[0001] This application claims priority to UK patent application GB1804293.7, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates to a method of treating a subject using pulsed electromagnetic fields, and a method of configuring or reconfiguring a mobile telecommunications device to emit pulsed electromagnetic fields that have been personalised.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Pulsed electromagnetic fields“PEMF” therapy is established in the treatment of a wide spectrum of maladies, disease and conditions. Some devices that deliver PEMF operate in the radio frequency range and these have been proven to benefit a range of conditions.

[0004] Every living cell exports positive ions such as sodium and potassium to create an excess of positive charge on the outside of a cell. Therefore, a potential difference across the cell membrane (transmembrane PD) exists. Typically, this potential difference is about 40mV to say 90 mV, depending on cell type. Like all charged surfaces cell membranes will respond to a modulating EM field by small movements. This enlivens surface receptors and signalling systems that stimulate a cell to function more actively. The signalling systems in the membrane are provoked into stimulating cell activity by the movement. In the case of fibroblasts, for example, the function of this activity is the production of collagen. It is important however that the membrane is allowed to return to its resting position and therefore the EM fields are pulsed. Pulsed Radio Wave Therapy devices are currently available as stand-alone dedicated devices which have a range of settings to provide the optimum pulse radio frequency signal, and come at range of high costs, generally from $350 to $6,000. These devices commonly use electrode-like coils that are used in contact with the body to deliver the PEMF.

[0005] Such devices commonly utilise dedicated remote controls or include the software and controls, screens etc. on board the device, increasing cost and reducing flexibility and the potential to upgrade programmes. Such devices are sold at a high price as after a sale, manufacturers are limited to an income stream supplying low-cost, generalisable electrodes, gels, test strips, etc. This raises the barrier to purchase and provides a lumpy income stream for manufacturers. [0006] Different people and different animals have cells and organs that function differently to other members of their species. For example, the cells and organs of one person may function differently to the corresponding cells and organs of the next person. There is, therefore, a natural variation of biological or physiological behaviour (e.g. in the function of cells and organs) across a species. This variation leads to a natural distribution which can be characterised by an average (or standard) for the species. This average or standard, when used to design treatments for an individual, does not account for natural variations from the average. This is currently the case for pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatments. The treatments delivered are therefore sub-optimal.

[0007] PEMF treatments are reported in the literature for a wide range of conditions. For example, the following studies demonstrate the use of PEMF for the treatment of high blood pressure.

Ref #1 Dolgikh et al. (2005) Essential hypertension EMF versus control: decreased arterial blood pressure, normalization of blood glucose levels, and arrested development of disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Ref #2 Dolgikh, V. V., Bimbaev, A. B., Bairova, T. A., & Duibanova, N. V. (2005). Impulse low-intensity electromagnetic field in the treatment of adolescents with essential arterial hypertension. Voprosy Kurortologii, Fizioterapii, i FechebnoF Fizicheskoi Kultury, 6, 13-15. Effectiveness of different regimes of a course exposure to impulse low-intensity electromagnetic field (Infita unit) was studied in 69 adolescents with essential hypertension. A ten-day course of single 9 min procedures with 30 Hz field produced better antihypertensive effects than the regime used in the adults. This treatment provided improvement in bioelectric activity of the brain, mental state, central hemodynamics.

Ref #3 Janos Rikk, Kevin J. Finn, Imre Liziczai,Zsolt Radak,Zoltan Bori & Ferenc Ihasz. Influence of pulsing electromagnetic field therapy on resting blood pressure in aging adults. Pages 165-172. Published online: 15 May 2013

Ref #4 Orlov et al. (1986) Hypertension“Running” impulse magnetic field versus control: correction of arterial blood pressure.

Ref #5 Kniazeva, T. A., Otto, M. P., Markarov, G. S., Donova, O. M., & Markarova, I. S. (1994). The efficacy of low-intensity exposures in hypertension. Voprosy Kurortologii, Fizioterapii, i Fechebnoi Fizicheskoi Kultury, 1, 8-10.

[0008] The following studies show the use of PEMF for the treatment of headaches or migraines. Ref #6 Vincent. W., Andrasik, F., Sherman, R., (2007) Headache Treatment with Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields: A Literature Review. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback (2007) 32:191-207. Vincent et al. (2007) reviewed the available studies investigating PEMF for headache management and found that Pulsing electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy may be a viable form of complementary and alternative medicine. Clinical applications include the treatment of fractures, wounds, and heart disease. More recent applications involve treatment of recurrent headache disorders. Possible mechanisms for effects (neurochemical, electrophysical, and cardiovascular) are discussed.

Ref #7 Lappin, M. S. (2004). Non-invasive pulsed electromagnetic therapy for migraine and multiple sclerosis. In P. J. Rosch & M. Markov (Eds.), Bioelectromagnetic medicine. New York: Marcel Dekker Publishing. Lappin (2004) reviewed the literature and described possible neurochemical and electrophysiological mechanisms that may underlie the effects of PEMFs on headache. She noted that animal and human studies suggest that weak electromagnetic fields (EMFs; 0.5-2 mT) at 60-Hz may act on neurotransmitters implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine, such as endorphins, melatonin, cortisol (i.e., abnormal regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis), and serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. PEMFs may act on neurotransmitters in a manner similar to proposed explanations for why transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) reduces symptoms of depression (decreasing cortical excitability and metabolism in some patients, while having the opposite in others, depending upon the frequency used; Gershon et al. 2003). Migraineurs may be four times more likely than non-migraineurs to suffer from depression, indicating high comorbidity (Merikangas and Rasmussen 2000). Lappin cited that migraine and depression might share a minimum of one underlying neurotransmitter or regulatory dysfunction of the central nervous system, making the two disorders amenable to the same treatments.

Ref #8 Pelka, R. B., Jaenicke, C, & Gruenwald, J. (2001). Impulse magnetic field therapy for migraine and other headaches: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Advances in Therapy, 18, 101-109

Ref #9 Sandyk, R. (1992). The influence of the pineal gland on migraine and cluster headaches and effects of treatment with picoTesla, magnetic fields. The International Journal ofNeuroscience, 67, 145-171. Ref #10 Sherman, R. A., Robson, L, & Marden, L. A. (1998). Initial exploration of pulsing electromagnetic fields for treatment of migraine. Headache, 38, 208-213.

Ref #11 Young, S., & Davey, R. (1993). Pilot study concerning the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic energy on migraine. International Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, October.

Ref #12 Grunner, O. (1985). Cerebral use of a pulsating magnetic field in neuropsychiatry patients with long-term headache. EEG EMG Zeitschrift feir Elektroenzephalographie, Elektromyographie and verwandte Gebiete, 16, 227-230. Grunner (1985) published the results of an uncontrolled study with 27 female and 13 male neuropsychiatric patients, all experiencing long-term headaches. An ovular apparatus emitting the fields was fit snuggly around the participants’ head, framing the face. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 57. The pulsed fields had the following waveform characteristics: 260 Hz and 1.9 mT. In contrast to other available articles, the author further reported on the gradient (0.5 mT/cm) and duration (t = 2 m8) of the waveform used. Participants received random sequences of active versus placebo treatment in this within-subjects study. Participants provided subjective reports on their symptoms, which were compared with EEG readings taken from them. Grunner stated that participants endorsed relief of subjectively reported headache symptoms, which corresponded with EEG readings. In particular, EEG readings corresponded with symptoms of patients who had cerebral arteriosclerosis, states associated with cerebral concussion, depression, and tension headache.

[0009] Ref #1 - Ref #12 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0010] The present disclosure is directed to providing a mobile telecommunications device, computer software for controlling a mobile telecommunications device and/or method for delivering an improved PEMF treatment regime.

SUMMARY

[0011] This Summary is provided to introduce a brief selection of disclosed concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description including the drawings provided. This Summary is not intended to limit the claimed subject matter's scope.

[0012] Aspects of disclosed embodiments are defined in the appended claims. The Inventors have identified that a smartphone or tablet, for example, with mobile telecommunications capability may be utilised, or its function reconfigured, generally by software alone or by some added hardware, to deliver PEMF, both contact or non-contact, at therapeutic levels. The use of a smartphone, for example, for therapy is believed to be counterintuitive because the use of mobile phones is generally considered to be harmful, e.g., linked to local oedema, haematoma and even brain cancer. This is due to the continuous wave nature of a radio frequency signal for telecommunications. In contrast, the present disclosure relates to the use of pulsed radio waves for patient therapy.

[0013] This disclosure provides:

a method of treating a subject with PEMF including measurement of key parameters of a subject, a comparison of the measurements with the corresponding average parameter values for the average or standard person, and adjustment of the protocol/algorithm(s) so that it (they) works better for the subject than a standard protocol/algorithm(s).

a mobile telecommunications device configured to deliver an improved PEMF treatment to a subject;

an app or computer software for controlling a mobile telecommunications device to deliver an improved PEMF treatment to a subject.

[0014] The inventors have recognised that a mobile device, such as a portable mobile communications device or cellular device or tablet, may be configured or reconfigured to provide functionality which is otherwise only provided by dedicated devices. In particular, the inventors have recognised that telecommunications antenna of mobile telecommunications devices may be driven for use in a method of treatment of the human body or animal, rather than just for telecommunications.

[0015] Disclosed embodiments include a method of treating an individual including providing a mobile telecommunications device including a processor, a transceiver coupled to the processor including a transmitter for generating pulsed electrical signals adapted to be coupled to an antenna, at least one memory device accessible by the processor. The mobile telecommunications device is positioned proximate to the subject. Pulsed electrical signals are generated to cause the transmitter to drive the antenna, and the antenna in response to the pulsed electrical signals emits a PEMF that reaches the subject to provide treatment.

[0016] As previously mentioned, there is a problem with existing PEMF devices and methods in that differences between individuals are not accounted for, leading to sub-optimal PEMF treatment regimes.

[0017] There is therefore provided a method including use of physiological data from an individual to determine the emission pattern of a PEMF so that the pattern is personalised to the physiological needs of the individual. The PEMF emission pattern may have a parameter which is calculated based on the physiological data from the individual to cause the physiological state of the individual to be altered or maintained beneficially. The physiological state of the individual can be moved to or towards (or maintained at) an ideal state more effectively than if the physiological data from the individual is not used to determine the PEMF emission pattern. The method may include calculating the PEMF emission pattern based on both idealised data and the physiological data from the individual to produce the PEMF in an intermediate target pattern. The method may also include a feedback loop for continually updating the PEMF emission pattern based on up-to-date physiological data from the individual so as to gradually or incrementally alter the physiological state of the individual.

[0018] The method may also include use of two or more series of physiological data obtained from one or more subjects for an improved algorithm for generation of the PEMF emission pattern or protocol. Aggregate data may be described as data collected from a plurality of subjects via their mobile telecommunications devices. Aggregate data may be determined based on physiological data obtained from individual mobile telecommunications device subjects before and after the administering of PEMF using the mobile telecommunications device. An algorithm for determining the PEMF emission pattern based on physiological data obtained from the subject may be modified based on the aggregate data in order to improve the efficacy of the PEMF emitted for the individual user.

