PYRAZOLE COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING SAME

CROSS-REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/258,372, filed on November 20, 2015, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is an enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing endocannabinoids such as 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol), an arachidonate based lipid, in the nervous system. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is another enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing endocannabinoids such as anandamide.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0003] This disclosure provides, for example, compounds and compositions which are modulators of MAGL and/or FAAH, and their use as medicinal agents, processes for their preparation, and pharmaceutical compositions that include disclosed compounds as at least one active ingredient. The disclosure also provides for the use of disclosed compounds as medicaments and/or in the manufacture of medicaments for the inhibition of MAGL, and/or FAAH activity in warm-blooded animals such as humans.

[0004] In one aspect is a compound of Formula (I):

Formula (I);

wherein:

R ¹ is H, -CF ₃ , Ci- ₆ alkyl, -CN, halogen, optionally substituted phenyl, -CO ₂ R ¹¹ , or

-C(0)NR ¹² R ¹³ ;

R ² is H or optionally substituted phenyl;

R ³ is H, halogen, -OR ⁶ , Ci _-6 alkyl, Ci _-6 haloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted Ci- ₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R ⁴ is H, halogen, Ci _-6 alkyl, Ci _-6 haloalkyl, or phenyl; or

R ³ and R ⁴ are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ⁵ is H, halogen or Ci _-6 alkyl; R ⁶ is H, Ci- ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted

optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, or -Ci.

₆ alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ ;

R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci _-6 alkyl; or R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ¹¹ is H or Ci- ₆ alkyl; and

R 1 ⁱ 2 ^Z and R 1 ⁱ 3 ^J are each independently H, Ci _-6 alkyl, or C _3-8 cycloalkyl; or R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with or C _3-8 cycloalkyl; or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0005] In another aspect is a compound of Formula (II):

Formula (II);

wherein:

R ¹ is H, -CF ₃ , Ci _-6 alkyl, cyano, halogen, optionally substituted phenyl, -C0 ₂ R ^u , or

-C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ ;

R ² is H or optionally substituted phenyl;

R ³ is H, halogen, -OR ⁶ , Ci-ehaloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R ⁴ is H, halogen, Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, or phenyl; or

R ³ and R ⁴ are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ⁵ is H, halogen or Ci _-6 alkyl;

R ⁶ is H, Ci _-6 alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl -phenyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, or -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ ;

R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci _-6 alkyl; or R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ¹¹ is H or Ci _-6 alkyl;

R 1 ⁱ 2 ^Z and R 1 ⁱ 3 ^J are each independently H, or C _3-8 cycloalkyl; or R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci- ₆ alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl; R ¹⁴ is H or Ci- ₆ alkyl; and

R ¹⁵ is H or Ci-ealkyl;

or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0006] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ¹⁴ and R ¹⁵ are H.

[0007] In another aspect is a compound of Formula (III):

Formula (III);

wherein:

R ¹ is H, -CF ₃ , Ci- ₆ alkyl, cyano, halogen, optionally substituted phenyl, -CO ₂ R ¹¹ , or -

C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ ;

R ² is H or optionally substituted phenyl;

R ³ is H, halogen, -OR ⁶ , Ci-ehaloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted Ci- ₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R ⁴ is H, halogen, Ci _-6 alkyl, Ci _-6 haloalkyl, or phenyl; or

R ³ and R ⁴ are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ⁵ is H, halogen or

R ⁶ is H, Ci _-6 alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl -phenyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, or -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ ;

R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci- ₆ alkyl; or R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ¹¹ is H or C _h alky.;

R 1 ⁱ 2 ^Z and R 1 ⁱ 3 ^J are each independently H, or C 12 13

3 _-8 Cycloalkyl; or R and R together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl; and

R ¹⁶ is H, Ci _-6 alkyl, or -C(0)Ci _-6 alkyl;

or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [0008] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R16 is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R16 is C l-6alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R16 is -C(0)C l-6alkyl.

[0009] In a further embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In a further embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptabl thereof,

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-6 membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is ^s , ^{Ν Ν} , or Ν In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ . In a further embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, -oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ and R ⁶ is ,

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ³ is halogen. In a further embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ³ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ³ is Ci _-6 haloalkyl. In a further embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ³ is -CF ₃ . In a further embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ⁴ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ⁴ is halogen. In a further embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ⁴ is -CI. In a further embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ⁴ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ⁴ is Ci _-6 haloalkyl. In a further embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ⁴ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ⁴ is phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ⁵ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ² is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ² is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ¹ is halogen. In a further embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ¹ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or

1 12 13 12 13 pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is -C(0) R R , and R and R are H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate,

1 12 13 12 tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is -C(0)NR R , R is H, and R ¹³ is Ci- ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ¹ is

12 13 12 13

-C(0) R R , R is H, and R is -CH ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a piperazine ring substituted with cyclopropyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form an unsubstituted 5- or 6-member heterocycloalkyl ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form an unsubstituted pyrrolidine, unsubstituted piperidine, or unsubstituted morpholine ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R ¹ is -CF ₃ .

[0010] In another embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. [0011] In another embodiment is a method of treating a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and inflammatory bowel disease, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need thereof. In some embodiments, the disease is multiple sclerosis. In some embodiments, the disease is Alzheimer's disease. In some embodiments, the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.

[0012] In another embodiment is a method of treating pain in a patient, comprising

administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need thereof to treat said pain. In another embodiment is a method of treating neuropathic pain in a patient, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need thereof to treat said neuropathic pain. In another embodiment is a method of treating inflammatory pain in a patient, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need thereof to treat said inflammatory pain.

[0013] In another embodiment is a method of treating a disease or disorder in a patient comprising administering to the patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the disease is selected from

epilepsy/seizure disorder, neuromyelitis optica (ΝΜΟ), Tourette syndrome, persistent motor tic disorder, persistent vocal tic disorder, and abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome. In another embodiment is a method of treating epilepsy/seizure disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating neuromyelitis optica ( ΜΟ) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating Tourette syndrome in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating persistent motor tic disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating persistent vocal tic disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] This disclosure is directed, at least in part, to modulators or inhibitors of MAGL and/or FAAH. For example, provided herein are compounds capable of inhibiting MAGL and/or FAAH. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are dual inhibitors capable of inhibiting MAGL and FAAH.

[0015] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "and," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "an agent" includes a plurality of such agents, and reference to "the cell" includes reference to one or more cells (or to a plurality of cells) and equivalents thereof. When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecular weight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific embodiments therein are intended to be included. The term "about" when referring to a number or a numerical range means that the number or numerical range referred to is an approximation within experimental variability (or within statistical experimental error), and thus the number or numerical range varies between 1% and 15% of the stated number or numerical range. The term "comprising" (and related terms such as "comprise" or "comprises" or "having" or "including") is not intended to exclude that in other certain embodiments, for example, an embodiment of any composition of matter, composition, method, or process, or the like, described herein, may "consist of or "consist essentially of the described features.

Definitions

[0016] As used in the specification and appended claims, unless specified to the contrary, the following terms have the meaning indicated below. [0017] "Amino" refers to the -NH2 radical.

[0018] "Cyano" refers to the -CN radical.

[0019] "Nitro" refers to the -N02 radical.

[0020] "Oxa" refers to the -O- radical.

[0021] "Oxo" refers to the =0 radical.

[0022] "Thioxo" refers to the =S radical.

[0023] "Imino" refers to the =N-H radical.

[0024] "Oximo" refers to the =N-OH radical.

[0025] "Alkyl" refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to fifteen carbon atoms (e.g., C ₁ -C ₁₅ alkyl). In certain embodiments, an alkyl comprises one to thirteen carbon atoms (e.g., C ₁ -C ₁₃ alkyl). In certain embodiments, an alkyl comprises one to eight carbon atoms (e.g., Ci-C ₈ alkyl). In other embodiments, an alkyl comprises one to five carbon atoms (e.g., C ₁ -C ₅ alkyl). In other embodiments, an alkyl comprises one to four carbon atoms (e.g., Ci- C ₄ alkyl). In other embodiments, an alkyl comprises one to three carbon atoms (e.g., C ₁ -C ₃ alkyl). In other embodiments, an alkyl comprises one to two carbon atoms (e.g., C ₁ -C ₂ alkyl). In other embodiments, an alkyl comprises one carbon atom (e.g., Ci alkyl). In other embodiments, an alkyl comprises five to fifteen carbon atoms (e.g., C ₅ -C ₁₅ alkyl). In other embodiments, an alkyl comprises five to eight carbon atoms (e.g., C ₅ -C ₈ alkyl). In other embodiments, an alkyl comprises two to five carbon atoms (e.g., C ₂ -C ₅ alkyl). In other embodiments, an alkyl comprises three to five carbon atoms (e.g., C ₃ -C ₅ alkyl). In other embodiments, the alkyl group is selected from methyl, ethyl, 1 -propyl (^-propyl), 1 -methyl ethyl (z ^' so-propyl), 1 -butyl («-butyl), 1-methylpropyl (sec-butyl), 2-methylpropyl (iso-buty\), 1,1 -dimethyl ethyl (tert-butyl), 1-pentyl («-pentyl). The alkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more of the following substituents: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, imino, oximo,

trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , -OC(0)-R ^f , -N(R ^a ) ₂ , -C(0)R ^a , -C(0)OR ^a , -C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , - N(R ^a )C(0)OR ^f , -OC(0)- R ^a R ^f , -N(R ^a )C(0)R ^f , -N(R ^a )S(0) _t R ^f (where t is 1 or 2), -S(0) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(0) _t R ^f (where t is 1 or 2) and -S(0) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaryl alkyl, and each R is independently alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaryl alkyl.

[0026] " Alkoxy" refers to a radical bonded through an oxygen atom of the formula -O-alkyl, where alkyl is an alkyl chain as defined above. [0027] "Alkenyl" refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and having from two to twelve carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, an alkenyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms. In other embodiments, an alkenyl comprises two to four carbon atoms. The alkenyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), prop-l-enyl (i.e., allyl), but-l-enyl, pent-l-enyl, penta-l,4-dienyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkenyl group is optionally substituted by one or more of the following substituents: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, imino, oximo,

trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , -OC(0)-R ^f , -N(R ^a ) ₂ , -C(0)R ^a , -C(0)OR ^a , -C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , - N(R ^a )C(0)OR ^f , -OC(0)- R ^a R ^f , -N(R ^a )C(0)R ^f , -N(R ^a )S(0) _t R ^f (where t is 1 or 2), -S(0) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(0) _t R ^f (where t is 1 or 2) and -S(0) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaryl alkyl, and each R is independently alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaryl alkyl.

[0028] "Alkynyl" refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, having from two to twelve carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, an alkynyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms. In other embodiments, an alkynyl has two to four carbon atoms. The alkynyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkynyl group is optionally substituted by one or more of the following substituents: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, imino, oximo, trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , -OC(0)-R ^f , -N(R ^a ) ₂ , -C(0)R ^a , - C(0)OR ^a , -C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , -N(R ^a )C(0)OR ^f , -OC(0)- R ^a R ^f , -N(R ^a )C(0)R ^f , -N(R ^a )S(0) _t R ^f (where t is 1 or 2), -S(0) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(0) _t R ^f (where t is 1 or 2) and -S(0) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and each R is independently alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

[0029] "Alkylene" or "alkylene chain" refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group, consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing no unsaturation and having from one to twelve carbon atoms, for example, methylene, ethylene, propylene, «-butylene, and the like. The alkylene chain is attached to the rest of the molecule through a single bond and to the radical group through a single bond. In some embodiments, the points of attachment of the alkylene chain to the rest of the molecule and to the radical group are through one carbon in the alkylene chain or through any two carbons within the chain. In certain embodiments, an alkylene comprises one to eight carbon atoms (e.g., Ci-C ₈ alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises one to five carbon atoms (e.g., C ₁ -C5 alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises one to four carbon atoms (e.g., C ₁ -C4 alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises one to three carbon atoms (e.g., C ₁ -C ₃ alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises one to two carbon atoms (e.g., C ₁ -C ₂ alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises one carbon atom (e.g., Ci alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises five to eight carbon atoms (e.g., C ₅ -C ₈ alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises two to five carbon atoms (e.g., C ₂ -C ₅ alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises three to five carbon atoms (e.g., C ₃ -C5 alkylene). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylene chain is optionally substituted by one or more of the following substituents: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, imino, oximo, trimethylsilanyl, -OR ^a , -SR ^a , -OC(0)-R ^f , -N(R ^a ) ₂ , -C(0)R ^a , -C(0)OR ^a , - C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , -N(R ^a )C(0)OR ^f , -OC(0)- R ^a R ^f , -N(R ^a )C(0)R ^f , -N(R ^a )S(0) _t R ^f (where t is 1 or 2), - S(0) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(0) _t R ^f (where t is 1 or 2) and -S(0) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and each R is independently alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

[0030] "Aryl" refers to a radical derived from an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system by removing a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. The aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system contains only hydrogen and carbon from five to eighteen carbon atoms, where at least one of the rings in the ring system is fully unsaturated, i.e., it contains a cyclic, delocalized (4n+2) π-electron system in accordance with the Hiickel theory. The ring system from which aryl groups are derived include, but are not limited to, groups such as benzene, fluorene, indane, indene, tetralin and naphthalene. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term "aryl" or the prefix "ar-" (such as in "aralkyl") is meant to include aryl radicals optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, cyano, nitro, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, -R -OR ^a , -R -OC(0)-R ^a , - R -OC(0)-OR ^a , -R -OC(0)-N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -C(0)R ^a , -R -C(0)OR ^a , -R -C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , - R -0-R ^c -C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -N(R ^a )C(0)OR ^a , -R -N(R ^a )C(0)R ^a , -R -N(R ^a )S(0) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -R -S(0) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -R -S(0) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2) and -R -S(0) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2), where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl,

cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each R is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and R ^c is a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain. [0031] "Aryloxy" refers to a radical bonded through an oxygen atom of the formula -O-aryl, where aryl is as defined above.

[0032] "Aralkyl" refers to a radical of the formula -Rc-aryl where Rc is an alkylene chain as defined above, for example, methylene, ethylene, and the like. The alkylene chain part of the aralkyl radical is optionally substituted as described above for an alkylene chain. The aryl part of the aralkyl radical is optionally substituted as described above for an aryl group.

[0033] "Aralkyloxy" refers to a radical bonded through an oxygen atom of the formula -O- aralkyl, where aralkyl is as defined above.

[0034] "Aralkenyl" refers to a radical of the formula -R ^d -aryl where R ^d is an alkenylene chain as defined above. The aryl part of the aralkenyl radical is optionally substituted as described above for an aryl group. The alkenylene chain part of the aralkenyl radical is optionally substituted as defined above for an alkenylene group.

[0035] "Aralkynyl" refers to a radical of the formula -Re-aryl, where Re is an alkynylene chain as defined above. The aryl part of the aralkynyl radical is optionally substituted as described above for an aryl group. The alkynylene chain part of the aralkynyl radical is optionally substituted as defined above for an alkynylene chain.

