This invention relates generally to apparatus for producing ion beams. More particularly it relates to magnetically-confined anode plasma (MAP) ion sources. Still more particulariy, it relates to such MAP ion sources as are designed to produce minimum ion beam rotation and precise control over the ion species present in the beam.

Background

A variety of ion beam sources exist. MAP ion sources are particularly interesting because of their ability to shield the ion source structure from the destructive effects of the ion plasma by the magnetic shielding created by the magnetic structure of the MAP ion source.

However, most of the prior art MAP ion sources were designed to used in a beam line that also included downstream steering and confinement of the produced ion beams by various electric and/or magnetic fields. This steering and confinement was necessary because of the beam rotation created by the magnetic structure of these MAP ion sources which imparted significant rotation to the produced ion beam. The downstream electric and/or magnetic fields add complexity, size and expense to a system employing such MAP ion sources

An example of such a prior art MAP ion beam source, often called an ion diode, is found a paper by the inventor of the present invention. Greenly, J B. et al , "Plasma-

f

Anode Ion Diode Research al Cornell: Repetitive-Pulse, and 0.1 TW Single Pulse Experiments," Proceedings 8th International Conf. on High-Power Particle Beams, pp. 199-206, Novosibinsk, USSR, July, 1990. The RRID ion diode described therein bears some similarity to the present invention, but its magnetic design is such that substantial beam rotation is imparted to the produced ion beam.

It would be desirable to reduce or eliminate the need for such downstream apparatus by designing a new MAP ion source that had minimal or no beam rotation as a result of the creation and acceleration of the ion beam by the ion beam source.

MAP ion beam sources have a variety of uses. The most obvious is use in conventional ion implantation processes. However, a need for a capability to do surface treatments to large areas of various materials with high power, short pulse ion beams has arisen that required a new type of MAP ion beam source with minimal or no beam rotation and precise control over the ion species used. The use of surface treatments to improve properties such as surface hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and fatigue lifetime add significant value to a wide range of products in industries including automobile manufacture, aerospace, microelectronics, tool and die manufacture, power generation, and the production of steel, aluminum, ceramics, and plastics. This unmet need was the impetus for the creation of the invention disclosed herein.

Although experiments with prior art ion diode sources have indicated that ion beams might be useful for these sort of surface treatments, no commercial implementations have resulted. The use of ion beams for thermally altering the near surface characteristics of a material has been fraught with substantial problems. Most notable of the limitations with existing ion beam technologies have been: 1) high costs per area treated; 2) the inability to generate a large number of pulses without the costly replacement of ion beam generator components; 3) low repetition rates, 4) low average power; and 5) the inability to reliably produce a uniform ion beam of a single selectable ion species.

Typical ion beam generators use dielectric surface arcing on an anode as a source of ions and thereafter magnetically or geometrically direct and focus the generated ion beam onto the material of interest This surface arcing (also called "flashover") destroys

the anode surface in less than 100 pulses, and produces a mixed SDβcies of ions that cannot be adjusted. Other difficulties arising from flashover include: production of large quantities of neutral gas that makes high repetition rate difficult, generation of debris which can contaminate surfaces being treated, and non-uniformity and irreproducibility of the beam in some cases due to the localized and difficult to control nature of flashover, as well as the detrimental beam rotation discussed above.

State-of-the-art ion beam generators are typically "one shot" devices, i.e., they operate at low repetition rates (« 1 Hz). Existing ion beam generators cannot be operated at high repetition rates (» 1 Hz) for a number of reasons. First, existing pulsed power supplies are not able to generate electrical pulses at high repetition rates having the voltage, pulse width (i.e., nominal temporal duration), and power required to generate the ion beams needed (i.e., consistent with the discussion above) for the various beneficial applications described herein. This limitation renders commercial exploitation impractical. However, it should be noted that one shot surface treatments from a robust ion beam source are useful in some applications. Second, the design of existing ion beam generators does not allow repetitive operation for an extended number of operating cycles (» 10 ³ ) without replacement of major components. This limitation would require a maintenance time - manufacturing time ratio incompatible with routine manufacturing operations. Third, existing ion beam generators generally operate with electrical efficiencies < 5%, thus presenting major challenges to the pulsed power supply and the cooling system of the generator. These limitations and others have made it impossible to routinely utilize the ion beam technology described above for surface treating materials.