[0019] The aggregate data may also include data relating to a characteristic of the subject, such as height, weight, age, gender, ethnicity and/or medical history. The data relating to a characteristic of a subject may be compared to or combined with the physiological data obtained from the subject before and after the administering of a PEMF protocol using the mobile telecommunications device. The comparison or combination may be used to assess or record the efficacy of the PEMF protocol according to the characteristic of the subject. Multiple such assessments or recordals may be used to determine an improved algorithm for generating more effective PEMF protocols for other subjects having the same or a similar characteristic.

[0020] The state of the subject may be characterised by a parameter related to a rhythm or cyclical pattern produced by the physiology of the subject. For example, a rhythm may be produced by the cells, organs or tissue of the subject. Alternatively, or in addition, the state of the subject may be characterised by a parameter related to a rhythm or cyclical pattern produced by the behaviour or movement of the subject. Alternatively, or in addition, the state of the subject may be characterised by a parameter related to a rhythm or cyclical pattern produced by activity in the subject, for example the brain activity in the subject.

[0021] Standard or average states exist for different groups in different situations. That is standard or average states exist for a given species or subset within a species when given internal and/or external circumstances prevail. For example, there exists a standard or average state for a person lying down in a quiet room before sleep. There may exist a different standard or average state if the person is male compared with if the person is female. There may exist a still different standard or average state if the room is loud and the person is sitting up. The standard or average state is calculated based on the distribution of differences in state among individuals of a group in any given set of circumstances. That is, the states of two or more individuals in a given set of circumstances are combined or compared to calculate the standard or average state for the group to which the two or more individuals belong in that situation. The individuals’ states can be looked up from a pre-existing database or can be measured directly before they are combined or compared to create the standard or average states.

[0022] When used to design a treatment program, the standard or average state is essentially an estimate of the state of the subject. An estimate of the state of the subject may not accurately represent the actual state of the subject. In this case, the values selected for the one or more PEMF parameters are based on erroneous or inaccurate data and the PEMF treatment delivered to the subject may not produce the desired effect in the subject or may produce the desired effect to a lesser degree.

[0023] To address the problem, there is provided a mobile device and/or method configured to provide an improved PEMF treatment regime.

[0024] More particularly, there is provided a mobile device configured to determine (e.g. generate or produce) an algorithm for controlling an antenna of the mobile device to emit (i.e. generate) a pulsed electromagnetic field for delivery to a subject. The algorithm is based on physiological data obtained from a subject.

[0025] There is therefore provided a method comprising: (i) providing a mobile telecommunications device including a processor, and a transmitter for generating electrical signals adapted to be coupled to an antenna; (ii) determining via the processor a first algorithm for controlling a time dependent property of a first electrical signal to be generated by the transmitter based on first physiological data obtained from the subject; and (iii) generating the first electrical signal to cause the transmitter to drive the antenna, wherein the antenna in response to the first electrical signal emits a first pulsed electromagnetic field “PEMF”.

[0026] As illustrated in Figure 2, obtained subject data 201 is used to determine an algorithm at step S203. Determining the algorithm may take place in the processor or in a proxy device or service such as a computing cloud. As interactions between a mobile device and such other device or services are governed by the processor, it may therefore be understood that the algorithm is determined via the processor in the sense that the processor is the means by which the algorithm is obtained. In step S205, the antenna emits the first PEMF according to the algorithm. Not shown in Figure 2 is the interim step of providing electrical signals to the antenna from the transmitter. The processor generates commands in accordance with the algorithm to control the transmitter to provide the electrical signals to the antenna. The PEMF is emitted according to the electrical signals (i.e. according to the algorithm).

[0027] It may be understood that the standard or average data when used alone is a blunt tool for determining an effective algorithm and the resultant PEMF treatment is likely to have a sub-optimal effect on the physiology of the individual. This is because a PEMF having a time dependent parameter (for example pulse frequency) very far removed from a corresponding parameter (for example brain wave frequency) in the subject is less effective at altering (i.e. entraining) the corresponding parameter in the subject than a PEMF having a time dependent parameter which is closer in value to the corresponding parameter in the subject.

[0028] Advantageously, the algorithm is based on physiological data obtained from the subject. That is, data representing the physiology of the subject is used in the algorithm. This has the effect of producing an algorithm for treatment which is better suited to the treatment requirements of the subject than a standard algorithm. This solves the problem of how to provide an algorithm for producing a pulsed electromagnetic field which provides an enhanced effect on the physiology of the individual subject compared with conventional PEMF treatments.

[0029] The first physiological data obtained from the subject may be obtained using a separate device from the mobile device and input by a user to the mobile device for use in the algorithm. Alternatively, or in addition, the first physiological data may have been obtained and then stored in the device and retrieved from a memory module of the mobile device for use in the algorithm. Advantageously, the method may include a further step of obtaining the first physiological data from the subject using the mobile device before the step of determining the first algorithm. This has the effect of rendering the mobile device self- sufficient for the delivery of the PEMF treatment according to the algorithm. This solves the problem of how to provide a mobile device which can be used for PEMF treatment according to the algorithm without the need for other devices or connections.

[0030] Output from the subject (i.e. first physiological data and/or second physiological data) may be captured (i.e. obtained) by monitoring the physiology of the subject (e.g. monitoring the aforementioned rhythms or patterns). Monitoring may be carried out by an individual via observation or automatically via a monitor. The monitor may be a sensor configured to capture indications of the rhythms or cyclical patterns. For example, an accelerometer, microphone or camera of the mobile device may record the movement patterns of the subject; electrical sensors may record the subject’s brain waves; and/or optical means (e.g. a light sensor) may record the subject’s pulse.

[0031] Therefore, obtaining the first physiological data may comprise monitoring the subject using a sensor connected to the processor. Advantageously, this provides an automatic PEMF treatment system which requires minimal input from the user. Further advantageously, this allows physiological data to be obtained which the individual themselves would otherwise be oblivious to.

[0032] Alternatively, or in addition, obtaining the first physiological data comprises recording information entered into the processor via a user interface of the mobile device. Advantageously, this allows physiological data which is difficult to measure using sensors (e.g. mood changes) to be obtained and used in the algorithm. An example may be that the subject is presented with a series of options representing certain physiological states (e.g. tired, stressed, alert, drowsy etc.) on a screen or user interface of the mobile telecommunications device. The subject then chooses an option which they consider matches their own physiological state and the determined algorithm is based on data representing the option selected. Alternatively, or in addition, a questionnaire generated or stored on (or accessed by) the mobile telecommunications device may be presented to the subject on the user interface or screen of the mobile telecommunications device. In this case, data is entered into the mobile telecommunications device by the subject via the user interface in the form of answers to the questions. The answers to the questionnaire may be entered into a mini algorithm for determining via the processor the (e.g. first) physiological state of the subject.

[0033] Advantageously, if the PEMF is emitted using a certain frequency it can cause patterns in the physiology of the subject to be altered if frequencies of the patterns are different from each other. This is known as entrainment. Therefore, in the methods described herein, the first physiological data may comprise a first pattern having a first frequency, and the first electrical signal comprises a second pattern having a second frequency different from the first frequency so that the first PEMF has a pulsing frequency equal to the second frequency. This solves the problem of how to cause the frequency associated with the physiology of the subject to be altered.

[0034] The first pattern and/or second pattern may be representative of a macroscale temporal pattern such as a sleep pattern including different stages of sleep or a microscale temporal pattern such as a brainwave pattern in the frequency range 1 to 60 Hz.

[0035] The inventors have recognised that the physiology of the subject is more likely to be altered when the frequency of the PEMF is in the range associated with frequencies of the human body. Therefore, the first frequency and/or the second frequency may be in the range 1 to 300 Hz.

[0036] Standard or average states may produce sub-optimal treatment results when used on their own to determine an algorithm for emitting PEMF. However, the inventors have recognised that determining an algorithm for emitting PEMF based on physiological data obtained from an individual subject and standard or average physiological data obtained from a group of individuals can improve the PEMF treatment.

[0037] That is, the inventors have recognised that the state of the subject is likely to differ to some extent from the standard or average state and therefore they may have different target metrics for a given parameter. That is, the PEMF parameter values generated or selected based on the standard or average state are likely to be sub-optimal for the treatment of the subject. The inventors have recognised that by, in response to an output from the subject, modifying at least one PEMF parameter from those generated or selected based on the standard or average state, the PEMF therapy delivered to the subject can be improved. This allows better synching with the subject’s own state (e.g. rhythm) so as to achieve a better therapeutic result for the subject than the standard/average protocol.

[0038] For example, the standard or average data for a healthy group of individuals (such as a group of individuals having regular healthy sleep cycles) can be used synergistically with the physiological data from an unhealthy individual (such as one having disrupted or irregular unhealthy sleep cycles). If the right healthy group is chosen (i.e. one which, for example, has attributes matching attributes of the individual) and the individual’s own physiological data is involved in determining the algorithm, the PEMF can be used to gently coerce the physiology of the individual to become more attuned to that of the healthy group in a way which is better suited to that individual. [0039] It may therefore be understood that the algorithm may be determined based on both the first physiological data and second data which is different from the first physiological data. Optionally, the algorithm may be determined based on a combination of the first physiological data and second data.

[0040] Optionally, the second data comprises a third pattern having a third frequency which is different from the first and second frequencies. Alternatively, the second data contains information regarding a third frequency which is different from the first and second frequencies. For example, the information regarding the third frequency may be a parameter in a formula relating to the third frequency. It may be understood that, alternatively or in addition, the second data may provide an input which would, absent the first physiological data, cause the first algorithm to control the first electrical signal to comprise said third frequency. Alternatively, or in addition, the second data comprises averaged physiological data generated by a population of N reference subjects, where N > 10 (or even where N > 1 or 2), or reference physiological data.

[0041] For example, disclosed embodiments include comparing the subject’s rhythms to the average or standard rhythms for all aspects of their personal sleep cycle (duration; sequence of different phases of sleep; duration of the different phases; best time to go to sleep; best time to get up); and/or circadian rhythm including blood pressure cycle and/or pulse rate including pulse rate cycle, and/or electro-magnetic pulse rates (e.g. frequency of brain waves) including how this varies throughout the day according to different functions e.g. highly active thinking; physically active; in the zone; resting; meditating; deeply rested; falling asleep; asleep; deep sleep; rapid eye movement sleep; non rapid eye movement sleep, waking and/or Female hormonal cycles including the Menstrual cycle and/or Male hormonal cycles including Testosterone production and/or the pattern of hair growth and hair follicle growth in humans.

[0042] As explained earlier, the standard or average data when used alone is a blunt tool for determining an effective algorithm and the resultant PEMF treatment is likely to have a sub- optimal effect on the physiology of the individual. This is because a PEMF having a parameter (for example pulse frequency) very far removed from a corresponding parameter (for example brain wave frequency) in the subject is less effective at altering the parameter in the subject than a PEMF having a parameter which is closer in value to the corresponding parameter in the subject. On the other hand, the physiological data of the individual (i.e. the subject) alone in some cases provides sub-optimal guidance in determining the most effective algorithm for producing a PEMF which is likely to change the physiology of the individual in the most advantageous way. In this way, the combination of standard or average data with physiological data obtained from the subject produces a synergistic effect. Advantageously, the use of standard or average states or data in this way results in a more effective PEMF treatment.

