccgactg ggctggcg atgagcgaaatgtagtgcttacgttgtcccgcatttggtacagcgcagtaaccggcaaaa tcgcgccg aaggatgtcgctgccgactgggcaatggagcgcctgccggcccagtatcagcccgtcata cttgaagc tagacaggcttatcttggacaagaagaagatcgcttggcctcgcgcgcagatcagttgga agaatttg tccactacgtgaaaggcgagatcaccaaggtagtcggcaaataa

SEQ ID 18

mGFP4 gene

atgagtaaaggagaagaacttttcactggagttgtcccaattcttgttgaattagat ggtgatgttaa tgggcacaaattttctgtcagtggagagggtgaaggtgatgcaacatacggaaaacttac ccttaaat ttatttgcactactggaaaactacctgttccatggccaacacttgtcactactttctctt atggtgtt caatgcttttcaagatacccagatcatatgaagcggcacgacttcttcaagagcgccatg cctgaggg atacgtgcaggagaggaccatcttcttcaaggacgacgggaactacaagacacgtgctga agtcaagt ttgagggagacaccctcgtcaacaggatcgagcttaagggaatcgatttcaaggaggacg gaaacatc ctcggccacaagttggaatacaactacaactcccacaacgtatacatcatggcagacaaa caaaagaa tggaatcaaagttaacttcaaaattagacacaacattgaagatggaagcgttcaactagc agaccatt atcaacaaaatactccaattggcgatggccctgtccttttaccagacaaccattacctgt ccacacaa tctgccctttcgaaagatcccaacgaaaagagagaccacatggtccttcttgagtttgta acagctgc tgggattacacatggcatggatgaactatacaaataa

SEQ ID 19

Tobacco Prrn chloroplast promoter Caatgtgagtttttgtagttggatttgctcccccgccgtcgttcaatgagaatggataag aggctcgt gggattgacgtgagggggcagggatggctatatttctgggagcgaactccgggcgaatat gaagcgca tcgatacaagt

SEQ ID 20

Wheat Prrn chloroplast promoter

Caatgtgagttttttctattttgacttactcccccgccacgagcgaacgggaatggataa gaggcttg tgggattgacgtgatagggtagggttggctatactgctggtggcgaactccaggctaata atctgaag cgcatggatacaagttatccttggaaggaaagacaattccgaatctgctttgtctacgaa taaggaag ctataagtaatgcaactatgaatctcatg

SEQ ID 21

Tobacco atp9 mitochondrial promoter

Gggataagtgaaatcgtatgtatccatccatggtgtatctggtgctctcgtatataagag aagggcag catttatgagtaatcgatctcacaaactatcaatttcataagagaagacgaagacggatc aaattgaa taatcgaagagagatgggaccctagctacgagtcattccctctgacgtcgaatgatctac ttgcttgt acttctctttgtcgagattcagttggtcttcagtctaccactccgtgggtataagatcgc aaagaatg cattccaagtgagatgtccaagatcaaaggaacgagggtaagaatcgacgaggaatcaat aagatata agataagtga

SEQ ID 22

Rice atp6 mitochondrial promoter

Acataagccatccgaaaccagtattggaaagtgttcagtttcgttttccattctgaa atgttcatagt agtatagtatgttttccgttgggtcgacgccatgtgatcgctactaaagatagagtttcc ttggaaaa accgaggccagttgagatcagtctccctttctaggagcagagcttaaaaagatgggaaat tcc

SEQ ID 23

Tobacco mitochondrial LFS

Tatgtgtggaacctggtctttttcggttccagcctctccctcgaatacatagggtag gtagggctggg tgagaaatggttccctcttgccaataaactttccccggccttcgattaaccttactcata aagggtct tacggtcgggagaactacctaactaaagaaaaatagtgttctttctaagagtaggcgtgg agagcttt ttgcggggaaacttgcaagtacagtttggggggaggcgggcgtcgaccctaccttatgag tattcgga ctataacagttccgatgaacagtcactcacttttgacagttatacgattccagaagatga tccagaat tgggtcaatcacgtttattagaagtcgacaatagagtggttgtaccagcaaaaagttata tacgtttt attgtaacatctgctgatgtacctcatagttgggctgtaccttccttaggtgtcaaatgt gatgctgt acctggtcgtttaaatcagacctctatttcggtacaacgagaaggagtttactatggtca gtgcagtg agatttgtggaactaatcatgcctttatgcctatcgtcgtagaagctgttcctaggaaag attatggg tctcgggtatccaatcaattaatcccacaaaccggggaagcttaagcggaaatgaaagag gagggtga gggaagccactaaattgagggcttcgctcgctcgctctaacgctcgtttagtagacagcg agtggagt gcataagcccctttagagataggggtgagtactacacgagctcgtaagtaaagtacggaa cgagcctt gtctacgaagcagagcgacctcatcttgcttgcttctggcgaagcttctagctctaaata attggaat tctggtatggcaggaatactgtcgaccattacgagcgatagcgaagccaagccgtataaa ggcgagca gcccttatagcaatagcaaacggcctacttatagcctat SEQ ID 24

Tobacco mitochondrial RFS

Caacaggtcagtcaatatcagtaggggtcctcttgcctaacggagtcagcccaacatgga caatgata ggcagaccaaagatttacgcagtcgttgcgtgcttgctttgcgcaccggcatagcagaat tcgaatcc gctggctcagatgagtggctcttggcttcgtaaacatatctatgttgttgctttttcact accaatga gtaggcagctttggatgcttatggagatatggctttggtaaagatctgcttagcgtgtgc tttctcgg gtgctacttagaatagagatagtcagactctaacttgagaatgttatagcgctgtgaaat aaggacat tctgatcgacccgattggctctcgttctggtttggcggaaaggtgaaaagcactaaatct ttcttcct ggttggtgtactagggcgaggcgaatcccaaccccttcgttagctagcttagctttccct cttttcaa tctatatcagatcctccattacttcttcgccaataccttttagctttcctttagctgcta ctttttcc cagtccacgcccaatcagagtagtcagtgtgcctgctccgtccttctttgacgaaatgga tgctgtag gagaggttgggaaggagggacttcgctaaagatggtctgtctgtgcgcgaggaaggtctt tttccttt ctccttccattgcttgactaggttcgctttgcaaggaagggaaggcatccgtgcaggtag aaaaaggc ggaggtcaagctatgggcacaaggaggtaaggtatagtaagttacttcttcgtcttttgc ttgtcatt ggattggaagccgcaggcgatgccttcttgcttgtgtagttggccttgcctgcttagtgc ggaagtgc gtaaagtaggctcattctttggtttataaagatcttgtagtagccgaaggtagtccgctt gttagatt gaattgaatcttatataacaaccggggccttattaattaagagactttatcaatagtata agtggacc tctcaaaggtataagtagacattagtcttgctggttcgggcggtaaggccctgggtaag

SEQ ID 25

Rice mitochondrial LFS

Ggtcgatacgatatgactaataataccaaatccaggcagaatgagaatatacacctctgg atgaccga agaaccaaaagagatgctggtataatattgggtctccccctcctgcaggatcaaaaaagg ttgtatta aagtttcgatcggttaataacattgtaattgcccccgccagtaccggaagtgataataaa agtaggaa tgctgtcactagaacggaccacacaaaaagtggtaatctatgcatagtcattccaggtcc acgcatgt tgaagatagttgttataaaattgatagaacctaaaattgatgaaatacctgatagatgaa gactaaaa attgctaaatcaactgctcctccagaatggctggtaataccacttaagggcggatagact gtccaccc agtgccgctgcccacttctactaaggctgagcttaataggagcaagagacttggtggcaa caaccaga atgatatattatttaatcgtggaaatgccatgtcaggtgcacctatcagaatcggaacaa accaatta ccaaatccacctatcatcgccggcataaccataaaaaagatcattaaaaaagcatgagcc gttattaa aacattataaagttgatgattcccaccaagaatttgatcgccgggtcgggctaattccat acgaatca gtacggagaagcatgtgcccatcactcctgcaatggcaccgaagatgaaatagagagtcc caatatcc ttgtggttagtagagaagagccatcgaaccatatttgtcattttttatttgagaaatgca aactttcc ttatcaaagaggggccggggggctggaagagaagaacttgaatactaaacgctggaagag aagaacct taatactaaaccaagtttcgggaacttcttggtgacttgattggttcccttcccccaatt tgcaaagg atgattcccgtgaaggtgatctcgatcaccattctatgatatttctggatgcttttgag

SEQ ID 26

Rice mitochondrial RFS

Ttccttttacctaatgccggctaccgacaacttactteatgctattactaacacttatga ctgagccg cacttgctttccaaaagaaatggaaactatcatgcctgagactagccaatagaagaaaga gccacaag caagccatagcagcatcctttttcttcgctttcttcaacaatgcgaatctacctcactcc tcatcata actcaaatacaaattcgagttccaaattgatatttcctcacgtaagcaataaaatgtgaa accaatat teatcatgaaacttcagacactgatgattgtgaggttctggaagagagacgacgtaggct gaaaaaaa gtaaacagaaaaccaccccttaaactcatttgctcaacattctttccacagcaactagaa aagtggag aaaatccaataaggggaggtcccggtgaatacaaatcaattggaaaccgaaccccgcatt catgtctc taacaaggctgtctaagctaagcggccatggacccatggacccggggaatctgaaccatt aggtagag tttcagctgaaagaaaaccaggtcaatcttccgatcgcgagtctttacaagcttgaaaca acttaagc acaggcgggagtcgccccttttaagtcagtatttatgcggcgctgaactaacgagcggat acctaacc ttcgaaggagaagaaaagacggatgtatctttcattcatatcgatcagatgtgctttgct caggactc ccattttaccattgcttaagccatattacataaagcatagtgagtgatacgcaatgctgg tacaccat gtttttttcctcactctgtgtagccacactcgtttgtccatttctacttattatttatgt taaatagt atccgttggttgtagaagcactggcgttcagggattgcaaaatccataatatcaagaagc ggtaggaa cctggctaacttcgatgcggataacgcgctgtagaagaaagtggatcaaccaaagtagac

SEQ ID 27

Ubiq3At Arabidopsis Promoter

taccggatttggagccaagtctcataaacgccattgtggaagaaagtcttgagttgg tggtaatgtaa cagagtagtaagaacagagaagagagagagtgtgagatacatgaattgtcgggcaacaaa aatcctga acatcttattttagcaaagagaaagagttccgagtctgtagcagaagagtgaggagaaat ttaagctc ttggacttgtgaattgttccgcctcttgaatacttcttcaatcctcatatattcttcttc tatgttac ctgaaaaccggcatttaatctcgcgggtttattccggttcaacattttttttgttttgag ttattatc tgggcttaataacgcaggcctgaaataaattcaaggcccaactgtttttttttttaagaa gttgctgt taaaaaaaaaaaaagggaattaacaacaacaacaaaaaaagataaagaaaataataacaa ttacttta attgtagactaaaaaaacatagattttatcatgaaaaaaagagaaaagaaataaaaactt ggatcaaa aaaaaaacatacagatcttctaattattaacttttcttaaaaattaggtcctttttccca acaattag gtttagagttttggaattaaaccaaaaagattgttctaaaaaatactcaaatttggtaga taagtttc cttattttaattagtcaatggtagatacttttttttcttttctttattagagtagattag aatctttt atgccaagtattgataaattaaatcaagaagataaactatcataatcaacatgaaattaa aagaaaaa tctcatatatagtattagtattctctatatatattatgattgcttattcttaatgggttg ggttaacc aagacatagtcttaatggaaagaatcttttttgaactttttccttattgattaaattctt ctatagaa aagaaagaaattatttgaggaaaagtatatacaaaaagaaaaatagaaaaatgtcagtga agcagatg taatggatgacctaatccaaccaccaccataggatgtttctacttgagtcggtcttttaa aaacgcac ggtggaaaatatgacacgtatcatatgattccttcctttagtttcgtgataataatcctc aactgata tcttcctttttttgttttggctaaagatattttattctcattaatagaaaagacggtttt gggctttt ggtttgcgatataaagaagaccttcgtgtggaagataataattcatcctttcgtcttttt ctgactct tcaatctctcccaaagcctaaagcgatctctgcaaatctctcgcgactctctctttcaag gtatattt tctgattctttttgtttttgattcgtatctgatctccaatttttgttatgtggattattg aatctttt gtataaattgcttttgacaatattgttcgtttcgtcaatccagcttctaaattttgtcct gattacta agatatcgattcgtagtgtttacatctgtgtaatttcttgcttgattgtgaaattaggat tttcaagg acgatctattcaatttttgtgttttctttgttcgattctctctgttttaggtttcttatg tttagatc cgtttctctttggtgttgttttgatttctcttacggcttttgatttggtatatgttcgct gattggtt tctacttgttctattgttttatttcaggt

SEQ ID 28

35S Promoter

Gatctctctgccgacagtggtcccaaagatggacccccacccacgaggagcatcgtggaa aaagaaga cgttccaaccacgtcttcaaagcaagtggattgatgtgacatctccactgacgtaaggga tgacgcac aatcccactatccttcgcaagacccttcctctatataaggaagttcatttcatttggaga gga

SEQ ID 29 UbiqM maize Promoter

tgcagcgtgacccggtcgtgcccctctctagagataatgagcattgcatgtctaagt tataaaaaatt accacatattttttttgtcacacttgtttgaagtgcagtttatctatctttatacatata tttaaact ttactctacgaataatataatctatagtactacaataatatcagtgttttagagaatcat ataaatga acagttagacatggtctaaaggacaattgagtattttgacaacaggactctacagtttta tcttttta gtgtgcatgtgttctcctttttttttgcaaatagcttcacctatataatacttcatccat tttattag tacatccatttagggtttagggttaatggtttttatagactaatttttttagtacatcta ttttattc tattttagcctctaaattaagaaaactaaaactctattttagtttttttatttaataatt tagatata aaatagaataaaataaagtgactaaaaattaaacaaataccctttaagaaattaaaaaaa ctaaggaa acatttttcttgtttcgagtagataatgccagcctgttaaacgccgacgacgagtctaac ggacacca accagcgaaccagcagcgtcgcgtcgggccaagcgaagcagacggcacggcatctctgtc gctgcctc tggacccctgtcgagagttccgctccaccgttggacttgctccgctgtcggcatccagaa attgcgtg gcggagcggcagacgtgagccggcacggcaggcggcctcctcctcctctcacggcaccgg cagctacg ggggattcctttcccaccgctccttcgctttcccttcctcgcccgccgtaataaatagac accccctc cacaccctctttccccaacctcgtgttgttcggagcgcacacacacacaaccagatctcc cccaaatc cacccgtcggcacctccgcttcaaggtacgccgctcgtcctccccccccccccctctcta ccttctct agatcggcgttccggtccatggttagggcccggtagttctacttctgttcatgtttgtgt tagatccg tgtttgtgttagatccgtgctgctagcgttcgtacacggatgcgacctgtacgtcagaca cgttctga ttgctaacttgccagtgtttctctttggggaatcctgggatggctctagccgttccgcag acgggatc gatttcatgattttttttgtttcgttgcatagggtttggtttgcccttttcctttatttc aatatatg ccgtgcacttgtttgtcgggtcatcttttcatgcttttttttgtcttggttgtgatgatg tggtctgg ttgggcggtcgttctagatcggagtagaattaattctgtttcaaactacctggtggattt attaattt tggatctgtatgtgtgtgccatacatattcatagttacgaattgaagatgatggatggaa atatcgat ctaggataggtatacatgttgatgcgggttttactgatgcatatacagagatgctttttg ttcgcttg gttgtgatgatgtggtgtggttgggcggtcgttcattcgttctagatcggagtagaatac tgtttcaa actacctggtgtatttattaattttggaactgtatgtgtgtgtcatacatcttcatagtt acgagttt aagatggatggaaatatcgatctaggataggtatacatgttgatgtgggttttactgatg catataca tgatggcatatgcagcatctattcatatgctctaaccttgagtacctatctattataata aacaagta tgttttataattattttgatcttgatatacttggatgatggcatatgcagcagctatatg tggatttt tttagccctgccttcatacgctatttatttgcttggtactgtttcttttgtcgatgctca ccctgttg tttggtgttacttctgcag

SEQ ID 30

Nos terminator

Gtcaagcagatcgttcaaacatttggcaataaagtttcttaagattgaatcctgttgccg gtcttgcg atgattatcatataatttctgttgaattacgtgaagcatgtaataattaacatgtaatgc atgacgtt atttatgagatgggtttttatgattagagtcccgcaattatacatttaatacgcgataga aaacaaaa tatagcgcgcaaactaggataaattatcgcgcgcggtgtcatctatgttactagatcgac

SEQ ID 31

Ags terminator

gaattaacagaggtggatggacagacccgttcttacaccggactgggcgcgggatag gatattcagat tgggatgggattgagcttaaagccggcgctgagaccatgctcaaggtaggcaatgtcctc agcgtcga gcccggcatctatgtcgagggcattggtggagcgcgcttcggggataccgtgcttgtaac tgagaccg gatatgaggccctcactccgcttgatcttggcaaagatatttgacgcatttattagtatg tgttaatt ttcatttgcagtgcagtattttctattcgatctttatgtaattcgttacaattaataaat attcaaat cagattattgactgtcatttgtatcaaatcgtgtttaatggatatttttattataatatt gatgat

Delivery on transgene nucleic acid to organelle using covalent link between viral VPg protein and viral RNA containing transgene nucleic acid.