Summary of the Invention

The present invention provides a new type of magnetically-confined anode plasma ion beam source. The new MAP ion diode has improvements in a number of areas. Its magnetic fields are designed to have a profile such that the separatrix (B=0) between the fast coil field and the slow coil field is located near the anode to minimize or eliminate ion beam rotation The gas nozzle is designed to produce a high mach number (supersonic) gas flow rate to efficiently localize the gas puff introduced into the ionizing region

proximate the fast coil. Means are also provided to create an adjustable bias field to control the formation position of the plasma. A fast ringing field is imposed on the gas puff as it is delivered to the ionizing region to pre-ionize the gas. These and other improvements contribute to the MAP ion beam source of this invention.

The use of the MAP ion diode of this invention for large scale surface treatment processes requires a pulsed high power source. Some of the detailed description below will be devoted to one such source, the Repetitive High Energy Pulsed Power (RHEPP) system developed at Sandia National Laboratories. For single shot applications other power sources such as Marx generators could also be used.

Further detail concerning the present invention and its scope will become apparent from the detailed discussion of specific embodiments presented below. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while representing the class of embodiments of the invention and its uses, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein:

Figure 1 is a schematic of the RHEPP pulsed power system;

Figure 1 A is a circuit diagram of a pulse compression system 15 utilized in the pulsed power system of Figure 1;

Figure IB is a cross sectional view of a pulse forming line element;

Figure IC is a cross sectional view of the Linear Inductive Voltage Adder (LIVA);

Figure 2 is a partial cross sectional -view of the magnetically-confined anode plasma (MAP) source 25 of the present invention;

Figure 2A is a modified version of Figure 2 showing the magnetic field lines produced by the fast and slow coils in the MAP source;

Figure 2B is an expanded view of a portion of Fig. 2 showing the gas inlet valve and the gas inlet channel;

Figure 2C is a schematic diagram of the electric circuit for the fast coil; and

Figure 3 is a schematic full cross-sectional view of the MAP ion diode.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The following discussion is a description of one system which can be utilized to produce the ion beams for surface treatment of various materials. This system has two major subsystems, the pulsed power source and the MAP ion diode.

The MAP ion diode which forms the present invention, when combined with the RHEPP source, provides for an ion beam generator system capable of high average power and repetitive operation over an extended number of operating cycles for treating large surface areas of materials at commercially attractive costs. In particular, the ion beam generator of the present invention can produce high average power (lkW-4MW) pulsed ion beams at 0.1-2.5 MeV energies and pulse durations or lengths of from about 10 nanoseconds (ns) - 2 microseconds (μs) or longer as necessary for the particular application. The ion beam generator can directly deposit energy in the top 50 micrometers (μm) of the surface of a material. The depth of treatment can be controlled by varying the ion energy and species as well as the pulse length. The MAP ion diode can be combined with other power sources where less demanding power demands are present.

The first of the components in the pulsed ion beam generating system is a compact, electrically efficient, repetitively pulsed, magnetically switched, pulsed power system capable of 10 ⁹ pulse operating cycles of the type described by H. C. Harjes, et al, Pro 8th IEEE Int. Pulsed Power Conference (1991), and D. L. Johnson et al., "Results of Initial Testing of the Four Stage RHEPP Accelerator" pp. 437-440 and C. Harjes et al., "Characterization of the RHEPP 1 μs Magnetic Pulse Compression Module", pp. 787- 790, both reprinted in the Digest of Technical Papers of the Ninth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, June, 1993, all of which is incorporated by reference herein. These references in conjunction with the discussion herein below place fabrication of such a pulsed power source within the skill of the art.

A block diagram of a power system produced according to the teachings of the present application is shown in Figure 1. From the prime power input, several stages of magnetic pulse compression and voltage addition are used to deliver a pulsed power signal of up to 2 5 MY. 60 ns FWHM, 2.9 kJ pulses at z rate of 120 Hz to an ion beam source

for this particular system. The power system converts AC power from the local power grid into a form that can be used by an ion beam source 25.

Referring to Figure 1, in one embodiment of the invention, the power system comprises a motor 5 which drives an alternator 10. The alternator 10 delivers a signal to a pulse compression system 15 which has two subsystems, a lμs pulse compressor 12 and a pulse forming line 14. The pulse compression system 15 provides pulses to a linear inductive voltage adder (LIVA) 20 which delivers the pulses to the ion beam source 25.