[0043] Standard or average states can be stored on a smart phone or other mobile device (e.g. in a database or memory) or can be obtained by accessing another device (e.g. a server or other device) or service (e.g. a computing cloud). The standard or average states may also be input by a user having knowledge of the standard or average states. The skilled person may have knowledge of standard or average states or may obtain them from a standard textbook or other reference source.

[0044] That is, the controller (e.g. processor) of the mobile device may have access to, for example, the standard or average human cycle for a given parameter (as this can be made available from a database accessible by the controller). The controller may also receive data from a sensor or other data input supplied by data transmission having been collected to describe the individual’s personal cycle. From this, the controller will be able to calculate a difference, variation or correlation between the standard or average data and the physiological data of the subject. If the individual’s data is materially different to the standard data, the standard protocol (e.g. PEMF parameters) will be adjusted to allow for this deviation/delta so as to produce an individualised protocol or algorithm. The individualised algorithm will be stored on the mobile device and then the user may choose between using the standard protocol or their own personalised protocol or alternatively the mobile device may transmit the standard protocol and the required delta so that the two transmissions combined produce a personalised protocol.

[0045] That is, the second data may be used to create a primary algorithm for controlling the transmitter to generate a primary electrical signal, and the first physiological data from the subject may be used to create a secondary algorithm for controlling the transmitter to generate a secondary electrical signal which interferes with the primary electrical signal to produce the desired PEMF output at the antenna. It may therefore be said that the combination of the first physiological data and second data may take place by a combination of the result of the primary and secondary algorithms outside of the processor. However, a further algorithm is inevitably required to synchronise the primary and secondary algorithms to cause the primary and secondary electrical signals to combine in the desired manner. Therefore, it may still be understood that an algorithm (said further algorithm) is determined via the processor based on the first physiological data and the second data. [0046] That is, the obtained output (i.e. physiological data) from the subject may be used to modify one or more PEMF parameters which have been predetermined based on the standard or average data. Any mathematical operation suitable for modifying a PEMF parameter based on physiological data may be used. For example, modifying a PEMF parameter can be carried out by applying a scale factor to the PEMF parameter based on an output from a subject, by adding or subtracting a value from the PEMF parameter based on an output from a subject, or by applying an algorithm to the PEMF parameter value based on one or more inputs (said inputs being based on at least one output from the subject).

[0047] In another embodiment the combination, relativity or correlation between two or more parameters (e.g. the standard or average data and the physiological data obtained from the subject) may be compared to adjust one or more of the protocols or the algorithm. The PEMF may be emitted according to the electrical signals (i.e. according to the algorithm) until a first reference time has elapsed or until a command is issued within or to the processor to cause a command to be sent to the transmitter to cease providing electrical signals or at least cease providing electrical signals according to the algorithm.

[0048] Advantageously, ceasing emission of the PEMF according to the algorithm after a first reference time has elapsed allows a PEMF treatment program to be curtailed without the subject needing to enter an input to the mobile device. This allows control of the PEMF treatment even though the subject may have become unable to enter an input into the mobile device during treatment, for example if the subject has fallen asleep.

[0049] The inventors have recognised that obtaining a further indication(s) concerning the physiology of the subject during the PEMF treatment can improve the effectiveness of the treatment. Therefore, in the methods described herein, it may be understood that the step of generating the first electrical signal is continued until a first reference time has elapsed, after which second physiological data is obtained from the subject.

[0050] Alternatively, a step of obtaining second physiological data from the subject is carried out while the first electrical signal is generated and the step of generating the first electrical signal is continued until a difference between the value of a parameter of the second physiological data and a target value is less than or equal to a reference value.

[0051] Alternatively, further physiological data is continuously or continually obtained from the subject while the first electrical signal is generated and the step of generating the first electrical signal is continued until a difference between the value of a parameter of the further physiological data and a target value is less than or equal to a reference value. [0052] The subject’s physiology may change between phases, for example in a physiological cycle such as in a sleep cycle. That is, the physiology indicative of one phase may change to be indicative of a different phase between one time period and the next. An example of this is the change from a phase of light sleep to a phase of deep sleep or REM (rapid eye movement) sleep during a sleep cycle. The inventors have recognised that a method of treating the subject which accounts for such changes produces a superior effect to a method which does not. Furthermore, the inventors have recognised that the method itself may be used to cause the state of the subject to be changed from a first phase to a second phase different from the first phase. Optionally, following that, the method may be used to cause the state of the subject to enter a third phase different from the second phase.

[0053] In the methods described herein, it may therefore be understood that if a difference between (e.g. a parameter of) the second physiological data and (e.g. a parameter of) the second data is greater than a reference value, the step of generating the first electrical signal is repeated. Alternatively, if a difference between the second physiological data and the second data is less than a reference value, the step of generating the first electrical signal is ceased, optionally ceased after a second reference time has elapsed.

[0054] Alternatively or in addition to the conditional method steps above, the method further comprises a step of determining a second algorithm for controlling a time dependent property of a second electrical signal for causing the transmitter to drive the antenna to emit a second PEMF having at least one parameter which is different from the first PEMF, optionally wherein the second electrical signal has a frequency which is different from that of the first electrical signal. This step is optionally carried out once the step of generating the first electrical signals has ceased. The inventors have recognised that by determining an algorithm to vary a time dependent parameter of the electrical signal generated by the transmitter gradually over time, incremental changes in the physiology of the subject can be achieved which result in a large aggregate change in the physiology. For example, determining an algorithm to vary the frequency of the electrical signal to incrementally or gradually increase (or decrease) over time will cause the frequency of the emitted PEMF to increase (or decrease) over time. The algorithm may be determined in this way by varying a frequency of the aforementioned third pattern associated with the second data on which the algorithm is based. It may therefore be understood that in the methods disclosed herein, the third pattern may further comprise a fourth frequency which is different from the third frequency and a fifth frequency which is different from the fourth frequency, wherein the third frequency, fourth frequency and fifth frequency may be arranged in the third pattern in order of ascending or descending magnitude with time. Alternatively, to achieve the same effect, second data comprises instructions for the second pattern to include a first series of frequencies arranged in order of ascending or descending magnitude with respect to time.

[0055] For example, in order to cause a subject to move from an awake state in which brain activity has a frequency 8-14 Hz into a state of sleep in which brain activity has a frequency of 1-4 Hz, the second data includes instructions for the second pattern to comprise frequencies which begin at 6 Hz and gradually or incrementally decrease over time to 2 Hz. Advantageously, this may cause the physiology of the subject to change more rapidly than in a comparative case in which the frequency of the PEMF does not change with respect to time.

[0056] The inventors have also recognised that by determining an algorithm to vary a time dependent parameter of the electrical signal generated by the transmitter randomly or in a fixed pattern around a fixed frequency, the subject can be maintained in a fixed physiological state (e.g. an alert and awake state or a meditative state). For example, determining an algorithm to vary the frequency of the electrical signal randomly or in a fixed pattern within a range above and/or below a fixed frequency over time will cause the frequency of the emitted PEMF to vary correspondingly.

[0057] It may therefore be understood that in the methods disclosed herein, the third frequency, fourth frequency and fifth frequency are arranged in the third pattern so that the frequency of the PEMF is varied randomly or in a fixed pattern with respect to time within a range above and/or below a fixed frequency.

[0058] Alternatively, to achieve the same effect, the second data comprises instructions for the second pattern include a second series of frequencies which are arranged in random order of magnitude with respect to time within a range above and/or below a fixed frequency. The magnitude of the range may be less than 50% of the fixed frequency, optionally less than 20% of the fixed frequency, further optionally less than 10% of the fixed frequency. Alternatively, or in addition, second data comprises instructions for the second pattern include a third series of frequencies, which frequencies are arranged to be alternately above and below a fixed frequency with respect to time. For example, a subject may be kept in an alert or awake or meditative physiological state by configuring the second data in any of the ways described above, wherein the fixed frequency is a frequency in the range 10-60 Hz.

[0059] There is provided a mobile telecommunications device having a processor configured to determine an algorithm(s) as herein described to provide instructions to a transmitter of the mobile telecommunications device to produce an electrical signal configured to drive an antenna to emit a PEMF according to any of the methods described herein. The mobile telecommunications device may also be configured to control components (e.g. the processor and/or sensors and/or user interface) of the to obtain or access subject data or first or second physiological data for use in any of the methods described herein. The mobile telecommunications device may also be configured to control components (e.g. the processor and/or the transceiver and/or a memory component) of the mobile telecommunications device to obtain, access, determine or provide the respective second data, target values, reference values and reference times for use in any of the methods described herein.

[0060] There is, the mobile telecommunications device is configured to: (i) determine via the processor a first algorithm for controlling a time dependent property of a first electrical signal to be generated by the transmitter based on first physiological data obtained from a subject; and (ii) generate the first electrical signal to cause the transmitter to drive the antenna, wherein the antenna in response to the first electrical signal emits a first pulsed electromagnetic field“PEMF. Optionally, the mobile telecommunications device (via a controller or processor therein) is further configured to control the respective components of the mobile telecommunications device to carry out any of the methods described herein in any of the described implementations and combinations.

[0061] There is also provided an app or computer software program for a mobile telecommunications device, the mobile telecommunications device including a processor, and a transmitter for generating electrical signals adapted to be coupled to an antenna, wherein the app or computer program is configured to control the processor of the mobile telecommunications device to determine any of the algorithm(s) as herein described to provide instructions to a transmitter of a mobile telecommunications device to produce an electrical signal configured to drive an antenna to emit a PEMF according to any of the methods described herein. The same computer program or app may also be configured to control components (e.g. the processor and/or sensors and/or user interface) of the mobile telecommunications device to obtain or access subject data or first or second physiological data for use in any of the methods described herein. The same computer program or app may also be configured to control components (e.g. the processor and/or the transceiver and/or a memory component) of the mobile telecommunications device to obtain, access, determine or provide the respective second data, target values, reference values and reference times for use in any of the methods described herein.

[0062] That is, the app or computer software program is configured to control the mobile telecommunications device to: (i) determine via the processor a first algorithm for controlling a time dependent property of a first electrical signal to be generated by the transmitter based on first physiological data obtained from a subject; and (ii) generate the first electrical signal to cause the transmitter to drive the antenna, wherein the antenna in response to the first electrical signal emits a first pulsed electromagnetic field“PEMF. Optionally, the computer program or app is further configured to control the mobile telecommunications device (by controlling via the processor the respective components of the mobile telecommunications device) to carry out any of the methods described herein in any of the described implementations and combinations.

[0063] The advantages of this invention are that each user will be able to receive a pulsed electromagnetic field based on an algorithm (or algorithms) that is/are synchronised to their own body rhythms and therefore will be easier to adjust to and more likely to produce an optimal result for the individual. An example of this might be that an individual has a sleep cycle with say 5 shorter deep sleep phases compared to a standard sleep cycle protocol with 3 long deep sleep phases, the personalised protocol would be adjusted to reinforce the 5 shorter deep sleep phases and not just transmit the standard protocol which that individual’s sleep cycle does not synchronise with.