[0036] "Cycloalkyl " refers to a stable non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which includes fused or bridged ring systems, having from three to fifteen carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, a cycloalkyl comprises three to ten carbon atoms. In other embodiments, a cycloalkyl comprises five to seven carbon atoms. The cycloalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Cycloalkyls are saturated, (i.e., containing single C-C bonds only) or partially unsaturated (i.e., containing one or more double bonds or triple bonds.) Examples of monocyclic cycloalkyls include, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. In certain embodiments, a cycloalkyl comprises three to eight carbon atoms (e.g., C ₃ -C ₈ cycloalkyl). In other embodiments, a cycloalkyl comprises three to seven carbon atoms (e.g., C ₃ -C ₇ cycloalkyl). In other embodiments, a cycloalkyl comprises three to six carbon atoms (e.g., C ₃ -C ₆ cycloalkyl). In other embodiments, a cycloalkyl comprises three to five carbon atoms (e.g., C ₃ -C ₅ cycloalkyl). In other embodiments, a cycloalkyl comprises three to four carbon atoms (e.g., C ₃ -C ₄ cycloalkyl). A partially unsaturated cycloalkyl is also referred to as "cycloalkenyl." Examples of monocyclic cycloalkenyls include, e.g., cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, and cyclooctenyl. Polycyclic cycloalkyl radicals include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl (i.e., bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl), norbornenyl, decalinyl,

7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term "cycloalkyl" is meant to include cycloalkyl radicals that are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, oxo, thioxo, cyano, nitro, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, -R -OR ^a , -R -OC(0)-R ^a , -R -OC(0)-OR ^a , -R -OC(0)-N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R - N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -C(0)R ^a , -R -C(0)OR ^a , -R -C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -0-R ^c -C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -N(R ^a )C(0)OR ^a , -R -N(R ^a )C(0)R ^a , -R -N(R ^a )S(0) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -R -S(0) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -R - S(0) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2) and -R -S(0) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2), where each R ^a is

independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each R is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and R ^c is a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain.

[0037] "Halo" or "halogen" refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo substituents.

[0038] "Haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above.

[0039] "Fluoroalkyl" refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more fluoro radicals, as defined above, for example, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, l-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, and the like. The alkyl part of the fluoroalkyl radical are optionally substituted as defined above for an alkyl group.

[0040] "Heterocycloalkyl" refers to a stable 3- to 18-membered non-aromatic ring radical that comprises two to twelve carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocycloalkyl radical is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which include fused, spiro, or bridged ring systems. The heteroatoms in the heterocycloalkyl radical are optionally oxidized. One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quaternized. The

heterocycloalkyl radical is partially or fully saturated. In some embodiments, the

heterocycloalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the ring(s).

Examples of such heterocycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[l,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl,

2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl,

tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, and

1, 1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term "heterocycloalkyl" is meant to include heterocycloalkyl radicals as defined above that are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, oxo, thioxo, cyano, nitro, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, -R -OR ^a , -R -OC(0)-R ^a , -R -OC(0)-OR ^a , -R - OC(0)-N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -C(0)R ^a , -R -C(0)OR ^a , -R -C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -0-R ^c -C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , - R -N(R ^a )C(0)OR ^a , -R -N(R ^a )C(0)R ^a , -R -N(R ^a )S(0) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -R -S(0) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -R -S(0) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2) and -R -S(0) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2), where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each R is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and R ^c is a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain.

[0041] "Heteroaryl" refers to a radical derived from a 3 - to 18-membered aromatic ring radical that comprises one to seventeen carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. As used herein, the heteroaryl radical is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, wherein at least one of the rings in the ring system is fully unsaturated, i.e., it contains a cyclic, delocalized (4n+2) π-electron system in accordance with the Hiickel theory. Heteroaryl includes fused or bridged ring systems. The heteroatom(s) in the heteroaryl radical is optionally oxidized. One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quaternized. The heteroaryl is attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the ring(s). Examples of heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl,

benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl,

benzo[d]thiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[£][l,4]dioxepinyl, benzo[b][l,4]oxazinyl,

1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[l,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, cyclopenta[d]pyrimidinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H- benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[l,2-c]pyridazinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, furo[3,2-c]pyridinyl, 5,6,7,8,9, 10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyrimidinyl,

5,6,7,8,9, 10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridazinyl, 5,6,7,8,9, 10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridinyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, 5,8-methano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl, 1,6-naphthyridinonyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl,

5,6,6a,7,8,9,10, 10a-octahydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 1 -phenyl- lH-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl,

pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl,

isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, 5.6.7.8- tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl,

6.7.8.9- tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl,

5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,5-c]pyridazinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-c]pridinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e. thienyl). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term "heteroaryl" is meant to include heteroaryl radicals as defined above which are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, fluoroalkyl, oxo, thioxo, cyano, nitro, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, -R - OR ^a , -R -OC(0)-R ^a , -R -OC(0)-OR ^a , -R -OC(0)-N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -C(0)R ^a , -R - C(0)OR ^a , -R -C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -0-R ^c -C(0)N(R ^a ) ₂ , -R -N(R ^a )C(0)OR ^a , -R -N(R ^a )C(0)R ^a , -R - N(R ^a )S(0) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -R -S(0) _t OR ^a (where t is 1 or 2), -R -S(0) _t R ^a (where t is 1 or 2) and -R -S(0) _t N(R ^a ) ₂ (where t is 1 or 2), where each R ^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each R is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and R ^c is a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain.

[0042] "N-heteroaryl" refers to a heteroaryl radical as defined above containing at least one nitrogen and where the point of attachment of the heteroaryl radical to the rest of the molecule is through a nitrogen atom in the heteroaryl radical. An N-heteroaryl radical is optionally substituted as described above for heteroaryl radicals.

[0043] "C -heteroaryl" refers to a heteroaryl radical as defined above and where the point of attachment of the heteroaryl radical to the rest of the molecule is through a carbon atom in the heteroaryl radical. A C-heteroaryl radical is optionally substituted as described above for heteroaryl radicals.

[0044] "Heteroaryloxy" refers to radical bonded through an oxygen atom of the formula -O- heteroaryl, where heteroaryl is as defined above.

[0045] "Heteroarylalkyl" refers to a radical of the formula -R ^c -heteroaryl, where R ^c is an alkylene chain as defined above. If the heteroaryl is a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl, the heteroaryl is optionally attached to the alkyl radical at the nitrogen atom. The alkylene chain of the heteroarylalkyl radical is optionally substituted as defined above for an alkylene chain. The heteroaryl part of the heteroarylalkyl radical is optionally substituted as defined above for a heteroaryl group.

[0046] "Heteroarylalkoxy" refers to a radical bonded through an oxygen atom of the formula - O-Rc-heteroaiyl, where Rc is an alkylene chain as defined above. If the heteroaryl is a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl, the heteroaryl is optionally attached to the alkyl radical at the nitrogen atom. The alkylene chain of the heteroarylalkoxy radical is optionally substituted as defined above for an alkylene chain. The heteroaryl part of the heteroarylalkoxy radical is optionally substituted as defined above for a heteroaryl group.

[0047] In some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that are defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-. Unless stated otherwise, it is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds disclosed herein are contemplated by this disclosure. When the compounds described herein contain alkene double bonds, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that this disclosure includes both E and Z geometric isomers (e.g., cis or trans?) Likewise, all possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms, and all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. The term "geometric isomer" refers to E or Z geometric isomers (e.g., cis or trans) of an alkene double bond. The term "positional isomer" refers to structural isomers around a central ring, such as ortho-, meta-, and para- isomers around a benzene ring.

[0048] A "tautomer" refers to a molecule wherein a proton shift from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule is possible. In certain embodiments, the compounds presented herein exist as tautomers. In circumstances where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will exist. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including physical state, temperature, solvent, and pH. Some examples of tautomeric e uilibrium include:

[0049] "Optional" or "optionally" means that a subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur and that the description includes instances when the event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, "optionally substituted aryl" means that the aryl radical are or are not substituted and that the description includes both substituted aryl radicals and aryl radicals having no substitution.

[0050] "Pharmaceutically acceptable salt" includes both acid and base addition salts. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one of the compounds described herein is intended to encompass any and all pharmaceutically suitable salt forms. Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein are pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts.

[0051] "Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt" refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphorous acid, and the like. Also included are salts that are formed with organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, alkanedioic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids, etc. and include, for example, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid,/?-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like. Exemplary salts thus include sulfates, pyrosulfates, bisulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, nitrates, phosphates, monohydrogenphosphates, dihydrogenphosphates, metaphosphates, pyrophosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates, trifluoroacetates, propionates, caprylates, isobutyrates, oxalates, malonates, succinate suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates, mandelates, benzoates,

chlorobenzoates, methylbenzoates, dinitrobenzoates, phthalates, benzenesulfonates,

toluenesulfonates, phenylacetates, citrates, lactates, malates, tartrates, methanesulfonates, and the like. Also contemplated are salts of amino acids, such as arginates, gluconates, and galacturonates (see, for example, Berge S.M. et al., "Pharmaceutical Salts," Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66: 1-19 1997). Acid addition salts of basic compounds are prepared by contacting the free base forms with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce the salt.

[0052] "Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt" refers to those salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, for example, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol,

2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, N,N- dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine,

ethylenedianiline, N-methylglucamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. See Berge et al., supra.

[0053] As used herein, "treatment" or "treating " or "palliating" or "ameliorating" are used interchangeably. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit. By "therapeutic benefit" is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that the patient is still afflicted with the underlying disorder. For prophylactic benefit, the compositions are administered to a patient at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease has not been made.

[0054] "Prodrug" is meant to indicate a compound that is converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically active compound described herein. Thus, the term "prodrug" refers to a precursor of a biologically active compound that is pharmaceutically acceptable. In some embodiments, the prodrug is inactive when administered to a subject, but is converted in vivo to an active compound, for example, by hydrolysis. The prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see, e.g., Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7-9, 21-24 Elsevier,

Amsterdam).

[0055] A discussion of prodrugs is provided in Higuchi, T., et al., "Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems," A.C.S. Symposium Series, Vol. 14, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987.

[0056] The term "prodrug" is also meant to include any covalently bonded carriers, which release the active compound in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject. In some embodiments, prodrugs of an active compound, as described herein, are prepared by modifying functional groups present in the active compound in such a way that the

modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent active compound. Prodrugs include compounds wherein a hydroxy, amino or mercapto group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of the active compound is administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxy, free amino or free mercapto group, respectively. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol or amine functional groups in the active compounds and the like. Compounds

[0057] The compounds of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein are inhibitors of MAGL and/or FAAH. In some embodiments, the compounds are inhibitors of MAGL. In some embodiments, the compounds are inhibitors of FAAH. In some embodiments, the compounds are inhibitors of MAGL and FAAH. The compounds of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, and compositions comprising these compounds, are useful for the treatment of pain, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and/or inflammatory bowel disease.

[0058] In one embodiment is a compound of Formula (I):

Formula (I);

wherein:

R ¹ is H, -CF ₃ , Ci _-6 alkyl, -CN, halogen, optionally substituted phenyl, -C0 ₂ R ^u , or

-C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ ;

R ² is H or optionally substituted phenyl;

R ³ is H, halogen, -OR ⁶ , Ci _-6 alkyl, Ci _-6 haloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R ⁴ is H, halogen, Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, or phenyl; or

R ³ and R ⁴ are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ⁵ is H, halogen or Ci _-6 alkyl;

R ⁶ is H, Ci _-6 alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl -phenyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, or -Ci.

₆ alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ ;

R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci _-6 alkyl; or R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ¹¹ is H or Ci- ₆ alkyl; and R 1 ⁱ 2 ^Z and R 1 ⁱ 3 ^J are each independently H, or 12 13

C3- ₈ cycloalkyl; or R and R together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl; or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0059] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is -CN. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u and R ¹¹ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u and R ¹¹ is In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is -C(0)NR ¹² R ¹³ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , and R 12 and R 13 are H.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , R 12 is H, and R ¹³ is In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is -

12 13 12 13

C(0) R R , R is H, and R is -CH ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , and R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with or C _3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a piperazine ring substituted with cyclopropyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , and R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form an unsubstituted pyrrolidine, unsubstituted piperidine, or unsubstituted morpholine ring.

[0060] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ² is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ² is optionally substituted phenyl.

[0061] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is Ci. ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is Ci _-6 haloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-6 membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 6-membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of

Formula (I), is H ^s jl . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I),

3 3 wherein R i In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted Ci- ₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of

-|-N

Formula I wherein R is o tionall substituted heteroc cloalk l selected from

<x> <F In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci _-6 alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula

[0062] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁴ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁴ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁴ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁴ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁴ is Ci. ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁴ is Ci _-6 haloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁴ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁴ is phenyl.

[0063] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁵ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁵ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁵ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁵ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I), wherein R ⁵ is Ci. ₆ alkyl.

[0064] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) having the structure of Formula (la):

Formula (la);

wherein: R ¹ is -CF ₃ , halogen, -C0 ₂ R ^u , or -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ ;

R ³ is halogen, -OR ⁶ , Ci-ehaloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,

optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R ⁴ is H, halogen, Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci- ₆ haloalkyl, or phenyl;

R ⁶ is Ci- ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted

optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl;

R ¹¹ is H or Ci _-6 alkyl; and

R 1 ⁱ 2 ^Z and R 1 ⁱ 3 ^J are each independently H, or 12 13

C3- ₈ cycloalkyl; or R and R together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl; or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0065] In one embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ¹ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ¹ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ¹ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u and R ¹¹ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u and R ¹¹ is In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la),

1 12 13 12 13

wherein R is -C(0) R ^iZ R , and R ^iZ and R ^iJ are H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , R ¹² is H, and R ¹³ is Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , R 12 is H, and R 13 is - CH ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ¹ is -C(0)NR ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with or C _{3- 8} cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ¹ is -

C(0) R 12 R 13 , and R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a piperazine ring substituted with cyclopropyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein

1 12 13 12 13

R is -C(0) R R , and R and R together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring. In another

embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , and R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form an unsubstituted pyrrolidine, unsubstituted piperidine, or unsubstituted morpholine ring.

[0066] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is Ci- ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is Ci _-6 haloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-6 membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 6-membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R is ^s . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la) wherein R is N N In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is . In another embodiment is a compound of

Formula (la), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted

heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl selected from ^— , \— / , — ' F ₃

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is Ci- ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl -phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci _-6 alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ri

[0067] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ⁴ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ⁴ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ⁴ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ⁴ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ⁴ is Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ⁴ is Ci.

6haloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (la), wherein R ⁴ is -CF ₃ .

[0068] In another embodim nt is a compound of Formula (II):

Formula (II);

wherein:

R ¹ is H, -CF ₃ , Ci _-6 alkyl, cyano, halogen, optionally substituted phenyl, -C0 ₂ R ^u , or

-C(0) R ⁱ² R ⁱ³ ; R ² is H or optionally substituted phenyl;

R ³ is H, halogen, -OR ⁶ , Ci-ehaloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R ⁴ is H, halogen, Ci-ehaloalkyl, or phenyl; or

R ³ and R ⁴ are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ⁵ is H, halogen or Ci _-6 alkyl;

R ⁶ is H, Ci _-6 alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl -phenyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, or -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ ;

R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci _-6 alkyl; or R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ¹¹ is H or Ci _-6 alkyl;

R 1 ⁱ 2 ^Z and R 1 ⁱ 3 ^J are each independently H, or C3- ₈ cycloalkyl; or R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl;

R ¹⁴ is H or Ci- ₆ alkyl; and

R ¹⁵ is H or Ci _-6 alkyl;

or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0069] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R14 and R15 are H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R14 and R15 are Cl-6alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R14 and R15 are -CH3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R14 is H and R15 are -CH3.