The alternator 10 according to one embodiment is a 600 kW, 120 Hz alternator. In the unipolar mode, k provides 210 A rms at a voltage of 3200 V rms with a power factor of 0.88 to the magnetic switch pulse compressor system 15. The alternator is driven by a motor connected to the local 480V power grid. The particular alternator used herein was designed by Westinghouse Corporation and fabricated at the Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is described in detail in a paper by R. M. Calfo et al., "Design and Test of a Continuous Duty Pulsed AC Generator" in the Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, pp. 715-718, June, 1991, San Diego, California. This reference is incorporated herein in its entirety. This particular power system was selected and built because of its relative ease in adaptability to a variety of loads. Other power sources may be used and may indeed be better optimized to this particular use. For example, a power supply of the type available for Magna-Amp, Inc. comprising a series of step-up transformers connected to the local power grid feeding through a suitably-sized rectifier could be used. The present system however has been built and performs reasonably well.

In one embodiment, the pulse compression system 15 is separated into two subsystems, one of which is a common magnetic pulse compressor 12 composed of a plurality of stages of magnetic switches (i.e., saturable reactors) the operation of which is well known to those skilled in the art. This subsystem is shown in more detail in Fig. 1 A The basic operation of each of the stages is to compress the time width (transfer time) of and to increase the amplitude of the voltage pulse received from the preceeding stage Since these are very low loss switches, relatively little of the power is wasted as heat, and the energy in each pulse decreases relatively little as it moves from stage to stage The

spec ic su sys em use ere n s escr e n e a y . . ar es, e ., "Characterization of the RHEPP lμs Magnetic Pulse Compression Module", 9th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, pp. 787-790, Albuquerque, NM, June, 1993. This paper is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. These stages as developed for this system are quite large. In the interest of conserving space, it would be possible to replace the first few stages with appropriately designed silicon control rectifiers (SCR's) to accomplish the same pulse compression result.

These stages 12 convert the output of the alternator 10 into a lμs wide LC charge waveform which is then delivered to a second subsystem 14 comprising a pulse forming line (PFL) element set up in a voltage doubling Blumlein configuration. The PFL is a triaxial water insulated line that converts the input LC charge waveform to a flat-top trapezoidal pulse with a design 15 ns rise/fall time and a 60 ns FWHM The construction and operation of this element is described in detail by D. L. Johnson et al. "Results of Initial Testing of the Four Stage RHEPP Accelerator", 9th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, pp.437-440, Albuquerque, NM, June, 1993. This paper is also incorporated by reference in its entirety. A cross sectional view of the PFL is shown in Figure IB.

The pulse compression system 15 can provide unipolar, 250 kV, 15 ns rise time, 60 ns full width half maximum (FWHM), 4 kJ pulses, at a rate of 120 Hz, to the linear inductive voltage adder (LIVA) (20). In a preferred embodiment, the pulse compression system 15 should desirably have an efficiency >80% and be composed of high reliability components with very long lifetimes (~T0 ⁹ -10 ¹⁰ pulses). Magnetic switches are preferably used in all of the pulse compression stages, MS1-MS5, because they can handle very high peak powers (i.e., high voltages and currents), and because they are basically solid state devices with a long service life. The five compression stages used in this embodiment as well as the PFL 14 are shown in Fig. 1 A. The power is supplied to the pulse compression system 15 from the alternator 10 and is passed through the magnetic switches, MS 1-MS5, to the PFL 14. The PFL is connected to the linear induction voltage adder (LIVA) 20 described below. The second and third magnetic switches. MS2 and MS3, are separated by a step-up transformer Tl as shown. Switch MS6 is an inversion switch for the PFL.

The pulse forming line (PFL) element 14 is shown in schematically in Fig. 1 A and in cross section in Fig. IB. MS6 in Fig. 1 A corresponds to the inversion switch 302 shown in Fig. IB located on the input side of the tri-axial section 314 of the PFL. Output switches 304 and charging cores 306 are also shown. The regions 310 are filled with deionized water as the dielectric. The interior region 308 is filled with air and oil coiling lines, not shown, for the output switches 304. The output of the PFL is fed in parallel to each of the individual LIVA stages 20, with the positive component flowing through conductors 316 and the shell 318 of the PFL serving as ground. The positive conductors 316 are connected to each of the LIVA stages.