[0064] Embodiments can be used for the following purposes.

a) Measuring aspects of sleep (e.g. using monitoring means such as means for monitoring movement, sound, blood pressure cycle, pulse rate cycle, electromagnetic brain wave emissions] to assess when they are in certain phases of the sleep cycle) to capture (e.g. assess and plot/characterise) their personal sleep cycle so as to adjust the pulsing of electro -magnetic fields to better fit their cycle and thereby improve the quality of their sleep or their ability to get to sleep or their ability to remain asleep. b) As in (a) (and/or measuring aspects of these metrics during the day) but to improve their blood pressure.

c) As in (a), (and/or measuring aspects of these metrics during the day) but to improve their glucose levels in the blood.

d) As in (a) (and/or measuring aspects of these metrics during the day) but to improve melatonin production.

e) As in (a) (and/or measuring aspects of these metrics during the day) but to improve stress and cortisol levels.

f) As in (a) regarding Menstrual cycle. g) As in (a) (and/or measuring aspects of these metrics during the day) but to improve their weight, in particular reduce it towards and or maintain an optimal weight.

h) As in (a) (and/or measuring aspects of these metrics during the day) but to improve their mood during the day, reduced irritability, increased happiness, less anxiety, less depression.

i) As in (h). but to improve their waking mental function, ability to concentrate, alertness, or lack of sleepiness.

j) As in (a) (and/or measuring aspects of these metrics during the day) but to regulate body temperature.

As in (a-j), but to improve a post-concussion protocol or post-traumatic stress protocol.

k) As in (a), but to increase or decrease testosterone or other hormone levels.

l) As in (a), but to improve hair growth or prevent reduction in hair growth rates. m) As in (a), but to reduce or reverse the rate of deterioration in telomere length. n) As in (a), but to alter the microbiome.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0065] Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0066] Figure 1 shows an example mobile telecommunications device for emitting PEMF for providing treatment to a subject;

[0067] Figures 2-6 show methods according to embodiments.

[0068] In the figures, like reference numerals refer to like parts.

DETAIFED DESCRIPTION

[0069] Example embodiments are described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to designate similar or equivalent elements. Illustrated ordering of acts or events should not be considered as limiting, as some acts or events may occur in different order and/or concurrently with other acts or events. Furthermore, some illustrated acts or events may not be required to implement a methodology in accordance with this disclosure. [0070] Also, the terms "coupled to" or "couples with" (and the like) as used herein without further qualification are intended to describe either an indirect or direct electrical connection. Thus, if a first device "couples" to a second device, that connection can be through a direct electrical connection where there are only parasitics in the pathway, or through an indirect electrical connection via intervening items including other devices and connections. For indirect coupling, the intervening item generally does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. The terms antenna and electrode are used interchangeably herein to refer to a direct or indirect transmitter of PEMF.

[0071] In overview, this disclosure relates to converting a personal radio device such as a smart phone into pulsed radio wave therapy devices. Disclosed embodiments include a mobile telecommunications device configured for use in a method of treating the human body, but it may be appreciated that this disclosure is equally applicable to the treatment of an animal body.

[0072] Figure 1 shows an example mobile telecommunications device 101 arranged to emit a PEMF. The mobile telecommunications device is shown comprising a processor 110 (shown as a microprocessor), a speaker 115 and a microphone 120 coupled by an analog to digital converter (ADC) 135 to the processor 110, at least one memory shown as flash memory l25a and SRAM l25b that are both accessible by the processor 110. A RF transceiver 130 is coupled to the processor 110 and includes a receiver, and a transmitter for generating pulsed electrical signals, both coupled to an antenna 144, where the transmitter is configured to emit (i.e. generate) a PEMF 103 for use in a method of treating an individual (e.g., the human body). The mobile telecommunications device 101 is also shown including a keypad 155, LED screen, and a subscriber identification module (SIM) card 165. The mobile telecommunications device is shown including a camera 149, an accelerometer 139 and a light meter 169. These components either on their own or in combination with each other are suitable for use as a monitor (or sensor) for capturing output from a subject as described above. The microphone 120 may also be used as a monitor in the same way. Other sensors (not shown) may be linked with the mobile telecommunications device to be used as a monitor in the same way. For example, a device comprising electrical sensors (e.g. electrodes) for attachment to the skin of the subject may be linked via a wired or wireless connection to the mobile telecommunications device.

[0073] A commercially available mobile telecommunications device (smartphone) can be modified to emit a PEMF. Such a commercially available mobile telecommunications device (smartphone) is configured to receive and emit carrier (sine) waves such as GSM, WI-FI, NFC and Bluetooth. These carrier waves are typically used to carry content such as sound or video data. It may be understood that these devices and other mobile devices such as tablets and laptops can make use of their internal antenna to emit the PEMF. The PEMF is therefore delivered using a carrier frequency which is different from standalone PEMF devices. The carrier frequency of the aforementioned mobile devices may have antenna configured to emit PEMF in the range 300 MHz to 6 GHz.

[0074] Software can be used to control existing hardware of the mobile telecommunications device in such a way that the carrier sine waves are pulsed (i.e. turned on and off) such that the periods of activity (ON periods) and inactivity (OFF periods) provide a cycle of activities that have been found to have a therapeutic effect.

[0075] This results in the transformation of high frequency non-pulsed waves, into targeted pulses of low frequency square waves, which the body perceive in line with a range of electrical frequencies commonly found in, or created by the systems of the subject, such as the human body.

[0076] Disclosed embodiments can use a smartphone to pulse the carrier wave at specified frequencies so as to produce waves at the specified frequencies. This creates a desired functional (or working) wave by using a higher frequency carrier wave. To do this the smartphone is programmed so as to turn the carrier wave on and off at the desired functional frequencies. A binary on/off modulation of the carrier wave will produce a square wave, whereas it is also possible to use other forms of digital or analogue amplitude modulation of the carrier wave to produce a different shaped wave (e.g. sine wave or sawtooth wave). For example, an 8-bit digital modulation can produce a stepped wave approximating a sine wave. In this way for example a smartphone that emits for example BFUETOOTH at a carrier frequency of 2.4 GHz can be used to produce functional waves at a pulse frequency of between lHz and 300Hz which are more useful to humans and other animals, particularly in the range of between 3Hz and lOOHz. As known in the art of communications the BFUETOOTH protocol is a standardized protocol for sending and receiving data currently via a 2.4GHz wireless link that utilizes a carrier frequency in a band from 2.4 GHz to 2.483 GHz. Without this method a commercially available smartphone cannot produce functional waves (PEMF) at these low pulse frequencies. Furthermore, the modification can provide for the rapid change from one functional frequency to another many times during a duty cycle.

[0077] In some embodiments, the mobile telecommunications device is arranged for wireless telecommunication with other mobile telecommunications devices. In embodiments, the mobile telecommunications device is a mobile telephony device. However, it will be appreciated that the present disclosure extends to the modification of any mobile device, or any mobile telecommunications device.

[0078] In some embodiments, the PEMF is configured to interact with the human body. A method of treating a subject can comprise positioning the mobile telecommunications device proximate to the subject, beginning generating pulsed electrical signals to cause the transmitter to drive the antenna, and the antenna in response emits a pulsed electromagnetic field that reaches the subject. The subject as used herein can refer to a human being or an animal such as a dog or a cat. As used herein, the mobile telecommunications device being “proximate to the subject” generally refers to a distance less than 2 meters, generally less than a meter that can include direct physical contact. The PEMF can be at a carrier frequency between 300 MHz and 6 GHz, and, optionally emitted as a series of pulses at a pulse frequency 1 to 300 Hz, such as at 3 to 100 Hz.

[0079] In embodiments, the PEMF has at least one parameter selected to enhance the interaction of the PEMF with the human body. Such parameters include functional wave frequency, changes of functional wave frequency, pulse width (time), pulse rest width (time), duty cycle, and power (which is a function of the selected carrier frequency and the duty cycle). The power of the PEMF emitted by the mobile telecommunications device 101 is generally in the range of 0.25mW to 100 mW, and more usually in the range of 0.5mW to 5mW, and most commonly currently in the range 2mW to 3mW when emitting BLUETOOTH but may be between 0.5W and 2.5W (or most common currently between 1W and 2W) when emitting in the GSM frequency band. In embodiments, the carrier wave has a frequency in the GSM frequency band which is currently generally about 380 MHz to 1900 MHz.

[0080] In embodiments, the carrier wave has a frequency of 300 to 3000 MHz (3 GHz), optionally, 2300-2500 MHz, further optionally, 2400-2483.5 MHz which corresponds to the current BLUETOOTH protocol standard.

[0081] In embodiments, the PEMF is emitted in 5- tol5-minute bursts separated by rest periods of 1-10 minutes, optionally 9- to 11 -minute bursts separated by rest periods of 4 to 6 minutes. In other embodiments, the PEMF is emitted in 1 to 120 second bursts separated by rest periods of 1 to 120 seconds. In other embodiments, the PEMF is emitted in 2- to 5- minute bursts separated by rest periods of 1 to 300 seconds. In embodiments, the PEMF is emitted in pulses at a pulse frequency of 1 to 300 Hz, optionally 1 to 40 Hz, further optionally 3 to 13 Hz, further optionally, 1 to 20 Hz. In embodiments, the pulse bursts are emitted for a total time duration of 0.1 to 12 hours, such as 0.5-4 hours, 1.5-2.5 hours, or 3 to 9 hours. [0082] In embodiments the mobile telecommunications device is arranged to vary the pulse frequency of the PEMF during treatment. It may be understood that the PEMF is emitted at a first pulse frequency for a first time period, followed by a second pulse frequency for a second time period, wherein the first pulse frequency is different from the second pulse frequency. In embodiments the first pulse frequency is lower than the second pulse frequency. In other embodiments, the first pulse frequency is higher than the second pulse frequency.

[0083] In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the antenna 144 is an internal antenna of the mobile telecommunications device 101. In embodiments, the antenna is a radio-frequency mobile telecommunications antenna of the mobile telecommunications device. In embodiments the antenna is a BFUETOOTH™ antenna. In embodiments the antenna is a Wi-Fi antenna. In embodiments the antenna is a near field communications (NFC) antenna which is known in the art to comprise a ferrite antenna including a primary antenna coil wound on a ferrite core of the ferrite antenna, and a loop coil provided on a side of the ferrite antenna in a position where the loop coil is interlinked with magnetic flux generated by the ferrite antenna.

[0084] It may be understood that, in embodiments, the antenna is an external antenna wired to an input-output port of the mobile telecommunications device the external antenna may be wirelessly-coupled to the mobile telecommunications device. In embodiments, the external antenna is wirelessly-coupled to the mobile telecommunications device by BFUETOOTH, WIFI or NFC. In embodiments, the external antenna further comprises an intermediary controller or an intermediary power source.