[0070] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein Rl is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein Rl is -CF3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein Rl is Cl-6alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein Rl is -CN. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein Rl is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein Rl is - CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein Rl is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein Rl is -C02R11. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein Rl is -C02R11 and Rl 1 is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein Rl is -C02R11 and Rl 1 is Cl- 6alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ¹ is -C(0)NR ¹² R ¹³ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R 1 is -C(0)NR 12 R 13 , and R 12 and

R 13 are H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R 1 is -C(0)NR 12 R 13 , R is H, and R is Ci- ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , R ¹² is H, and R ¹³ is -CH ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci- ₆ alkyl or C _3-8 Cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a piperazine ring substituted with cyclopropyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring.

1 12 13 12

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R is -C(0)NR R , and R and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form an unsubstituted pyrrolidine, unsubstituted piperidine, or unsubstituted morpholine ring.

[0071] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ² is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ² is optionally substituted phenyl.

[0072] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of

Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is Ci- ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is Ci.

6haloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-6 membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 6-membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R is ^s . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted Ci- ₆ alkyl -heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II wherei ³ is optionall substituted heterocycloalkyl selected from

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci _-6 alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci _-6 alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci- ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci- ₆ alkylC(0)NR ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring. In another embodiment is a compound of

Formula (II), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is Ci _-6 alkyl, \=/ ,* CPI , CI ,

[0073] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁴ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁴ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁴ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁴ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁴ is Ci- ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein Ci-ehaloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁴ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁴ is phenyl.

[0074] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁵ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁵ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁵ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁵ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II), wherein R ⁵ is Ci-ealkyl.

[0075] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) having the structure of Formula (Da):

Formula (Ha);

wherein:

R ¹ is -CF ₃ , halogen, -C0 ₂ R ^u , or -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ ;

R ³ is halogen, -OR ⁶ , Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,

optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R ⁴ is H, halogen, Ci-ehaloalkyl, or phenyl;

R ⁶ is Ci- ₆ alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted

optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl;

R ¹¹ is H or Ci _-6 alkyl; and

R 1 ⁱ 2 ^Z and R 1 ⁱ 3 ^J are each independently H, Ci _-6 alkyl, or C _3-8 cycloalkyl; or R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with or C3- ₈ cycloalkyl, and optionally containing another heteroatom selected from N, S, or O;

or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0076] In one embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ¹ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ¹ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ¹ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u and R ¹¹ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u and R ¹¹ is In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila),

1 12 13 12 13

wherein R is -C(0) R ^iZ R , and R ^iZ and R ^iJ are H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , R ¹² is H, and R ¹³ is Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , R 12 is H, and R 13 is - CH ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3- scycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ¹ is -

C(0) R 12 R 13 , and R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a piperazine ring substituted with cyclopropyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein

1 12 13 12 13

R is -C(0) R R , and R and R together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring. In another

embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , and R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form an unsubstituted pyrrolidine, unsubstituted piperidine, or unsubstituted morpholine ring.

[0077] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is Ci _-6 haloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-6 membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 6- membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R is In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R is N N In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is ^{x N} . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted Ci- ₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl selected from ^-^, \— / , — ' F ₃

, . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci _-6 alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula

[0078] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ⁴ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ⁴ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ⁴ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ⁴ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ⁴ is Ci- ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ⁴ is Ci _-6 haloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ila), wherein R ⁴ is -CF ₃ .

[0079] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III):

Formula (III);

wherein:

R ¹ is H, -CF ₃ , Ci _-6 alkyl, cyano, halogen, optionally substituted phenyl, -C0 ₂ R ^u , or -

C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ ;

R ² is H or optionally substituted phenyl;

R ³ is H, halogen, -OR ⁶ , Ci-ehaloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R ⁴ is H, halogen, Ci- ₆ alkyl, Ci-ehaloalkyl, or phenyl; or

R ³ and R ⁴ are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ⁵ is H, halogen or Ci _-6 alkyl; R ⁶ is H, Ci-6alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted

optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, or -Ci.

₆ alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ ;

R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci _-6 alkyl; or R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring;

R ¹¹ is H or Ci-ealkyl;

R 1 ⁱ 2 ^Z and R 1 ⁱ 3 ^J are each independently H, Ci _-6 alkyl, or C _3-8 cycloalkyl; or R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with or C _3-8 cycloalkyl, and optionally containing another heteroatom selected from N, S or O; and

R ¹⁶ is H, Ci _-6 alkyl, or -C(0)Ci _-6 alkyl;

or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0080] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R16 is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R16 is Cl-6alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R16 is -CH3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R16 is -C(0)Cl-6alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R16 is -C(0)CH3.

[0081] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein Rl is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein Rl is -CF3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein Rl is Cl-6alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein Rl is -CN. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹ is - CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u and R ¹¹ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u and R ¹¹ is In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , and R 12 and

R 13 are H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , R ¹² is H, and R ¹³ is In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , R ¹² is H, and R ¹³ is -CH ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci- ₆ alkyl or C3- ₈ cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a piperazine ring substituted with cyclopropyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , and R 12 and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form an unsubstituted pyrrolidine, unsubstituted piperidine, or unsubstituted morpholine ring.

[0082] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ² is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ² is optionally substituted phenyl.

[0083] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is Ci- ₆ haloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-6 membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 6-membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), where , is H ^s jl . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein R ³ is in another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted Ci- ₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted

heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl selected from ^-^, \— / , — ' F ₃ , . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ . In another embodiment is a compound of

Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is Ci- ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci _-6 alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring. In

(III), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is Ci _-6 alkyl,

[0084] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁴ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁴ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁴ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁴ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁴ is Ci- ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein Ci. ₆ haloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁴ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁴ is phenyl.

[0085] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁵ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁵ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁵ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁵ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III), wherein R ⁵ is Ci- ₆ alkyl.

[0086] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) having the structure of Formula (Ilia):

Formula (Ilia);

wherein:

R ¹ is -CF ₃ , halogen, -C0 ₂ R ^u , or -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ ;

R ³ is halogen, -OR ⁶ , Ci _-6 alkyl, Ci _-6 haloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,

optionally substituted Ci-6alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R ⁴ is H, halogen, Ci _-6 alkyl, Ci _-6 haloalkyl, or phenyl;

R ⁶ is Ci _-6 alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-phenyl,

optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl;

R ¹¹ is H or Ci-ealkyl;

R 1 ⁱ 2 ^Z and R 1 ⁱ 3 ^J are each independently H, Ci _-6 alkyl, or C _3-8 cycloalkyl; or R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with or C _3-8 cycloalkyl, and optionally containing another heteroatom selected from N, S, or O; and

R ¹⁶ is H, Ci-ealkyl, or -C(0)Ci _-6 alkyl;

or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0087] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R16 is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R16 is Cl-6alkyl. In another

embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R16 is -CH3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R16 is -C(0)Cl-6alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R16 is -C(0)CH3.

[0088] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein Rl is -CF3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein Rl is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ¹ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ¹ is -CO ₂ R ¹¹ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u and R ¹¹ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ¹ is -C0 ₂ R ^u and R ¹¹ is Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ are H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , R 12 is H, and R 13 is Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ¹ is -

12 13 12 13

C(0) R R , R is H, and R is -CH ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member heterocycloalkyl ring, optionally substituted with Ci _-6 alkyl or C _3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a piperazine ring substituted with cyclopropyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ¹ is -C(0) R ¹² R ¹³ , and R ¹² and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a 5- or 6-member unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R 1 is -C(0) R 12 R 13 , and R 12 and R ¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form an unsubstituted pyrrolidine, unsubstituted piperidine, or unsubstituted morpholine ring.

[0089] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R3 is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is -CI. In another

embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is Ci-6alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is Ci _-6 haloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is -CF ₃ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-6 membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 5-membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl and the heteroaryl is a 6-membered ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula

(Ilia), wherein R is ^s . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein

R is ^{N N} . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R is . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted Ci- ₆ alkyl-heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of

Formula (Ilia), wherein R ^J is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl selected from . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted Ci _-6 alkyl-phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is - OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci _-6 alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ are each independently H, or Ci _-6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ³ is -OR ⁶ , and R ⁶ is -Ci.

6alkylC(0) R ⁹ R ¹⁰ , and R ⁹ and R ¹⁰ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached are combined to form a heterocycloalkyl ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula

[0090] In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ⁴ is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ⁴ is halogen. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ⁴ is -CI. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ⁴ is -F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ⁴ is Ci- ₆ alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ⁴ is Ci- ₆ haloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Ilia), wherein R ⁴ is -CF ₃ .

[0091] Further embodiments provided herein include combinations of one or more of the particular embodiments set forth above.

[0092] In some embodiments, the compound disclosed herein has the structure provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1

yl)methanone

N-(3 -chlorobenzyl)acetamide

N-(4-chlorobenzyl)acetamide

carboxamide

carboxamide

CI y/\- N¾/ yl)methanone

pyrazol- 1 -yl)methanone

X ₀ X ¹ ]pyrrol-2( lH)-yl)methanone

yl)methanone

lH-pyrazol- 1 -yl)methanone

carboxamide

carboxamide

^CF3 carboxamide

Preparation of the Compounds

[0093] The compounds used in the reactions described herein are made according to organic synthesis techniques, starting from commercially available chemicals and/or from compounds described in the chemical literature. "Commercially available chemicals" are obtained from standard commercial sources including Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium), Aldrich Chemical (Milwaukee, WI, including Sigma Chemical and Fluka), Apin Chemicals Ltd. (Milton Park, UK), Ark Pharm, Inc. (Libertyville, IL), Avocado Research (Lancashire, U.K.), BDH Inc. (Toronto, Canada), Bionet (Cornwall, U.K.), Chemservice Inc. (West Chester, PA), Combi-blocks (San Diego, CA), Crescent Chemical Co. (Hauppauge, NY), eMolecules (San Diego, CA), Fisher Scientific Co. (Pittsburgh, PA), Fisons Chemicals (Leicestershire, UK), Frontier Scientific (Logan, UT), ICN Biomedicals, Inc. (Costa Mesa, CA), Key Organics (Cornwall, U.K.), Lancaster Synthesis (Windham, NH), Matrix Scientific, (Columbia, SC), Maybridge Chemical Co. Ltd. (Cornwall, U.K.), Parish Chemical Co. (Orem, UT), Pfaltz & Bauer, Inc. (Waterbury, CN), Polyorganix (Houston, TX), Pierce Chemical Co. (Rockford, IL), Riedel de Haen AG (Hanover, Germany), Ryan Scientific, Inc. (Mount Pleasant, SC), Spectrum Chemicals (Gardena, CA), Sundia Meditech, (Shanghai, China), TCI America (Portland, OR), Trans World Chemicals, Inc. (Rockville, MD), and WuXi (Shanghai, China).

[0094] Suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, "Synthetic Organic Chemistry", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; S. R. Sandler et al., "Organic Functional Group Preparations," 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983; H. O. House, "Modern Synthetic Reactions", 2nd Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif. 1972; T. L. Gilchrist, "Heterocyclic Chemistry", 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992; J. March, "Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure", 4th Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1992. Additional suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, Fuhrhop, J. and Penzlin G. "Organic Synthesis: Concepts, Methods, Starting Materials", Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition (1994) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3-527-29074-5; Hoffman, R.V. "Organic Chemistry, An Intermediate Text" (1996) Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509618-5;

Larock, R. C. "Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group

Preparations" 2nd Edition (1999) Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 0-471-19031 -4; March, J. "Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure" 4th Edition (1992) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471-60180-2; Otera, J. (editor) "Modern Carbonyl Chemistry" (2000) Wiley- VCH, ISBN: 3-527-29871-1 ; Patai, S. "Patai's 1992 Guide to the Chemistry of Functional Groups" (1992) Interscience ISBN: 0-471-93022-9; Solomons, T. W. G. "Organic Chemistry" 7th Edition (2000) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471-19095-0; Stowell, J.C., "Intermediate Organic Chemistry" 2nd Edition (1993) Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-57456-2; "Industrial Organic Chemicals: Starting Materials and Intermediates: An Ullmann's Encyclopedia" (1999) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 3-527-29645-X, in 8 volumes; "Organic Reactions" (1942-2000) John Wiley & Sons, in over 55 volumes; and "Chemistry of Functional Groups" John Wiley & Sons, in 73 volumes.

[0095] Specific and analogous reactants are also identified through the indices of known chemicals prepared by the Chemical Abstract Service of the American Chemical Society, which are available in most public and university libraries, as well as through on-line databases (the American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.). Chemicals that are known but not commercially available in catalogs are prepared by custom chemical synthesis houses, where many of the standard chemical supply houses (e.g., those listed above) provide custom synthesis services. A reference for the preparation and selection of pharmaceutical salts of the compounds described herein is P. H.

Stahl & C. G. Wermuth "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts", Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, Zurich, 2002.

Further Forms of Compounds Disclosed Herein

Isomers

[0096] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as geometric isomers. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein possess one or more double bonds. The compounds presented herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the corresponding mixtures thereof. In some situations, compounds exist as tautomers. The compounds described herein include all possible tautomers within the formulas described herein. In some situations, the compounds described herein possess one or more chiral centers and each center exists in the R configuration, or S

configuration. The compounds described herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the corresponding mixtures thereof. In additional embodiments of the compounds and methods provided herein, mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereoisomers, resulting from a single preparative step, combination, or interconversion are useful for the applications described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are prepared as optically pure enantiomers by chiral chromatographic resolution of the racemic mixture. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. In some embodiments, dissociable complexes are preferred (e.g., crystalline diastereomeric salts). In some embodiments, the diastereomers have distinct physical properties (e.g., melting points, boiling points, solubilities, reactivity, etc.) and are separated by taking advantage of these dissimilarities. In some embodiments, the

diastereomers are separated by chiral chromatography, or preferably, by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. In some embodiments, the optically pure enantiomer is then recovered, along with the resolving agent, by any practical means that would not result in racemization.

[0097] The exocyclic diamine compounds described herein are capable of cis-trans isomerism. The fused 5,5-ring system has two distinct faces, and any substituent on the ring system is attached to one of two faces. When a substituent is attached to the concave surface of the ring system, the substituent is cis. When a substituent is attached to the convex surface of the ring system, the substituent is trans. Like the cases of cis-trans isomerism in alkenes, these isomers have the same atomic connectivities but differ in their spatial arrangement of atoms. Hence, they are stereoisomers.

Labeled compounds

[0098] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in their

isotopically-labeled forms. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such isotopically-labeled compounds. In some

embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by

administering such isotopically-labeled compounds as pharmaceutical compositions. Thus, in some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that are incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine and chloride, such as 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 180, 170, 3 IP, 32P, 35S, 18F, and 36C1, respectively. Compounds described herein, and the metabolites, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs, solvate, hydrates or derivatives thereof which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically-labeled compounds, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3H and 14C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i. e., 3H and carbon-14, i. e., 14C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavy isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2H, produces certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. In some embodiments, the isotopically labeled compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof is prepared by any suitable method.

[0099] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are labeled by other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts

[00100] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such pharmaceutically acceptable salts. In some

embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by

administering such pharmaceutically acceptable salts as pharmaceutical compositions.

[00101] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein possess acidic or basic groups and therefore react with any of a number of inorganic or organic bases, and inorganic and organic acids, to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In some embodiments, these salts are prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a purified compound in its free form with a suitable acid or base, and isolating the salt thus formed.