The LIVA (20) is preferably liquid dielectric insulated. It is connected to the output of the PFL and can be configured in different numbers of stages to achieve the desired voltage for delivery to the ion beam source. The LIVA 20 can deliver nominal 2.5 MV, 2.9 kJ, pulses at a rate of 120 Hz to the ion beam source 25 when configured with 10 stages of 250 kV each. For most of the ion beam treatments, the LTVA was configured with four stages of 250 kV each, such that the LIVA delivered a total of 1.0 MV to the ion beam source. However, this voltage. can be increased or decreased by changing the number of stages in the LIVA to match the particular material processing need. The nominal output pulse of the LIVA 20 is the same as that provided to it by the PFL, namely, trapezoidal with 15 ns rise and fall times and 60 ns FWHM (full width half maximum). Figure IC shows a cross section of the four stage LIVA. The four stages, 320, 322, 324, and 326, are stacked as shown and fed the positive pulses from the PFL via the cables 321, 323, 325, and 327. The stages are separated by gaps 330 and surrounded by transformer oil for cooling. The output from each of the LIVA stages adds to deliver a single total pulse to the ion beam source shown here schematically as 25 which is located within a vacuum chamber 332, shown in partial view. As with the PFL, the outside shell of the LIVA is connected to ground.

The power system P (Figure 1) as described, can operate continuously at a pulse repetition rate of 120 Hz delivering up to 2 5 Id of energy per pulse in 60 ns pulses. The specific power system described here can deliver pulsed power signals of about 20-1000 ns duration with ion beam energies of 0.25-2 5 MeY The power system can operate at

50% electrical efficiency from the wall plug to energy delivered to a matched load. The power system P uses low loss pulse compression stages incorporating, for example, low loss magnetic material and solid state components, to convert AC power to short, high voltage pulses.

The ability to produce voltages from 250 kV to several MV by stacking voltage using a plurality of inductive adders incorporating low loss magnetic material is a principle feature when high voltages are needed, although it is also possible to use a single stage pulse supply, eliminating the need for the adder.

The power system can operate at relatively low impedances (< 100Ω) which also sets it apart from many other repetitive, power supply technologies, such as transformer- based systems. This feature allows high treatment rates and the treatment of large areas (5 to more than 1000 cm ² ) with a single pulse so as to reduce edge effects occurring at the transition between treated and untreated areas.

The second component of the pulsed ion beam system is the MAP ion beam source 25, the invention herein (shown in Figure 2). The MAP ion beam source is capable of operating repetitively and efficiently to utilize the pulsed power signal from the power system efficiently to turn gas phase molecules into a high energy pulsed ion beam. It can also be operated in the single shot mode, as necessary for a particular application. A precursor of the ion beam source is an ion diode described generally by J. B. Greenly et al, "Plasma Anode Ion Diode Research at Cornell: Repetitive Pulse and 0.1 TW Single Pulse Experiments", Proceedings of 8th Intl. Conf. on High Power Particle Beams (1990) all of which is incorporated by reference herein. Although this reference ion diode differs significantly from the ion diode utilized in the present system as discussed above, the background discussion in this reference is of interest.

The ion beam source 25, according to the principles of the present invention, is shown in Figure 2. The ion beam source 25 is a magnetically-confined anode plasma (MAP) source. Figure 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of one symmetric side of the ion beam or MAP source 25 The ion beam or MAP source 25 produces an annular ion beam K which can be brought to a broad focus symmetric about the axis X-X 400 shown. In the cathode electrode assembly 30 slow (1ms rise time) magnetic field coils 414 produce

magnetic flux S (as shown in Fig. 2A) which provides the magnetic insulation of the accelerating gap between the cathodes 412 and the anodes 410. The anode electrodes 410 also act as magnetic flux shapers. The slow coils 414 are cooled by adjacent water lines, not shown, incorporated into the structure 30 supporting the cathodes 412 and the slow coils 414. The main portion of the MAP structure shown in this Figure is about 18 cm high and wide. The complete MAP ion diode can be visualized as the revolution of the cross-sectional detail of Fig. 2 about the central axis 400 of the device to form a cylindrical apparatus. A full cross sectional view appears in Fig. 3.