[0085] In embodiments, a peripheral device arranged to receive the human body houses the external antenna. In embodiments, the peripheral device is a device arranged to be laid on, a device arranged to wrap around the head or a device arranged to be placed under a pillow. In embodiments, the peripheral device is a wearable device such as a watch.

[0086] An embodiment is shown in Figure 2. As illustrated in Figure 2, obtained subject data 201 is used in the determining of an algorithm at step S203. Determining the algorithm may take place in the processor or in a proxy device or service such as a computing cloud. As interactions between a mobile device and such other device or services are governed by the processor, it may therefore be understood that the algorithm is determined via the processor in the sense that the processor is the means by which the algorithm is obtained. In step S205, the antenna emits the first PEMF according to the algorithm. Not shown in Figure 2 is the interim step of providing electrical signals to the antenna from the transmitter. The processor generates commands in accordance with the algorithm to control the transmitter to provide the electrical signals to the antenna. The PEMF is emitted according to the electrical signals (i.e. according to the algorithm). The emitting of the PEMF then ends by any of the aforementioned means.

[0087] A method is shown in Figure 3. The method shown in Figure 3 is identical to that described in relation to Figure 2 but for the following modifications.

[0088] The method in Figure 3 can be modified from the method in Figure 2 in all the ways described above.

[0089] In addition, Figure 3 shows that the step of determining the algorithm S203 comprises determining the algorithm based on obtained physiological data 201 from the subject and second data 204. Although in the Figure this is shown as standard/ average data 204, it may be understood that the second data 204 can take any form. That is, the second data 204 can be based on the average of physiological data from more than one subject or can be based on artificial or contrived data designed or selected by a programmer, medical practitioner, therapist or even the subject themselves. The second data can comprise any of the following: an expression, a formula, a formula comprising a time dependent parameter, a data array, a matrix or matrix array, a 2D or 3D plot or any data suitable for providing an input to the algorithm so as to affect a time dependent property of the electrical signal generated by the transmitter.

[0090] In a variation of the method shown in Figure 3, the second data comprises an input or instructions to the step of determining the first algorithm, which would, absent the first physiological data from the algorithm, cause the algorithm to control a time dependent property of first electrical signal to conform to an idealised pattern. The influence of the first physiological data in the algorithm (when the second data is also input to the algorithm) is to tune the first electrical signal to conform to an altered pattern which is different from the idealised pattern. The altered pattern may be an intermediate pattern between the first physiological data and the idealised pattern. That is, a difference between a parameter of the altered pattern and a corresponding parameter of the first pattern may be less than a difference between the same parameter of the idealised pattern and the corresponding parameter of the first pattern.

[0091] By way of example, the first physiological data may represent the subject’s state of being awake as indicated by a brainwave pattern represented in the first physiological data. The subject’s brainwave pattern may comprise a first frequency of, for example, 8 Hz and the aim of the PEMF treatment may be to increase that frequency to 20 Hz. In this case the idealised pattern may comprise a second frequency of, for example, 20 Hz. However, the altered pattern taking into account the first frequency comprises a lower frequency than the second frequency, for example a frequency of 16 Hz. The effect of this is that the physiology of the subject will respond more readily to the altered pattern than the idealised pattern.

[0092] In the method shown in Figure 3, emitting of the first PEMF S205 according to the algorithm is continued until a first reference time has elapsed. Alternatively, emitting of the first PEMF S205 according to the algorithm is continued until an input to the processor (e.g. via a user interface of the mobile device) causes the first PEMF to cease.

[0093] Further methods are shown in Figures 4 and 5. The methods shown in Figures 4 and 5 are identical to the methods described in relation to Figure 3 but for the following modifications.

[0094] The methods shown in Figures 4 and 5 can be modified from the method illustrated in Figure 3 in all of the ways described above.

[0095] In addition, after the step of emitting first PEMF S205 (optionally for a first reference time), the method of Figure 4 includes a step of obtaining subject data S207. That is, a step of obtaining second physiological data from the subject. Obtaining second physiological data may be carried out in any of the aforementioned ways described for capturing output (or first physiological data) from the subject. It may be understood that the second physiological data is representative of the physiological state of the subject after or during the step of emitting first PEMF S205.

[0096] Once the step of obtaining subject data S207 has been carried out, the second physiological data may be compared to target data. If a difference between the second physiological data and the target data is less than or equal to a reference value (or simply less than a reference value) the step of emitting first PEMF S205 may be ceased or, as illustrated in Figure 5, a step of continuing emission of the first PEMF S209 is carried out until a second reference time has elapsed or until a command is issued to the processor to cease emission of the first PEMF.

[0097] The target data may be set by the first algorithm. The target data may represent idealised data indicative of a desired physiological state of the subject. For example, the target data may be a target frequency value indicative of a certain idealised state and the second physiological data may include a frequency indicative of the physiological state of the subject. Alternatively, the target data may represent an incremental step in the direction of idealised data relative to the first physiological data. For example, the target data may comprise an intermediate frequency value between a frequency of the first physiological data and a frequency indicative of an idealised state. Optionally, the target data has a frequency which is related to or equal to the frequency of the first electrical signals.

[0098] By way of example only, the target data may include a frequency of 2 Hz, which is indicative of a certain phase of sleep. If the obtained second physiological data comprises a frequency of 4 Hz and the reference value is set at 1 Hz, the step of emitting first PEMF S205 is continued (or begins again). However, if the obtained second physiological data comprises a frequency of 2.9 Hz, the step of emitting first PEMF S205 is ceased (or optionally continued in step S209 only until a second reference time has elapsed). This occurs because the difference between the frequency in the second physiological data and the frequency in the target data is 0.9 Hz, which is less than the reference frequency value of 1 Hz.

[0099] A further method is shown in Figure 6. The method shown in Figure 6 is identical to that described in relation to Figure 5 but for the following modifications.

[00100] The method in Figure 6 can be modified from the method in Figure 5 in all of the ways described above.

[00101] In addition, Figure 6 shows a step of determining a new PEMF algorithm based on new target data S211. That is, a step of determining a second algorithm for controlling a time dependent property of a second electrical signal for causing the transmitter to drive the antenna to emit a second PEMF having at least one parameter which is different from the first PEMF. Optionally the second electrical signal has a frequency which is different from that of the first electrical signal (i.e. the second PEMF has a frequency which is different from that of the first PEMF).

[00102] The new target data may be generated from or may include a portion of the second data. Alternatively, new target data may be set by the second algorithm. The new target data may represent idealised data indicative of a desired physiological state of the subject. For example, the new target data may be a target frequency value indicative of a certain idealised state. Alternatively, the new target data may represent an incremental step in the direction of idealised data relative to the second physiological data. For example, the new target data may comprise an intermediate frequency value between a frequency of the second physiological data and a frequency indicative of an idealised state.

[00103] Figure 6 shows a step of emitting PEMF according to the new algorithm S213. That is, a step of generating the second electrical signal to cause the transmitter to drive the antenna, wherein the antenna in response to the second electrical signal emits a second pulsed electromagnetic field“PEMF”. The step of emitting PEMF according to the new algorithm S213 may be carried out after the step of determining a new PEMF algorithm based on new target data S211.

[00104] In the method shown in Figure 6, the step of emitting PEMF according to the new algorithm S213 is carried out until a third reference time elapses. Alternatively, the step of emitting PEMF according to the new algorithm S213 is continued until an input to the processor (e.g. via a user interface of the mobile device) causes the second PEMF to cease.

[00105] Although not shown in Figure 6, after or during the step of emitting the second PEMF S213 (optionally for the third reference time), the method of Figure 6 may further include a step of obtaining subject data in the same manner as in step S207. That is, a step of obtaining third physiological data from the subject. Obtaining third physiological data may be carried out in any of the aforementioned ways for capturing output (or first physiological data) from the subject. It may be understood that the third physiological data is representative of the physiological state of the subject after or during the step of emitting second PEMF S213.

[00106] Once the step of obtaining subject data has been carried out, the third physiological data may be compared to target data in the same way as described above for the second physiological data. If a difference between the third physiological data and the target data is less than or equal to a reference value (or simply less than a reference value) the step of emitting second PEMF S213 may be ceased or a step of continuing emission of the second PEMF S209 is carried out until a fourth reference time has elapsed or until a command is issued to the processor to cease emission of the second PEMF.

[00107] It may therefore be understood that, by repeating the following steps A-D n times (where n > 1 or n > 2) a markedly more versatile method may be provided:

A. obtaining physiological data from a subject,

B. determining if a difference between the physiological data and target data is less than or equal to a reference value and

C. determining via the processor an algorithm for controlling a time dependent property of an electrical signal to be generated by the transmitter based on the physiological data obtained from the subject; and

D. generating the electrical signal to cause the transmitter to drive the antenna, wherein the antenna in response to the electrical signal emits a pulsed electromagnetic field“PEMF.

[00108] In each repetition of the steps A-D above, a new algorithm in step C may be determined based on new physiological data obtained from the subject in step A. [00109] Advantageously, the subject may be guided through a series of different physiological states by the method.

[00110] Alternatively, in each repetition of the steps A-D above, a new algorithm in step C may be determined based on new physiological data obtained from the subject and other data, such as the aforementioned second data (having any of its aforementioned attributes). This is highly beneficial for guiding the subject using PEMF through multi-stage physiological states.

[00111] In each successive repetition, a new electrical signal can be generated which is different form the last. That is, each emitted PEMF may be different from that in the previous repetition. This may be achieved by changing the second data used in determining each successive algorithm or may happen as a result of the changing physiological data obtained from the subject or both. For example, each PEMF may have a different frequency from that in the preceding repetition.

[00112] An overarching protocol or algorithm may be determined to control the second data used in determining each successive new algorithm in each successive repetition. For example, the overarching protocol or algorithm may be operable to select a series of different second data such that in each repetition the electrical signal (and hence the emitted PEMF) has a different time dependent parameter (e.g. frequency) than that in the preceding repetition.

[00113] The overarching protocol or algorithm may be determined such that the subject is guided through a series of physiological states by a series of successive PEMF frequencies. The series of frequencies can be arranged in order of ascending or descending magnitude with respect to time or can be varied in any other desired pattern. For example, the PEMF frequencies can be varied randomly or alternately above and below a fixed frequency with respect to time or in a fixed pattern over time within a range above and/or below a fixed frequency or arranged in random order of magnitude with respect to time within a range above and/or below a fixed frequency. The magnitude of said range may be less than 50% of the fixed frequency, optionally less than 20% of the fixed frequency, further optionally less than 10% of the fixed frequency.

[00114] By way of example only, the overarching protocol or algorithm can be used to guide the subject through a sleep cycle pattern as follows. A sleep cycle can include stages of light sleep, deep sleep, and REM sleep. The number and duration of these stages can vary from person to person in any one sleep cycle. In a first set of one or more repetitions of the steps A-D, the determined algorithm(s) may guide a person from an awake state into a state of light sleep. If the first set includes more than one repetition, a series of PEMF frequencies decreasing in magnitude can be used to guide the subject more effectively into the state of light sleep. In a second set of one or more repetitions of the steps A-D, the determined algorithm(s) may guide a person from a state of light sleep into a state of deep sleep. In a third set of one or more repetitions of the steps A-D, the determined algorithm(s) may guide a person from a state of deep sleep into a state of REM sleep. In a fourth set of one or more repetitions of the steps A-D, the determined algorithm(s) may guide a person from a state of REM sleep into a state of being awake. If the fourth set includes more than one repetition, a series of PEMF frequencies increasing in magnitude can be used to guide the subject more effectively into the state of being awake.