Solvates

[00102] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as solvates. The invention provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such solvates. The invention further provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such solvates as pharmaceutical compositions.

[00103] Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and, in some embodiments, are formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of the compounds described herein are conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. By way of example only, hydrates of the compounds described herein are conveniently prepared by recrystallization from an aqueous/organic solvent mixture, using organic solvents including, but not limited to, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran or methanol. In addition, the compounds provided herein exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.

Prodrugs

[00104] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in prodrug form. The invention provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such prodrugs. The invention further provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such prodrugs as pharmaceutical compositions.

[00105] In some embodiments, prodrugs include compounds wherein an amino acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three or four) amino acid residues is covalently joined through an amide or ester bond to a free amino, hydroxy or carboxylic acid group of compounds of the present invention. The amino acid residues include but are not limited to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids and also includes 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine, 3-methylhistidine, norvaline, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, cirtulline, homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone. In other embodiments, prodrugs include compounds wherein a nucleic acid residue, or an oligonucleotide of two or more (e.g., two, three or four) nucleic acid residues is covalently joined to a compound of the present invention.

[00106] Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of the compounds described herein also include, but are not limited to, esters, carbonates, thiocarbonates, N-acyl derivatives, N-acyloxyalkyl derivatives, quaternary derivatives of tertiary amines, N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases, amino acid conjugates, phosphate esters, metal salts and sulfonate esters. In some embodiments, compounds having free amino, amido, hydroxy or carboxylic groups are converted into prodrugs. For instance, free carboxyl groups are derivatized as amides or alkyl esters. In certain instances, all of these prodrug moieties incorporate groups including but not limited to ether, amine and carboxylic acid functionalities.

[00107] Hydroxy prodrugs include esters, such as though not limited to, acyloxyalkyl (e.g.

acyloxym ethyl, acyloxyethyl) esters, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl esters, alkyl esters, aryl esters, phosphate esters, sulfonate esters, sulfate esters and disulfide containing esters; ethers, amides, carbamates, hemi succinates, dimethylaminoacetates and phosphoryloxymethyloxycarbonyls, as outlined in Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 1996, 19, 115.

[00108] Amine derived prodrugs include, but are not limited to the following groups and combinations of groups:

R' S R' S R' O R' S R' O R' O

— N X O X S ,R

— N X O X O ,R

— N X O X S ,R

— N X S X O ,R

— N X S X S ,R

— N X S X O ,R

H H H H H H

as well as sulfonamides and phosphonamides.

[00109] In certain instances, sites on any aromatic ring portions are susceptible to various metabolic reactions, therefore incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures, reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway.

Metabolites

[00110] In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions. Therefore, in some

embodiments, incorporation of appropriate substituents into the structure will reduce, minimize, or eliminate a metabolic pathway. In specific embodiments, the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of an aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, or an alkyl group.

[00111] In additional or further embodiments, compounds of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect. Pharmaceutical Compositions

[00112] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) as described herein is administered as a pure chemical. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein is combined with a pharmaceutically suitable or acceptable carrier (also referred to herein as a pharmaceutically suitable (or acceptable) excipient, physiologically suitable (or acceptable) excipient, or physiologically suitable (or acceptable) carrier) selected on the basis of a chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice as described, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Gennaro, 21st Ed. Mack Pub. Co., Easton, PA (2005)).

[00113] Accordingly, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a stereoisomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The carrier(s) (or excipient(s)) is acceptable or suitable if the carrier is compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not deleterious to the recipient (i.e., the subject) of the composition.

[00114] One embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. One embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (la), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[00115] One embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. One embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (Ila), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[00116] One embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. One embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a

pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (Ilia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[00117] Another embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Another embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Another embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Another embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (la), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Another embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (Ha), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Another embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of Formula (Ilia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[00118] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) as described herein is substantially pure, in that it contains less than about 5%, or less than about 1%, or less than about 0.1%, of other organic small molecules, such as contaminating

intermediates or by-products that are created, for example, in one or more of the steps of a synthesis method.

[00119] These formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, buccal, parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, or intravenous), vaginal, or aerosol

administration, although the most suitable form of administration in any given case will depend on the degree and severity of the condition being treated and on the nature of the particular compound being used. For example, disclosed compositions are formulated as a unit dose, and/or are formulated for oral or subcutaneous administration.

[00120] Exemplary pharmaceutical compositions are used in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation, for example, in solid, semisolid or liquid form, which includes one or more of a disclosed compound, as an active ingredient, in admixture with an organic or inorganic carrier or excipient suitable for external, enteral or parenteral applications. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is compounded, for example, with the usual non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for tablets, pellets, capsules, suppositories, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and any other form suitable for use. The active object compound is included in the

pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process or condition of the disease.

[00121] In some embodiments for preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g., water, to form a solid

preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a disclosed compound or a non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient is dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition is readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules.

[00122] In solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), the subject composition is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, silicified microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, hypromellose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, docusate sodium, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and (10) coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, in some embodiments, the compositions comprise buffering agents. In some embodiments, solid compositions of a similar type are also employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

[00123] In some embodiments, a tablet is made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. In some embodiments, compressed tablets are prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. In some embodiments, molded tablets are made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the subject composition moistened with an inert liquid diluent. In some embodiments, tablets, and other solid dosage forms, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, are scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings.

[00124] Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the subject composition, in some embodiments, the liquid dosage forms contain inert diluents, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, cyclodextrins and mixtures thereof. [00125] In some embodiments, suspensions, in addition to the subject composition, contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

[00126] In some embodiments, formulations for rectal or vaginal administration are presented as a suppository, which are prepared by mixing a subject composition with one or more suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the body cavity and release the active agent.

[00127] Dosage forms for transdermal administration of a subject composition include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. In some embodiments, the active component is mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants as required.

[00128] In some embodiments, the ointments, pastes, creams and gels contain, in addition to a subject composition, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

[00129] In some embodiments, powders and sprays contain, in addition to a subject

composition, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. In some embodiments, sprays additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.

[00130] Compositions and compounds disclosed herein alternatively are administered by aerosol. This is accomplished by preparing an aqueous aerosol, liposomal preparation or solid particles containing the compound. In some embodiments, a non-aqueous (e.g., fluorocarbon propellant) suspension is used. In some embodiments, sonic nebulizers are used because they minimize exposing the agent to shear, which results in degradation of the compounds contained in the subject compositions. Ordinarily, an aqueous aerosol is made by formulating an aqueous solution or suspension of a subject composition together with conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and stabilizers. The carriers and stabilizers vary with the requirements of the particular subject composition, but typically include non-ionic surfactants (Tweens, Pluronics, or polyethylene glycol), innocuous proteins like serum albumin, sorbitan esters, oleic acid, lecithin, amino acids such as glycine, buffers, salts, sugars or sugar alcohols. Aerosols generally are prepared from isotonic solutions. [00131] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for parenteral administration comprise a subject composition in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which are reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which, in some embodiments, contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

[00132] Examples of suitable aqueous and non-aqueous carriers which are employed in the pharmaceutical compositions include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and inj ectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate and cyclodextrins. Proper fluidity is maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants

[00133] Also contemplated are enteral pharmaceutical formulations including a disclosed compound and an enteric material; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient thereof. Enteric materials refer to polymers that are substantially insoluble in the acidic environment of the stomach, and that are predominantly soluble in intestinal fluids at specific pHs. The small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine, and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The pH of the duodenum is about 5.5, the pH of the jejunum is about 6.5 and the pH of the distal ileum is about 7.5.

Accordingly, enteric materials are not soluble, for example, until a pH of about 5.0, of about 5.2, of about 5.4, of about 5.6, of about 5.8, of about 6.0, of about 6.2, of about 6.4, of about 6.6, of about 6.8, of about 7.0, of about 7.2, of about 7.4, of about 7.6, of about 7.8, of about 8.0, of about 8.2, of about 8.4, of about 8.6, of about 8.8, of about 9.0, of about 9.2, of about 9.4, of about 9.6, of about 9.8, or of about 10.0. Exemplary enteric materials include cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), cellulose acetate trimellitate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose succinate, cellulose acetate succinate, cellulose acetate hexahydrophthalate, cellulose propionate phthalate, cellulose acetate maleate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, copolymer of methylmethacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate, copolymer of methyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid, copolymer of methylvinyl ether and maleic anhydride (Gantrez ES series), ethyl methyacrylate-methylmethacrylate-chlorotrimethylammonium ethyl acrylate copolymer, natural resins such as zein, shellac and copal collophorium, and several commercially available enteric dispersion systems (e.g., Eudragit L30D55, Eudragit FS30D, Eudragit L100, Eudragit S 100, Kollicoat EMM30D, Estacryl 30D, Coateric, and Aquateric). The solubility of each of the above materials is either known or is readily determinable in vitro.

[00134] The dose of the composition comprising at least one compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) as described herein differs, depending upon the patient's {e.g., human) condition, that is, stage of the disease, general health status, age, and other factors.

[00135] Pharmaceutical compositions are administered in a manner appropriate to the disease to be treated (or prevented). An appropriate dose and a suitable duration and frequency of administration will be determined by such factors as the condition of the patient, the type and severity of the patient's disease, the particular form of the active ingredient, and the method of administration. In general, an appropriate dose and treatment regimen provides the

composition(s) in an amount sufficient to provide therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit {e.g., an improved clinical outcome, such as more frequent complete or partial remissions, or longer disease-free and/or overall survival, or a lessening of symptom severity. Optimal doses are generally determined using experimental models and/or clinical trials. In some embodiments, the optimal dose depends upon the body mass, weight, or blood volume of the patient.

[00136] Oral doses typically range from about 1.0 mg to about 1000 mg, one to four times, or more, per day.

Methods

[00137] Disclosed herein are methods of modulating the activity of MAGL and/or FAAH.

Contemplated methods, for example, comprise exposing said enzyme to a compound described herein. In some embodiments, the compound utilized by one or more of the foregoing methods is one of the generic, subgeneric, or specific compounds described herein, such as a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia). The ability of compounds described herein to modulate or inhibit MAGL and FAAH is evaluated by procedures known in the art and/or described herein. Another aspect of this disclosure provides methods of treating a disease associated with expression or activity of MAGL and/or FAAH in a patient. For example, provided herein are compounds that are selective in inhibiting MAGL or FAAH, or both, as compared to inhibition of other serine hydrolases e.g., PLA2G7, e.g., 10, 100, 1000 or more fold inhibition of MAGL and/or FAAH over PLA2G7.

[00138] In another embodiment is a method of treating a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and inflammatory bowel disease, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need thereof. In some embodiments, the disease is multiple sclerosis. In some embodiments, the disease is Alzheimer's disease. In some embodiments, the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.

[00139] In another embodiment is a method of treating pain in a patient, comprising

administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need thereof to treat said pain. In another embodiment is a method of treating neuropathic pain in a patient, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need thereof to treat said neuropathic pain. In another embodiment is a method of treating inflammatory pain in a patient, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a solvate, hydrate, tautomer, N-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need thereof to treat said inflammatory pain.

[00140] Also contemplated herein in some embodiments are methods of treating and/or preventing in a patient in need thereof a disorder such as one or more of acute or chronic pain, bone cancer pain, rheumatoid arthritis pain, pruitis, vomiting or nausea, Down's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, NSAID-induced ulcers, opioid withdrawal, cannabis withdrawal, nicotine withdrawal, traumatic brain injury, ischemia, renal ischaemia, cancers (e.g., solid tumor cancers such as breast, lung, head and neck, ovarian, sarcoma, melanoma, and/or prostate cancer); cancers such as melanoma, metastatic tumors, kidney or bladder cancers, brain, gastrointestinal cancers (e.g., colon cancer), leukemia or blood cancers (e.g., myeloid, lymphoid or monocytic cancers), liver injury, lung injury, skeletal muscle contusions, inflammatory disorders, and/or anxiety disorders. Contemplated methods include administering a

pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed compound.

[00141] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating, ameliorating and/or preventing damage from ischemia, for example, hepatic ischemia or reperfusion in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a disclosed compound. Methods of treating patients with liver conditions resulting from oxidative stress and/or inflammatory damage are contemplated herein, e.g., contemplated herein are methods of treating liver fibrosis, iron overload, and/or corticosteroid therapy that result in liver damage, in a patient in need thereof.

[00142] In some embodiments, provide herein is a method for treating chronic pain such as inflammatory pain, visceral pain, back pain, post operative pain, and pain related to migraine, osteoarthritis, or rheumatoid arthritis. [00143] In some embodiments, provide herein are methods for ameliorating cognitive function in a patient suffering from Down's syndrome or Alzheimer's disease, comprising administering an effective amount of a disclosed compound. Exemplary patients suffering from Down's syndrome are a pediatric patient (e.g., a patient of age 0-11 years, 0-18 years, 0-6 years, or e.g., 12 to 18 years), an adult patient (e.g., 18 years or older), or e.g., an older patient e.g., 18-40 years, 20-50 years). In some embodiments, such patients also suffer from further cognitive impairment and/or dementia, and/or seizures which, in some embodiments are due to production of prostaglandins and/or amyloid beta. For example, such patients also are suffering from, or have one or more of the following symptoms associated with early- mid or late stage cognitive impairment: loss of language, impairment of social skills, progressive loss of activities of daily living, and include psychotic behavior. Provided herein, for example, is a method for treating a patient having Down's syndrome or Alzheimer's disease with cognitive impairment, comprising administering an effective amount of a disclosed compound. Such disclosed methods result in cognitive improvement, for example, measured by IQ or the Arizona Cognitive Test Battery (e.g., measured with a cognitive test battery designed for use in individuals with Down's syndrome). For example, a treated patient using a disclosed method has at least one of:

increased memory, improved memory or improved speech. In some embodiments, such disclosed methods result in a patient having an increased quality of life as measured by an adaptive behavior scale after said administration.

[00144] In other embodiments, a method for at least partially providing a Down's syndrome patient a neuroprotective (such as a disclosed compounds), that results in delayed onset of neurodegeneration or substantially prevents neurodegeneration, is provided. Administration to a patient is initiated before onset of neurodegeneration and/or onset of neurodegeneration symptoms. Contemplated herein are methods for treating and/or ameliorating cognitive decline, improving sleep duration and/or quality, and/or treating PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering a disclosed compound.