The ion beam or MAP source 25 operates in the following fashion: a fast gas valve assembly 404 located in the anode assembly 35 produces a rapid (200μs) gas puff which is delivered through a supersonic nozzle 406 to produce a highly localized volume of gas directly in front of the surface of a fast driving coil 408 located in an insulating structure 420. The nozzle is designed to prevent any transverse flow of non-ionized gas into the gap between the anodes 410 and cathodes 412. After pre-ionizing the gas with a 1 ms induced electric field, the fast driving coil 408 is fully energized from the fast capacitor 150, inducing a loop voltage of 20 kV on the gas volume, driving a breakdown to full ionization, and moving the resulting plasma toward the anode electrodes 410 in about 1.5 μs or less, to form a thin magnetically-confined plasma layer. The plasma momentarily stagnates at this B=0 region, the separatrix, next to the insulating field S produced by the slow coils 414, awaiting the delivery of the main accelerating positive electrical pulse to be delivered at the anodes 410 from the LIVA discussed above.

The pre-ionization step is a departure from the earlier MAP reference which showed a separate conductor located on the face of a surface corresponding to the insulating structure 420 herein. Since this conductor was exposed to the plasma, it broke down frequently. The inventor herein discovered that the separate pre-ionizing structure was unnecessary. The gas can be effectively pre-ionized by placing a small ringing capacitor 160 in parallel with the fast coil. The field oscillations produced by this ringing circuit pre-ionize the gas in front of the anode fast coil. A schematic electrical diagram of this circuit is shown in Fi«. 2C.

I have also discovered that, prior to provision of the main pulse to the fast coil, it is beneficial to have the ability to adjust the configuration of the magnetic field in the gap between the fast coil and the anode to adjust the initial position of plasma formation in the puffed gas pulse prior to the pre-ionization step This is accomplished by the provision of a slow bias capacitor 180 and a protection circuit both being installed in parallel with the fast coil and isolated therefrom by a controllable switch S2. A slow bias field is thus created prior to pre-ionization of the gas by the fast coil. This circuit is also shown in Fig. 2C.

In further explanation of the electrical circuit for the fast coil as shown in Fig. 2C, the bias field capacitor 180 drives a greater than 1 microsecond risetime current in the fast coil before the main capacitor pulse begins. This allows adjustment of the field configuration produced by the fast capacitor current. The fast capacitor 150 drives a 1 microsecond risetime pulse in the fast coil. The preionizer capacitor 160 causes the voltage across the fast coil to ring with a much less than 1 microsecond period, inducing a large oscillating electric field in the gas to be ionized, leading to partial iόnization of the gas. The rising magnetic field produced by the fast coil 408 pushes the ionized gas away from the fast coil, stagnating it against the preexisting magnetic field from the slow coil 414.

After pre-ionization the fast coil is then fully energized as described above to completely breakdown the gas into the plasma. After this pulse the field collapses back into the fast coil which is connected to a resistive load which is in turn connected to a heat sink, not shown. In the present embodiment, cooling channels in the supporting structure are used, but other solutions are possible and relatively straightforward. In this manner heat build up in the fast coil is avoided.

The fast coils 408 have been redesigned from the reference fast coils in several ways as well as the heat sinking mentioned above. The gap between the fast coil and the anode electrodes 410 has been reduced with the result that the amount of necessary magnetic energy has been decreased by over 50%. The lower energy requirement permits repetitive use at higher frequencies and reduces the complexity of the feed system voltages

for the ast coils. The design of the new ^* flux-shaping anode elecrode assembly has also contributed to these beneficial results.

The pulsed power signal from the power system is then applied to the anode assembly 35, accelerating ions from the plasma to form an ion beam K. The slow (S) and fast (F) magnetic flux structures, at the time of ion beam extraction, are shown in Figure 2A. The definite separation between the flux from the fast coil from the flux from the slow coil is shown therein. This is accomplished by the flux-shaping effects of the anodes 410 and also by the absence of a slow coil located in the insulating structure 420 as was taught in the earlier MAP reference paper. The slow coils in the present MAP ion diode are located only in the cathode area of the MAP. This anode flux shaping in conjunction with the location of slow coils in the cathode assembly is different from that shown in the MAP reference paper and permits the high repetition rate, sustained operation of the MAP diode disclosed herein. This design allows the B=0 point (the separatrix) to he positioned near the anode surface, resulting in an extracted ion beam with minimal or no rotation. This minimal rotation is necessary for effective delivery of the beam to the material to be treated.