[00115] The method may also include the use of the feedback loop for recording of the physiological effect of various PEMF emission patterns on multiple individuals. The recorded data may be used to determine algorithms for generating more effective PEMF emission patterns for individuals belonging to particular subsets of the population.

[00116] Initially, the first algorithm may be determined based on the physiological data obtained from the subject as well as built-in estimated standard or average data (e.g. for the subset of the population to which the subject belongs). Data identifying the subject as belonging to a certain subset of the population (e.g. height, weight, BMI, age, gender, ethnicity or medical history) may be also be obtained from the subject in addition to the physiological data. The data identifying the subject in this way may be described as subject data indicating a characteristic (e.g. height, weight, BMI, age, gender, ethnicity or medical history) of the subject. The built-in estimated standard or average data may have been obtained from studies (e.g. those in aforementioned Refs #1-12) carried out on the effects of PEMF in individuals having certain characteristics, for example a certain height, weight, BMI, age, gender, ethnicity or medical history. However, such standard of average data may not provide the best algorithm for treating the subject.

[00117] It is therefore envisaged that the algorithms for PEMF emission described herein may be improved (replaced or updated) by using more accurate standard or average data relating to the population in general or in particular to various subsets of the population. More accurate standard or average data may be obtained by recording physiological data obtained from the subject before and after a PEMF is emitted according to the first algorithm and comparing or combining the before and after differential with recorded data identifying the subject as belonging to certain subset(s) of the population. Multiple iterations of the comparison of these types of recorded data for multiple individual subjects allows data patterns and trends to be identified relating the efficacy of certain PEMF protocols to individual characteristics such as height, weight, BMI, age, gender, ethnicity or medical history.

[00118] It may therefore be understood that, in conjunction with methods disclosed herein, there is provided a method of obtaining a first data set from a plurality of subjects, each first data set comprising: first PEMF data indicating a parameter of the first PEMF; the first physiological data obtained from the subject before the emission of the first PEMF; and subsequent physiological data obtained from the subject after the emission of the first PEMF, and combining the first data sets to produce an aggregate data set, wherein the aggregate data set is used to determine a replacement algorithm for replacing the first algorithm.

[00119] Optionally, each first data set further comprises subject data indicating a characteristic of the subject, and the aggregate data set is used to determine a replacement algorithm for replacing the first algorithm for subjects having the characteristic. The characteristic may be (or be related to) one or more of height, weight, age, gender, ethnicity and medical history.

[00120] That is, it is possible to identify trends indicating that particular PEMF protocols are more effective in general and/or more effective for some subsets of the population than others. This information can then be used to determine new, more effective algorithms to replace or update the first algorithm, or any other algorithm for controlling the emission of PEMF, described herein.

[00121] That is, the first algorithm may be replaced by a replacement algorithm determined using the data recording and comparison methods described above. The replacement algorithm is configured to improve the treatment efficacy of PEMF protocols or regimes delivered to individual subjects.

[00122] The replacement algorithm may be determined by comparing or combining two or more series of physiological data obtained from one or more subjects via their mobile telecommunications devices. A series of physiological data may be also be described as simply a set of physiological data. Each series may include two sets of physiological data obtained from a subject: a first set (e.g. initial physiological data) obtained prior to emission of PEMF from a mobile telecommunications device according to a PEMF pattern or protocol determined by an algorithm described herein (e.g. the aforementioned first algorithm); and a second set (e.g. subsequent physiological data) following emission of PEMF from the mobile telecommunications device according to said PEMF pattern or protocol. Each series may include a measured, calculated or inherently apparent change in physiological data obtained from an individual subject. The change may be measured, calculated or inherently apparent by comparing or combining a first set of physiological data obtained prior to emission of PEMF according to a PEMF pattern or protocol described herein; and a second set of physiological data obtained following emission of PEMF according to said PEMF pattern or protocol. The comparing or combining may take the form of a subtraction, a ratio or any other mathematical operation indicating a change between the first set and second set.

[00123] The replacement algorithm may be determined based on a correlation between (i) a parameter of a PEMF protocol, and (ii) a change in physiological data between the first set and second set for one or more series, and, optionally, (iii) data identifying the respective subjects as belonging to a certain subset of the population (e.g. by height, weight, BMI, age, gender, ethnicity or medical history).

[00124] The PEMF pattern or protocol utilised in the obtaining of each series may be determined using a different algorithm for each series. In this case, each series may be obtained from two or more individual subjects. Each series may be obtained under the same conditions, such as time of the day, month, year or any other time cycle. The use of the same conditions and/or same individuals/underlying characteristics reduces the likelihood of factors other than the different algorithms affecting the two series. A difference between two series obtained in this way may be used to determine which algorithm of the different algorithms is most effective. The most effective algorithm determined in this way may replace an existing algorithm for PEMF emission.

[00125] The PEMF pattern or protocol utilised in the obtaining of each series may be determined using the same algorithm. In this case, each series may be obtained from different individual subjects, the different individual subjects having differing underlying characteristics. A difference between two series obtained in this way may be used to determine which of the different individual subjects (the best respondents) responded in the best way to the PEMF protocol determined by the algorithm. The replacement algorithm may then replace the first algorithm for PEMF emission for individuals having the same underlying characteristics as the best respondents.

[00126] In an example, a central processor is communicatively connected via a network to a plurality of mobile telecommunications devices configured to generate PEMF as described herein. The central processor is configured to control the algorithm(s) for PEMF emission in each mobile telecommunications device to which it is communicatively connected. Any or all of the algorithms for use in each mobile telecommunications device may be controlled by the central controller. The central controller may control the algorithm(s) by modification thereof or by replacing the algorithm to create a new algorithm for determining any emitted PEMF protocol or pattern as described herein.

[00127] In one implementation, the central controller may be configured to provide an algorithm to each of a plurality of mobile telecommunications devices configured to emit PEMF. A first algorithm provided to a first mobile telecommunications device of the plurality of mobile telecommunications devices may be different from a second algorithm provided to a second mobile telecommunications device of the plurality of mobile telecommunications devices. Physiological data is obtained respectively by the first and second mobile telecommunications devices both before and after a PEMF is emitted according to the respective algorithms. The physiological data may be sent via the network to the central controller. A comparison of the first and second algorithms may be made by the controller based on the obtained physiological data. Based on the comparison, the central controller may determine a third algorithm. The third algorithm may be send via the network to replace an algorithm (e.g. any of the other algorithms described herein) in at least one of the mobile telecommunications devices to which the central controller is connected. The third algorithm is an algorithm for determining PEMF emission from a mobile telecommunications device based on physiological data obtained from a subject.

[00128] It is not essential that the central controller provides the first and second algorithms to the first and second mobile telecommunications devices. The first and second algorithms may be preinstalled in the respective mobile telecommunications devices, and/or users of the first and second mobile telecommunications devices may respectively select the first and second algorithms via the user interface of the mobile telecommunications devices. In this case, the central controller may collect physiological data obtained from the first and second mobile telecommunications devices and data indicating which algorithm is installed on which device.

[00129] Alternatively, the mobile telecommunications device itself may be configured determine, via its own processor, the replacement algorithms as described herein. In this case, the data herein described as suitable for determining the replacement algorithm may be stored in the memory device accessible by the processor, or may be obtained by via downloading or accessing data stored in another mobile telecommunications device, server, network or cloud.

[00130] Alternatively, or in addition, the central controller may be configured to provide the first algorithm and the second algorithm to one mobile telecommunications device. On a first occasion of use of the mobile telecommunications device to emit PEMF, the processor of the mobile telecommunications device may be configured to use the first algorithm to determine a first PEMF protocol based on first physiological data obtained from a subject (i.e. the user of the mobile telecommunications device). On a second occasion of use, the processor may be configured to use the second algorithm to determine a second PEMF protocol based on second physiological data obtained from the subject. Physiological data may be obtained after each PEMF protocol. A change in physiological data due to each of the protocols may determined by comparing the physiological data obtained before the protocol to that obtained after the protocol. The physiological data may be sent via the network to the central controller. A comparison of the first and second algorithms may be made by the controller based on the obtained physiological data or the determined change in the obtained physiological data.

[00131] Based on the comparison, the central controller may determine a third algorithm. The third algorithm is an algorithm for determining PEMF emission from a mobile telecommunications device based on physiological data obtained from a subject. The third algorithm may be identical to one of the first or second algorithms or may be different from both the first and second algorithm. The third algorithm may take the form of, or a similar form to, any of the algorithms described herein.

[00132] The third algorithm may be sent via the network to replace an algorithm (e.g. any of the other algorithms described herein) in at least one of the mobile telecommunications devices to which the central controller is connected.

[00133] Physiological data directly indicative of a condition to be treated (e.g. blood pressure) may be obtained before and after the administering by the respective mobile telecommunications devices of PEMF protocols determined by the algorithm. A change in the obtained physiological data may be determined by comparing the physiological data obtained before and after PEMF is administered (i.e. emitted in the proximity of the subject). The determined change may then be sent to the central controller via the network. Alternatively, the obtained physiological data before and after PEMF administration may be sent to the central controller and the controller may calculate the change instead. Other physiological data relating to the individual subjects (e.g. gender, age, height, weight and/or activity data) may also be obtained from the subjects and sent to the central controller. The central controller may then compare the change in the physiological data directly indicative of a condition to be treated with the other physiological data. The central controller may then determine data indicative of the efficacy of the algorithm in relation to the other physiological data. [00134] The ordinary skilled person will understand that this configuring or reconfiguring of a mobile telecommunications device may be achieved using any one of a variety of different hardware and software solutions. In embodiments, an additional driver is coupled to the mobile telecommunications device to provide the appropriate signals to a telecommunications antenna. The ordinary skilled person understands how to design an additional driver to provide the appropriate pulsed electrical signals for an antenna. In embodiments, the driver is controllable by an Application installed on the mobile telecommunications device. The ordinary skilled person knows how to provide an Application for driving the additional driver.