[00145] In another embodiment is a method of treating a disease or disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ha), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of epilepsy/seizure disorder, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), Tourette syndrome, persistent motor tic disorder, persistent vocal tic disorder, and abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome. In another embodiment is a method of treating epilepsy/seizure disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating neuromyelitis optica (NMO) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating Tourette syndrome in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating persistent motor tic disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating persistent vocal tic disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating abdominal pain associated with irritable bowel syndrome in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00146] In another embodiment is a method of treating cancer pain, pain caused by peripheral neuropathy, central pain, fibromyalgia, migraine, vasoocclussive painful crises in sickle cell disease, functional chest pain, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, functional dyspepsia, or spasticity, pain, sleep disturbance, or bladder dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating cancer pain in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating pain caused by peripheral neuropathy in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating central pain in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating fibromyalgia in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another

embodiment is a method of treating migraine in a patient in need thereof, comprising

administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ha), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating vasoocclussive painful crises in sickle cell disease in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating spasticity, pain, sleep disturbance, or bladder dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating functional chest pain in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another

embodiment is a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating osteoarthritis in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating functional dyspepsia in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00147] In another embodiment is a method of lowering intraocular eye pressure (IOP) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating glaucoma in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. [00148] In another embodiment is a method of treating atopic dermatitis in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00149] In another embodiment is a method of treating pruritis in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00150] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating a skeletal muscle contusion in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00151] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00152] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating obsessive-compulsive disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00153] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating trichotillomania in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00154] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating trigeminal neuralgia in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating glossophyryngeal neuralgia in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00155] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating traumatic brain injury in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ha), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00156] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating progressive supranuclear palsy in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ha), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating corticobasal degeneration in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ha), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating frontotemporal dementia in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ha), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00157] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of improving functional outcome following stroke in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00158] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or ALS-related symptoms in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00159] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating Huntington's Disease in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00160] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of Parkinson's Disease in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00161] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of treating autism in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00162] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of synergistically potentiating the activity of an opioid analgesic in a patient being treated with an opioid analgesic, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ha), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of reducing the acute side-effects associated with an opioid analgesic in a patient being treated with an opioid analgesic, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ha), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

[00163] In certain embodiments, a disclosed compound utilized by one or more of the foregoing methods is one of the generic, subgeneric, or specific compounds described herein, such as a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia).

[00164] Disclosed compounds are administered to patients (animals and humans) in need of such treatment in dosages that will provide optimal pharmaceutical efficacy. It will be appreciated that the dose required for use in any particular application will vary from patient to patient, not only with the particular compound or composition selected, but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated, the age and condition of the patient, concurrent medication or special diets then being followed by the patient, and other factors, with the appropriate dosage ultimately being at the discretion of the attendant physician. For treating clinical conditions and diseases noted above, a contemplated compound disclosed herein is administered orally, subcutaneously, topically, parenterally, by inhalation spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. Parenteral administration include subcutaneous injections, intravenous or intramuscular injections or infusion techniques.

Combination Therapies

[00165] Also contemplated herein are combination therapies, for example, co-administering a disclosed compound and an additional active agent, as part of a specific treatment regimen intended to provide the beneficial effect from the co-action of these therapeutic agents. The beneficial effect of the combination includes, but is not limited to, pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic co-action resulting from the combination of therapeutic agents.

Administration of these therapeutic agents in combination typically is carried out over a defined time period (usually weeks, months or years depending upon the combination selected).

Combination therapy is intended to embrace administration of multiple therapeutic agents in a sequential manner, that is, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time, as well as administration of these therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in a substantially simultaneous manner. [00166] Substantially simultaneous administration is accomplished, for example, by administering to the subj ect a single formulation or composition, (e.g., a tablet or capsule having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single formulations (e.g., capsules) for each of the therapeutic agents. Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent is effected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues. The therapeutic agents are administered by the same route or by different routes. For example, a first therapeutic agent of the combination selected is administered by intravenous injection while the other therapeutic agents of the combination are administered orally.

Alternatively, for example, all therapeutic agents are administered orally or all therapeutic agents are administered by intravenous injection.

[00167] Combination therapy also embraces the administration of the therapeutic agents as described above in further combination with other biologically active ingredients and non-drug therapies. Where the combination therapy further comprises a non-drug treatment, the non-drug treatment is conducted at any suitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of the combination of the therapeutic agents and non-drug treatment is achieved. For example, in appropriate cases, the beneficial effect is still achieved when the non-drug treatment is temporally removed from the administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or even weeks.

[00168] The components of the combination are administered to a patient simultaneously or sequentially. It will be appreciated that the components are present in the same

pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, therefore, are administered simultaneously.

Alternatively, the active ingredients are present in separate pharmaceutical carriers, such as, conventional oral dosage forms, that are administered either simultaneously or sequentially.

[00169] For example, e.g., for contemplated treatment of pain or other contemplated indications (e.g., Alzheimer' or Down' s syndrome), a disclosed compound is co-administered with another therapeutic for pain such as an opioid, a cannabinoid receptor (CB-1 or CB-2) modulator, a COX-2 inhibitor, acetaminophen, and/or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Additional therapeutics e.g., for the treatment of pain that are co-administered include morphine, codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, fentanyl, tramadol, and levorphanol.

[00170] Other contemplated therapeutics for co-administration include aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, salsalate, diflunisal, dexibuprofen, fenoprofen, ketoprofen, oxaprozin, loxoprofen, indomethacin, tolmetin, sulindac, etodolac, ketorolac, piroxicam, meloxicam, tenoxicam, droxicam, lornoxicam, celecoxib, parecoxib, rimonabant, and/or etoricoxib. [00171] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a tricyclic antidepressant, such as imipramine, amitriptyline, or desipramine. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a serotonin- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, such as duloxetine, milnacipran, venlafaxine, or

clomipramine. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with an alpha-2-delta inhibitor, such as gabapentin or pregabalin. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with an antiepileptic drug, such as topiramate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, valproate, clonazepam, oxcarbazine, or carbamazepine.

[00172] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with an opioid, such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, tramadol, tapentadol, methadone, or fentanyl.

[00173] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with acetaminophen. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is coadministered with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib, or diclofenac. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is coadministered with a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, such as tofacitinib, leflunomide, or methotrexate.

[00174] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with exo-cannabinoids, such as oral delta-9-THC and nabiximols (Sativex).

[00175] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a muscle relaxant such as baclofen and tizanidine. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with diazepam.

[00176] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a prokinetic agent, such as metoclopramide, domperidone, or itopride. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a 5-HT4 agonist, such as tegaserod or mosapride. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with buspirone.

[00177] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a neuroleptic, such as pimozide, olanzapine, risperidone, or quetiapine.

[00178] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a cholinesterase inhibitor, such as donepezil, rivastigmine, or galantamine. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a NMDA antagonist, such as memantine.

[00179] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with dopamine replacement therapy, such as levodopa or carbidopa-levodopa. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a catechol -O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor, such as tolcapone or entacapone. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a dopamine agonist, such as bromocriptine, pramipexole, or ropinirole. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a monamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitor, such as selegiline or rasagiline. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with an anticholinergic agent, such as benztropine, trihexyphenidyl, or procyclidine.

[00180] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a dopamine antagonist, such as haloperidol, pimozide, or fluphenazine. In some

embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a VMAT2 inhibitor which depletes dopamine, such as tetrabenazine. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ha), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with an alpha adrenergic agonist, such as clonidine or guanfacine.

[00181] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ha), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), such as fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram or escitalopram.

[00182] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ha), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a stimulant, such as methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, or lisdexamfetamine. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with an antidepressant, such as bupropion or atomoxetine.

[00183] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a serotonin lb/Id agonist. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a triptan, such as sumatriptan or zolmitriptan.

[00184] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with a glutamate inhibitor, such as riluzole.

[00185] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia) described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is co-administered with an HI antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, cetirizine, loratadine, or desloratadine.

[00186] In certain embodiments, a disclosed compound utilized by one or more of the foregoing methods is one of the generic, subgeneric, or specific compounds described herein, such as a compound of Formula (I), (la), (II), (Ila), (III), or (Ilia).

[00187] The following examples are provided merely as illustrative of various embodiments and shall not be construed to limit the invention in any way.

EXAMPLES

List of abbreviations

[00188] As used above, and throughout the description of the invention, the following abbreviations, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings: ACN or MeCN acetonitrile

Bn benzyl

BOC or Boc tert-butyl carbamate

t-Bu tert-butyl

Cy cyclohexyl

DCE dichloroethane (C1CH ₂ CH ₂ C1)

DCM dichloromethane (CH ₂ C1 ₂ )

DIPEA or DIEA diisopropylethylamine

DMAP 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine

DMF dimethylformamide

DMA N,N-dimethylacetamide

DMSO dimethylsulfoxide

Dppf or dppf l, l'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene

equiv or eq equivalent(s)

Et ethyl

Et20 diethyl ether

EtOH ethanol

EtOAc ethyl acetate

HPLC high performance liquid chromatography

LAH lithium aluminum anhydride

Me methyl

MeOH methanol

MS mass spectroscopy

NMM N-methyl-morpholine

MP N-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one

MR nuclear magnetic resonance

RP-HPLC reverse phase-high pressure liquid chromatography

TFA trifluoroacetic acid

THF tetrahydrofuran

TLC thin layer chromatography

I. Chemical Synthesis

[00189] Unless otherwise noted, reagents and solvents were used as received from commercial suppliers. Anhydrous solvents and oven-dried glassware were used for synthetic transformations sensitive to moisture and/or oxygen. Yields were not optimized. Reaction times are approximate and were not optimized. Column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were performed on silica gel unless otherwise noted. In some instances, compounds were purified using preparative HPLC on a Waters 2767-5 Chromatograph. Spectra are given in ppm (δ) and coupling constants (J) are reported in Hertz. For proton spectra the solvent peak was used as the reference peak.

Example 1: (5-(2-chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4 -(piperidine-l- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone

Step 1: Synthesis of lH-pyrazole-4-carbonyl chloride

[00190] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with lH-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (5.00 g, 44.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DCM (50 mL), and thionyl chloride (21.3 g, 179 mmol, 4.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 40 °C and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 6.00 g (crude) of lH-pyrazole-4-carbonyl chloride as a white solid.

Step 2: Synthesis of piperidin-l-yl(lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone

[00191] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with lH-pyrazole-4-carbonyl chloride (3.00 g, 23.0 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DCM (20 mL), piperidine (5.89 g, 69.2 mmol, 3.00 equiv), and triethylamine (2.33 g, 23.0 mmol, 1.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and then quenched with water (20 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine (30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 3.75 g (91% yield) of piperidin-l-yl(lH- pyrazol-4-yl)methanone as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 180 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 3: Synthesis of tert-butyl 5-(2-chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)- carboxylate rt, overnight

[00192] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 2-chlorobenzaldehyde (1.30 g, 9.25 mmol, 1.00 equiv), tert-butyl hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carboxylate (2.70 g, 12.7 mmol, 1.40 equiv), and 1,2-dichloroethane (30 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (5.90 g, 27.8 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and then quenched with water (30 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 2.40 g (77% yield) of tert-butyl 5-(2-chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole- 2(lH)-carboxylate as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 337 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 4: Synthesis of -(2-chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c] pyrrole

[00193] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl 5-(2- chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carboxylat e (2.40 g, 7.12 mmol, 1.00 equiv), trifluoroacetic acid (8 mL), and DCM (15 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was dissolved in 1M NaOH solution (10 mL) and extracted with DCM (3 x 20 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1.40 g (83% yield) of 2-(2- chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 237 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 5: Synthesis of 5-(2-chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carbo nyl chloride

[00194] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with triphosgene (252 mg, 0.850 mmol, 0.50 equiv) and DCM (5 mL). 2-(2-chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (400 mg, 1.69 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was added at 0°C. N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (437 mg, 3.38 mmol, 2.00 equiv) was added at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature and then quenched with water (5 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 5 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (1 x 30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 350 mg (69% yield) of 5-(2-chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carbo nyl chloride as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 299 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 6: Synthesis of (5-(2-chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4 - (piperidine-l-carbonyl)-lH-pyraz l-l-yl)methanone

[00195] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 5-(2- chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carbonyl chloride (250 mg, 0.840 mmol, 1.00 equiv), piperidin-l-yl(lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone (164 mg, 0.920 mmol, 1.10 equiv), 4- dimethylaminopyridine (31.0 mg, 0.250 mmol, 0.30 equiv), N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (216 mg, 1.67 mmol, 2.00 equiv), and THF (5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 60°C and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product (600 mg) was purified by preparative HPLC. Purification resulted in 191.6 mg (52% yield) of (5-(2- chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4-(pipe ridine-l-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l- yl)methanone as a yellow oil. 1H MR (300MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.42 - 7.45 (m, 1H), 7.32 - 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.14 - 7.25 (m, 2H), 3.85 - 4.29 (m, 3H), 3.50 - 3.73 (m, 7H), 2.90 (br, 2H), 2.65 - 2.79 (m, 4H), 1.70 - 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.60 - 1.69 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 442 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 2: l-(5-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrol o[3,4-c]pyrrole- 2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

Step 1: Synthesis of 4-mor holino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde

[00196] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged acetonitrile (100 mL), morpholine (4.50 g, 51.7 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (10.0 mg, 51.7 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and potassium carbonate (14.0 g, 101 mmol, 2.00 equiv) under nitrogen. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 80 °C and quenched by water (150 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 10.0 g (75% yield) of 4- morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 260 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 2: Synthesis of tert-butyl 5-(4-morpholino-2-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2( lH)-carboxylate

[00197] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 4-morpholino-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (5.00 g, 19.3 mmol, 1.00 equiv), tert-butyl octahydropyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrole-2-carboxylate (4.10 g, 19.3 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and 1,2-dichloroethane (100 mL). The mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature, then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (8.20 g, 38.7 mmol, 2.00 equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched by water (50 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was

chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 6.00 g (68% yield) of tert-butyl 5-(4- morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c] pyrrole-2(lH)-carboxylate as a light yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 456 [M+H] ⁺

Step 3: Synthesis of 4-(4-((hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)methyl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)morpholine

[00198] A 500-mL round-bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl 5-(4-morpholino-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH) -carboxylate (6.00 g, 13.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1,4-dioxane (100 mL) and hydrogen chloride (20 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 4.00 g (crude) of 4-(4-((hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)methyl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)morpholine as a pink solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 356 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 4: Synthesis of 5-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3 ,4- c] pyrrole-2(lH)-carbonyl chloride

[00199] A 40-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 4-(4-((hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol- 2(lH)-yl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)morpholine (1.00 g, 2.81 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DCM (10 mL) and triphosgene (0.335 g, 1.14 mmol, 0.40 equiv). N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (1.09 g, 8.45 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C and quenched by water (5 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM(3 x 10 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1.12 g (crude) of 5-(4- morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c] pyrrole-2(lH)-carbonyl chloride as a yellow oil.