In order to translocate TNA to the plant organelles, a covalent link between a specific protein and the nucleic acid cassette containing TNA was utilised. It has been shown that some RNA viruses from the genus Potyvirus such as Potato Virus A, Potato virus Y and Sobemovirus such as Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) utilise protein primed replication of their genome. A specific VPg protein is covalently linked to 5' -end of viral RNA and serves as a priming mechanism for replication of the viral genome (Ivanov et al . , 2014; Rantalainen et al . , 2008; Grzela et al . , 2008; Olspert et al . , 2011) . Formation of this covalent bond also facilitates stabilisation and protection of viral RNA from host endonucleases .

In order to deliver RNA of the TNA into organelles using VPg protein, we used two approaches:

i) Fusion of VPg protein with organelle transit peptide

In this approach we fused VPg protein with an organelle transit peptide. In this case viral polymerase and coat protein of the complete viral genome were replaced with TNA, while polymerase was delivered in trans (Figure 2A and B) . VPg protein within the viral genome was modified by fusion to a chloroplast or mitochondrial transit peptide. In this approach, although TNA was efficiently delivered to the plant organelle, the replication of viral genome was dramatically reduced, as the majority of the VPg protein was translocated to the organelle.

ii) Use of a SpyTag-SpyCatcher system

To avoid the potential problem of reduced viral replication caused by fusion of transit peptide to VPg protein, we have developed a second approach, where we have utilised the SpyTag-SpyCatcher system (see review by Veggiani et al . , 2014) . The SpyTag-SpyCatcher system was described by Li et al., 2014, and is based on spontaneous isopeptide bond formation. An isopeptide bond is an amide bond in a protein connecting a side chain to a side chain or a side chain to the protein's main chain. Spontaneous intermolecular isopeptide bond formation between adjacent subunits then locks the rings together, forming ^protein chainmail' (Wikoff et al . , 2000) . In summary a small peptide of SpyTag (13 aa) is functionally fused to the viral VPg protein at the N- or C-terminus of the protein. Such a short peptide either does not interfere with, or substantially does not appear to interfere with the function of the VPg protein and does not appear to materially affect the efficiency of viral replication. A SpyCatcher peptide is fused to an organelle transit peptide and expressed under a nuclear inducible or nuclear constitutive promoter. The Spycatcher peptide recognises the shorter SpyTag peptide and forms a strong covalent bond between these two proteins. As SpyCatcher is fused to an organellar transit peptide of choice, all complexes between SpyTag-VPg-TNA and SpyCatcher are subsequently translocated to the organelles.

Vectors with both N- and C-terminus fusion of the SpyTag to VPg were prepared (Figure 3) . The SpyCatcher sequence was fused to chloroplast or mitochondrial transit peptide under constitutive 35S or inducible DEX promoter (Figure 4) .

SEQ ID 32

Potato Virus Y base vector with chloroplast transit peptide fused to VPg gene (chloroplast transit peptide is underlined, VPg is

presented in bold, cloning site for the TNA is underlined and in bold)

aaattaaaacaactcaatacaacataagaaaatcaacgcaaaaacactcacaaaagc tttcaactcta attcaaacaatttgttaagtttcaatttcgatcttcatcaaacaaactctttcaatttca gtgtaagc tatcgtaattcagtaagttatttcaaactctcgtaaattgcagaagatcatccatggcaa tttacaca tcaacaatccagtttggttccattgaatgcaaacttccatactcacccgctccttttggg ctagttgc ggggaaacgagaagtttcaaccaccactgaccccttcgcaagtttggagatgcagctcag tgcgcgat tacgaaggcaggagtttgcaactattcgaacatccaagaatggtacttgcatgtatcgat acaagact gatgtccagattgcgcgcattcaaaagaagcgcgaggaaagagaaagagaggaatataat ttccaaat ggctgcgtcaagtgttgtgtcgaagatcactattgctggtggagagccaccttcaaaact tgaatcac aagtgcggaggggtgtcatccacacaactccaaggatgcgcacagcaaaaacatatcaca cgccaaag ttgacagagggacaaatgaaccaccttatcaagcaggtgaagcaaattatgtcaaccaaa ggagggtc tgtccaactgattagcaagaaaagtacccatgttcactataaagaagttttgggatcaca tcgcgcag ttgtttgcactgcacatatgagaggtttacgaaagagagtggactttcggtgtgataaat ggaccgtt gtgcgtctacagcatctcgccaggacggacaagtggactaaccaagttcgtgctactgat ctacgcaa gggcgatagtggagttatattgagtaatactaatctcaaaggaaactttgggagaagctc ggagggcc tattcatagtgcgtgggtcgcacgaaggaaaaatctatgatgcacgttccaaggttactc aaggggtt atggattcaatggttcagttctcaagcgctgaaagcttttggaagggattggacggcaat tgggcaca aatgagatatcctacagatcatacatgtgtggcaggcttaccagttgaagactgtggcag agttgcag cgataatgacacacagtattttaccgtgctataagattacctgccctacctgtgcccaac aatatgcc aacttgccagccagtgacttacttaagatattacacaagcacgcaagtgatggtctaaat cgattggg ggcagacaaagatcgctttgtgcatgtcaaaaagttcttgacaatcttagagcacttaac tgaaccgg ttgatctgagtctagaaattttcaatgaagtattcaagtctataggggagaagcaacaat cacctttc aaaaacctgaatattctgaataatttctttttgaaaggaaaggaaaatacagctcgtgaa tggcaggt ggctcaattaagcttacttgaattggcaagattccaaaagaacagaacggataatatcaa gaaaggag acatctcgttctttaggaataaactatctgccaaagcaaattggaacttgtatctgtcat gtgataac cagctggataagaatgcaagcttcctgtggggacagagggaatatcatgctaagcgattt ttctcgaa ctatttcgaggaaattgatccagcgaagggctattcagcatacgaaaatcgtttgcatcc gaatggga caagaaaacttgcaattggaaacctaattgtaccacttgatctggctgagtttaggcgga agatgaaa ggtgattataaaagacagccaggggtgagtaagaagtgcacgagctcgaaggatggaaac tacgtgta tccctgttgttgcactacacttgatgatggctcagctgttgaatcaacattttacccgcc aactaaga agcacctcgtaataggtaatagtggcgaccaaaagtatgttgacttaccaaaagggaatt ctgagatg ttatatattgccaggcaaggcttctgttacattaacattttcctcgcgatgttgattaac attagtga ggaagatgcaaaggatttcactaagaaggttcgtgacatgtgtgtgccaaagcttggaac ctggccaa ccatgatggatctggctacaacttgtgctcaaatgaaaatattctaccctgatgttcatg atgcagaa ctgcctagaatactagtcgatcacgaaacgcagacatgccatgtagttgactcgtttggc tcacaaac aactgggtatcatattttgaaagcatctagcgtgtcccaacttattttgtttgctaatga tgagttgg agtctgacattaagcactatagagttggtggtattcctggagcatgccctgagcttgggt ccacaata tcaccttttagagaaggaggaatcataatgtctgagtcagcagcgctaaaactgctccta aagggaat ttttaggcccaaagtgatgaagcaattgctactggatgaaccatatttgctcattttatc gatattat ctcctggtatacttatggctatgtacaacaatgggatatttgagttagcggtgaagttgt ggatcaat gagaaacaatctatagccatgatagcatcgttattgtccgccttggctttacgagtgtca gcagcaga aacactcgttgcacagaggattataattgacacggcagcaacagatcttctcgatgctac gtgtgatg gattcaatttaaatctgacatatcccactgcactcatggtgttgcaagttgttaagaaca gaaatgaa tgtgatgatacgttgtttaaagcaggtttttcacattacaacatgagtgtcgtgcagatt atggaaaa aaattatctaagcctcttgggcgatgcctggaaagatttaacctggcgagaaaaattatc cgcaacat ggcactcatacaaagcaaagcgctctatcactcagttcataaaacccataggcaaagcag atttaaaa gggttgtacaacatatcaccgcaagcattcttgggtcagggcgtacagagagtcaaaggc accgcctc agggttgaatgagcgactcaataattatatcaatactaagtgtgtaaatatttcatcctt tttcattc gtagaattttccggcgcttgccaacttttgtaactttcattaattcattattagttatta gtatgcta actagtgtagtagcagtgtgtcaagcaataattctagatcaaaggaagtatagaaaagaa attgagtt gatgcagattgagaagaatgaaattgtttgtatggagttgtatgcgagtctgcaggtaag tttctgct tctacctttgatatatatataataattatcattaattagtagtaatataatatttcaaat attttttt caaaataaaagaatgtagtatatagcaattgcttttctgtagtttataagtgtgtatatt ttaattta taacttttctaatatatgaccaaaatttgttgatatgcagcgcaaacttgagcgtgaatt cacatggg atgaatatatggaatatttgaaatctgtgaatccccagatagttcaattcgcgcaagctc aaatggaa gaatataatgtgcgacatcagcgctccacaccaggtgttaagaatttagagcaggtggta gcatttat aactctaattatcatgatgtttgatgctgaaaggagcgactgtgtattcaagactctcaa caaattca aaggcatcgtttcttcaatggatcatgaagttaaacaccagtccttggatgatgtaatca agaatttc gatgaaaggaacgaagttattgattttgagctaaatgaggatacaattaaaacatcatca gtgttgga cacgaagtttagcgactggtgggatcggcaaatccaaatgggacacacacttccccatta tagaactg agggacacttcatggaattcacaagggcaactgctgtacaagtggccaacgacatcgcgc atagtgag cacctagactttctagtgaggggagctgttgggtctggaaaatctactggactgcctgtc catctcag tgcagctggatccgtgcttttgatagaaccaactcgaccacttgcagaaaacgtgttcaa gcaattat ccagtgaaccgtttttcaagaagccaacactgcgcatgcgaggaaatagtgtgtttggtt cctctcca atctccatcatgactagcggctttgcgttgcactactatgctaataatcgctctcagcta actcagtt taatttcataatttttgatgaatgtcatgttttagatccttctgcaatggcatttcgtag cttgttaa gtgtgtatcaccaaacatgcaaagtgttaaaggtgtcagccactccagtgggaagggagg tcgagttc acaacacaacaaccagttaaattggtggttgaggatacactttcattccaatcttttgtt gatgcgca aggctcaaaaaccaatgccgacgttgttcagcatggttcgaacatactcgtgtatgtgtc gagttaca atgaagtggatacattagccaagcttctaacagataggaatatggtagtctcaaaagttg atggcaga acaatgaagcacggatgcttagaaattgtaacgaaagggactagtgcaaagccacatttt gtcgtagc aaccaacattattgaaaatggagtaactttagatatagatgtagttgtagattttggact taaagtct caccgtttttagatattgacaataggagcattgcatacaataagattagtgttagctatg gagaaaga attcagaggttgggccgtgttgggcgctttaagaagggagtggcattgcgtattggacac accgaaaa gggaattattgagattccaagtatgattgctagtgaagctgcgcttgcgtgctttgcata caatttgc cagtaatgacagggggtgtttcaactagcctcattggcaattgtactgttcgtcaagtta aaactatg caacaatttgagctgagtccattctttatacaaaattttgttgcccatgatggatcaatg catcctgt catacatgacattcttaagaagtataaactgcgagattgtatgacgcccttgtgtgatca atccatac cttacagagcctcaagcacttggttgtctgttagtgagtacgaacgactcggagtggttt tggacatt ccaaaacagatcaagattgcattccacatcaaggacatccctcctaagttgcatgaaatg ctttggga aacagttatcaaatataaggatgtttgtttgtttccaagtattcgggcttcatccattag caaaattg catacacactgcgcactgatctttttgcaattcccagaaccctaattctagttgaaagat tgatcgag gaggaacgagtgaaacagagtcaattcagaagtctcattgatgaaggatgctcaagcatg ttttcaat tgttaatttaacaaacactcttagagctagatatgcaaaggattacactgcaggtaagtt tctgcttc tacctttgatatatatataataattatcattaattagtagtaatataatatttcaaatat ttttttca aaataaaagaatgtagtatatagcaattgcttttctgtagtttataagtgtgtatatttt aatttata acttttctaatatatgaccaaaatttgttgatatgcagaaaacatacagaagctcgagaa agtgagaa gtcagttaaaggagttctcaaatttaaatggctctgcatgtgaggagaacttaatgaaga ggtatgaa tctctacagtttgtgcatcatcaagcaacaacttcactcgcaaaggatttgaagttgaaa ggagtttg gaagaagtcattagttgtgcaggacttactcatagcgggtgccgttgctattggtggaat agggctca tctatagttggtttactcaatcagttgaaactgtgtctcaccagatggcttcttctgctc aaatacac ggtctcggaaccgcttctttctcttccctcaaaaaaccctcttccatatccggcaactcc aaaaccct tttcttcggtcagcgactcaattccaaccactctcccttcacccgcgccgcattccctaa attaagta gcaaaacctttaagaagggtttcactttgagagttggcaagaacaaatccaaaagaattc aagcattg aagtttcgacacgcccgcgataagagggctggctttgaaattgataacaatgatgataca atagagga attctttggatctgcatacaggaagaagggaaaaggtaaaggcaccactgttggtatggg caagtcaa gcaggaggtttgttaatatgtatggatttgacccaacagaatattcattcatccagttcg ttgatccg ctcactggagctcaaattgaagagaacgtctatgctgatattagagacatccaagagcgc tttagtga tgtccgcaagaaaatggtagaggatgatgaaatcgaattgcaagcattgggcagcaacac aaccattc atgcttacttcaggaaagattggtctgacaaggctctaaaaattgatttgatgccacaca acccactc aaaatctgtgataaatcgaatggcattgctaagtttcctgaaagagaacttgagttgagg caaactgg gccagcaatagaggttgatgtgaaagacattccaaaacaggaagtggagcatgaagccaa atcactca tgagaggtttaagggatttcaatccaattgctcaaacagtttgcagagtaaaagtgtctg ttgaatat ggaacgtctgaaatgtatgggttcggttttggtgcgtatattatagtaaaccaccatcta ttcaagag cttcaatggatccatggaagtgcgatcaatgcatggaacattcagagtgaagaatttgca tagcttga gcgttttaccgatcaaaggcagagacattatcatcataaagatgccaaaggatttccctg ttttccca caaaaactgcacttccgagctccagtgcagaatgagaggatttgtttggttggaactaat tttcaaga aaaacatgcatcatcaatcatcacagaaacgagtactacatacaatgtaccgggcagcac tttttgga agcattggattgaaacaaatgatgggcattgtggattaccagtagtgagtacagctgatg gatgtcta gttggaatacacagcttggcgaataatgtgcaaaccacgaattattattcagcctttgat gaggattt tgaaagtaagtatctccgaactaatgagcataatgagtggaccaaatcgtgggtatataa cccagata ctgtgttgtggggtccattgaagctcaaggagagtacccctaaaggcctgtttaagacaa caaaactt gtacaggatttaattgatcatgatgttgttgtagagcaatagggcgcgccacgcgtgcgg ccgcttgt agtgtctttccggacgatatatagatatttatgtttgcagtaagtattttggcttttcct gtactact tttatcgcaattaataatcgtttgaatattactggcagataggggtggtatagcgattcc gtcgttgt agtgaccttagctgtcgtttctgtattattatgtttgtataaaagtgccgggttgttgtt gttgtggc tgatctatcgattaggtgatgttgcgatttgtcgtagcagtgactatgtctggatttagt tacttggg tgatgctgtgattctgtcatagcagtgactgtaaacttcaatcaggagaccccgggg