[00135] The ordinary skilled person will understand that in embodiments it may be necessary to disable a telecommunication function of the device whilst the electrical signal in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure is provided to the antenna. The ordinary skilled person understands how any necessary switching might be provided to accommodate the driver in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00136] It may be understood that in any given time period (e.g. a time period during which a treatment is delivered to the subject), the antenna can be dedicated to emitting (i.e. generating) a PEMF without being driven for another purpose. For example, a mobile device can be configured to switch off, divert or cancel out a first input configured to drive the antenna to emit an electromagnetic field for the purposes of communication (e.g. with another device, cloud, server or terminal), while a second input drives the same antenna to emit a PEMF for delivery to the subject. Optionally, disclosed embodiments include restricting the mobile device to only operate with one of its antennae and for that antenna to be exclusively dedicated to emitting a specified pulsed. That is, the mobile device can be configured to switch off, divert, or cancel out all inputs configured to drive any antenna of the mobile device to emit an electromagnetic field for the purposes of communication (e.g. with another device, or a cloud, server or terminal), while another input drives an antenna to emit a PEMF. For example, the mobile device can be configured to activate‘airplane’ mode to stop all antennae from transmitting in their normal mode (e.g. for telecommunications), while a controller in the mobile device controls one or more of the antenna to emit a pulsed electromagnetic field for therapeutic purposes. Advantageously, this reduces noise and prevents interference with the pulsed electromagnetic field, which improves the signal definition so as to provide an enhanced interaction with the subject (e.g. with the cells, organs or brain activity of the subject). [00137] Alternatively, the antenna could be driven to emit a PEMF in one part of a cycle and in another part of the same cycle may be driven for at least one other purpose wherein the whole cycle takes place during a given time period (e.g. a time period during which a treatment is applied). That is, the antenna may work in intermittent mode between emitting (i) a PEMF and (ii) generating electromagnetic fields for other purposes (e.g. telecommunications or other communication purposes). Advantageously, this allows other functions to be carried out using the antenna while the PEMF is delivered.

[00138] There is provided a computer program or application arranged to provide instructions to a transmitter of a mobile telecommunications device to produce an electrical signal configured to drive an antenna to emit a PEMF configured for use in a method of treating the human body.

[00139] In an embodiment, the computer program or app is further arranged to receive user- selection of a treatment program from a plurality of treatment programmes wherein the treatment program is used as a further input in the determining of the algorithm for controlling the time dependent property of the first electrical signals which defines the parameters of the PEMF.

[00140] In an embodiment, the computer program or app is further arranged to receive payment from a user for the user-selected treatment program.

[00141] In an embodiment, the computer program or app is further arranged to store or upload data related to use of the treatment programmes. In an embodiment, the computer program or app is further arranged to store or upload medical data (e.g. the aforementioned first physiological data) obtained from a user of a treatment programme. Advantageously, this data is then used to update the aforementioned standard or average data (i.e. the second data) so as to improve the accuracy of the standard or average data for a particular group or sub group of individuals.

[00142] There is provided an installed application or modification to a smart phone or mobile telephone that when operated takes control of the radio frequency transmitter portion of the device to provide pulsed radio waves at a signal strength appropriate to treat a subject within a few meters of the device according to any of the methods described herein.

[00143] In embodiments, various applications are installed for various therapies that modify the pulse radio-wave profile to suit. In embodiment, the application:

a. provides a selection of therapies to the user and thus tells the control application which program to apply (for example, varying the voltage, current, length of treatment, pulsing of current (time of pulse and time between pulse), etc.); b. enables the user to purchase and download additional therapy programmes;

c. enables micropayments to be taken, for example:

i. in-App pay-per use for the programs

ii. download top up credits to enable the use of program (e.g., pay-as-you-go phones)

[00144] In embodiments, the application is designed to arrange micropayments for pay-per- use or top up credits.

[00145] It may be recognised that generally any device with a RF transmitter for generating a radio signal can be modified to provide the device in accordance with the present disclosure. It may also be recognised that the present disclosure extends to exploiting any EM transmitter e.g. Wi-Fi or BLUETOOTH functions.

[00146] There is provided an installed application on a mobile device (e.g. tablet or‘phone) that can control the voltage and current output from either the USB/MHL socket (5 V output max., Android and alike) or the headphone/microphone jack (2V output max.).

[00147] There is also provided an accessory electrode or electrodes, or intermediate control device that terminates in coils, that plug into the controlled socket to enable delivery of PEMFs to the body of the subject.

[00148] In embodiments using the 3.5mm headphone jack, this may pick up on the“live” microphone contact in the socket, thus the accessory may also retain a pass-through headphone jack to enable to user to continue to listen to music etc.

[00149] There is further provided an application that provides a selection of therapies to the user and thus tells the control application which program to apply (for example, varying the voltage, current, length of treatment, pulsing of current (time of pulse and time between pulse), etc.).

[00150] The application may allow enable the user to purchase and download additional therapy programmes. The application may enable micropayments to be taken, for example: (i) in-App pay-per use for the programmes; and (ii) download top up credits to enable the use of programmes (cf. pay-as-you-go phones).

[00151] There is yet further provided an application that is installed on a smartphone or tablet that effectively acts as a remote control for a new or existing electronic therapeutic or diagnostic device and that:

a. provides a selection of therapies /diagnostic tests to the user, compatible with the capabilities of the target device and thus tells the control application which program to apply (for example, varying the voltage, current, length of treatment, pulsing of current (time of pulse and time between pulse), etc.); b. enables the user to purchase and download additional therapy programmes as they are developed;

c. enables micropayments to be taken, for example:

i. in-App pay-per use for the programs;

ii. download top up credits to enable the use of programs (cf pay-as-you-go phones); and

iii. top up credit vouchers/codes to be supplied with consumables (electrodes, gels, test strips etc.) to enable the device and ensure brand loyalty vs generic versions of consumables; d. enables a recording of use to be archived / sent to care provider so that:

i. care provider can verify that a prescribed therapeutic regime has been properly followed

ii. diagnostic results can be sent to a care provider - alerts could be sent.

Further Example - Blood Pressure

[00152] Blood pressure, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, can be measured using, for example, an aneroid or mercury sphygmomanometer cuff, electronic (oscillometric) device, ultrasound transmitter and receiver, or finger cuff employing a photo- plethysmograph. Modem methods in development include blood pressure monitoring devices enabling a user to measure blood pressure using a mobile telecommunications device. For example, Researchers from Michigan State University have produced a prototype of a blood pressure monitor including a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor and a thin-filmed force transducer. The PPG sensor measures changes in blood volume by illuminating tissue and measuring changes in light absorption, which can determine heart rate. The device works by calculating blood pressure based on pressure applied with a finger (like with a traditional cuff). An app on the phone monitors how much force is applied via the transducer, helping the user keep sufficient pressure on the PPG to record a meaningful blood pressure measurement (see https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/265289-new-sensor-measur es- blood-pressure -hold-phone, which is incorporated herein in its entirety).

[00153] Therefore, in embodiments, the physiological data (e.g. first physiological data) is a blood pressure measurement which may be collected by the mobile telecommunications device via a separate blood pressure sensor providing a reading to be (automatically or manually) input into or sent to the mobile device, or via a sensor on the mobile telecommunications device itself. The processor in the mobile telecommunications device determines the first algorithm for controlling a time dependent property of a first electrical signal to be generated by a transmitter of the mobile telecommunications device based on the measured blood pressure. The first electrical signal drives the antenna to emit a PEMF based on the blood pressure measurement(s).

[00154] Blood pressure measurements range from levels of less than 120 mm Hg (systolic) and 80 mm Hg (diastolic), to more than 180 mm Hg (systolic) and 120 mm Hg (diastolic), respectively. In general, lower blood pressure levels are more desirable than higher blood pressure levels, but it is possible that very low blood pressure levels may be undesirable.

[00155] For PEMF algorithms suitable for treating high blood pressure (hypertension), information regarding maximum thresholds for safe or desirable blood pressure levels may be stored or entered into the processor to be used as the basis of determining the algorithm for emitting a suitable PEMF. The algorithm may also be based on other data pertaining to the subject input into the mobile telecommunications device. For example, heart rate variability data, pulse rate, gender, age, height weight and activity may be incorporated into the algorithm.

[00156] The first algorithm may determine that the blood pressure measurements indicate a higher than safe or desirable blood pressure in the subject. On the basis of this determination, the first algorithm may cause the antenna to emit a PEMF which is known for reducing blood pressure. For example, it has been reported that a ten-day course of single 9 min procedures with a 30 Hz PEMF produced antihypertensive effects in adolescents with essential hypertension (see Ref #2 listed herein). A PEMF course (or protocol) of this nature may be administered should the subject’s entered physiological data indicate that such a course is suitable.

[00157] Many other PEMF protocols may be stored by the processor. For example, other PEMF regimes suitable for treating high blood pressure can be found in Ref #1 and Refs #3-5 listed herein. Such PEMF regimes are merely exemplary and other PEMF regimes may be used depending on the data obtained from the subject and best treatment practices existing at the time of use.

[00158] PEMF regimes (or protocols) may be determined by the first algorithm in appropriate scenarios based on the data obtained from the subject including age and measured blood pressure levels, where the measured blood pressure levels exceed a threshold value for that age. The first algorithm may be determined based on data indicating best treatment practice for that age.

[00159] An example of a method of using a mobile telecommunications device according to an embodiment now follows. First, a baseline is taken via the manual input of blood pressure data into the mobile phone (or other method of interaction with the phone if possible). The blood pressure data may be the physiological data obtained from the subject on which the aforementioned first algorithm is based. Optional incorporation of other variables in to the algorithm is also envisaged, including but not limited to heart rate variability data, pulse rate, gender, age, height weight and activity data. In other words, these extra variables may add other data points to build into the first algorithm. Based on the blood pressure and optionally the other physiological data first obtained from the subject (‘baseline’ data), the first algorithm may determine a first PEMF protocol in order to reduce (or, in rare cases, increase) blood pressure.

[00160] By way of an example, the first PEMF protocol generated by the first algorithm may, for example, be administered over a total period of 10 days (or, optionally, any other period of at least 7 days). A PEMF emitted according to the first protocol may be administered daily for a constant period (e.g. a burst) of 9 minutes at a pulsing frequency of 30 Hz.

[00161] Optionally, after a period of time during which PEMF has been emitted by the antenna of the mobile device according to the first PEMF protocol, further blood pressure data (and, optionally, other physiological data) may be obtained from the subject.

[00162] If there is sufficient improvement in the first physiological data over the baseline data, the first PEMF protocol may be continued or repeated without modification. More particularly, if the physiological data obtained from the subject is under a threshold value (or, if appropriate, over a threshold value), the first PEMF protocol may be continued or repeated without modification. In this example, if the blood pressure tolerances to an average of 120 over 80 (systolic vs diastolic) or lower values (or such other target specified by a medical professional), then the first PEMF protocol may be continued or repeated without modification.

[00163] If there is no improvement over the baseline data, or if the improvement is not sufficient as measured relative to a threshold value, then a second PEMF protocol may be determined by a second algorithm. The second algorithm is for controlling a time dependent property of a second electrical signal for causing the transmitter to drive the antenna to emit a second PEMF having at least one parameter which is different from the PEMF in the first PEMF protocol. The second PEMF protocol may be determined based on the baseline data. It may be understood that second algorithm, when based on the same physiological data from the subject, determines a different PEMF protocol than the PEMF protocol determined by the first algorithm. [00164] Alternatively, or in addition, the second PEMF protocol may be determined based on the further physiological data obtained from the subject after the first PEMF protocol has been administered. In this case, the second algorithm may be identical to the first algorithm, but as the physiological data obtained from the subject is different, the second PEMF protocol differs from the first PEMF protocol in terms of at least one PEMF parameter (e,g. frequency or‘burst’ duration).