Step 5: Synthesis of l-(5-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrol o[3,4- c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00200] A 40-mL vial was charged with 5-(4-morpholino-2-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2( lH)-carbonyl chloride (235 mg, 0.562 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (10 mL), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (145 mg, 1.12 mmol, 2.00 equiv), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (14.0 mg, 0.115 mmol, 0.20 equiv) and lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide (63.0 mg, 0.570 mmol, 1.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 60 °C and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was diluted with water (10 mL), extracted with DCM (3 x 10 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC. Purification resulted in 10.5 mg (4% yield) of l-(5-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrol o[3,4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide as a white solid. ¹ H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-<f) δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.56 - 7.60 (m, 1H), 7.06 - 7.10 (m, 1H), 6.98 - 7.02 (m, 1H), 5.54 - 6.00 (br, 2H), 4.00 - 4.26 (m, 2H), 3.88 - 3.98 (m, 5H), 3.60 - 3.70 (m, 3H), 3.10 - 3.20 (m, 4H), 2.90 (br, 2H), 2.44 - 2.68 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 493 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 3: (5-(3-chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4 -(piperidine-l- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone

[00201] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using 3- chlorobenzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 207.2 mg of (5-(3- chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4-(pipe ridine-l-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l- yl)methanone as a yellow oil. 1H MR (300MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.17 - 7.24 (m, 3H), 3.87 - 4.23 (m, 3H), 3.44 - 3.78 (m, 7H), 2.89 (br, 2H), 2.41 - 2.64 (m, 4H), 1.70 - 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.60 - 1.69 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 442 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 4: (5-(4-chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4 -(piperidine-l- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone

[00202] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using 4- chlorobenzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 192.8 mg of 1 (5-(4- chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4-(pipe ridine-l-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l- yl)methanone as a yellow semi-solid. 1H MR (300MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.21 - 7.29 (m, 4H), 3.77 - 4.12 (m, 3H), 3.63 (br, 4H), 3.51 - 3.55 (m, 3H), 2.88 (br, 2H), 2.40 - 2.62 (m, 4H), 1.70 - 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.60 - 1.69 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 442 [M+H] ⁺ . Example 5: (5-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-y l)(4- (morpholine-4-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone

[00203] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using morpholine in Step 2 and 2,5-dichlorobenzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 138.6 mg of (5-(2,5- dichlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4-(mo holine-4-carbonyl)-lH- pyrazol-l-yl)methanone as an off-white oil. ¹ H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.40 - 8.42 (m, 1H),7.84 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (t, J= 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.08 - 7.16 (m, 1H), 3.90 - 4.18 (m, 4H), 3.72 - 3.80 (m, 10H), 2.92 (br, 2H), 2.50 - 2.66 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 478 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 6: (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l-yl)(l-(5-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)octah ydropyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4- l)methanone

[00204] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using 1- cyclopropylpiperazine in Step 2 and 2,5-dichlorobenzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 78.6 mg of (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l-yl)(l-(5-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)octah ydropyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone as a yellow semi- solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.40 - 8.50 (m, 1H), 7.84 (d, J= 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (t, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.08 - 7.14 (m, 1H), 3.70 - 4.18 (m, 10H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 2.50 - 2.66 (m, 8H), 1.62 - 1.70 (m, 1H), 0.40 - 0.48 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 517 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 7: (4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)(5-(3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)- yl)methanone

[00205] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using morpholine in Step 2 and 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 180.7 mg of (4- (mo holine-4-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)(5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)be nzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)methanone as a light yellow oil. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.40 (s, 1H),7.82 (s, 1H), 7.50 - 7.56 (m, 3H), 7.40 - 7.44 (m, 1H), 3.96 - 4.04 (m, 3H), 3.72 (s, 9H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 2.90 - 3.00 (br, 2H), 2.54 - 2.64 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 478 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 8: (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l-yl)(l-(5-(3-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4- yl)methanone

[00206] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using 1- cyclopropylpiperazine in Step 2 and 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 171.6 mg of (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l-yl)(l-(5-(3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-car bonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4- yl)methanone as a yellow solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.26 - 7.60 (m, 4H), 3.88 - 4.32 (m, 3H), 3.42 - 3.98 (m, 7H), 2.94 (br, 2H), 2.42 - 2.80 (m, 8H), 1.80 (m, 1H), 0.30 - 0.58 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 517 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 9: (5-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrol-2(lH)- yl)(4-(pyrrolidine-l-carbonyl)- -pyrazol-l-yl)methanone

[00207] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using pyrrolidine in Step 2 and 3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 23.8 mg of (5-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4- (pyrrolidine-l-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone as a white solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-ύ δ 8.52 (s, 1H),8.02 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J= 5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 3.80 - 4.16 (m, 4H), 3.62 - 3.70 (m, 6H), 2.92 (br, 2H), 2.54 - 2.64 (m, 4H), 1.92 - 2.06 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 496 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 10: (5-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrol-2(lH)- yl)(4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)- -pyrazol-l-yl)methanone

[00208] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using morpholine in Step 2 and 3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 26.4 mg of (5-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4- (mo holine-4-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-ύ δ 8.42 (s, 1H),7.84 (s, 1H), 7.46 - 7.50 (m, 3H), 3.86 - 4.12 (m, 4H), 3.72 (s, 8H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 2.94 (br, 2H), 2.60 - 2.82 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 512 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 11 : (5-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo [3,4-c] pyrrol-2(lH)- yl)(4-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin -l-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone

[00209] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using 1- cyclopropylpiperazine in Step 2 and 3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 3.

Purification resulted in 23.1 mg of (5-(3-chloro-5-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(l H)-yl)(4-(4-cyclopropylpiperazine-l- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone as a yellow oil. ^ NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-<f) δ

8.40 (s, 1H),7.82 (s, 1H), 7.32 - 7.60 (m, 3H), 3.60 - 4.20 (m, 10H), 2.90 (br, 2H), 2.40 - 2.70

(m, 8H), 1.66 - 1.70 (m, 1H), 0.33 - 0.66 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 551 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 12: (5-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[ 3,4-c]pyrrol-

2(lH)-yl)(4-(pyrrolidine-l-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)meth anone Step 1: Synthesis of 4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde

[00210] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged acetonitrile (100 mL), morpholine (4.50 g, 51.7 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (10.0 mg, 51.7 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and potassium carbonate (14.0 g, 101 mmol, 2.00 equiv) under nitrogen. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 80 °C and quenched by water (150 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 10.0 g (75% yield) of 4- morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 260 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 2: Synthesis of (5-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[ 3,4- c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4-(pyrrolidi -l-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone

[00211] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using pyrrolidine in Step 2 and 4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 15.7 mg of (5-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[ 3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)- yl)(4-(pyrrolidine-l-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone as a white oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz,

Chloroform-ύ δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.50 - 7.62 (br, 1H), 7.10 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.02 - 4.26 (m, 2H), 3.86 - 3.90 (t, J= 4.8 Hz, 5H), 3.62 - 3.70 (m, 7H), 3.18 (t, J= 4.8 Hz, 4H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 2.60 - 2.68(m, 4H), 1.80 - 2.06 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 547

[M+H] ⁺ .

Example 13: (4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)(5-(4-morpholino- 2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)- yl)methanone

[00212] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using morpholine in Step 2 and 4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (from Example 12, Step 1) in Step 3. Purification resulted in 67.4 mg of (4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)(5-(4- morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c] pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)methanone as a light yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.43 (s, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (dd, J= 8.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.26 - 4.13 (br, 2H), 3.90 - 3.87 (m, 5H), 3.74 (s, 11H), 3.22 - 3.18 (m, 4H), 2.92 (s, 2H), 2.66 - 2.57 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 563 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 14: (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l-yl)(l-(5-(4-morpholino-2-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4- yl)methanone

[00213] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using 1- cyclopropylpiperazine in Step 2 and 4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (from Example 12, Step 1) in Step 3. Purification resulted in 54.8 mg of (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l- yl)(l-(5-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropy rrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl)- lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone as a white solid. ^ NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-<f) 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.54 - 7.60 (br, 1H), 7.10 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.06 - 4.40 (br, 2H), 3.88 (m, 5H), 3.68 - 3.84 (br, 7H), 3.40 - 3.44 (m, 4H), 2.75 - 3.16 (br, 2H), 2.64 (s, 6H), 2.55 (s, 2H), 1.62 - 1.66 (m, 1H), 0.33 - 0.66 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 602 [M+H] ⁺ . Example 15: pyrrolidin-l-yl(l-(5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyr rolo[3,4- c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone

[00214] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using pyrrolidine in Step 2 and 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 189.5 mg of pyrrolidin-l-yl(l-(5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyr rolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-lH- pyrazol-4-yl)methanone as an off-white solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.50 - 8.52 (m, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.50 - 7.55 (m, 3H), 7.40 - 7.44 (m, 1H), 3.86 - 4.20 (m, 4H), 3.62 - 3.70 (m, 6H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 2.54 - 2.60 (m, 4H), 1.90 - 2.06 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 462 [M+H] ⁺ . Example 16: l-(5-(4-chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbon yl)-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamide [00215] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 2, Step 2-5 using 4- chlorobenzaldehyde in Step 2. Purification resulted in 44.6 mg of l-(5-(4- chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-lH-p yrazole-4-carboxamide as a white solid. 1H NMR: (300 MHz, Dimethyl sulfoxide-^) δ 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.79 (br, 1H), 7.25 - 7.36 (m, 5H), 3.52 - 5.89 (m, 6H), 2.82 (br, 2H), 2.48 - 2.49 (t, J= 1.8Hz, 4H).

LCMS: (ESI, m/z) 374 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 17: l-(5-(4-chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbon yl)-N-methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00216] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 2, Step 2-5 using 4- chlorobenzaldehyde in Step 2 and N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 5. Purification resulted in 101.8 mg of l-(5-(4-chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbon yl)-N- methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide as a white solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.62 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.22 - 7.29 (m, 4H), 6.12 (br, 1H), 3.69 - 4.31 (m, 4H), 3.56 (s, 2H), 2.75 - 2.98 (m, 5H), 2.57 (s, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 388 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 18: l-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrro le-2-carbonyl)- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00217] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 2, Step 2-5 using 4- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2. Purification resulted in 63.6 mg of l-(5-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-car bonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide as a white solid. 1H NMR: (300 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.17 - 8.22 (d, J= 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.52 - 7.66 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.30 - 7.52 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.82 - 7.00 (d, J= 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 5.69 (s, 1H), 4.13 (s, 2H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 2.93 (s, 2H), 2.61 (s, 4H). LCMS: (ESI, m/z) 408 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 19: N-methyl-l-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3, 4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00218] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 2, Step 2-5 using 4- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2 and N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 5. Purification resulted in 75.8 mg of N-methyl-l-(5-(4-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide as a white solid. ¹ H MR: (300 MHz, Chloroform-<f) δ 8.62 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.50 - 7.63 (t, J= 19.8 Hz, 2H), 7.36 - 7.50 (d, J= 7.9 Hz, 2H), 5.95 - 6.14 (d, J= 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.60 - 4.35 (br, 6H), 2.84 - 3.06 (m, 5H), 2.60 (s, 4H). LCMS: (ESI, m/z) 422 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 20: l-(5-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-ca rbonyl)-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00219] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 2, Step 2-5 using 2,5- dichlorobenzaldehyde in Step 2. Purification resulted in 28.8 mg of l-(5-(2,5- dichlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-lH -pyrazole-4-carboxamide as a white solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.16 - 7.26 (m, 1H), 7.04 - 7.14 (m, 1H), 5.50 - 5.90 (br, 2H), 3.60 - 4.30 (m, 6H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 2.60 (s, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 408 [M+H] ⁺ . LCMS (ESI, m/z): 408 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 21: l-(5-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-ca rbonyl)-N- methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00220] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 2, Step 2-5 using 2,5- dichlorobenzaldehyde in Step 2 and N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 5.

Purification resulted in 74.2 mg of l-(5-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz,

Chloroform-ύ δ 8.66 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.10 - 7.22 (m, 1H), 6.00 (d, J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.70 - 4.20 (m, 6H), 2.90 - 3.10 (m, 5H), 2.50 - 2.70 (br, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 422

[M+H] ⁺ .

Example 22: (5-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-y l)(4- (pyrrolidine-l-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l- l)methanone

[00221] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 1 using pyrrolidine in Step 2 and 2,5-dichlorobenzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 117.3 mg of (5-(2,5- dichlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4-(py rrolidine-l-carbonyl)-lH- pyrazol-l-yl)methanone as a white solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.40 - 7.60 (br, 1H), 7.28 - 7.30 (m, 1H), 7.06 - 7.26 (m, 1H), 3.80 - 4.30 (m, 4H), 3.60 - 3.78 (m, 6H), 3.00 (s, 2H), 2.60 - 2.78 (m, 4H), 1.90 - 2.10 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 462 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 23: l-(5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrro le-2-carbonyl)- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00222] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 2, Step 2-5 using 3- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2. Purification resulted in 65.3 mg of l-(5-(3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-car bonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide as a white solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.68 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.46 - 7.58 (m, 3H), 7.36 - 7.38 (m, 1H), 5.64 - 6.10 (m, 2H), 3.62 - 4.20 (m, 6H), 2.88 - 3.00 (br, 2H), 2.50 - 2.56 (br, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 408 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 24: N-methyl-l-(5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3, 4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxami

[00223] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 2, Step 2-5 using 3- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2 and N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 5. Purification resulted in 115.3 mg of N-methyl-l-(5-(3-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide as a white solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.56 - 8.62 (m, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.40 - 7.54 (m, 4H), 6.10 - 6.20 (br. 1H), 3.74 - 4.20 (m, 4H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 2.92 - 2.98 (m, 5H), 2.56 - 2.74 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 422 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 25: l-(5-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3, 4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00224] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 2, Step 2-5 using 3- chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2. Purification resulted in 50.3 mg of l-(5-(3- chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrr ole-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide as a white semi-solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-<f) δ 8.60 (s, 1H),7.46 - 7.60 (m, 3H), 6.90 (d, J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (br, 1H), 2.50 - 2.60 (m, 1H), 4.10 - 4.30 (br, 2H), 3.80 - 3.90 (br, 2H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 2.94 (br, 2H), 2.40 - 2.78 (m, 4H), LCMS (ESI, m/z): 442 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 26: l-(5-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3, 4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-N-methyl-lH-pyrazo -4-carboxamide

[00225] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 2, Step 2-5 using 3- chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2 and N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 5. Purification resulted in 11.2 mg of l-(5-(3-chloro-5-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide as a white solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 2H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 5.96 (d, J= 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.02 - 4.26 (m, 4H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 3.00 (m, 3H), 2.96 (m, 2H), 2.56 - 2.62 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 456 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 27: N-methyl-l-(5-(4-morpholino-2-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide

[00226] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 2 using N-methyl-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 5. Purification resulted in 32.8 mg of N-methyl-l-(5-(4- morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c] pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole- 4-carboxamide as a white solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.65 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.23 - 7.56 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J= 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.90 - 7.00 (m, 1H), 6.20 (d, J= 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.02 - 4.22 (m, 2H), 3.86 (t, J= 4.4 Hz, 5H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.16 (t, J= 4.8 Hz, 4H), 2.98 - 3.00 (m, 3H), 2.86 - 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.64 - 2.74 (m, 2H), 2.54 (s, 2H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 507 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 28: (l-(7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbo nyl)-lH-pyrazol- 4-yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanon Step 1: Synthesis of (lH-pyrazol- -yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone

[00227] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with THF (100 mL), pyrrolidine (13.6 g, 191 mmol, 2.50 equiv) and lH-pyrazole-4-carbonyl chloride (10.0 g, 76.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 7.20 g (57% yield) of (lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 166

[M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: Synthesis of tert-butyl 7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2- carboxylate

[00228] A 40-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 2,5-dichlorobenzaldehyde (1.21 g, 6.86 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL) and tert-butyl 2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2- carboxylate (1.00 g, 4.42 mmol, 0.64 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature, then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (2.31 g, 10.8 mmol, 1.58 equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched by water (30 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 1.51 g (57% yield) of tert-butyl 7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carboxyla te as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 385 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 3: Synthesis of 2-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane

[00229] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl 7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carboxylate (1.51 g, 3.89 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) and hydrogen chloride (10 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1.00 g (crude) of 2-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)- 2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 285 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 4: Synthesis of 7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl chloride

[00230] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with triphosgene (523 mg, 1.76 mmol, 0.30 equiv), DCM (20 mL) and 2-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane (1.00 g, 3.51 mmol, 1.00 equiv). N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (1.36 g, 10.5 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 hours at 0 °C and quenched by water (10 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 10 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1.10 g (crude) of 7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl chloride as a yellow oil.