Figure 2B is a detailed view of the gas valve assembly 404 and the passage 425 which conducts the gas from the valve 404 to the area in front of the fast coil 408. The passage 425 has been carefully designed to deposit the gas in the localized area of the fast coil with a minimum of blow-by past this region. The details of the cross sections of the passage 425 were designed for supersonic transport of the gas puff. The design was done with readily available gas flow computer programs and is within the skill in the art. The gas valve flapper 426 is operated by a small magnetic coil 428 which opens and closes the flapper 426 upon actuation from the MAP control system. The flapper valve is pivoted on the bottom end 427 of the flapper. The coil 428 is mounted in a high thermal conductivity ceramic support structure 429 which is in turn heat sinked to other structure, not shown. Alternatively, externally cooled wires surrounding the coil could also serve to extract the heat from the coils This heat sinking is necessary for the sustained operating capability of the MAP The gas is delivered to the \ alve from a plenum 431 behind the base of the

flapper. The plenum 43 1 should be visualized as being connected to a larger plenum located at the central core of the complete MAP ion diode as shown in Fig. 3.

The vacuum in the nozzle 406 rapidly draws the gas into the MAP once the flapper 426 is opened. The function of the nozzle is to produce a directed flow of gas only in the direction of flow and not transverse to it. Such transverse flow would direct gas into the gap between the anode and the cathode which would produce detrimental arcing and other effects. The reduction of the fast coil-anode gap discussed above makes the design of the nozzle very important to the successful operation of the MAP. Fortunately, gas flow design tools are available and were used to develop a nozzle with improved gas flow (higher mach number) and minimal boundary effects. This improved nozzle has an enlarged opening into the gap between the fast coil and the near edge of the anode which tapers from 9 to 15 mm instead of the straight walled 6 mm conduit in the reference MAP. The operating pressure of the gas in the puff valve has been increased from the range of 5- 25 psig to the range of 25-40 psig. Experiments have confirmed much improved MAP operation as a result of this new design.

The ion diode of this invention is distiguished from prior art ion diodes in several ways. Due to its low gas load per pulse, the vacuum recovery within the MAP allows sustained operation up to and above 100 Hz. As discussed above, the magnetic geometry is fundamentally different from previous ion diodes. Prior diodes produced rotating beams that were intended for applications in which the ion beam propogates in a strong axial magnetic field after being generated in the diode. The present system requires that the ion beam be extracted from the diode to propogate in field-free space a minimum distance of 20-30 cm to a material surface. The magnetic configurations of previous ion diodes are incapable of this type of operation because those ion beams were forced by the geometries of those diodes to cross net magnetic flux and thus rotate. Such beams would rapidly disperse and be useless for the present purposes. By moving the slow coils (the diode insulating magnetic field coils) to the cathode side of the diode gap eliminated the magnetic field crossing for the beam but required a total redesign of the magnetic system for the anode plasma source.

The modifications to the fast coil discussed above result in an energy requirement that is 5- 10 times less than previous configurations. The modifications include: the elimination of a slow coil on the anode side of the diode and its associated feeds, better control over the magnetic field shaping and contact of the anode plasma to the anode electrode structure through use of the partially field-penetrable electrodes, the elimination of the separate pre-ionizer coil from the prior ion diodes, the circuit associated with the fast coil to provide "bias" current to adjust the magnetic field to place the anode plasma surface on the correct flux surface to eliminate beam rotation and allow optimal propagation and focusing of the beam, and the redesign of the gas nozzle to better localize the gas puff which enables the fast coil to be located close to the diode gap which in turn reduces the energy requirements and complexity of the fast coil driver.

The plasma can be formed using a variety of gas phase molecules. The system can use any gas (including hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen fluorine, neon, chlorine and argon) or vaporizable liquid or metal (including lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorous, sulfur, and potassium ) to produce a pure source of ions without consuming or damaging any component other than the gas supplied to the source. The ion beam K propagates 20-30 cm in vacuum (~10 ^"3 ) to a broad focal area (up to 1000 cm ² ) at the target plane 195, shown in Fig. 3, where material samples are placed for treatment and can thermally alter areas from 5 cm ² to over 1000 cm ² .

The ion beam or MAP source 25 is capable of operating at repetitive pulse rates of 100 Hz continuously with long component lifetimes >10 ⁶ . The ion beam or MAP source 25, according to the principles of the present invention, draws ions from a plasma anode rather than a solid dielectric surface flashover anode used in present single pulse ion beam sources. Use of a flashover anode typically introduces a variety of contaminants to the surface of the material, often with detrimental results. One of the significant advantages of the using the improved MAP source disclosed herein is that one has precise control over the components in the ion beam by controlling the composition of the gas source.