SEQ ID 33

Potato Virus Y base vector with mitochondrial transit peptide fused to VPg gene (mitochondrial transit peptide is underlined, VPg is presented in bold, cloning site for the TNA is underlined and in bold)

aaattaaaacaactcaatacaacataagaaaatcaacgcaaaaacactcacaaaagc tttcaactcta attcaaacaatttgttaagtttcaatttcgatcttcatcaaacaaactctttcaatttca gtgtaagc tatcgtaattcagtaagttatttcaaactctcgtaaattgcagaagatcatccatggcaa tttacaca tcaacaatccagtttggttccattgaatgcaaacttccatactcacccgctccttttggg ctagttgc ggggaaacgagaagtttcaaccaccactgaccccttcgcaagtttggagatgcagctcag tgcgcgat tacgaaggcaggagtttgcaactattcgaacatccaagaatggtacttgcatgtatcgat acaagact gatgtccagattgcgcgcattcaaaagaagcgcgaggaaagagaaagagaggaatataat ttccaaat ggctgcgtcaagtgttgtgtcgaagatcactattgctggtggagagccaccttcaaaact tgaatcac aagtgcggaggggtgtcatccacacaactccaaggatgcgcacagcaaaaacatatcaca cgccaaag ttgacagagggacaaatgaaccaccttatcaagcaggtgaagcaaattatgtcaaccaaa ggagggtc tgtccaactgattagcaagaaaagtacccatgttcactataaagaagttttgggatcaca tcgcgcag ttgtttgcactgcacatatgagaggtttacgaaagagagtggactttcggtgtgataaat ggaccgtt gtgcgtctacagcatctcgccaggacggacaagtggactaaccaagttcgtgctactgat ctacgcaa gggcgatagtggagttatattgagtaatactaatctcaaaggaaactttgggagaagctc ggagggcc tattcatagtgcgtgggtcgcacgaaggaaaaatctatgatgcacgttccaaggttactc aaggggtt atggattcaatggttcagttctcaagcgctgaaagcttttggaagggattggacggcaat tgggcaca aatgagatatcctacagatcatacatgtgtggcaggcttaccagttgaagactgtggcag agttgcag cgataatgacacacagtattttaccgtgctataagattacctgccctacctgtgcccaac aatatgcc aacttgccagccagtgacttacttaagatattacacaagcacgcaagtgatggtctaaat cgattggg ggcagacaaagatcgctttgtgcatgtcaaaaagttcttgacaatcttagagcacttaac tgaaccgg ttgatctgagtctagaaattttcaatgaagtattcaagtctataggggagaagcaacaat cacctttc aaaaacctgaatattctgaataatttctttttgaaaggaaaggaaaatacagctcgtgaa tggcaggt ggctcaattaagcttacttgaattggcaagattccaaaagaacagaacggataatatcaa gaaaggag acatctcgttctttaggaataaactatctgccaaagcaaattggaacttgtatctgtcat gtgataac cagctggataagaatgcaagcttcctgtggggacagagggaatatcatgctaagcgattt ttctcgaa ctatttcgaggaaattgatccagcgaagggctattcagcatacgaaaatcgtttgcatcc gaatggga caagaaaacttgcaattggaaacctaattgtaccacttgatctggctgagtttaggcgga agatgaaa ggtgattataaaagacagccaggggtgagtaagaagtgcacgagctcgaaggatggaaac tacgtgta tccctgttgttgcactacacttgatgatggctcagctgttgaatcaacattttacccgcc aactaaga agcacctcgtaataggtaatagtggcgaccaaaagtatgttgacttaccaaaagggaatt ctgagatg ttatatattgccaggcaaggcttctgttacattaacattttcctcgcgatgttgattaac attagtga ggaagatgcaaaggatttcactaagaaggttcgtgacatgtgtgtgccaaagcttggaac ctggccaa ccatgatggatctggctacaacttgtgctcaaatgaaaatattctaccctgatgttcatg atgcagaa ctgcctagaatactagtcgatcacgaaacgcagacatgccatgtagttgactcgtttggc tcacaaac aactgggtatcatattttgaaagcatctagcgtgtcccaacttattttgtttgctaatga tgagttgg agtctgacattaagcactatagagttggtggtattcctggagcatgccctgagcttgggt ccacaata tcaccttttagagaaggaggaatcataatgtctgagtcagcagcgctaaaactgctccta aagggaat ttttaggcccaaagtgatgaagcaattgctactggatgaaccatatttgctcattttatc gatattat ctcctggtatacttatggctatgtacaacaatgggatatttgagttagcggtgaagttgt ggatcaat gagaaacaatctatagccatgatagcatcgttattgtccgccttggctttacgagtgtca gcagcaga aacactcgttgcacagaggattataattgacacggcagcaacagatcttctcgatgctac gtgtgatg gattcaatttaaatctgacatatcccactgcactcatggtgttgcaagttgttaagaaca gaaatgaa tgtgatgatacgttgtttaaagcaggtttttcacattacaacatgagtgtcgtgcagatt atggaaaa aaattatctaagcctcttgggcgatgcctggaaagatttaacctggcgagaaaaattatc cgcaacat ggcactcatacaaagcaaagcgctctatcactcagttcataaaacccataggcaaagcag atttaaaa gggttgtacaacatatcaccgcaagcattcttgggtcagggcgtacagagagtcaaaggc accgcctc agggttgaatgagcgactcaataattatatcaatactaagtgtgtaaatatttcatcctt tttcattc gtagaattttccggcgcttgccaacttttgtaactttcattaattcattattagttatta gtatgcta actagtgtagtagcagtgtgtcaagcaataattctagatcaaaggaagtatagaaaagaa attgagtt gatgcagattgagaagaatgaaattgtttgtatggagttgtatgcgagtctgcaggtaag tttctgct tctacctttgatatatatataataattatcattaattagtagtaatataatatttcaaat attttttt caaaataaaagaatgtagtatatagcaattgcttttctgtagtttataagtgtgtatatt ttaattta taacttttctaatatatgaccaaaatttgttgatatgcagcgcaaacttgagcgtgaatt cacatggg atgaatatatggaatatttgaaatctgtgaatccccagatagttcaattcgcgcaagctc aaatggaa gaatataatgtgcgacatcagcgctccacaccaggtgttaagaatttagagcaggtggta gcatttat aactctaattatcatgatgtttgatgctgaaaggagcgactgtgtattcaagactctcaa caaattca aaggcatcgtttcttcaatggatcatgaagttaaacaccagtccttggatgatgtaatca agaatttc gatgaaaggaacgaagttattgattttgagctaaatgaggatacaattaaaacatcatca gtgttgga cacgaagtttagcgactggtgggatcggcaaatccaaatgggacacacacttccccatta tagaactg agggacacttcatggaattcacaagggcaactgctgtacaagtggccaacgacatcgcgc atagtgag cacctagactttctagtgaggggagctgttgggtctggaaaatctactggactgcctgtc catctcag tgcagctggatccgtgcttttgatagaaccaactcgaccacttgcagaaaacgtgttcaa gcaattat ccagtgaaccgtttttcaagaagccaacactgcgcatgcgaggaaatagtgtgtttggtt cctctcca atctccatcatgactagcggctttgcgttgcactactatgctaataatcgctctcagcta actcagtt taatttcataatttttgatgaatgtcatgttttagatccttctgcaatggcatttcgtag cttgttaa gtgtgtatcaccaaacatgcaaagtgttaaaggtgtcagccactccagtgggaagggagg tcgagttc acaacacaacaaccagttaaattggtggttgaggatacactttcattccaatcttttgtt gatgcgca aggctcaaaaaccaatgccgacgttgttcagcatggttcgaacatactcgtgtatgtgtc gagttaca atgaagtggatacattagccaagcttctaacagataggaatatggtagtctcaaaagttg atggcaga acaatgaagcacggatgcttagaaattgtaacgaaagggactagtgcaaagccacatttt gtcgtagc aaccaacattattgaaaatggagtaactttagatatagatgtagttgtagattttggact taaagtct caccgtttttagatattgacaataggagcattgcatacaataagattagtgttagctatg gagaaaga attcagaggttgggccgtgttgggcgctttaagaagggagtggcattgcgtattggacac accgaaaa gggaattattgagattccaagtatgattgctagtgaagctgcgcttgcgtgctttgcata caatttgc cagtaatgacagggggtgtttcaactagcctcattggcaattgtactgttcgtcaagtta aaactatg caacaatttgagctgagtccattctttatacaaaattttgttgcccatgatggatcaatg catcctgt catacatgacattcttaagaagtataaactgcgagattgtatgacgcccttgtgtgatca atccatac cttacagagcctcaagcacttggttgtctgttagtgagtacgaacgactcggagtggttt tggacatt ccaaaacagatcaagattgcattccacatcaaggacatccctcctaagttgcatgaaatg ctttggga aacagttatcaaatataaggatgtttgtttgtttccaagtattcgggcttcatccattag caaaattg catacacactgcgcactgatctttttgcaattcccagaaccctaattctagttgaaagat tgatcgag gaggaacgagtgaaacagagtcaattcagaagtctcattgatgaaggatgctcaagcatg ttttcaat tgttaatttaacaaacactcttagagctagatatgcaaaggattacactgcaggtaagtt tctgcttc tacctttgatatatatataataattatcattaattagtagtaatataatatttcaaatat ttttttca aaataaaagaatgtagtatatagcaattgcttttctgtagtttataagtgtgtatatttt aatttata acttttctaatatatgaccaaaatttgttgatatgcagaaaacatacagaagctcgagaa agtgagaa gtcagttaaaggagttctcaaatttaaatggctctgcatgtgaggagaacttaatgaaga ggtatgaa tctctacagtttgtgcatcatcaagcaacaacttcactcgcaaaggatttgaagttgaaa ggagtttg gaagaagtcattagttgtgcaggacttactcatagcgggtgccgttgctattggtggaat agggctca tctatagttggtttactcaatcagttgaaactgtgtctcaccagatgtatcgtttcgctt ctaacctc gcctccaaggcaaggattgctcaaaacgctcgccaggtttccagcagaatgagctggagc aggaacta tggcaagaacaaatccaaaagaattcaagcattgaagtttcgacacgcccgcgataagag ggctggct ttgaaattgataacaatgatgatacaatagaggaattctttggatctgcatacaggaaga agggaaaa ggtaaaggcaccactgttggtatgggcaagtcaagcaggaggtttgttaatatgtatgga tttgaccc aacagaatattcattcatccagttcgttgatccgctcactggagctcaaattgaagagaa cgtctatg ctgatattagagacatccaagagcgctttagtgatgtccgcaagaaaatggtagaggatg atgaaatc gaattgcaagcattgggcagcaacacaaccattcatgcttacttcaggaaagattggtct gacaaggc tctaaaaattgatttgatgccacacaacccactcaaaatctgtgataaatcgaatggcat tgctaagt ttcctgaaagagaacttgagttgaggcaaactgggccagcaatagaggttgatgtgaaag acattcca aaacaggaagtggagcatgaagccaaatcactcatgagaggtttaagggatttcaatcca attgctca aacagtttgcagagtaaaagtgtctgttgaatatggaacgtctgaaatgtatgggttcgg ttttggtg cgtatattatagtaaaccaccatctattcaagagcttcaatggatccatggaagtgcgat caatgcat ggaacattcagagtgaagaatttgcatagcttgagcgttttaccgatcaaaggcagagac attatcat cataaagatgccaaaggatttccctgttttcccacaaaaactgcacttccgagctccagt gcagaatg agaggatttgtttggttggaactaattttcaagaaaaacatgcatcatcaatcatcacag aaacgagt actacatacaatgtaccgggcagcactttttggaagcattggattgaaacaaatgatggg cattgtgg attaccagtagtgagtacagctgatggatgtctagttggaatacacagcttggcgaataa tgtgcaaa ccacgaattattattcagcctttgatgaggattttgaaagtaagtatctccgaactaatg agcataat gagtggaccaaatcgtgggtatataacccagatactgtgttgtggggtccattgaagctc aaggagag tacccctaaaggcctgtttaagacaacaaaacttgtacaggatttaattgatcatgatgt tgttgtag agcaatagggcgcgccacgcgtgcggccgcttgtagtgtctttccggacgatatatagat atttatgt ttgcagtaagtattttggcttttcctgtactacttttatcgcaattaataatcgtttgaa tattactg gcagataggggtggtatagcgattccgtcgttgtagtgaccttagctgtcgtttctgtat tattatgt ttgtataaaagtgccgggttgttgttgttgtggctgatctatcgattaggtgatgttgcg atttgtcg tagcagtgactatgtctggatttagttacttgggtgatgctgtgattctgtcatagcagt gactgtaa acttcaatcaggagaccccgggg

SEQ ID 34

Potato Virus Y base vector with SpyTag fused to 5' -end of VPg gene

(SpyTag is underlined, VPg is presented in bold, cloning site for the TNA is underlined and in bold