Step 5: Synthesis of (l-(7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbo nyl)-lH- pyrazol-4-yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone

[00231] A 40-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl chloride (250 mg, 0.721 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (10 mL), (lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone (1 19 mg, 0.720 mmol, 1.00 equiv), N,N- diisopropylethylamine (187 mg, 1.45 mmol, 2.01 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (17.1 mg, 0.143 mmol, 0.19 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 60 °C and quenched by water (10 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 10 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC. Purification resulted in 67.4 mg (20% yield) of (l-(7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(pyrrolidi n-l-yl)methanoneas a yellow oil. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.46 - 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.25 - 7.28 (m, 1H), 7.14 - 7.22 (m, 1H), 3.87 - 4.08 (m, 2H), 3.59 - 3.69 (m, 8H), 2.56 - 2.74 (m, 4H), 1.87 - 2.03 (m, 8H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 476 [M+H] ⁺ . Example 29: (l-(7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbo nyl)-lH-pyrazol- 4-yl)(morpholino)methanone

[00232] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 28 using morpholine in Step 1. Purification resulted in 39.5 mg of (l-(7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane- 2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(morpholino)methanone as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-^ δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.45 - 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.26 - 7.28 (m, 1H), 7.14 - 7.17 (m, 1H), 3.85 - 4.07 (m, 2H), 3.59 - 3.72 (m, 12H), 2.53 - 2.83 (m, 4H), 1.86 - 2.00 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 492 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 30: (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l-yl)(l-(7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro [4.4] nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone

[00233] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 28 using 1 - cyclopropylpiperazine in Step 1. Purification resulted in 44.6 mg of (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l- yl)(l-(7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-ca rbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4- yl)methanone as a yellow oil. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.45 - 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.26 - 7.28 (m, 1H), 7.14 - 7.17 (m, 1H), 3.85 - 4.04 (m, 2H), 3.39 - 3.70 (m, 8H), 2.37 - 2.86 (m, 8H), 1.86 - 2.00 (m, 4H), 1.65 (br, 1H), 0.33 - 0.62 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 531 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 31: pyrrolidin-l-yl(l-(7-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazasp iro[4.4]nonane-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methano

[00234] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 28 using pyrrolidine in Step 1 and 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2. Purification resulted in 87.4 mg of pyrrolidin-l-yl(l-(7-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazasp iro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH- pyrazol-4-yl)methanone as a yellow oil. ¹ H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.01 - 8.04 (m, 1H), 7.77 - 7.78 (m, 1H), 7.59 - 7.63 (m, 1H), 7.47 - 7.54 (m, 1H), 7.28 - 7.34 (m, 1H), 3.86 - 4.07 (m, 2H), 3.30 - 3.80 (m, 8H), 2.50 - 2.80 (m, 4H), 1.86 - 2.03 (m, 8H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 476 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 32: (4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)(7-(3-(trifluorom ethyl)benzyl)- 2,7-diazaspiro [4.4] nonan-2-yl)meth none

[00235] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 28 using morpholine in Step 1 and 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2. Purification resulted in 107.2 mg of (4- (mo holine-4-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)(7-(3-(trifluoromethyl)be nzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonan-2-yl)methanone as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.82 - 7.85 (m, 2H), 7.73 - 7.76 (m, 1H), 7.52 - 7.63 (m, 1H), 7.26 - 7.35 (m, 1H), 3.88 - 4.03 (m, 2H), 3.59 - 3.77 (m, 12H), 2.50 - 2.77 (m, 4H), 1.84 -2.00 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 492 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 33: (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l-yl)(l-(7-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzy l)-2,7- diazaspiro [4.4] nonane-2-carbonyl -lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone

[00236] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 28 using 1 - cyclopropylpiperazine in Step 1 and 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2. Purification resulted in 140.9 mg of (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l-yl)(l-(7-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzy l)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.81 - 7.90 (m, 2H), 7.63 - 7.74 (m, 1H), 7.50 - 7.60 (m, 1H), 7.30 - 7.35 (m, 1H), 3.84 - 4.06 (m, 2H), 3.73 - 3.78 (m, 3H), 3.51 - 3.68 (m, 5H), 2.49 - 2.89 (m, 8H), 1.85 - 2.21 (m, 4H), 1.48 - 1.65 (m, 1H), 0.33 - 0.55 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 531 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 34: (l-(7-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4. 4]nonane-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone

[00237] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 28 using 3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2. Purification resulted in 146.8 mg of (l -(7-(3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbony l)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(pyrrolidin-l- yl)methanone as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.50 - 7.62 (m, 3H), 3.87 - 4.07 (m, 2H), 3.41 - 3.76 (m, 8H), 2.50 - 2.67 (m, 4H), 1.88—2.06 (m, 8H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 510 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 35: (l-(7-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4. 4]nonane-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(morpholino)methanone

[00238] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 28 using morpholine in Step 1 and 3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2. Purification resulted in 142.7 mg of (l-(7-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4. 4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH- pyrazol-4-yl)(morpholino)methanone as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.50 - 7.61 (m, 3H), 3.85 - 4.04 (m, 2H), 3.63 - 3.72 (m, 12H), 2.45 - 2.76 (m, 4H), 1.87 - 2.07 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 527 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 36: (l-(7-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4. 4]nonane-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(4-cycl ropylpiperazin-l-yl)methanone

[00239] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 28 using 1 - cyclopropylpiperazine in Step 1 and 3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 2.

Purification resulted in 166.0 mg of (l -(7-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(4-cyclopr opylpiperazin-l-yl)methanone as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.78 - 7.83 (m, 1H), 7.43 - 7.62 (m, 3H), 3.85 - 4.12 (m, 2H), 3.44 - 3.66 (m, 8H), 2.48 - 2.88 (m, 8H), 1.78 - 2.1 1 (m, 4H), 1.51 - 1.66 (br, 1H), 0.30 - 0.60 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 566 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 37: l-(7-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)- lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide Step 1: Synthesis of tert-butyl 7-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carboxylate

rt, overnight

[00240] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (5.00 g, 35.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv), tert-butyl 2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carboxylate (7.26 g, 32.1 mmol, 0.90 equiv), dichloroethane (100 mL) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (15.0 g, 70.8 mmol, 1.99 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched by water (50 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed onto a silica gel column to provide 10.1 g (80% yield) of tert-butyl 7-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carboxylate as a yellow oil. LCMS: (ESI, m/z) 351 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: Synthesis of 2- 4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane

[00241] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl 7-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carboxylate (10.0 g, 28.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1,4-dioxane (100 mL) and hydrogen chloride (10 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 7.10 g (crude) of 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 251 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 3: Synthesis of 7- 4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl chloride

[00242] A 50-mL round-bottom flask was charged 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane (250 mg, 1.06 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DCM (10 mL) and triphosgene (206 mg, 0.699 mmol, 0.70 equiv). N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (516 mg, 3.99 mmol, 4.00 equiv) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C and diluted with water (20 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 240 mg (crude) of 7-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl chloride as a yellow oil. Step 4: Synthesis of l-(7-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)- lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00243] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 7-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl chloride (187 mg, 0.602 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (10 mL), lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (66.6 mg, 0.601 mmol, 1.00 equiv), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (155 mg, 1.20 mmol, 2.01 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (10.5 mg, 0.0802 mmol, 0.14 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 60 °C and quenched by water (5 ml). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 10 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC. Purification resulted in 61.2 mg of l-(7-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)- lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide as a white solid. 1H MR (400 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.97 - 7.99 (m, 1H), 7.22 - 7.28 (m, 4H), 5.65 - 6.22 (m, 2H), 3.85 - 4.09 (m, 2H), 3.58 - 3.72 (m, 4H), 2.44 - 2.69 (m, 4H), 1.84 - 1.95 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 388 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 38: l-(7-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)- N-methyl-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00244] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 37 using N-methyl-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 4. Purification resulted in 64.6 mg of l-(7-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-car boxamide as a white solid. 1H MR: (400 MHz, Chloroform-ύ δ 8.45 - 8.75 (m, 1H), 7.87 - 8.04 (m, 1H), 7.28 - 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.20 - 7.27 (m, 3H), 5.95 - 6.21 (m, 1H), 3.80 - 4.16 (m, 2H), 3.45 - 3.80 (m, 4H), 2.86 - 3.05 (m, 3H), 2.30 - 2.76 (m, 4H), 1.76 - 2.08 (m, 4H). LCMS: (ESI, m/z) 402 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 39: l-(7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbon yl)-lH-pyrazole- 4-carboxamide [00245] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 37 using 2,5- dichlorobenzaldehyde in Step 1. Purification resulted in 86.1 mg of l-(7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)- 2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxam ide as a white solid. 1H MR (400 MHz, Chloroform-ύ 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, J= 3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44 - 7.52 (m, 1H), 7.25 (br, 1H), 7.14 - 7.17 (m, 1H), 5.65 - 6.25 (br, 2H), 3.82 - 4.19 (m, 2H), 3.54 - 3.81 (m, 4H), 2.52 - 2.74 (m, 4H), 1.87 - 2.03 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 422 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 40: l-(7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbon yl)-N-methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00246] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 37 using 2,5- dichlorobenzaldehyde in Step 1 and N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 4.

Purification resulted in 101.0 mg of l-(7-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2- carbonyl)-N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz,

Chloroform-ύ 8.63 (d, J= 3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J= 4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 - 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.25 (br, 1H), 7.14 - 7.17 (m, 1H), 6.07 (br, 1H), 3.82 - 4.19 (m, 2H), 3.60 - 3.81 (m, 4H), 2.98 (br, 3H), 2.52 - 2.74 (m, 4H), 1.75 - 2.09 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 436 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 41: l-(7-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2 -carbonyl)-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00247] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 37 using 3- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 1. Purification resulted in 42.2 mg of l-(7-(3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbony l)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide as an off-white solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.97 - 7.99 (m, 1H), 7.38 - 7.57 (m, 4H), 5.75 - 6.01 (m, 2H), 3.78 - 4.09 (m, 2H), 3.56 - 3.58 (m, 4H), 2.43 - 2.71 (m, 4H), 1.25 - 2.02 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 422 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 42: N-methyl-l-(7-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4 ]nonane-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide [00248] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 37 using 3- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 1 and N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 4. Purification resulted in 62.9 mg of N-m ethyl- l-(7-(3-(trifluorom ethyl )benzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-ύ δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.40 - 7.61 (m, 4H), 6.02 (br, 1H), 3.85 - 4.06 (m, 2H), 3.57 - 3.74 (m, 4H), 2.97 - 2.98 (m, 3H), 2.50 - 2.69 (m, 4H), 1.85 - 2.00 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 436 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 43: l-(7-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4 ]nonane-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00249] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 37 using 3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 1. Purification resulted in 59.4 mg of l -(7-(3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbony l)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide as a white solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.65 (s, 1H), 7.96 - 7.98 (m, 1H), 7.49 - 7.60 (m, 3H), 5.43 - 5.90 (m, 2H), 3.86 - 4.12 (m, 2H), 3.63 - 3.76 (m, 4H), 2.44 - 2.67 (m, 4H), 1.86 - 2.10 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 456[M+H] ⁺ .

Example 44: l-(7-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4 ]nonane-2- carbonyl)-N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00250] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 37 using 3-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 1 and N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 4. Purification resulted in 56.0 mg of l-(7-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-car boxamide as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.59 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.49 - 7.61 (m, 3H), 5.93 (br, 1H), 3.86 - 4.01 (m, 2H), 3.52 - 3.80 (m, 4H), 3.09 - 3.20 (m, 3H), 2.34 - 2.81(m, 4H), 1.72 - 2.08 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 470 [M+H] ⁺ . Example 45: l-(7-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro [4.4]nonane-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00251] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 37 using 4-morpholino-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 1. Purification resulted in 14.2 mg of 1 -(7-(4-morpholino- 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbo nyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide as an off-white solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.69 (s, 1H), 7.96 - 7.99 (m, 1H), 7.53 - 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 6.92 - 7.01 (m, 1H), 5.63 - 5.99 (m, 2H), 3.88 - 4.06 (m, 6H), 3.56 - .387 (m, 4H), 3.16 - 3.19 (m, 4H), 2.61 - 2.76 (m, 3H), 2.41 - 2.57 (m, 1H), 1.84 - 1.98 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 507 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 46: l-(5-(4-chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbon yl)-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid

Step 1: Synthesis of di-tert-butyl lH-pyrazole-l,4-dicarboxylate

[00252] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with lH-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (5.00 g, 44.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv), tert-butanol (50 mL), di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (39.0 g, 179 mmol, 4.01 equiv) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.10 g, 9.01 mmol, 0.20 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 65 °C and quenched by water (50 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1 1.2 g (crude) of di-tert-butyl lH-pyrazole-l,4-dicarboxylate as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 169 [M+H-Boc] ⁺ Step 2: Synthesis of tert-butyl lH-pyrazole-4-carboxylate

[00253] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with di -tert-butyl lH-pyrazole-1 ,4- dicarboxylate (5.00 g, 18.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv), MeOH (30 mL), sodium hydroxide (2.50 g, 62.5 mmol, 3.35 equiv) and water (10 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched by water (20 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 2.32 g (crude) of tert-butyl lH-pyrazole-4-carboxylate as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 169

[M+H] ⁺ .

Step 3: Synthesis of tert-butyl 5-(4-chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)- carboxylate

rt, overnight

[00254] A 40-mL vial was charged with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (1.13 g, 8.04 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL), tert-butyl hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carboxylate (1.69 g, 7.96 mmol, 0.99 equiv) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (5.09 g, 24.0 mmol, 2.99 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched by water (10 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 2.15 g (79% yield) of tert-butyl 5-(4-chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)- carboxylate as an off-white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 337 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 4: Synthesis of -(4-chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c] pyrrole

[00255] A 50-mL round-bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl 5-(4- chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carboxylat e (2.15 g, 6.38 mmol, 1.00 equiv), MeOH (15 mL) and hydrogen chloride (5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1.54 g (crude) of 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole as an off-white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 237 [M+H] ⁺ Step 5: Synthesis of 5-(4-chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carbo nyl chloride

[00256] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 2-(4- chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (1.50 g, 6.34 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DCM (20 mL) and triphosgene (760 mg, 2.56 mmol, 0.40 equiv). N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (1.65 g, 12.8 mmol, 2.01 equiv) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C and quenched by the water (10 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 10 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1.85 g (crude) of 5-(4- chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carbonyl chloride as a yellow oil.