[00165] By way of an example, the second PEMF protocol generated the second algorithm may, for example, be administered over a total period of 28 days. A PEMF emitted according to the second PEMF protocol may be administered daily for a period (e.g. a burst) of 15 minutes at a pulsing frequency of between 10 and 3000 Hz. The PEMF frequency may increase in steps of 0.1 Hz. The PEMF may include pattern in which the carrier wave is at a higher amplitude for a first part of a cycle in the pattern and is at a lower amplitude for the remaining part of the cycle. The first part may have a duration of 20 ms and the remaining part may have a duration of 10 ms.

[00166] Optionally, after a period of time during which PEMF has been emitted by the antenna of the mobile device according to the second PEMF protocol, further blood pressure data (and, optionally, other physiological data) may be obtained from the subject.

[00167] If there is sufficient improvement in the first physiological data, the second PEMF protocol may be continued or repeated without modification. That is, if the data obtained from the subject is under a threshold value (or, if appropriate, over a threshold value), the second PEMF protocol may be continued or repeated without modification. For example, if the blood pressure tolerances to average of 120 over 80 (systolic vs diastolic) or lower values (or such other target specified by a medical professional), then the second PEMF protocol may be continued or repeated without modification.

[00168] If there is no improvement in the physiological data after the second PEMF protocol, or if the improvement is less than the improvement in the physiological data over the baseline data immediately after the first PEMF protocol, then the first PEMF protocol may be repeated.

Further Example - Concussion and PTSD

[00169] By way of an example, a PEMF protocol for treating concussion or PTSD will now be described.

[00170] Baseline data for a PEMF protocol for the treatment of concussion or PTSD may be compiled by obtaining physiological data from a subject. Baseline data may be described generally as physiological data obtained from a subject before a PEMF treatment has been applied. In this case, the baseline data may, amongst other data, include specific data relating to the duration, incidence, severity and/or frequency of headaches. Alternatively, or in addition, the baseline data may include that obtained from the subject in relation to the aforementioned sleep improvement PEMF protocols, as lack of sleep is a key symptom of PTSD. Optionally, physiological data relating to other variables including but not limited to mood, heart rate variability data, pulse rate, gender, age, height weight and activity data may be obtained from the subject and incorporated into or taken together with the baseline data for determining the first algorithm and hence the PEMF protocol.

[00171] The algorithm may initially determine a proven or established PEMF protocol for sleep. Any of the PEMF protocols for sleep described herein may be used.

[00172] Following the PEMF protocol for sleep, a further PEMF protocol (Protocol A) may be generated by an algorithm (e.g. the aforementioned first algorithm). The Protocol A may target concussion or PTSD. Protocol A may, for example, be administered over a total period of 14 days. A PEMF emitted according to Protocol A may be administered daily for a constant period (e.g. a burst) of 30 minutes at a pulsing frequency of 16 Hz. Alternatively, the pulsing frequency may be 7 Hz or a range between 3 and 12 Hz. These alternative pulsing frequencies are based on frequencies used in published PEMF studies, for example Ref #8 (16 Hz), Ref #9 (2-7 Hz) and Ref #11 (3-12 Hz).

[00173] Following the administering of Protocol A, further physiological data may be obtained from the subject. The further physiological data may be indicative of one or more of sleep, headache, and mood and associated data.

[00174] If there is sufficient improvement the further physiological data over the baseline data, Protocol A may be continued or repeated without modification. That is, if the data obtained from the subject is under a threshold value (or, if appropriate, over a threshold value), Protocol A may be continued or repeated without modification. For example, if the further physiological data indicates a satisfactory sleep pattern then Protocol A may be continued or repeated without modification. Alternatively, or in addition, the further physiological data may be a level of satisfaction expressed by the user relating to their physiology or a measured index of sleep quality. For example, user input into a questionnaire (e.g. the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) may be used to determine sleep quality. In this case, if the level of satisfaction reaches an acceptable level, Protocol A may be continued or repeated without modification. [00175] If after the administering of PEMF according to Protocol A there is insufficient improvement in the further physiological data over the baseline data, a second algorithm may be used to determine a further PEMF protocol (Protocol B). The second algorithm is for controlling a time dependent property of a second electrical signal for causing the transmitter to drive the antenna to emit PEMF according to Protocol B having at least one parameter which is different from the PEMF emitted according to Protocol A.

[00176] For example, there may not be sufficient improvement in the further physiological data over the baseline data as the subject (still) has difficulty staying asleep. The difficulty staying asleep may be manifested as physiological data obtained from the subject, for example user input data or data measured by a sensor. In this case, the PEMF emitted according to Protocol B may include pulsing frequencies of between 1 Hz and 3 Hz for longer durations at predicted or measured REM sleep periods. In this way, the treatment of concussions or PTSD may be realised by normalising or treating abnormal sleep as a symptom of concussion or PTSD.

[00177] Once abnormal sleep has been treated or normalised, further PEMF protocols may be directed to the treatment of other symptoms of concussion or PTSD.

[00178] For example, there may not be sufficient improvement in the further physiological data over the baseline data as the subject is (still) experiencing headaches, or the headaches have not reduced in incidence, severity, frequency or duration. In this case, the PEMF emitted according to Protocol B may be as follows.

[00179] Protocol B may, for example, be administered over a total period of 14 days. A PEMF emitted according to Protocol B may be administered daily for a constant period (e.g. a burst) of 30 minutes at a pulsing frequency of 27.12 MHz (note: Mega Hertz, rather than Hertz). This protocol is based on the research results published in Ref #3 listed herein.

[00180] Following Protocol B, an update of all physiological data is performed. That is, physiological data relating to, for example, sleep, headaches and mood may be obtained from the subject immediately after Protocol B.

[00181] Optionally, after a period of time during which PEMF has been emitted by the antenna of the mobile device according to the Protocol B, further physiological data indicative of headache incidence, severity, duration or frequency (and, optionally, other physiological data) may be obtained from the subject.

[00182] If there is sufficient improvement in the physiological data compared with that obtained after Protocol A, the Protocol B may be continued or repeated without modification. [00183] If there is no improvement in the physiological data obtained after Protocol B, or if the improvement is less than the improvement in the physiological data over the baseline data immediately after Protocol A, then Protocol A may be repeated.

[00184] In this way, the treatment of concussions or PTSD may be carried out by treating headaches as a symptom of concussion or PTSD.

[00185] At the point that sleep quality and headache incidence are normalised (e.g. due to acceptable improvement following Protocols A and B). For example, mood may be treated by a final PEMF protocol (Protocol C). That is, physiological data relating to mood may be obtained from the subject after PEMF has been administered according to Protocol B for the final stage of PEMF application once headaches and sleep are normalised. Physiological data relating to mood may be obtained, for example, by user input into a mood questionnaire (e.g. the Brunel Mood Scale Questionnaire, or a simpler mood indication input to the processor via the user interface of the mobile telecommunications device). Low mood scores are a symptom of PTSD and Concussion.

[00186] A PEMF emitted according to Protocol C may be administered daily for a constant period (e.g. a burst) of 30 minutes at a pulsing frequency of 60 Hz.

[00187] Protocol C may, for example, be administered over a total period of 14 days after which all of the types or categories of physiological data hitherto obtained (e.g. sleep, headaches and mood) are obtained from the subject once more. If there is sufficient improvement in mood, with no adverse movement (e.g. worsening) in physiological data pertaining to sleep or headache after 14 days, Protocol C is continued or repeated for a further period of 28 days.

[00188] In the event that the user reports an adverse feedback or the physiological data indicates that mood has worsened (e.g. the result of a mood questionnaire indicates a worsening in mood), the protocol which generated the best results is reintroduced, and feedback is again sought (or physiological data is again obtained from the subject) after another 14 days.

Further Example - Blood Glucose Levels

[00189] PEMF algorithms may be generated for the modification of blood glucose levels in a subject in a analgous manner to that described above for blood pressure. The physiological data on which the first algorithm is based may be blood glucose level. Blood glucose can be measured with a standalone portable meter, such as VivaChekTM (see http://www.vivachek.com/vivachek/English/prods/prod-inosound .html), or using a module for coupling to a mobile telecommunications device, such as DarioTM Smart Meter (see http://mydario.co.uk/smart-meter/). As with blood pressure measurements the blood glucose measurement may be automatically or manually input or sent to the mobile telecommunications device.

[00190] The first algorithm is based on the measured blood glucose levels and causes PEMF to be transmitted from the antenna. The PEMF delivered may alter the blood glucose in the subject toward a target range. Examples of suitable PEMF regimes for normalising blood glucose levels are available in the literature, for example Ref #1 and Ref #2 listed herein. Subject heart rate variability data, pulse rate, gender, age, height weight and activity data may also be added as inputs to the algorithm to produce a more individualised PEMF treatment.

[00191] Following the administering of a suitably determined PEMF protocol (e.g. Protocol G), further physiological data (i.e. blood glucose levels) may be obtained from the subject.

[00192] If there is sufficient improvement in blood glucose levels, Protocol G may be continued or repeated without modification. That is, if the blood glucose obtained from the subject is under a threshold value (or, if appropriate, over a threshold value), Protocol G may be continued or repeated without modification.

[00193] If after the administering of PEMF according to Protocol G there is insufficient improvement in blood glucose levels over the blood glucose levels obtained before Protocol G, a second algorithm may be used to determine a further PEMF protocol (Protocol H). The second algorithm is for controlling a time dependent property of a second electrical signal for causing the transmitter to drive the antenna to emit PEMF according to Protocol H, the PEMF having at least one parameter which is different from the PEMF emitted according to Protocol G.

[00194] Following the administering of a PEMF according to protocol H, yet further blood glucose level readings may be obtained from the subject. The protocol which generated the best results is reintroduced, and feedback may again be sought (or physiological data may again be obtained from the subject) after a further period of administering PEMF according to the reintroduced protocol.

[00195] The described methods may be implemented by a computer program. The computer program which may be in the form of a web application or‘app’ comprises computer- executable instructions or code arranged to instruct or cause a computer or processor to perform one or more functions of the described methods. The computer program may be provided to an apparatus, on a computer readable medium or computer program product. The computer readable medium or computer program product may comprise non-transitory media such as semiconductor or solid-state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer memory stick or diskette, a random-access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disc, and an optical disk, such as a CD-ROM, CD-R/W, DVD or Blu-ray. The computer readable medium or computer program product may comprise a transmission signal or medium for data transmission, for example for downloading the computer program over the Internet.

[00196] An apparatus or device may be configured to perform one or more functions of the described methods. The apparatus or device may comprise a mobile phone, smart phone, tablet or other mobile processing device. The apparatus or device may take the form of a data processing system. The data processing system may be a distributed system. For example, the data processing system may be distributed across a network or through dedicated local connections. The apparatus or device typically comprises at least one memory for storing the computer-executable instructions and at least one processor for performing the computer- executable instructions.

[00197] Although aspects and embodiments have been described above, variations can be made without departing from the inventive concepts disclosed herein. For example, it may be understood that the aspects and embodiments described above are equally suitable for the body of an animal.