aaattaaaacaactcaatacaacataagaaaatcaacgcaaaaacactcacaaaagc tttcaactcta attcaaacaatttgttaagtttcaatttcgatcttcatcaaacaaactctttcaatttca gtgtaagc tatcgtaattcagtaagttatttcaaactctcgtaaattgcagaagatcatccatggcaa tttacaca tcaacaatccagtttggttccattgaatgcaaacttccatactcacccgctccttttggg ctagttgc ggggaaacgagaagtttcaaccaccactgaccccttcgcaagtttggagatgcagctcag tgcgcgat tacgaaggcaggagtttgcaactattcgaacatccaagaatggtacttgcatgtatcgat acaagact gatgtccagattgcgcgcattcaaaagaagcgcgaggaaagagaaagagaggaatataat ttccaaat ggctgcgtcaagtgttgtgtcgaagatcactattgctggtggagagccaccttcaaaact tgaatcac aagtgcggaggggtgtcatccacacaactccaaggatgcgcacagcaaaaacatatcaca cgccaaag ttgacagagggacaaatgaaccaccttatcaagcaggtgaagcaaattatgtcaaccaaa ggagggtc tgtccaactgattagcaagaaaagtacccatgttcactataaagaagttttgggatcaca tcgcgcag ttgtttgcactgcacatatgagaggtttacgaaagagagtggactttcggtgtgataaat ggaccgtt gtgcgtctacagcatctcgccaggacggacaagtggactaaccaagttcgtgctactgat ctacgcaa gggcgatagtggagttatattgagtaatactaatctcaaaggaaactttgggagaagctc ggagggcc tattcatagtgcgtgggtcgcacgaaggaaaaatctatgatgcacgttccaaggttactc aaggggtt atggattcaatggttcagttctcaagcgctgaaagcttttggaagggattggacggcaat tgggcaca aatgagatatcctacagatcatacatgtgtggcaggcttaccagttgaagactgtggcag agttgcag cgataatgacacacagtattttaccgtgctataagattacctgccctacctgtgcccaac aatatgcc aacttgccagccagtgacttacttaagatattacacaagcacgcaagtgatggtctaaat cgattggg ggcagacaaagatcgctttgtgcatgtcaaaaagttcttgacaatcttagagcacttaac tgaaccgg ttgatctgagtctagaaattttcaatgaagtattcaagtctataggggagaagcaacaat cacctttc aaaaacctgaatattctgaataatttctttttgaaaggaaaggaaaatacagctcgtgaa tggcaggt ggctcaattaagcttacttgaattggcaagattccaaaagaacagaacggataatatcaa gaaaggag acatctcgttctttaggaataaactatctgccaaagcaaattggaacttgtatctgtcat gtgataac cagctggataagaatgcaagcttcctgtggggacagagggaatatcatgctaagcgattt ttctcgaa ctatttcgaggaaattgatccagcgaagggctattcagcatacgaaaatcgtttgcatcc gaatggga caagaaaacttgcaattggaaacctaattgtaccacttgatctggctgagtttaggcgga agatgaaa ggtgattataaaagacagccaggggtgagtaagaagtgcacgagctcgaaggatggaaac tacgtgta tccctgttgttgcactacacttgatgatggctcagctgttgaatcaacattttacccgcc aactaaga agcacctcgtaataggtaatagtggcgaccaaaagtatgttgacttaccaaaagggaatt ctgagatg ttatatattgccaggcaaggcttctgttacattaacattttcctcgcgatgttgattaac attagtga ggaagatgcaaaggatttcactaagaaggttcgtgacatgtgtgtgccaaagcttggaac ctggccaa ccatgatggatctggctacaacttgtgctcaaatgaaaatattctaccctgatgttcatg atgcagaa ctgcctagaatactagtcgatcacgaaacgcagacatgccatgtagttgactcgtttggc tcacaaac aactgggtatcatattttgaaagcatctagcgtgtcccaacttattttgtttgctaatga tgagttgg agtctgacattaagcactatagagttggtggtattcctggagcatgccctgagcttgggt ccacaata tcaccttttagagaaggaggaatcataatgtctgagtcagcagcgctaaaactgctccta aagggaat ttttaggcccaaagtgatgaagcaattgctactggatgaaccatatttgctcattttatc gatattat ctcctggtatacttatggctatgtacaacaatgggatatttgagttagcggtgaagttgt ggatcaat gagaaacaatctatagccatgatagcatcgttattgtccgccttggctttacgagtgtca gcagcaga aacactcgttgcacagaggattataattgacacggcagcaacagatcttctcgatgctac gtgtgatg gattcaatttaaatctgacatatcccactgcactcatggtgttgcaagttgttaagaaca gaaatgaa tgtgatgatacgttgtttaaagcaggtttttcacattacaacatgagtgtcgtgcagatt atggaaaa aaattatctaagcctcttgggcgatgcctggaaagatttaacctggcgagaaaaattatc cgcaacat ggcactcatacaaagcaaagcgctctatcactcagttcataaaacccataggcaaagcag atttaaaa gggttgtacaacatatcaccgcaagcattcttgggtcagggcgtacagagagtcaaaggc accgcctc agggttgaatgagcgactcaataattatatcaatactaagtgtgtaaatatttcatcctt tttcattc gtagaattttccggcgcttgccaacttttgtaactttcattaattcattattagttatta gtatgcta actagtgtagtagcagtgtgtcaagcaataattctagatcaaaggaagtatagaaaagaa attgagtt gatgcagattgagaagaatgaaattgtttgtatggagttgtatgcgagtctgcaggtaag tttctgct tctacctttgatatatatataataattatcattaattagtagtaatataatatttcaaat attttttt caaaataaaagaatgtagtatatagcaattgcttttctgtagtttataagtgtgtatatt ttaattta taacttttctaatatatgaccaaaatttgttgatatgcagcgcaaacttgagcgtgaatt cacatggg atgaatatatggaatatttgaaatctgtgaatccccagatagttcaattcgcgcaagctc aaatggaa gaatataatgtgcgacatcagcgctccacaccaggtgttaagaatttagagcaggtggta gcatttat aactctaattatcatgatgtttgatgctgaaaggagcgactgtgtattcaagactctcaa caaattca aaggcatcgtttcttcaatggatcatgaagttaaacaccagtccttggatgatgtaatca agaatttc gatgaaaggaacgaagttattgattttgagctaaatgaggatacaattaaaacatcatca gtgttgga cacgaagtttagcgactggtgggatcggcaaatccaaatgggacacacacttccccatta tagaactg agggacacttcatggaattcacaagggcaactgctgtacaagtggccaacgacatcgcgc atagtgag cacctagactttctagtgaggggagctgttgggtctggaaaatctactggactgcctgtc catctcag tgcagctggatccgtgcttttgatagaaccaactcgaccacttgcagaaaacgtgttcaa gcaattat ccagtgaaccgtttttcaagaagccaacactgcgcatgcgaggaaatagtgtgtttggtt cctctcca atctccatcatgactagcggctttgcgttgcactactatgctaataatcgctctcagcta actcagtt taatttcataatttttgatgaatgtcatgttttagatccttctgcaatggcatttcgtag cttgttaa gtgtgtatcaccaaacatgcaaagtgttaaaggtgtcagccactccagtgggaagggagg tcgagttc acaacacaacaaccagttaaattggtggttgaggatacactttcattccaatcttttgtt gatgcgca aggctcaaaaaccaatgccgacgttgttcagcatggttcgaacatactcgtgtatgtgtc gagttaca atgaagtggatacattagccaagcttctaacagataggaatatggtagtctcaaaagttg atggcaga acaatgaagcacggatgcttagaaattgtaacgaaagggactagtgcaaagccacatttt gtcgtagc aaccaacattattgaaaatggagtaactttagatatagatgtagttgtagattttggact taaagtct caccgtttttagatattgacaataggagcattgcatacaataagattagtgttagctatg gagaaaga attcagaggttgggccgtgttgggcgctttaagaagggagtggcattgcgtattggacac accgaaaa gggaattattgagattccaagtatgattgctagtgaagctgcgcttgcgtgctttgcata caatttgc cagtaatgacagggggtgtttcaactagcctcattggcaattgtactgttcgtcaagtta aaactatg caacaatttgagctgagtccattctttatacaaaattttgttgcccatgatggatcaatg catcctgt catacatgacattcttaagaagtataaactgcgagattgtatgacgcccttgtgtgatca atccatac cttacagagcctcaagcacttggttgtctgttagtgagtacgaacgactcggagtggttt tggacatt ccaaaacagatcaagattgcattccacatcaaggacatccctcctaagttgcatgaaatg ctttggga aacagttatcaaatataaggatgtttgtttgtttccaagtattcgggcttcatccattag caaaattg catacacactgcgcactgatctttttgcaattcccagaaccctaattctagttgaaagat tgatcgag gaggaacgagtgaaacagagtcaattcagaagtctcattgatgaaggatgctcaagcatg ttttcaat tgttaatttaacaaacactcttagagctagatatgcaaaggattacactgcaggtaagtt tctgcttc tacctttgatatatatataataattatcattaattagtagtaatataatatttcaaatat ttttttca aaataaaagaatgtagtatatagcaattgcttttctgtagtttataagtgtgtatatttt aatttata acttttctaatatatgaccaaaatttgttgatatgcagaaaacatacagaagctcgagaa agtgagaa gtcagttaaaggagttctcaaatttaaatggctctgcatgtgaggagaacttaatgaaga ggtatgaa tctctacagtttgtgcatcatcaagcaacaacttcactcgcaaaggatttgaagttgaaa ggagtttg gaagaagtcattagttgtgcaggacttactcatagcgggtgccgttgctattggtggaat agggctca tctatagttggtttactcaatcagttgaaactgtgtctcaccagggcaagaacaaagcgc atattgtg atggtggatgcgtataaaccgaccaaaggcaagaacaaatccaaaagaattcaagcattg aagtttcg acacgcccgcgataagagggctggctttgaaattgataacaatgatgatacaatagagga attctttg gatctgcatacaggaagaagggaaaaggtaaaggcaccactgttggtatgggcaagtcaa gcaggagg tttgttaatatgtatggatttgacccaacagaatattcattcatccagttcgttgatccg ctcactgg agc caaattgaagagaacgtctatgctgatattagagacatccaagagcgctttagtgatgtc cgca agaaaatggtagaggatgatgaaatcgaattgcaagcattgggcagcaacacaaccattc atgcttac ttcaggaaagattggtctgacaaggctctaaaaattgatttgatgccacacaacccactc aaaatctg tgataaatcgaatggcattgctaagtttcctgaaagagaacttgagttgaggcaaactgg gccagcaa tagaggttgatgtgaaagacattccaaaacaggaagtggagcatgaagccaaatcactca tgagaggt ttaagggatttcaatccaattgctcaaacagtttgcagagtaaaagtgtctgttgaatat ggaacgtc tgaaatgtatgggttcggttttggtgcgtatattatagtaaaccaccatctattcaagag cttcaatg gatccatggaagtgcgatcaatgcatggaacattcagagtgaagaatttgcatagcttga gcgtttta ccgatcaaaggcagagacattatcatcataaagatgccaaaggatttccctgttttccca caaaaact gcacttccgagctccagtgcagaatgagaggatttgtttggttggaactaattttcaaga aaaacatg catcatcaatcatcacagaaacgagtactacatacaatgtaccgggcagcactttttgga agcattgg attgaaacaaatgatgggcattgtggattaccagtagtgagtacagctgatggatgtcta gttggaat acacagcttggcgaataatgtgcaaaccacgaattattattcagcctttgatgaggattt tgaaagta agtatctccgaactaatgagcataatgagtggaccaaatcgtgggtatataacccagata ctgtgttg tggggtccattgaagctcaaggagagtacccctaaaggcctgtttaagacaacaaaactt gtacagga tttaattgatcatgatgttgttgtagagcaatagggcgcgccacgcgtgcggccgcttgt agtgtctt tccggacgatatatagatatttatgtttgcagtaagtattttggcttttcctgtactact tttatcgc aattaataatcgtttgaatattactggcagataggggtggtatagcgattccgtcgttgt agtgacct tagctgtcgtttctgtattattatgtttgtataaaagtgccgggttgttgttgttgtggc tgatctat cgattaggtgatgttgcgatttgtcgtagcagtgactatgtctggatttagttacttggg tgatgctg tgattctgtcatagcagtgactgtaaacttcaatcaggagac

SEQ ID 35 Potato Virus Y base vector with SpyTag fused to 3' -end of fused to VPg gene (SpyTag is underlined, VPg is presented in bold, cloning site for the TNA is underlined and in bold)

aaattaaaacaactcaatacaacataagaaaatcaacgcaaaaacactcacaaaagc tttcaactcta attcaaacaatttgttaagtttcaatttcgatcttcatcaaacaaactctttcaatttca gtgtaagc tatcgtaattcagtaagttatttcaaactctcgtaaattgcagaagatcatccatggcaa tttacaca tcaacaatccagtttggttccattgaatgcaaacttccatactcacccgctccttttggg ctagttgc ggggaaacgagaagtttcaaccaccactgaccccttcgcaagtttggagatgcagctcag tgcgcgat tacgaaggcaggagtttgcaactattcgaacatccaagaatggtacttgcatgtatcgat acaagact gatgtccagattgcgcgcattcaaaagaagcgcgaggaaagagaaagagaggaatataat ttccaaat ggctgcgtcaagtgttgtgtcgaagatcactattgctggtggagagccaccttcaaaact tgaatcac aagtgcggaggggtgtcatccacacaactccaaggatgcgcacagcaaaaacatatcaca cgccaaag ttgacagagggacaaatgaaccaccttatcaagcaggtgaagcaaattatgtcaaccaaa ggagggtc tgtccaactgattagcaagaaaagtacccatgttcactataaagaagttttgggatcaca tcgcgcag ttgtttgcactgcacatatgagaggtttacgaaagagagtggactttcggtgtgataaat ggaccgtt gtgcgtctacagcatctcgccaggacggacaagtggactaaccaagttcgtgctactgat ctacgcaa gggcgatagtggagttatattgagtaatactaatctcaaaggaaactttgggagaagctc ggagggcc tattcatagtgcgtgggtcgcacgaaggaaaaatctatgatgcacgttccaaggttactc aaggggtt atggattcaatggttcagttctcaagcgctgaaagcttttggaagggattggacggcaat tgggcaca aatgagatatcctacagatcatacatgtgtggcaggcttaccagttgaagactgtggcag agttgcag cgataatgacacacagtattttaccgtgctataagattacctgccctacctgtgcccaac aatatgcc aacttgccagccagtgacttacttaagatattacacaagcacgcaagtgatggtctaaat cgattggg ggcagacaaagatcgctttgtgcatgtcaaaaagttcttgacaatcttagagcacttaac tgaaccgg ttgatctgagtctagaaattttcaatgaagtattcaagtctataggggagaagcaacaat cacctttc aaaaacctgaatattctgaataatttctttttgaaaggaaaggaaaatacagctcgtgaa tggcaggt ggctcaattaagcttacttgaattggcaagattccaaaagaacagaacggataatatcaa gaaaggag acatctcgttctttaggaataaactatctgccaaagcaaattggaacttgtatctgtcat gtgataac cagctggataagaatgcaagcttcctgtggggacagagggaatatcatgctaagcgattt ttctcgaa ctatttcgaggaaattgatccagcgaagggctattcagcatacgaaaatcgtttgcatcc gaatggga caagaaaacttgcaattggaaacctaattgtaccacttgatctggctgagtttaggcgga agatgaaa ggtgattataaaagacagccaggggtgagtaagaagtgcacgagctcgaaggatggaaac tacgtgta tccctgttgttgcactacacttgatgatggctcagctgttgaatcaacattttacccgcc aactaaga agcacctcgtaataggtaatagtggcgaccaaaagtatgttgacttaccaaaagggaatt ctgagatg ttatatattgccaggcaaggcttctgttacattaacattttcctcgcgatgttgattaac attagtga ggaagatgcaaaggatttcactaagaaggttcgtgacatgtgtgtgccaaagcttggaac ctggccaa ccatgatggatctggctacaacttgtgctcaaatgaaaatattctaccctgatgttcatg atgcagaa ctgcctagaatactagtcgatcacgaaacgcagacatgccatgtagttgactcgtttggc tcacaaac aactgggtatcatattttgaaagcatctagcgtgtcccaacttattttgtttgctaatga tgagttgg agtctgacattaagcactatagagttggtggtattcctggagcatgccctgagcttgggt ccacaata tcaccttttagagaaggaggaatcataatgtctgagtcagcagcgctaaaactgctccta aagggaat ttttaggcccaaagtgatgaagcaattgctactggatgaaccatatttgctcattttatc gatattat ctcctggtatacttatggctatgtacaacaatgggatatttgagttagcggtgaagttgt ggatcaat gagaaacaatctatagccatgatagcatcgttattgtccgccttggctttacgagtgtca gcagcaga aacactcgttgcacagaggattataattgacacggcagcaacagatcttctcgatgctac gtgtgatg gattcaatttaaatctgacatatcccactgcactcatggtgttgcaagttgttaagaaca gaaatgaa tgtgatgatacgttgtttaaagcaggtttttcacattacaacatgagtgtcgtgcagatt atggaaaa aaattatctaagcctcttgggcgatgcctggaaagatttaacctggcgagaaaaattatc cgcaacat ggcactcatacaaagcaaagcgctctatcactcagttcataaaacccataggcaaagcag atttaaaa gggttgtacaacatatcaccgcaagcattcttgggtcagggcgtacagagagtcaaaggc accgcctc agggttgaatgagcgactcaataattatatcaatactaagtgtgtaaatatttcatcctt tttcattc gtagaattttccggcgcttgccaacttttgtaactttcattaattcattattagttatta gtatgcta actagtgtagtagcagtgtgtcaagcaataattctagatcaaaggaagtatagaaaagaa attgagtt gatgcagattgagaagaatgaaattgtttgtatggagttgtatgcgagtctgcaggtaag tttctgct tctacctttgatatatatataataattatcattaattagtagtaatataatatttcaaat attttttt caaaataaaagaatgtagtatatagcaattgcttttctgtagtttataagtgtgtatatt ttaattta taacttttctaatatatgaccaaaatttgttgatatgcagcgcaaacttgagcgtgaatt cacatggg atgaatatatggaatatttgaaatctgtgaatccccagatagttcaattcgcgcaagctc aaatggaa gaatataatgtgcgacatcagcgctccacaccaggtgttaagaatttagagcaggtggta gcatttat aactctaattatcatgatgtttgatgctgaaaggagcgactgtgtattcaagactctcaa caaattca aaggcatcgtttcttcaatggatcatgaagttaaacaccagtccttggatgatgtaatca agaatttc gatgaaaggaacgaagttattgattttgagctaaatgaggatacaattaaaacatcatca gtgttgga cacgaagtttagcgactggtgggatcggcaaatccaaatgggacacacacttccccatta tagaactg agggacacttcatggaattcacaagggcaactgctgtacaagtggccaacgacatcgcgc atagtgag cacctagactttctagtgaggggagctgttgggtctggaaaatctactggactgcctgtc catctcag tgcagctggatccgtgcttttgatagaaccaactcgaccacttgcagaaaacgtgttcaa gcaattat ccagtgaaccgtttttcaagaagccaacactgcgcatgcgaggaaatagtgtgtttggtt cctctcca atctccatcatgactagcggctttgcgttgcactactatgctaataatcgctctcagcta actcagtt taatttcataatttttgatgaatgtcatgttttagatccttctgcaatggcatttcgtag cttgttaa gtgtgtatcaccaaacatgcaaagtgttaaaggtgtcagccactccagtgggaagggagg tcgagttc acaacacaacaaccagttaaattggtggttgaggatacactttcattccaatcttttgtt gatgcgca aggctcaaaaaccaatgccgacgttgttcagcatggttcgaacatactcgtgtatgtgtc gagttaca atgaagtggatacattagccaagcttctaacagataggaatatggtagtctcaaaagttg atggcaga acaatgaagcacggatgcttagaaattgtaacgaaagggactagtgcaaagccacatttt gtcgtagc aaccaacattattgaaaatggagtaactttagatatagatgtagttgtagattttggact taaagtct caccgtttttagatattgacaataggagcattgcatacaataagattagtgttagctatg gagaaaga attcagaggttgggccgtgttgggcgctttaagaagggagtggcattgcgtattggacac accgaaaa gggaattattgagattccaagtatgattgctagtgaagctgcgcttgcgtgctttgcata caatttgc cagtaatgacagggggtgtttcaactagcctcattggcaattgtactgttcgtcaagtta aaactatg caacaatttgagctgagtccattctttatacaaaattttgttgcccatgatggatcaatg catcctgt catacatgacattcttaagaagtataaactgcgagattgtatgacgcccttgtgtgatca atccatac cttacagagcctcaagcacttggttgtctgttagtgagtacgaacgactcggagtggttt tggacatt ccaaaacagatcaagattgcattccacatcaaggacatccctcctaagttgcatgaaatg ctttggga aacagttatcaaatataaggatgtttgtttgtttccaagtattcgggcttcatccattag caaaattg catacacactgcgcactgatctttttgcaattcccagaaccctaattctagttgaaagat tgatcgag gaggaacgagtgaaacagagtcaattcagaagtctcattgatgaaggatgctcaagcatg ttttcaat tgttaatttaacaaacactcttagagctagatatgcaaaggattacactgcaggtaagtt tctgcttc tacctttgatatatatataataattatcattaattagtagtaatataatatttcaaatat ttttttca aaataaaagaatgtagtatatagcaattgcttttctgtagtttataagtgtgtatatttt aatttata acttttctaatatatgaccaaaatttgttgatatgcagaaaacatacagaagctcgagaa agtgagaa gtcagttaaaggagttctcaaatttaaatggctctgcatgtgaggagaacttaatgaaga ggtatgaa tctctacagtttgtgcatcatcaagcaacaacttcactcgcaaaggatttgaagttgaaa ggagtttg gaagaagtcattagttgtgcaggacttactcatagcgggtgccgttgctattggtggaat agggctca tctatagttggtttactcaatcagttgaaactgtgtctcaccagggcaagaacaaatcca aaagaatt caagcattgaagtttcgacacgcccgcgataagagggctggctttgaaattgataacaat gatgatac aatagaggaattctttggatctgcatacaggaagaagggaaaaggtaaaggcaccactgt tggtatgg gcaagtcaagcaggaggtttgttaatatgtatggatttgacccaacagaatattcattca tccagttc gttgatccgctcactggagctcaaattgaagagaacgtctatgctgatattagagacatc caagagcg ctttagtgatgtccgcaagaaaatggtagaggatgatgaaatcgaattgcaagcattggg cagcaaca caaccattcatgcttacttcaggaaagattggtctgacaaggctctaaaaattgatttga tgccacac aacccactcaaaatctgtgataaatcgaatggcattgctaagtttcctgaaagagaactt gagttgag gcaaactgggccagcaatagaggttgatgtgaaagacattccaaaacaggaagcgcatat tgtgatgg tggatgcgtataaaccgaccaaagtggagcatgaagccaaatcactcatgagaggtttaa gggatttc aatccaattgctcaaacagtttgcagagtaaaagtgtctgttgaatatggaacgtctgaa atgtatgg gttcggttttggtgcgtatattatagtaaaccaccatctattcaagagcttcaatggatc catggaag tgcgatcaatgcatggaacattcagagtgaagaatttgcatagcttgagcgttttaccga tcaaaggc agagacattatcatcataaagatgccaaaggatttccctgttttcccacaaaaactgcac ttccgagc tccagtgcagaatgagaggatttgtttggttggaactaattttcaagaaaaacatgcatc atcaatca tcacagaaacgagtactacatacaatgtaccgggcagcactttttggaagcattggattg aaacaaat gatgggcattgtggattaccagtagtgagtacagctgatggatgtctagttggaatacac agcttggc gaataatgtgcaaaccacgaattattattcagcctttgatgaggattttgaaagtaagta tctccgaa ctaatgagcataatgagtggaccaaatcgtgggtatataacccagatactgtgttgtggg gtccattg aagctcaaggagagtacccctaaaggcctgtttaagacaacaaaacttgtacaggattta attgatca tgatgttgttgtagagcaatagggcgcgccacgcgtgcggccgcttgtagtgtctttccg gacgatat atagatatttatgtttgcagtaagtattttggcttttcctgtactacttttatcgcaatt aataatcg tttgaatattactggcagataggggtggtatagcgattccgtcgttgtagtgaccttagc tgtcgttt ctgtattattatgtttgtataaaagtgccgggttgttgttgttgtggctgatctatcgat taggtgat gttgcgatttgtcgtagcagtgactatgtctggatttagttacttgggtgatgctgtgat tctgtcat agcagtgactgtaaacttcaatcaggagac

SEQ ID 36

Potato Virus Y polymerase gene

atggctaaacattctgcgtggatgtatgaggctctaacagggaatttgcaagctgtg gcgacaatgaa gagtcagctagtgacaaagcacgtggtcaaaggggagtgtcggcacttcaaagagttctt aactgtgg attcggaagcagaagctttcttcaggcctttgatggatgcttatgggaagagcttgttaa atagagaa gcatatataaaggacataatgaaatactcaaagcctattgatgttggaatagtagactgt gatgcttt tgaagaggctatcaatagggttatcatttatctgcaagtgcatggcttccagaaatgcaa ttacatca ccgatgagcaggaaattttcaaagctctcaatatgaaagctgctgtcggagctatgtatg gaggcaag aagaaagactacttcgagcattttactgaggcggataaagaggaaattgttatgcaaagt tgctttcg attgtacaagggctcgcttggcatatggaatggatcattgaaagcagaacttcggtgcaa agagaaga tacttgcaaataagacaaggacattcactgctgcacctttagatactctactgggtggaa aggtgtgc gttgatgattttaataatcaattctactcaaagaacattgaatgctgctggactgttgga atgactaa gttttatggaggttgggacaaattgcttcggcgtctacctgaaaattgggtgtactgcga tgccgatg gttcacaattcgatagttcactcaccccatacctaattaatgctgttctcatcatcagaa gcacatac atggaagattgggacttggggttgcaaatgttgcgcaatttgtacacagaaataatttac acaccaat ctcaactccagatggaacaattgtcaagaagtttagaggtaataatagcggtcaaccttc taccgttg tggataattctctcatggttgtccttgctatgcattacgctctcattaaggagtgcgttg agtttgaa gaaatcgacagcacgtgtgtattctttgttaatggtgatgacttattgattgctgtgaat ccggagaa agagagcattctcgatagaatgtcacaacatttctcagatcttggtttgaactatgattt ttcgtcga gaacaagaaggaaggaggaattgtggttcatgtcccatagaggcctgctaatcgaggata tgtacgtg ccaaagcttgaagaagagagaattgtatccattctgcaatgggatagagctgatctgcca gagcacag attagaagcgatttgtgcagcaatgatagaatcctggggttattttgagttaacgcacca aatcagga gattctactcatggttgttgcaacagcaacctttttcaacgatagcacaggaaggaaaag ctccatac atagcgagcatggcattgaagaagctgtacatgaataggacagtagatgaggaggaactg aaggcttt cactgaaatgatggttgccttggatgatgaatttgagtgcgatacttatgaagtgcacca tcaatag

SEQ ID 37

SpyTag

gcgcatattgtgatggtggatgcgtataaaccgaccaaa

SEQ ID 38

SpyCatcher

atggttgataccttatcaggtttatcaagtgagcaaggtcagtccggtgatatgaca attgaagaaga tagtgctacccatattaaattctcaaaacgtgatgaggacggcaaagagttagctggtgc aactatgg agttgcgtgattcatctggtaaaactattagtacatggatttcagatggacaagtgaaag atttctac ctgtatccaggaaaatatacatttgtcgaaaccgcagcaccagacggttatgaggtagca actgctat tacctttacagttaatgagcaaggtcaggttactgtaaatggcaaagcaactaaaggtga cgctcata tttaa

DNA approach for delivery of transgene nucleic acid into the organelles .

We have developed a simple and reliable system for DNA delivery into plant organelles using Agrobacterium mediated transformation. It has been shown in the past that the virD2 protein is covalently linked with T-DNA in bacterial cells, forming a complex which is then injected into the cytoplasm of the plant cell. At the same time, Agrobacterium injects virE2 protein into the cytoplasm which binds to the T-DNA protecting it from degradation by plant endonucleases , as well as facilitating delivery of the T-DNA into the cell nucleus.

We have utilised an Agrobacterium strain where both the virD2 and virE2 gene native functionality was compromised or substantially reduced and/or substantially knocked out so as to inhibit or diminish nuclear transport of the T-DNA to the plant cell nucleus. To replace the functions of bacterial virD2 protein, we modified the virD2 protein by fusing it with organellar transit peptides, such as chloroplast and mitochondrial transit peptides, or by fusing it with a SpyTag peptide, and have introduced such modified virD2 cassettes on a binary vector under the control of a native bacterial promoter (Figures 6 and 7) . As a result, the virD2 modified proteins form a covalent complex with T-DNA in the bacterial cell which is then injected into the cytoplasm of the plant cell. The virD2 protein fused with either chloroplast or mitochondrial transit peptide directs delivery of the T-DNA to the organelles instead of the nucleus. The absence of significant virE2 protein functionality also facilitates more efficient translocation of the T-DNA complex to the plant organelles. The SpyTag-SpyCatcher system can also be utilised for translocating T-DNA into the organelles by overexpression of the Transit Peptide-SpyCatcher peptide in plant cells before challenging of the plant cells with Agrobacterium containing virD2-SpyTag gene on the binary vector.

SEQ ID 39

cTP virD2 cassette (chloroplast transit peptide is underlined, virD2 is in bold)

ctgtcgattttgtgaagcggaagtgtgtctgtacttttatttgtgtgtatgattttg cgataattcat aagtaatgtagtaattacctgattttatatttcaattttattgtaatataatttcaattg taataata taaaaataaatatcccttatgtgttcttgatttcgttttgtatatggctagattcccatc tgccacga cgaggaaatgctacggcggggcaagttcagatctttccgtcttctatggaggaagctatg tcgcaagg cagtaggcccacctcaagtgacattgccgtcaaccagcgcgaatgcgtgaaggttgaagg cttcaagg tcgtcagtacccgattaagatcggccgaatatgagagtttttctcatcaggcacgcttgc tgggcctc tccgacagcatggccatacgggttgcggtgcgccgcattggtggctttcttgaaatcgac gcagagac tcgtcataggatggaggccatactacaatccataggaacactctcaagcaacattgccgc gctgctat ctgcctatgccgaaaatccgacaatggatttggaggctttgcgagctgaacgtatcgcct tcggtaaa tctttcgctgacctcgacggcttgctccgttccattttgtccgtatcacggcggcggatc gacggttg ctcgctgctgaaagacgccttgtagcactgacgtagcacttggcggggaacatattcgat ggcttctt ctgctcaaatacacggtctcggaaccgcttctttctcttccctcaaaaaaccctcttcca tatccggc aactccaaaacccttttcttcggtcagcgactcaattccaaccactctcccttcacccgc gccgcatt ccctaaattaagtagcaaaacctttaagaagggtttcactttgagagttatgcccgatcg tgctcaag ttatcattcgcattgtgccgggaggtggcaccaagacccttcaacaaattatcaatcagt tggagtat cta cccggaagggcaggctggagctgcagcgttcagcccgacatctcgatattcccctgccac cgga tcaaatccacgaacttgcccgaagctgggttcaagagactggaacttatgacgaaagtca gccagacg aggaaaggcaacaggagttgaccacccatattattgttagcttccccgccggtacaagcc aggtagcg gcttatgcggcgagccgggagtgggcagccgagatgtttgggtcaggcgcaggggggggc cgatacaa cta cttacggccttccacatcgatcgcgaccacccacatctgcatgtcgtcgtcaatcggcgc gaac ttttaggacacggctggctgaagatatctcggcgccatccccaactgaattacgacgccc tgcgcata aagatggccgagatttcacttcgtcatggcattgccctcgatgcgagccgacgagcagaa cgtggcat caccgagcggccgatcacttatgcccaatatcggcgccttgagcgggagcaggctcgcca aatccgtt tcgaagacgcggatttggaacagtcgtcgccgcaaggagatcatccagagttcagccaac ctttcgat acatccccatttgaagcatccgcaggcggaccggaggacatgcctcggcccaacaatcgg cagaatga gtcgcaagttcatctccaggagccagctggtgtcagcaacgaagccggtgtccttgtgcg ggttgcat tggagacggagcgccttgctcaaccattcgtttccgaaaccattctcgcggacgacatag ggagcggc tcttcgcgtgttgccgagggccgtgtggagagcgcaaaccgcactcccgatattcctcgc gcagcaac tgaagctgccacgcacacgacacacgaccggcagcggcgtgcaaagcgtcctcatgatga cgacggag ggccgagtggagcaaaacgtgtgacattggaaggcatcgcggttggcccccaggcgaacg ccggcgaa caggctggcagtagtggccccttagtacggcaagctggaacgtctcggccatctccaccg acggccac gacgcgggccagcaccgcaaccgcttcattgtctgctacagcccacctccagcaacggag aggtgtcc tttcaaagcgtccgcgtgaagatgatgatggagaaccgagtgaacgcaaacgcgagagag atgagcgc agcaaggacgggcgtgggggaaataggagataggagcttcgacaggcatcaaataaaacg aaaggctc agtcgaaagactgggcctttcgttttatctgttgtttgtcggtgaacgctctcctgagta ggacaaat ccgccc

SEQ ID 40

mTP-virD2 casette (mitochondrial transit peptide is underlined, virD2 is in bold) ctgtcgattttgtgaagcggaagtgtgtctgtacttttatttgtgtgtatgattttgcga taattcat aagtaatgtagtaattacctgattttatatttcaattttattgtaatataatttcaattg taataata taaaaataaatatcccttatgtgttcttgatttcgttttgtatatggctagattcccatc tgccacga cgaggaaatgctacggcggggcaagttcagatctttccgtcttctatggaggaagctatg tcgcaagg cagtaggcccacctcaagtgacattgccgtcaaccagcgcgaatgcgtgaaggttgaagg cttcaagg tcgtcagtacccgattaagatcggccgaatatgagagtttttctcatcaggcacgcttgc tgggcctc tccgacagcatggccatacgggttgcggtgcgccgcattggtggctttcttgaaatcgac gcagagac tcgtcataggatggaggccatactacaatccataggaacactctcaagcaacattgccgc gctgctat ctgcctatgccgaaaatccgacaatggatttggaggctttgcgagctgaacgtatcgcct tcggtaaa tctttcgctgacctcgacggcttgctccgttccattttgtccgtatcacggcggcggatc gacggttg ctcgctgctgaaagacgccttgtagcactgacgtagcacttggcggggaacatattcgat gtatcgtt tcgcttctaacctcgcctccaaggcaaggattgctcaaaacgctcgccaggtttccagca gaatgagc tggagcaggaactatatgcccgatcgtgctcaagttatcattcgcattgtgccgggaggt ggcaccaa gacccttcaacaaattatcaatcagttggagtatctatcccggaagggcaggctggagct gcagcgtt cagcccgacatctcgatattcccctgccaccggatcaaatccacgaacttgcccgaagct gggttcaa gagactggaacttatgacgaaagtcagccagacgaggaaaggcaacaggagttgaccacc catattat tgttagcttccccgccggtacaagccaggtagcggcttatgcggcgagccgggagtgggc agccgaga tgtttgggtcaggcgcaggggggggccgatacaactatcttacggccttccacatcgatc gcgaccac ccacatctgcatgtcgtcgtcaatcggcgcgaacttttaggacacggctggctgaagata tctcggcg ccatccccaactgaattacgacgccctgcgcataaagatggccgagatttcacttcgtca tggcattg ccctcgatgcgagccgacgagcagaacgtggcatcaccgagcggccgatcacttatgccc aatatcgg cgccttgagcgggagcaggctcgccaaatccgtttcgaagacgcggatttggaacagtcg tcgccgca aggagatcatccagagttcagccaacctttcgatacatccccatttgaagcatccgcagg cggaccgg aggacatgcctcggcccaacaatcggcagaatgagtcgcaagttcatctccaggagccag ctggtgtc agcaacgaagccggtgtccttgtgcgggttgcattggagacggagcgccttgctcaacca ttcgtttc cgaaaccattctcgcggacgacatagggagcggctcttcgcgtgttgccgagggccgtgt ggagagcg caaaccgcactcccgatattcctcgcgcagcaactgaagctgccacgcacacgacacacg accggcag cggcgtgcaaagcgtcctcatgatgacgacggagggccgagtggagcaaaacgtgtgaca ttggaagg catcgcggttggcccccaggcgaacgccggcgaacaggctggcagtagtggccccttagt acggcaag ctggaacgtctcggccatctccaccgacggccacgacgcgggccagcaccgcaaccgctt cattgtct gctacagcccacctccagcaacggagaggtgtcctttcaaagcgtccgcgtgaagatgat gatggaga accgagtgaacgcaaacgcgagagagatgagcgcagcaaggacgggcgtgggggaaatag gagatagg agcttcgacaggcatcaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagactgggcctttcgtttt atctgttg tttgtcggtgaacgctctcctgagtaggacaaatccgccc

SEQ ID 41

SpyTag-virD2 cassette (SpyTag is underlined, virD2 is in bold) ctgtcgattttgtgaagcggaagtgtgtctgtacttttatttgtgtgtatgattttgcga taattcat aagtaatgtagtaattacctgattttatatttcaattttattgtaatataatttcaattg taataata taaaaataaatatcccttatgtgttcttgatttcgttttgtatatggctagattcccatc tgccacga cgaggaaatgctacggcggggcaagttcagatctttccgtcttctatggaggaagctatg tcgcaagg cagtaggcccacctcaagtgacattgccgtcaaccagcgcgaatgcgtgaaggttgaagg cttcaagg tcgtcagtacccgattaagatcggccgaatatgagagtttttctcatcaggcacgcttgc tgggcctc tccgacagcatggccatacgggttgcggtgcgccgcattggtggctttcttgaaatcgac gcagagac tcgtcataggatggaggccatactacaatccataggaacactctcaagcaacattgccgc gctgctat ctgcctatgccgaaaatccgacaatggatttggaggctttgcgagctgaacgtatcgcct tcggtaaa tctttcgctgacctcgacggcttgctccgttccattttgtccgtatcacggcggcggatc gacggttg ctcgctgctgaaagacgccttgtagcactgacgtagcacttggcggggaacatattcgat ggcgcata ttgtgatggtggatgcgtataaaccgaccaaaatgcccgatcgtgctcaagttatcattc gcattgtg ccgggaggtggcaccaagacccttcaacaaattatcaatcagttggagtatctatcccgg aagggcag gctggagctgcagcgttcagcccgacatctcgatattcccctgccaccggatcaaatcca cgaacttg cccgaagctgggttcaagagactggaacttatgacgaaagtcagccagacgaggaaaggc aacaggag ttgaccacccatattattgttagcttccccgccggtacaagccaggtagcggcttatgcg gcgagccg ggagtgggcagccgagatgtttgggtcaggcgcaggggggggccgatacaactatcttac ggccttcc acatcgatcgcgaccacccacatctgcatgtcgtcgtcaatcggcgcgaacttttaggac acggctgg ctgaagatatctcggcgccatccccaactgaattacgacgccctgcgcataaagatggcc gagatttc acttcgtcatggcattgccctcgatgcgagccgacgagcagaacgtggcatcaccgagcg gccga ca cttatgcccaatatcggcgccttgagcgggagcaggctcgccaaatccgtttcgaagacg cggatttg gaacagtcgtcgccgcaaggagatcatccagagttcagccaacctttcgatacatcccca tttgaagc atccgcaggcggaccggaggacatgcctcggcccaacaatcggcagaatgagtcgcaagt tcatctcc aggagccagctggtgtcagcaacgaagccggtgtccttgtgcgggttgcattggagacgg agcgcctt gctcaaccattcgtttccgaaaccattctcgcggacgacatagggagcggctcttcgcgt gttgccga gggccgtgtggagagcgcaaaccgcactcccgatattcctcgcgcagcaactgaagctgc cacgcaca cgacacacgaccggcagcggcgtgcaaagcgtcctcatgatgacgacggagggccgagtg gagcaaaa cgtgtgacattggaaggcatcgcggttggcccccaggcgaacgccggcgaacaggctggc agtagtgg ccccttagtacggcaagctggaacgtctcggccatctccaccgacggccacgacgcgggc cagcaccg caaccgcttcattgtctgctacagcccacctccagcaacggagaggtgtcctttcaaagc gtccgcgt gaagatgatgatggagaaccgagtgaacgcaaacgcgagagagatgagcgcagcaaggac gggcgtgg gggaaataggagataggagcttcgacaggcatcaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaag actgggcc tttcgttttatctgttgtttgtcggtgaacgctctcctgagtaggacaaatccgccc

SEQ ID 42

virD2-SpyTag cassette (SpyTag is underlined, virD2 is in bold) ctgtcgattttgtgaagcggaagtgtgtctgtacttttatttgtgtgtatgattttgcga taattcat aagtaatgtagtaattacctgattttatatttcaattttattgtaatataatttcaattg taataata taaaaataaatatcccttatgtgttcttgatttcgttttgtatatggctagattcccatc tgccacga cgaggaaatgctacggcggggcaagttcagatctttccgtcttctatggaggaagctatg tcgcaagg cagtaggcccacctcaagtgacattgccgtcaaccagcgcgaatgcgtgaaggttgaagg cttcaagg tcgtcagtacccgattaagatcggccgaatatgagagtttttctcatcaggcacgcttgc tgggcctc tccgacagcatggccatacgggttgcggtgcgccgcattggtggctttcttgaaatcgac gcagagac tcgtcataggatggaggccatactacaatccataggaacactctcaagcaacattgccgc gctgctat ctgcctatgccgaaaatccgacaatggatttggaggctttgcgagctgaacgtatcgcct tcggtaaa tctttcgctgacctcgacggcttgctccgttccattttgtccgtatcacggcggcggatc gacggttg ctcgctgctgaaagacgccttgtagcactgacgtagcacttggcggggaacatattcgat gcccgatc gtgctcaagttatcattcgcattgtgccgggaggtggcaccaagacccttcaacaaatta tcaatcag ttggagtatctatcccggaagggcaggctggagctgcagcgttcagcccgacatctcgat attcccct gccaccggatcaaatccacgaacttgcccgaagctgggttcaagagactggaacttatga cgaaagtc agccagacgaggaaaggcaacaggagttgaccacccatattattgttagcttccccgccg gtacaagc caggtagcggcttatgcggcgagccgggagtgggcagccgagatgtttgggtcaggcgca gggggggg ccgatacaactatcttacggccttccacatcgatcgcgaccacccacatctgcatgtcgt cgtcaatc ggcgcgaacttttaggacacggctggctgaagatatctcggcgccatccccaactgaatt acgacgcc ctgcgcataaagatggccgagatttcacttcgtcatggcattgccctcgatgcgagccga cgagcaga acgtggcatcaccgagcggccgatcacttatgcccaatatcggcgccttgagcgggagca ggctcgcc aaatccgtttcgaagacgcggatttggaacagtcgtcgccgcaaggagatcatccagagt tcagccaa cctttcgatacatccccatttgaagcatccgcaggcggaccggaggacatgcctcggccc aacaatcg gcagaatgagtcgcaagttcatctccaggagccagctggtgtcagcaacgaagccggtgt ccttgtgc gggttgcattggagacggagcgccttgctcaaccattcgtttccgaaaccattctcgcgg acgacata gggagcggctcttcgcgtgttgccgagggccgtgtggagagcgcaaaccgcactcccgat attcctcg cgcagcaactgaagctgccacgcacacgacacacgaccggcagcggcgtgcaaagcgtcc tcatgatg acgacggagggccgagtggagcaaaacgtgtgacattggaaggcatcgcggttggccccc aggcgaac gccggcgaacaggctggcagtagtggccccttagtacggcaagctggaacgtctcggcca tctccacc gacggccacgacgcgggccagcaccgcaaccgcttcattgtctgctacagcccacctcca gcaacgga gaggtgtcctttcaaagcgtccgcgtgaagatgatgatggagaaccgagtgaacgcaaac gcgagaga gatgagcgcagcaaggacgggcgtgggggaaataggagagcgcatattgtgatggtggat gcgtataa accgaccaaataggagcttcgacaggcatcaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagact gggccttt cgttttatctgttgtttgtcggtgaacgctctcctgagtaggacaaatccgccc

Amplification of the transgene nucleic acid in the organelles and mini-chromosome for gene expression in the organelles.

Although efficient systems for delivery of transgene nucleic acid (TNA) into organelles were established, a selectable marker and multiple rounds of selection are required to achieve an homoplasmic state of the transformants .

To address this issue we developed a DNA amplification system of TNA, allowing rapid achievement of an homoplasmic state of the transformants and/or by the introduction of autonomous mini- chromosomes without the need to insert TNA into the organelle genome .

For this purpose we have employed the replication system of plant ssDNA geminiviruses . It has been shown that some geminiviruses can replicate in non-host organisms such as bacteria and yeast (Selth et al . , 2002; Raghavan et al . , 2004) . Replication of the geminiviruses depends on host cell DNA polymerase, and requires a viral origin of replication and viral Replication Initiation Protein (RIP) encoded by the viral Rep gene. We have designed vectors for both fast achievement of homoplasmic state of the transformants and expression of the TNA in organelles from autonomous mini-chromosome (Figures 8 and 9) .

In the first case two viral origins of replication (MOR, BOR or TOR) from Maize Streak Virus (MSV, subgroup I) (MOR), Beet Curly Top Virus (BCTV, subgroup II) (BOR) and Tomato Golden Mosaic Virus (TGMV, subgroup III) (TOR) were introduced on both sides of TNA (Figure 8) . The expression of the viral Rep gene was performed from TNA or from a nuclear cassette where the Rep gene was fused to chloroplast or mitochondrial transit peptides (Figure 10) . We have observed efficient amplification of TNA in the organelles, resulting in fast achievement of the homoplasmic state of the transformants .

In order to express TNA from the autonomous mini-chromosome, the TNA was modified by removing LFS and RFS, so that only the cassette with genes for expression in organelles was placed between two viral origins of replication (Figure 9) . The expression of viral Rep gene was provided either from the TNA or from nuclear cassette where Rep gene was fused to the chloroplast or mitochondrial transit peptide. SEQ ID 43

BCTV viral origin of replication (BOR)

gatcctgtactccgatgacgtggcttagcatattaacatatctattggagtattgga gtattatatat attagtacaactttcataagggccatccgttataatattaccggatggcccgaaaaaaat gggcaccc aatcaaaacgtgacacgtggaaggggactgttgaatgatgtgacgtttttgagcgggaaa cttcctga ag

SEQ ID 44

MSV viral origin of replication (MOR)

Ccgacgacggaggttgaggctgagggatggcagactggcagctccaaactctatagtata cccgtgcg ccttcgaaatccgccgctcccttgtcttatagtggttgcaaatgggccggaccgggccgg cccagcag gaaaagaaggcgcgcactaatattaccgcgccttcttttcctgcgagggcccggtagggc ccgagcga tttgatgtaaagtttggtcctgctttgtatgatttatctaaagcagcccat

SEQ ID 45

TGMV viral origin of replication (TOR)

Gtaattaagaggcttactaccaattgaggaggggctccaaaagttatatgaattggtagt aaggtagc tcttatatattagaagttcctaaggggcacgtggcggccatccgtttaatattaccggat ggccgcgc gatcgtcacccgacccgcttccgcaaattacgccgcattgtcgtctaagtggtcccgcat atgtgaag ggccaatcatatttggccctgaaatctaagata

SEQ ID 46

BCTV Rep gene (B-rep)

Atgcctcctactaaaagatttcgtattcaagcaaaaaacatatttcttacatatcct cagtgttctct ttcaaaagaagaagctcttgagcaaattcaaagaatacaactttcatctaataaaaaata tattaaaa ttgccagagagctacacgaagatgggcaacctcatctccacgtcctgcttcaactcgaag gaaaagtt cagatcacaaatatcagattattcgacctggtatccccaaccaggtcagcacatttccat ccaaacat tcagagagctaaatccagctccgacgtcaagtcctacgtagacaaggacggagacacaat tgaatggg gagaattccagatcgacggtagaagtgctagaggaggtcaacagacagctaacgactcat atgccaag gcgttaaacgcaacttctcttgaccaagcacttcaaatattgaaggaagaacaaccaaag gattactt ccttcaacatcacaatcttttgaacaatgctcaaaagatatttcagaggccacctgatcc atggactc cactatttcctctgtcctcattcacaaacgttcctgaggaaatgcaagaatgggctgatg catatttc ggggttgatgccgctgcgcggcctttaagatataatagtatcatagtagagggtgattca agaacagg gaagactatgtgggctagatctttaggggcccacaattacatcacagggcacttagattt tagcccta gaacgtattatgatgaagtggaatacaacgtcattgatgacgtagatcccacttacttaa agatgaaa cactggaaacaccttattggagcacaaaaggagtggcagacaaacttaaagtatggaaaa ccacgtgt cattaaaggtggtatcccctgcattatattatgcaatccaggacctgagagctcatacca acaatttc ttgaaaaaccagaaaatgaagcccttaagtcctggacattacataattcaaccttctgca aactccaa ggtccgctctttaataaccaagcagcagcatcctcgcaaggtgactctaccctgtaa SEQ ID 47

MSV Rep gene (M-rep)

atggcctcctcctcatccaaccgtcagttctcacaccggaacgctaacacgttccta acctatccaaa gtgtccagaaaatcctgaaatcgcctgtcagatgatctgggagctcgttgttcgttggat tcccaaat acattctatgtgcccgagaggcacataaagatggaagtttgcatttacatgcattgcttc agacagag aagccggtaaggatatctgactcaaggttctttgatataaatgggtttcacccaaatatt cagagtgc caagtcagtaaacagggtgagggattacattctcaaggaacctctggctgtgtttgagag aggtactt tcattcctaggaagtcccccttcctaggaaaatctgattcagaggtaaaggaaaaaaagc cttctaaa gatgaaataatgcgagacattatttcacacgctacttccaaagaagagtacctctccatg atccagaa agagcttccctttgattggtccacaaaattgcagtattttgaatactctgcaaataagct ttttcctg agattcaggaagagttcaccaatcctcatccaccctcatcacctgatttactttgtaatg agtcaatc aatgattggctccagcctaacatcttccagtcatcagatgaaagatcaagaaagcagagc ctctacat cgtcggcccaacaagaaccggaaaatctacttgggccagaagcctaggggttcataatta ctggcaaa ataatgttgattggtcttcatacaacgaagacgcaatctataacatcgtagatgatattc cgtttaaa ttctgtccttgttggaaacagttagttggctgtcagagggatttcattgtaaaccccaag tatggtaa aaagaaaaaggtgcagaagaagtctaagcctacaataatcctcgccaactcggatgaaga ttggatga aggaaatgactccagggcagctggagtatttcgaggcaaactgcatcatttacattatgt cgccgggg gagaaatggtattctccccctgagctgcctcctacggaggcagtacattcagatagatct tga

SEQ ID 48

TGMV Rep gene (T-rep)

atgccatcgcatccaaaacggtttcaaataaatgccaaaaattattttcttacatat cctcagtgctc cttgtccaaagaagaatcactttctcaattacaagccctaaacactccgattaacaaaaa attcataa aaatctgcagagagcttcatgaagatgggcaacctcacctccacgtgcttattcagttcg agggaaaa tactgctgccaaaatcaacgattcttcgacctggtatccccaacaaggtcagcacatttc catccaaa cattcagagagctaaatcgtcttccgacgtcaagacgtacatcgacaaagacggagatac tcttgtat ggggagaattccaggtcgacggtcgaagtgctagaggaggttgccaaacatctaacgacg ctgcagca gaggcgttaaatgcttcttccaaagaagaagccctgcagataattagagagaaaatccca gaaaaata tttatttcagttccacaatctaaatagcaatttagataggatatttgataagactcctga accatggc ttcctccgttccacgtctcatcatttactaacgtgccagacgagatgagacaatgggctg aaaattat tttggaaagagttccgctgcgcggccggagagacctattagtattatcatcgagggcgat agtcggac gggaaagactatgtgggctcgttcactaggcccacataattatttgagcgggcatttgga tctcaatt ctagggtttactcaaacaaggttgagtataacgtcatcgatgatgtcacaccgcaatatc taaagttg aaacattggaaagaactcattggggcccaaagagattggcagactaactgtaaatacgga aagccagt tcaaattaaaggaggtatcccgtcaatcgtgctgtgcaatcctggagagggtgctagcta taaagttt tcctcgacaaagaggaaaacactccactaaagaactggactttccataatgcgaaattcg tcttcctc aactcccccctctatcaaagctcaacacagagcagctaa

References

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Experimental Examples . Chloroplast transformation using groupll intron constructs.

Reference is made to constructs detailed in Table 1 throughout.

Note to LS: TABLE 1 GOES IN HERE

We have utilised Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco (http : / /plantsci . missouri . edu/muptcf/protocols/tobacco . html ) and rice Sahoo et al . , 2011) . In order to transform chloroplasts in tobacco, we have used the constructs 0TV1-0TV4 (Table 1) . The constructs contain TNA in domain IV of the corresponding groupll intron, while the reshuffled retron is flanking 3' -end of the groupll intron. The reverse transcriptase of the retron is fused with corresponding intron encoded protein (IEP), and fulfils three functions, namely translocate TNA-RNA to organelle, initiates reverse transcription from retron to generate priming for reverse transcription of the TNA by the IEP. We expect that reverse transcription is more efficient in this case as it is a natural configuration for reverse transcription by the IEP. The 3' and 5'- ends of the intron are also reverse transcribed in this case, but they are eliminated by homologous recombination machinery during TNA integration into the organelles genome.

The tobacco constructs OTV5 and OTV6 contain TNA at the 3 '-end of the intron, and utilise direct priming of the TNA without reverse transcription of intron sequence. The reverse transcription in this case generated by combination of RT activities from both retron and the IEP.

Similar approach was utilised for rice transformation with constructs OTV7-OTV10 (Table 1) .

Successful transformation of tobacco and rice chloroplasts using groupll constructs was confirmed on spectinomycin resistant plants by PCR of flanking sequences and by sequencing of the corresponding PCR products (Figure 11A and B) .

The following primers have been used for tobacco to generate a fragment of 720 bp for tobacco:

SEQ ID 49

TCI ctgagtaggacaaatccgccc

SEQ ID 50

TC2 ggtggagatcatattcactctggtaccgtagt

and a fragment of llOObp for rice:

SEQ ID 51

RC1 accccgggacgagaagtagtagga SEQ ID 52

RC2 atcgatcatgagattcatagttgcattact

Chloroplast transformation using PVY-based vectors .

To transform chloroplast in tobacco using Potato Virus Y as a chloroplast translocation sequence, the 0TV21, OTV22 and OTV23 constructs has been used. Co-transformation of the construct OTV27 containing SpyCatcher fused to chloroplast transit peptide was performed in combination with OTV22 (N-terminal SpyTag) or OTV23 (C- terminal SpyTag) .

PCR analysis of flanking sequences using Tl and T2 primers on spectinomycin resistant transformants, and sequencing analysis of amplified fragments have confirmed insertion of transgene using this approach (Figure 12) .

Chloroplast transformation using modified Agrobacterium virD2 protein .

AgrOj acterium-mediated transformation of the tobacco chloroplasts using modified strain GV3101 with knocked out virD2 and virE2 genes was performed. Complementary virD2 protein modified by fusion of chloroplast transit peptide (OTV29) , or N-terminal SpyTag (0TV31) and C-terminal SpyTag (OTV32) was expressed from Agrobacterium virD operon promoter. The cassette carrying virD promoter, modified virD2 gene and bacterial rrnB terminator was integrated on binary vector outside of the T-DNA boarders. The 0TV31 and OTV32 constructs carrying SpyTag were transformed in two steps, as SpyCatcher peptide (construct OTV27) should be already expresses in the cytoplast of plant cell before challenging plant cell with these constructs. The tobacco leaves were first infiltrated with Agrobacterium containing OTV27 construct, following second round of transformation of leaf explant from infiltrated plants with 0TV31 or OTV32 two days later.

PCR analysis of flanking sequences using the Tl and T2 primers on the spectinomycin resistant transformants, and sequencing analysis of amplified fragments have confirmed insertion of transgene using this approach (Figure 13) .

TNA amplification in the chloroplast using Geminivirus replication system.

DNA approach for chloroplast transformation using modified virD2 gene has proved to be feasible but not efficient from point of view of copy number of transgene delivered to the chloroplasts. To address this issue, we have developed transgene amplification system in chloroplasts using Geminivirus replication system. It has been shown that Geminivirus could be replicated in Agrobacterium and yeast. Introduction of viral origin of replication and expression of viral Rep gene encoding replication initiation protein (RIR) , was sufficient to replicate plasmid in these organisms.

To evaluate whether Geminivirus can be replicated in the chloroplasts, we have selected Maize Streak Virus-MSV (subclass I), Beet Top Curly Virus-BCTV (subclass II) and Tomato Golden Mosaic Virus-TGMV (subclass III) . The constructs were prepared containing two viral origins of replication with chloroplast transformation cassette located between them. Resulted constructs OTV33, OTV34 and OTV35 containing correspondingly BCTV viral origins of replication (BOR) , MSV viral origins (MOR) , and TGMV viral origins (TOR) , were delivered to the tobacco chloroplasts using modified virD2 Agrobacterium approach. The Rep gene for corresponding viral origin of replication was fused to chloroplast transit peptide and was co- expressed from nuclear promoter (OTV39, OTV40 and 0TV41) .

We have observed dramatic amplification of transgene nucleic acid with BCTV and TGMV origins (Figure 14A) , while MSV origins were able to amplify transgene with modest efficiency (Figure 14B) .

Next we wanted to see whether we could maintain transgene in the chloroplasts as mini-chromosome without integration in the chloroplast genome. For this purpose the constructs OTV45 and OTV46 which do not contain LFS and RFS were prepared and co-delivered with the construct OTV39 and 0TV41 into the tobacco chloroplasts using combination of Agrobactrium with functional virD2 gene for constructs OTV39 and 0TV41, and Agrobacterium with modified virD2 gene fused to chloroplast transit peptide. We have observed efficient delivery amplification of transgene cassette without insertion into the chloroplast genome (Figure 15) .

Mitochondria transformation using groupll intron constructs and PVY- based vectors .

Transformation of mitochondria in tobacco and rice was performed in similar way as transformation of chloroplast using constructs 0TV11- 0TV16 for tobacco and OTV17-OTV20 for rice. Selection was performed for insertion of T-DNA into the nuclear genome, as there is no selectable marker for mitochondria transformation. The OTV24-OTV26 were utilised for PVY-based approach in combination with OTV28 vector. The plants recovered on kanamycin for nuclear insertion were than analysed for insertion of the transgene into the mitochondrial genome using PCR of flanking sequences and by sequencing of the PCR generated fragments. The following primers have been used for amplification of flanking sequences in tobacco to generate fragment of 1050 bp:

SEQ ID 53

TM1 cgtcccataccttctgcctgtctca SEQ ID 54

TM2 gatggatacatacgatttcacttat

and a fragment of 1170 bp for rice:

SEQ ID 55

RM1 gggtaacttttatttatcattcaca

SEQ ID 56

RM2 acttcggcgatcaccgcttctgccat

We observed successful integration events with all approaches (Figure 16) .

Mitochondria transformation using modified Agrobacterium virD2 protein .

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the tobacco mitochondria using modified strain GV3101 with knocked out virD2 and virE2 genes was performed. Complementary virD2 protein modified by fusion of mitochondria transit peptide (OTV30), or N-terminal SpyTag (OTV31) and C-terminal SpyTag (OTV32) was expressed from Agrobacterium virD operon promoter. The cassette carrying virD promoter, modified virD2 gene and bacterial rrnB terminator was integrated on binary vector outside of the T-DNA boarders. The OTV31 and OTV32 constructs carrying SpyTag were transformed in two steps, as SpyCatcher peptide (construct OTV28) should be already expresses in the cytoplast of plant cell before challenging plant cell with these constructs. The tobacco leaves were first infiltrated with Agrobacterium containing OTV28 construct, following second round of transformation of leaf explant from infiltrated plants with OTV31 or OTV32 two days later. PCR analysis of flanking sequences has confirmed integration of transgene into the mitochondrial genome of tobacco (Figure 17) .

TNA amplification in the mitochondria using Geminivirus replication system.

Similar to chloroplast approach, to amplify transgene in the mitochondria using Geminivirus replication system we have prepared OTV47 (BOR) and OTV48 (TOR) constructs. These constructs were co- expressed with OTV42 and OTV44 to generate autonomous mini- chromosome of transgene in the mitochondria without its insertion into the mitochondrial genome. Southern analysis of transgenic plants has confirmed that at least BCTV and TGMV-based system could replicate in the mitochondria (Figure 18) .

Examples of chloroplast transformation using a replicon construct. To evaluate efficiency of the chloroplast transformation using replicon we utilised particle bombardment procedure described in manual for Bio-Rad particle gun (http://www.bio- rad . com/webroot/web/pdf/lsr/literature/Ml 652249. pdf) .

Two constructs were used for transformation of tobacco, potato and maize :

AIBW construct (OTV 50) contains two genes of interest (aadA and GFP) and a cassette for expression of repA gene flanked by two viral origins of replication (B0R1 and B0R2) from beet curly top virus (BCTV) (Fig. 20) . Replication initiation protein repA recruits host DNA polymerase to viral origins of replication and amplify DNA located between B0R1 and B0R2.

AJWP construct (OTV 49) contains BCTV replication initiation protein repA gene fused to chloroplast transit peptide under constitutive nuclear 35S promoter (Fig. 20) .

Two constructs were co-bombarded into leaf explants of tobacco, potato and maize. The AJWP construct (OTV 49) served as a helper plasmid for establishing replication of the AIBW plasmid( OTV50) in the chloroplasts due to transient production of repA protein from nucleus to boost efficiency of initial replication.

Tissue culture and regeneration of transgenic plants for potato was performed according Valkov et al . , (Transgenic Res (2011) 20:137- 151), and for maize according Ahmadabadi et al . , (Transgenic Res (2007) 16: 437-448) .

Selection of bombarded explants was performed on medium supplemented with 500 g/l of spectinomycin .

We were able to recover plants with the chloroplast transgene replicon in all three plant species (Fig.21) . Chloroplast origin of replicon was confirmed by strong expression of GFP in the chloroplasts. No cytoplasmic or nuclear patterns of GFP expression were detected. The transgene replicon was transferred through the seeds to the subsequent transgene generations .

SEQ id 57

clpP promoter from maize

tctatgtattaatagaatctatagtattcttatagaataagaaaaaaaaaatgaaga taataaactgc ggattctttctttctcttccattcttacgtttccatattaaagtgtagtttttttactta aatttaat aatattaatctaat Variant 1 of the invention

STATEMENTS ON VARIANT 1

1. A method of transforming at least one species of plant cell organelle comprising:

i) transforming the nucleus of a plant cell with a DNA cassette carrying at least one transgene nucleic acid (TNA) sequence of interest ;

ii) recruiting the transgene nucleic acid RNA generated by the transcription of the transgene nucleic acid sequence of step i) from the cytoplasm and directing it into the at least one species of plant organelle;

iii) reverse transcribing the transgenic nucleic acid RNA of ii) into single stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the at least one organelle; and iv) inserting the single stranded DNA of iii) into the organelle genome via homologous recombination; and

wherein the reverse transcribing event of step iii) within the organelle is performed by a retron specific reverse transcriptase sequence fused to at least one reverse transcriptase sequence different to the first.

2. A method of transforming a plant cell according to statement 1 comprising :

1) introducing into the said plant cell a first nucleic acid sequence that comprises a nuclear promoter operably linked to a first nucleic acid sequence comprising a plant organellar transit peptide (TP) located adjacent to a retron specific reverse transcriptase sequence fused to at least one reverse transcriptase sequence different to the first, such as an IEP sequence, and a nuclear terminator;

2) introducing into the said plant cell a second nucleic acid sequence that encodes for a group II intron operably linked to a plant nuclear promoter; and

3) introducing into the said plant cell a third nucleic acid sequence that encodes for an organellar transgene cassette comprising a left flanking sequence, an organellar promoter, at least one transgene nucleic acid sequence of interest, an organellar terminator and a right flanking sequence ;

4) introducing a fourth nucleic acid sequence that codes for a retron sequence for reverse transcription of the TNA. 3. A method according to statement 1 or statement 2, wherein the transgene nucleic acid sequence is a recombinant DNA sequence or an introduced native, isolated genomic DNA sequence.

4. A method according to any one of statements 1 to 3, wherein the third nucleic acid sequence of claim 2 step 3) is inserted into

Domain IV of the group II intron of step 2) .

5. A method according to any one of statements 1 to 3, wherein the third nucleic acid sequence of statement 1 step 3) is located at the 5' and/or 3' end of the group II intron of step 2) .

6. A method according to any one of statements 1 to 3 and 5, wherein the third nucleic acid sequence of 3) is located at the 3' end of the group II intron of step 2) .

7. A method according to any one of the preceding statements wherein the plant organelle is selected from a plant mitochondrion, and a plant plastid.

8. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the plant organelle is a mitochondrion.

9. A method according to any one of statements 1 to 7, wherein the plant organelle is selected from chloroplasts , proplastids, etioplasts, chromoplasts , amyloplasts, leucoplasts and elaioplasts, and is preferably a chloroplast.

10. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the transgene nucleic acid sequence is selected from a recombinant mammalian nucleic acid sequence, an isolated genomic mammalian nucleic acid sequence, a recombinant plant nucleic acid sequence and an isolated genomic plant nucleic acid sequence and two or more thereof.

11. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the DNA cassette comprises an organellar promoter selected from a mitochondrion specific promoter and a plastid specific promoter .

12. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the mitochondrion specific promoter is selected from mitochondrial promoter nucleotide sequences, such as ATP6, ATP9, Cob, rrnl8, Rpsl3, Rpsl9, Cox3, Nad6, Nad9 5' untranslated sequences (promoter region) of tobacco mitochondria, and Arabidopsis mitochondria; and the plastid specific promoter sequence is selected from the group consisting of the RNA polymerase promoter, rpo B promoter element, atpB promoter element, the clpP promoter element, the 16S rDNA promoter element, PrbcL, Prpsl6, the Prrnl6, Prrn-62, Pycf2-1577, PatpB-289, Prps2-152, Prpsl6-107, Pycfl-41, PatpI-207, PclpP-511, PclpP-173, PaccD-129, PaccD-129 promoter of the tobacco accD gene, the PclpP-53 promoter of the clpP gene, the Prrn-62 promoter of the rrn gene, the Prpsl6-107 promoter of the rpsl6 gene, the PatpB/E-290 promoter of the tobacco atpB/E gene, and the PrpoB- 345 promoter of the rpoB gene.

13. A method according to claim any one of statements 1 to 12, wherein the transgene or isolated nucleic acid sequence is selected from insulin, preproinsulin, proinsulin, glucagon, interferons such as a-interferon, β-interferon, γ-interferon, blood-clotting factors selected from Factor VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, fertility hormones including luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone growth factors including epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and the like, prolactin, oxytocin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, somatostatin, erythropoietin (EPO) , enzymes such as β- glucocerebrosidase , haemoglobin, serum albumin, collagen, biotic and abiotic stress proteins, such as insecticidal and insect toxic proteins, for example from, or derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, nematicidal proteins, herbicide resistance proteins, (e.g. to glyphosate) , salt-tolerance proteins, drought tolerant proteins, proteins capable of conferring cytoplasmic male sterility to plant breeding lines; nutritional enhancement proteins involved in the biosynthesis of phenolics, starches, sugars, alkaloids, vitamins, and edible vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and active fragments thereof, industrial enzymes and active fragments thereof.

14. A method according to any one of statements 1 to 13, wherein the transgene or isolated nucleic acid sequence is selected from proteins that confer cytoplasmic male sterility to a plant.

15. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the transgene or isolated nucleic acid sequence that is capable of conferring cytoplasmic male sterility to the plant is selected from the petunia mitochondrion pcf sequence, orflOl sequence of sorghum and orf 79 of rice.

16. A method according to any one of the preceding statements wherein the retron is a DNA sequence comprising a msr element encoding an RNA sequence comprising a binding domain for retron- specific reverse transcriptase, and a msd element encoding a DNA component fused to the 3' end of a nucleic acid sequence or a fragment thereof and/or the 3' end of TNA, wherein the msr and msd elements comprise pairs of inverted repeat sequences forming double- stranded RNA regions driving reverse transcription of the msd element and/or reverse transcription of the TNA: msd element fusion product .

17. A method according to claim any one of the preceding statements, wherein the msr and msd elements comprise pairs of inverted repeat sequences selected from al and a2, and bl and b2 sequences .

18. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the retron msDNA is a bacterial retron msDNA sequence, such as a sequence selected from Ec86, Mxl62, Sal63, Ec67, Ec73, and Ecl07.

19. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the at least one reverse transcriptase sequence different to the first is a groupll intron or an IEP fragment thereof that encodes reverse transcriptase functionality is selected from the LtrB intron, the RmlntORF, the al2 intron, the tobacco group II intron and the nadl gene containing matK.

20. A method according to any one of the preceding statements wherein the plant organellar transit peptide is independently selected from the mitochondrial signal peptide from tobacco Fl- ATPase-1 β subunit, and the Arabidopsis CPN60 protein; and the plastidial transit peptide independently from selected from the tobacco rbcS-cTP, and the Arabidopsis HSP70-CTP protein.

21. A plant cell obtained according to any one of statments 1 to 20.

22. A plant cell comprising transformed plant organelles as defined in any one of statements 1 to 20, wherein the transformed plant organelles comprise:

i) an exogenous or heterologous left flanking sequence (LFS) and an exogenous or heterologous right flanking sequence (RFS) ;

ii) at least one exogenous or heterologous organelle-specific promoter and at least one exogenous or heterologous organelle- specific terminator sequence; and

iii) at least one exogenous or heterologous isolated transgene nucleic acid sequence of interest.

23. A plant cell according to statement 21, wherein the transformed organelles are selected from plant plastids and mitochondria transformed as defined in any one of statements 1 to 20.

24. A transformed plant organelle comprising:

i) an exogenous or heterologous left flanking sequence (LFS) and an exogenous or heterologous right flanking sequence (RFS) ;

ii) at least one exogenous or heterologous organelle-specific promoter and at least one exogenous or heterologous organelle- specific terminator sequence; and iii) at least one exogenous or heterologous isolated transgene nucleic acid sequence of interest.

25. A transformed plant organelle according to statement 24, wherein the transformed organelle is selected from a plant plastid and a mitochondrion transformed as defined in any one of statements 1 to 20.

26. A population of transformed plant organelles as defined in statement 23 or statement 25 comprised in a plant cell.

27. A population of transformed plant organelles according to statement 25, wherein the organelles are located in plant cells selected from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and other Nicotiana species, arabidopsis, potato, corn (maize), canola (rape), rice, wheat, barley, brassica sp. such as cauliflower, broccoli (e.g. green and purple sprouting), cabbage (e.g. red, green and white cabbages), curly kale, Brussels sprouts, cotton, algae (e.g. blue green species), lemnospora, or moss (e.g. physcomitrella patens) , tomato, capsicum, squashes, sunflower, soyabean, carrot, melons, grape vines, lettuce, strawberry, sugar beet, peas, and sorghum.

28. A population of transformed plant organelles according to statement 26 or statement 27 wherein the organelles are located in plant cells selected from cotton, rice, oilseed Brassica species such as canola, corn (maize) and soyabean.

29. A method of producing at least a heterologous or exogenous RNA species in a plant that comprises:

1) introducing into a regenerable plant cell a first nucleic acid sequence that comprises a nuclear promoter operably linked to a first nucleic acid sequence comprising a plant organellar transit peptide (TP) located adjacent to a retron specific reverse transcriptase sequence fused to at least one reverse transcriptase sequence different to the first, such as a group II intron sequence or a fragment thereof possessing reverse transcriptase functionality, such as an IEP sequence, and a nuclear terminator;

2) introducing into the said plant cell a second nucleic acid sequence that encodes for a group II intron operably linked to a plant nuclear promoter; and

3) introducing into the said plant cell a third nucleic acid sequence that encodes for an organellar transgene cassette comprising a left flanking sequence, an organellar promoter, at least one transgene nucleic acid sequence of interest, an organellar terminator and a right flanking sequence ; and

4) introducing a fourth nucleic acid sequence that codes for a retron sequence for reverse transcription of the TNA. 5) growing said regenerable plant cell of steps 1) to 4);

6) selecting a plant cell of (5), wherein the transgene comprised within the plant organellar transgene cassette is integrated into the organellar genome;

7) regenerating a plant from the plant cell of (6); and

8) growing the plant of (7) .

30. A method according to statement 29, wherein the heterologous or exogenous RNA species encoded by the transgene that is integrated into the organellar genome is expressed as a heterologous or exogenous protein.

31. A method according to statement 29 or statement 30, wherein the plant organellar genome is independently selected from that of plant mitochondria and plant plastids .

32. An isolated polynucleotide sequence that comprises a plant nuclear promoter operably linked to a first nucleic acid sequence comprising a plant organellar transit peptide (TP) located adjacent to a retron specific reverse transcriptase first nucleic acid sequence that comprises a nuclear promoter operably linked to a first nucleic acid sequence comprising a plant organellar transit peptide (TP) located adjacent to a retron specific reverse transcriptase sequence fused to at least one reverse transcriptase sequence different to the first, such as a group II intron sequence or a fragment thereof possessing reverse transcriptase functionality, such as an IEP sequence and a nuclear terminator ; a second nucleic acid sequence that encodes for a group II intron operably linked to a plant nuclear promoter ; a third nucleic acid sequence that encodes for an organellar transgene cassette comprising a left flanking sequence, an organellar promoter, at least one transgene nucleic acid sequence of interest, an organellar terminator and a right flanking sequence ; and a fourth nucleic acid sequence that codes for a retron sequence for reverse transcription of the TNA for use in a method according to any one of statements 1 to 19 and statements 28 to 30.

33. An isolated polynucleotide sequence as defined in any one of statements 1 to 20 and statements 29 to 31, comprising genomic DNA.

34. An isolated polynucleotide sequence as defined in any one of statements 1 to 20 and statements 29 to 31, comprising a cDNA component .

35. A nucleic acid vector suitable for transformation of a plant cell or a bacterial cell, wherein the cell includes a polynucleotide sequence according to any one of statements 32 to 34.

36. A nucleic acid vector according to statement 35 for transformation of a bacterial cell.

37. A nucleic acid vector according to statement 36 for transforming an Agrobacterium cell.

38. A host cell containing a heterologous polynucleotide or nucleic acid vector according to any one of statements 32 to 37.

39. A host cell according to statement 38 which is a plant cell or a bacterial cell.

40. A host cell according to statement 38 or statement 39 comprised in a plant, a plant part or a plant propagule, or an extract or derivative of a plant or in a plant cell culture.

41. A method of producing a cell according to any one of statements 38 to 40, the method including incorporating said polynucleotide or nucleic acid vector into the cell by means of transformation. 42. A method according to statement 41 which includes regenerating a plant from a cell according to any one of statements 38 to 40 from one or more transformed cells.

43. A plant comprising a plant cell according to any one of statements 38 to 40.

44. A plant comprising a plant cell according to statement 43 that is selected from the group consisting of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and other Nicotiana species, such as Nicotiana benthamiana, carrot, vegetable and oilseed Brassica's, melons, Capsicums, grape vines, lettuce, strawberry, sugar beet, wheat, barley, (corn) maize, rice, soybean, peas, sorghum, sunflower, tomato, cotton, and potato.

45. A plant comprising a plant cell according to statement 43 or statement 44 that is selected from the group consisting of cotton, rice, oilseed Brassica species such as canola, corn (maize) and soybean .

46. A method of producing a plant, the method including incorporating a polynucleotide sequence or nucleic acid vector according to any one of statements 31 to 36 into a plant cell and regenerating a plant from said cell .

47. Use of a polynucleotide sequence according to any one of statements 32 to 37 in the production of a transgenic plant.

48. Use of a polynucleotide sequence according to any one of statements 32 to 37 in the production of a polypeptide or protein in a plant. All definitions for component parts of statements 1 to 48 of Variant 1 are found either in the accompanying description or in statements 1 to 48. The Experimental section provides technical descriptions of work performed relating to Variant 1.

Variant 2 of the invention

STATEMENTS ON VARIANT 2

1. A method for use in transforming a transgene nucleic acid of interest into a plant organelle in a plant cell comprising:

1 (a) deleting viral polymerase and coat protein sequences from the complete viral genome of a potyvirus and replacing them with transgenic nucleic acid in cis, wherein the said transgenic nucleic acid comprises a nuclear promoter operably linked to a viral 5' UTR sequence linked to the 5' end of a complete RNA translocation sequence of the potyvirus, wherein

i) the 5' end of the potyviral RNA translocation sequence is covalently linked to the VPg protein therein and to an organellar transit peptide ; or

ii) the potyviral RNA translocation sequence is modified by fusing a spytag short peptide sequence to the viral VPg protein at either the N- or C-terminus thereof; and introducing the product of i) or ii) into a plant cell ;

1 (b) introducing into the viral translocation sequence a second component nucleic acid sequence that encodes for an organellar transgene cassette comprising a left flanking sequence, an organellar promoter, at least one transgene nucleic acid sequence of interest, an organellar terminator and a right flanking sequence ; and

1 (c) introducing into the said plant cell a third component nucleic acid sequence that codes for a retron sequence for reverse transcription of the TNA; and

1(d) (i) introducing into the said plant cell a fourth component nucleic acid sequence comprising a viral 3'UTR sequence ;

1(d) (ii) introducing into the plant cell a nucleic acid sequence comprising a nuclear promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence comprising a plant organellar transit peptide (TP) located adjacent to a retron-based reverse transcriptase fused to an intron encoding protein (IEP) , and a nuclear terminator; and

1(e) (i) introducing into the plant cell either a potyviral polymerase in trans under the control of a plant nuclear promoter sequence and a terminator ; or

1(e) (ii) a spycatcher peptide fused to an organellar transit peptide, the said fused peptide being expressed under the control of a nuclear promoter. 2. A method according to statement 1, wherein the transgene nucleic acid sequence is a recombinant DNA sequence or an introduced native, isolated genomic DNA sequence.

3. A method according to statement 1 or statement 2, wherein the plant organelle is selected from a plant mitochondrion, and a plant plastid .

4. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the plant organelle is a mitochondrion.

5. A method according to any one of statementss 1 to 14, wherein the plant organelle is selected from chloroplasts , proplastids, etioplasts, chromoplasts , amyloplasts, leucoplasts and elaioplasts, and is preferably a chloroplast.

6. A method according to any one of the preceding statementss, wherein the transgene nucleic acid sequence is selected from a recombinant mammalian nucleic acid sequence, an isolated genomic mammalian nucleic acid sequence, a recombinant plant nucleic acid sequence and an isolated genomic plant nucleic acid sequence and two or more thereof.

7. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the DNA cassette comprises an organellar promoter selected from a mitochondrion specific promoter and a plastid specific promoter .

8. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the mitochondrion specific promoter is selected from mitochondrial promoter nucleotide sequences, such as ATP6, ATP9, Cob, rrnl8, Rpsl3, Rpsl9, Cox3, Nad6, Nad9 5' untranslated sequences (promoter region) of tobacco mitochondria, and Arabidopsis mitochondria; and the plastid specific promoter sequence is selected from the group consisting of the RNA polymerase promoter, rpo B promoter element, atpB promoter element, the clpP promoter element, the 16S rDNA promoter element, PrbcL, Prpsl6, the Prrnl6, Prrn-62, Pycf2-1577, PatpB-289, Prps2-152, Prpsl6-107, Pycfl-41, PatpI-207, PclpP-511, PclpP-173, PaccD-129, PaccD-129 promoter of the tobacco accD gene, the PclpP-53 promoter of the clpP gene, the Prrn-62 promoter of the rrn gene, the Prpsl6-107 promoter of the rpsl6 gene, the PatpB/E-290 promoter of the tobacco atpB/E gene, and the PrpoB- 345 promoter of the rpoB gene.

9. A method according to any one of statements 1 to 8, wherein the transgene or isolated nucleic acid sequence is selected from insulin, preproinsulin, proinsulin, glucagon, interferons such as a- interferon, β-interferon, γ-interferon, blood-clotting factors selected from Factor VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII, fertility hormones including luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone growth factors including epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor and the like, prolactin, oxytocin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, somatostatin, erythropoietin (EPO) , enzymes such as β- glucocerebrosidase, haemoglobin, serum albumin, collagen, biotic and abiotic stress proteins, such as insecticidal and insect toxic proteins, for example from, or derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, nematicidal proteins, herbicide resistance proteins, (e.g. to glyphosate) , salt-tolerance proteins, drought tolerant proteins, proteins capable of conferring cytoplasmic male sterility to plant breeding lines; nutritional enhancement proteins involved in the biosynthesis of phenolics, starches, sugars, alkaloids, vitamins, and edible vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and active fragments thereof, industrial enzymes and active fragments thereof.

10. A method according to any one of statementss 1 to 9, wherein the transgene or isolated nucleic acid sequence is selected from proteins that confer cytoplasmic male sterility to a plant.

11. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the transgene or isolated nucleic acid sequence that is capable of conferring cytoplasmic male sterility is the plant is selected from the petunia mitochondrion pcf sequence, orflOl sequence of sorghum and orf 79 of rice.

12. A method according to any one of the preceding statements, wherein the plant organellar transit peptide is independently selected from the mitochondrial signal peptide from tobacco Fl- ATPase-1 β subunit, and the Arabidopsis CPN60 protein; and the plastidial transit peptide independently from selected from the tobacco rbcS-cTP, and the Arabidopsis HSP70-CTP protein.

13. A plant cell obtained according to any one of statements 1 to 12.

14. A plant cell comprising transformed plant organelles as defined in statements 1 to 13, wherein the transformed plant organelles comprise:

i) an exogenous or heterologous left flanking sequence (LFS) and an exogenous or heterologous right flanking sequence (RFS) ;

ii) at least one exogenous or heterologous organelle-specific promoter and at least one exogenous or heterologous organelle- specific terminator sequence; and

iii) at least one exogenous or heterologous isolated transgene nucleic acid sequence of interest. 15. A plant cell according to statement 14, wherein the transformed organelles are selected from plant plastids and mitochondria transformed as defined in any one of statements 1 to 13.

16. A transformed plant organelle comprising:

i) an exogenous or heterologous left flanking sequence (LFS) and an exogenous or heterologous right flanking sequence (RFS) ;

ii) at least one exogenous or heterologous organelle-specific promoter and at least one exogenous or heterologous organelle- specific terminator sequence; and

iii) at least one exogenous or heterologous isolated transgene nucleic acid sequence of interest.

17. A transformed plant organelle according to statement 16, wherein the plant organelle is selected from a plant plastid and a mitochondrion transformed as defined in any one of statements 1 to 13.

18. A population of transformed plant organelles made up of transformed organelles according to statement 16 or statement 17 comprised in a plant cell.

19. A population of transformed plant organelles according to statement 18, wherein the organelles are located in plant cells selected from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and other Nicotiana species, arabidopsis, potato, corn (maize), canola (rape), rice, wheat, barley, brassica sp. such as cauliflower, broccoli (e.g. green and purple sprouting), cabbage (e.g. red, green and white cabbages), curly kale, Brussels sprouts, cotton, algae (e.g. blue green species), lemnospora, or moss (e.g. physcomitrella patens) , tomato, capsicum, squashes, sunflower, soyabean, carrot, melons, grape vines, lettuce, strawberry, sugar beet, peas, and sorghum.

20. A population of transformed plant organelles according to statement 18 or statement 19, wherein the organelles are located in plant cells selected from cotton, rice, oilseed Brassica species such as canola, corn (maize) and soyabean.

21. A method of producing at least a heterologous or exogenous RNA species in a plant that comprises:

1 (a) deleting viral polymerase and coat protein sequences from the complete viral genome of a potyvirus and replacing them with transgenic nucleic acid in cis, wherein the said transgenic nucleic acid comprises a nuclear promoter operably linked to a 5' UTR sequence linked to the 5' end of a complete RNA translocation sequence of the potyvirus forming a potyviral vector, wherein 1) the potyviral RNA translocation sequence is modified by covalently linking the 5' end of the VPg protein therein to an organellar transit peptide ; or

ii) the potyviral RNA translocation sequence is modified by fusing a spytag short peptide sequence to the viral VPg protein at either the N- or C-terminus thereof; and introducing the product of i) or ii) into a plant cell ;

1 (b) introducing into the viral translocation sequence a second component nucleic acid sequence that encodes for an organellar transgene cassette comprising a left flanking sequence, an organellar promoter, at least one transgene nucleic acid sequence of interest, an organellar terminator and a right flanking sequence ; and

1 (c) introducing into the said plant cell a third component nucleic acid sequence that codes for a retron sequence for reverse transcription of the TNA ; and

1(d) (i) introducing into the said plant cell a fourth component nucleic acid acid sequence comprising a viral 3'UTR sequence ; and

1(d) (ii) introducing into the plant cell a nucleic acid sequence comprising a nuclear promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence comprising a plant organellar transit peptide (TP) located adjacent to a retron-based reverse transcriptase fused to a intron encoding protein (IEP) , and a nuclear terminator; and

1(e) (i) introducing into the plant cell a further vector that comprises either a potyviral polymerase in trans under the control of a plant nuclear promoter sequence and a terminator ; or

1(e) (ii) introducing into the plant cell a further vector that does not include a potyviral polymerase-containing vector of 1(e) (i), the vector comprising a spycatcher peptide fused to an organellar transit peptide, the said fused peptide being expressed under the control of a nuclear promoter.

2) growing said regenerable plant cell of steps la) to le) ;

3) selecting a plant cell of (2), wherein the transgene comprised within the plant organellar transgene cassette is integrated into the organellar genome;

4) regenerating a plant from the plant cell of (6); and

5) growing the plant of (4) .

22. A method according to statement 21, wherein the heterologous or exogenous RNA species encoded by the transgene that is integrated into the organellar genome is expressed as a heterologous or exogenous protein.

23. A method according to statement 21 or statement 22, wherein the plant organellar genome is independently selected from that of plant mitochondria and plant plastids .

24. An isolated polynucleotide sequence that comprises

1 (a) a first component nucleic acid sequence comprising a nuclear promoter operably linked to a 5' UTR sequence linked to the 5' end of a complete RNA translocation sequence of a potyvirus forming a potyviral vector, wherein

i) the potyviral RNA translocation sequence is modified by covalently linking the 5' end of the VPg protein therein to an organellar transit peptide ; or

ii) the potyviral RNA translocation sequence is modified by fusing a spytag short peptide sequence to the viral VPg protein at either the N- or C-terminus thereof; and introducing the product of i) or ii) into a plant cell;

1 (b) a second component nucleic acid sequence that encodes for an organellar transgene cassette comprising a left flanking sequence, an organellar promoter, at least one transgene nucleic acid sequence of interest, an organellar terminator and a right flanking sequence ; and

1 (c) a third component nucleic acid sequence that codes for a retron-based reverse transcriptase fused to a reverse transcriptase of a group II intron ;

1(d) a fourth component nucleic acid acid sequence that is a 3'UTR sequence; and

1(e) (i) a fifth component nucleic acid sequence that comprises either a potyviral polymerase in trans under the control of a plant nuclear promoter sequence and a bacterial terminator ; or

1(e) (ii) a fifth component nucleic acid sequence that does not include a potyviral polymerase-containing vector of 1(e) (i), the vector comprising a spycatcher peptide fused to an organellar transit peptide, the said fused peptide being expressed under the control of a nuclear promoter,

for use in a method according to any one of statementss 1 to 13 and statements 21 to 23.

25. An isolated polynucleotide sequence as defined in any one of statements 1 to 13 and statements 21 to 24, comprising genomic DNA. 26. An isolated polynucleotide sequence as defined in any one of statements 1 to 13 and statements 21 to 24, comprising a cDNA component .

27. A nucleic acid vector suitable for transformation of a plant cell or a bacterial cell, wherein the cell includes a polynucleotide sequence according to any one of statements 24 to 26.

28. A nucleic acid vector according to statement 27 for transformation of a bacterial cell.

29. A nucleic acid vector according to statement 28 for transforming an Agrobacterium cell.

30. A host cell containing a heterologous polynucleotide or nucleic acid vector according to any one of statements 24 to 29.

31. A host cell according to statement 30 which is a plant cell or a bacterial cell.

32. A host cell according to statment 30 or statement 31 comprised in a plant, a plant part or a plant propagule, or an extract or derivative of a plant or in a plant cell culture.

33. A method of producing a cell according to any one of statements 30 to 32, the method including incorporating said polynucleotide or nucleic acid vector into the cell by means of transformation.

34. A method according to statement 33 which includes regenerating a plant from a cell according to any one of statements 30 to 32 from one or more transformed cells.

35. A plant comprising a plant cell according to any one of statements 30 to 32.

36. A plant comprising a plant cell according to statement 35 that is selected from the group consisting of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and other Nicotiana species, such as Nicotiana benthamiana, carrot, vegetable and oilseed Brassica's, melons, Capsicums, grape vines, lettuce, strawberry, sugar beet, wheat, barley, (corn) maize, rice, soybean, peas, sorghum, sunflower, tomato, cotton, and potato.

37. A plant comprising a plant cell according to statement 35 or statement 36 that is selected from the group consisting of cotton, rice, oilseed Brassica species such as canola, corn (maize) and soybean .

38. A method of producing a plant, the method including incorporating a polynucleotide sequence or nucleic acid vector according to any one of statements 24 to 29 into a plant cell and regenerating a plant from said cell .

39. Use of a polynucleotide sequence according to any one of statements 24 to 26 in the production of a transgenic plant.

40. Use of a polynucleotide sequence according to any one of statements 24 to 26 in the production of a polypeptide or protein in a plant.

All definitions for component parts of statements 1 to 40 of Variant 2 are found either in the accompanying description or in statements 1 to 40. The Experimental section provides technical descriptions of work performed relating to Variant 2.