Step 6: Synthesis of tert-butyl l-(5-(4-chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxylate

, overn g

[00257] A 50-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 5-(4- chlorobenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carbonyl chloride (252 mg, 0.841 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (10 mL), tert-butyl lH-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (142 mg, 0.842 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (20.7 mg, 0.171 mmol, 0.20 equiv) and N,N- diisopropylethylamine (221 mg, 1.71 mmol, 2.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 60 °C and diluted with water (20 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 150 mg (41% yield) of tert-butyl l -(5-(4- chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-lH-p yrazole-4-carboxylate as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 431 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 7: Synthesis of l-(5-(4-chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbon yl)-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid

- I l l - [00258] A 50-mL round-bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl l-(5-(4- chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-lH-p yrazole-4-carboxylate (120 mg, 0.281 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DCM (5 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC. Purification resulted in 50.5 mg (48% yield) of 1- (5-(4-chlorobenzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl )-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid as a white solid. 1H MR: (400 MHz, Dimethyl sulfoxide-^) δ 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.04 (d, J= 0.3 Hz, 1H), 7.30 - 7.37 (m, 4H), 3.52 - 4.05 (m, 6H), 2.71 - 2.96 (s, 2H), 2.55 (s, 1H), 2.45 - 2.50 (m, 3H). LCMS: (ESI, m/z) 375 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 47: l-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrro le-2-carbonyl)- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid

[00259] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 46 using 4- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde in Step 3. Purification resulted in 50.0 mg of l-(5-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-car bonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid as a light yellow solid. 1H MR: (400MHz, MeOH-<¾) δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.60 - 7.70 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.47 - 7.60 (d, J= 8.1 Hz, 2H), 3.74 - 4.15 (br, 4H), 3.71 (s, 2H), 2.82 - 3.02 (s, 2H), 2.67 - 2.77 (m, 2H), 2.45 - 2.65 (d, J= 7.7 Hz, 2H). LCMS: (ESI, m/z) 409

[M+H] ⁺ .

Example 48: l-(7-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)- lH-pyrazole-4- carboxylic acid

[00260] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 46 using tert-butyl 2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carboxylate in Step 3. Purification resulted in 96.5 mg of l-(7-(4- chlorobenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyraz ole-4-carboxylic acid as a white solid. 1H MR: (400 MHz, MeOH-<¾) δ 8.41 - 8.63 (m, 1H), 7.76 - 8.03 (m, 1H), 7.39 - 7.57 (m, 4H), 3.87 - 4.31 (m, 4H), 3.57 - 3.80 (m, 2H), 3.23 - 3.32 (m, 1H), 2.95 - 3.22 (m, 3H), 1.94 - 2.20 (m, 4H). LCMS: (ESI, m/z) 389 [M+H] ⁺ . Example 49: N-methyl-l-(7-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro [4.4] nonane-2-carbon l)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

Step 1: Synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl 4-(methylcarbamoyl)-lH-pyrazole-l-carboxylate

[00261] A 40-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (51.2 mg, 0.251 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DCM (10 mL), N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (65.1 mg, 0.521 mmol, 2.06 equiv) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (69.7 mg, 0.542 mmol, 2.13 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 80.1 mg (crude) of 4-nitrophenyl 4-(methylcarbamoyl)-lH-pyrazole-l-carboxylate as a yellow oil.

Step 2: Synthesis of 4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde

[00262] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged acetonitrile (100 mL), morpholine (4.50 g, 51.7 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (10.0 mg, 51.7 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and potassium carbonate (14.0 g, 101 mmol, 2.00 equiv) under nitrogen. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 80 °C and quenched by water (150 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 10.0 g (75% yield) of 4- morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 260 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 3: Synthesis of tert-butyl 7-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro [4.4] nonane-2-carboxylate

j rt, overnight [00263] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 4-morpholino-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (3.42 g, 13.1 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1,2-dichloroethane (30 mL) and tert-butyl 2-azaspiro[4.4]nonane-7-carboxylate (3.05 g, 13.3 mmol, 1.02 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature, then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (7.08 g, 33.1 mmol, 2.52 equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched by water (50 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was

chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 3.70 g (62% yield) of tert-butyl 7-(4- morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]non ane-2-carboxylate as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 398 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 4: Synthesis of 4-(4-(2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonan-2-ylmethyl)-3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)morpholine

[00264] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with tert-butyl 7-(4-morpholino-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carboxy late (3.72 g, 8.12 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1,4-dioxane (30 mL) and hydrogen chloride (10 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperatureand concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 2.50 g (crude) of 4-(4-(2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonan-2-ylmethyl)-3-(trifluoromethy l)phenyl)morpholine as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 370 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 5: Synthesis of N-methyl-l-(7-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00265] A 40-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 4-(4-(2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonan-2- ylmethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)mo holine (40.1 mg, 0.270 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DCM (10 mL), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (69.7 mg, 0.542 mmol, 1.99 equiv) and 4-nitrophenyl 4- (methylcarbamoyl)-lH-pyrazole-l-carboxylate (78.3 mg, 0.271 mmol, 1.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched by water (15 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 10 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC. Purification resulted in 24.3 mg (17% yield) of N- methyl-l-(7-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-dia zaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide as a white solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.61 (m, 1H), 7.93 - 7.96 (m, 1H), 7.53 - 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.1 1 (s, 1H), 6.97 - 7.03 (m, 1H), 6.01 (br, 1H), 3.88 - 4.05 (m, 6H), 3.40 - 3.85 (m, 4H), 3.16 - 3.19 (m, 4H), 2.97 - 2.98 (m, 3H), 2.56 - 2.75 (m, 3H), 2.36 - 2.46 (m, 1H), 1.84 - 1.97 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 521 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 50: (l-(7-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspir o[4.4]nonane-2- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone

Step 1: Synthesis of (lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone

[00266] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with THF (100 mL), pyrrolidine (13.6 g, 191 mmol, 2.50 equiv) and lH-pyrazole-4-carbonyl chloride (10.0 g, 76.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 7.20 g (57% yield) of (lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 166

[M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: Synthesis of (l-(7-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7- diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(pyrrolidi n-l-yl)methanone

[00267] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 49 using (lH-pyrazol-4- yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone in Step 1. Purification resulted in 17.4 mg of (l-(7-(4- morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]non ane-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4- yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone as an off-white solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.51(s, 1H), 8.01 - 8.03 (m, 1H), 7.54 - 7.62 (m, 1H), 7.1 1 (s, 1H), 6.99 - 7.01 (m, 1H), 3.88 - 4.05 (m, 6H), 3.62 - 3.86 (m, 8H), 3.16 - 3.20 (m, 4H), 2.56 - 2.80 (m, 3H), 2.41 - 2.46 (m, 1H), 1.84 - 2.03 (m, 8H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 561 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 51 : (4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)(7-(4-morpholino- 2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonan-2-yl)metha none

[00268] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 50 using morpholine in Step 1. Purification resulted in 23.5 mg (15% yield) of (4-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol- l-yl)(7-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazasp iro[4.4]nonan-2-yl)methanone as colorless oil. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.82 - 7.84 (m, 1H), 7.53 - 7.61 (m, 1H), 7.1 1 (s, 1H), 7.02 (br, 1H), 3.88 - 4.02 (m, 2H), 3.82 - 3.86 (m, 4H), 3.56 - 3.72 (m, 12H), 3.16 - 3.20 (m, 4H), 2.61 - 2.75 (m, 3H), 2.43 - 2.56 (m, 1H), 1.83 - 1.95 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 577 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 52: (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l-yl)(l-(7-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluor omethyl)benzyl)- 2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methan one

[00269] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 50 using 1- cyclopropylpiperazine in Step 1. Purification resulted in 22.4 mg of (4-cyclopropylpiperazin-l- yl)(l-(7-(4-morpholino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazas piro[4.4]nonane-2-carbonyl)-lH- pyrazol-4-yl)methanone as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.81 - 7.84 (m, 1H), 7.61 - 7.69 (m, 1H), 7.1 1 (s, 1H), 6.91 - 7.02 (m, 1H), 3.88 - 4.03 (m, 6H), 3.44 - 3.85 (m, 8H), 3.17 - 3.20 (m, 4H), 2.45 - 2.88 (m, 8H), 1.84 - 2.09 (m, 4H), 1.47 - 1.64 (m, 1H), 0.38 - 0.52 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 616 [M+H] ⁺ . Example 53: (c s-5-(methyl(4-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrro l-2(lH)-yl)(4-(morpholine-4- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone

Step 1: Synthesis of morpholino(lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone

[00270] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with morpholine (6.70 g, 76.9 mmol, 1.00 equiv), triethylamine (15.6 g, 154 mmol, 2.00 equiv), THF (100 mL) and lH-pyrazole-4- carbonyl chloride (10.0 g, 76.6 mmol, 1.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 9.80 g (71% yield) of morpholino(lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 182 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: Synthesis of c/s-tert-butyl 5-(4-

(trifluoromethyl)benzylamino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol e-2(lH)-carboxylate

[00271] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with cz ^' s-tert-butyl 5- aminohexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carboxylate (2.26 g, 9.99 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 4- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (1.74 g, 9.99 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and 1,2-dichloroethane (50 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature, then sodium

triacetoxyborohydride (4.24 g, 20.0 mmol, 2.00 equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched by water (30 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 3.80 g (98% yield) of cis- tert-butyl 5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzylamino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrr ole-2(lH)-carboxylate as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 385 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 3: Synthesis of c/s-tert-butyl 5-(methyl(4-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrro le-2(lH)-carboxylate

[00272] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with cz ^' s-tert-butyl 5-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzylamino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2 (lH)-carboxylate (3.80 g, 9.79 mmol, 1.00 equiv), paraformaldehyde (2.97 g, 97.9 mmol, 10.00 equiv) and 1,2-dichloroethane (100 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature, then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (4.15 g, 19.6 mmol, 2.00 equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched by water (50 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to provide 3.00 g (75% yield) of cis- tert-butyl 5-(methyl(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopent a[c]pyrrole-2(lH)- carboxylate as colorless oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 399 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 4: Synthesis of ci ^' s-N-methyl-N-(4-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-5-am ine

[00273] A 250-mL round-bottom flask was charged with cz ^' s-tert-butyl 5-(methyl(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole- 2(lH)-carboxylate (3.00 g, 7.54 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1,4-dioxane (30 mL) and hydrogen chloride (10 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 2.25 g (crude) of c/5-N-methyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydrocyclopent a[c]pyrrol-5-amine as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 299 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 5: Synthesis of ci ^' s-5-(methyl(4-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrro le-2(lH)-carbonyl chloride

[00274] A 40-mL vial was charged with c/ ^' s-N-methyl-N-(4-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-5-am ine (2.25 g, 7.54 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DCM (50 mL) and triphosgene (0.840 g, 3.02 mmol, 0.40 equiv). N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (2.92 g, 22.6 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C and quenched by water (50 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 2.72 g (crude) of c/5-5-(methyl(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)hexahydrocyclo penta[c]pyrrole- 2(lH)-carbonyl chloride as a yellow oil.

Step 6: Synthesis of (ci ^' s-5-(methyl(4-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrro l-2(lH)-yl)(4-(morpholine-4- carbonyl)-lH- razol-l-yl)methanone

[00275] A 40-mL vial was charged with c/ ^' s-5-(methyl(4-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrro le-2(lH)-carbonyl chloride (361 mg, 1.00 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (10 mL), mo holino(lH-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone (181 mg, 1.00 mmol, 1.00 equiv), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (258 mg, 2.00 mmol, 2.00 equiv) and 4- dimethylaminopyridine (12.2 mg, 0.100 mmol, 0.10 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at 60 °C and quenched by water (15 ml). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 10 ml) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (3 x 10 ml), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC. Purification resulted in 66.7 mg (13% yield) of (c/5-5- (methyl(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[ c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)(4- (mo holine-4-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone as a light yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-ύ δ 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.83 - 7.84 (m, 2H), 7.60 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.67 - 4.13 (m, 14H), 2.92 - 3.01 (m, 1H), 2.72 (br, 2H), 2.05 - 2.17 (m, 5H), 1.52 (br, 2H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 506[M+H] ⁺ .

Example 54: N-methyl-l-(ci ^' s-5-(methyl(4-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrro le-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide

[00276] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 53 using N-methyl-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 6. Purification resulted in 56.8 mg of N-methyl-l-(c/5-5- (methyl(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)octahydrocyclopenta[ c]pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamide as a white solid. 1H MR (300 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.63 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J= 3.4 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J= 3.4 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (t, J= 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.07 (br, 1H), 3.68 - 3.99 (m, 6H), 2.98 (d, J= 4.9 Hz, 4H), 2.72 (br, 2H), 2.05 - 2.17 (m, 5H), 1.65 (br, 2H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 450[M+H] ⁺ .

Example 55: l-(ci ^' s-5-(methyl(4-

(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrro le-2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide

[00277] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 53 using lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide in Step 6. Purification resulted in 37.8 mg of 1 -(cis-5 -(methyl (4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole- 2-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide as a white solid. 1H MR (400 MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.74 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (t, J= 3.8 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J= 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.68 - 6.14 (m, 2H), 3.66 - 4.14 (m, 6H), 2.72 - 2.97 (m, 3H), 2.01 - 2.30 (m, 5H), 1.52 (br, 2H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 436[M+H] ⁺ .

Example 56: l-(ir ns-5-((2-chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)octahydrocyclopenta[c]py rrole-2- carbonyl)-N-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

[00278] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 53 using 2- chlorobenzaldehyde in Step 2 and N-m ethyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide in Step 6. Purification resulted in 128.1 mg of l-(tra«5-5-((2- chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2-c arbonyl)-N-methyl-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamideas an off-white solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.42 - 7.52 (m, 1H), 7.25 - 7.40 (m, 1H), 7.14 - 7.25 (m, 2H), 6.30 (br, 1H), 3.70 - 4.50 (m, 3H), 3.40 - 3.70 (m, 3H), 3.15 - 3.40 (m, 1H), 2.76 - 3.15 (m, 5H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 1.82 - 2.00 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 416 [M+H] ⁺ . Example 57 : (ir ns-5-((2-chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)hexahy drocyclopenta [c] pyrrol- 2(lH)-yl)(4-(pyrrolidine-l-carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methano ne

[00279] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 53 using pyrrolidine in Step 1, 2-chlorobenzaldehyde in Step 2 and (lH-pyrazol-4-yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone in Step 6. Purification resulted in 96.1 mg of (tra«5-5-((2- chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2(lH )-yl)(4-(pyrrolidine-l- carbonyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)methanone as a light yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform- d) δ 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.40 - 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.22 - 7.40 (m, 1H), 7.15 - 7.28 (m, 2H), 3.85 - 4.50 (m, 3H), 3.42 - 3.75 (m, 7H), 3.10 - 3.42 (m, 1H), 2.70 - 3.10 (m, 2H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 1.80 - 2.10 (m, 8H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 456 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 58: (4-chloro-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)(ci ^' s-5-((2- chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)hexah drocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2(lH)-yl)methanone

Step 1: Synthesis of c/s-tert-butyl 5-(2-chlorobenzylamino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole- 2(lH)-carboxylate

rt, overnight

[00280] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 2-chlorobenzaldehyde (2.80 g, 19.9 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in MeOH (30 mL), c/s-tert-butyl 5-aminohexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole- 2(lH)-carboxylate (5.42 g, 24.0 mmol, 1.20 equiv), and acetic acid (3.60 g, 60.0 mmol, 3.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. Sodium

cyanoborohydride (3.78 g, 60.0 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched with water (30 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine (2 x 30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to yield 5.00 g (72% yield) of c/s-tert- butyl 5-(2-chlorobenzylamino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(lH)-c arboxylate as a oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 351 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: Synthesis of c/s-tert-butyl 5-((2- chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(l H)-carboxylate

[00281] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with cz ^' s-tert-butyl 5-(2- chlorobenzylamino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carbox ylate (1.40 g, 3.99 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloroethane (30 mL), paraformaldehyde (1.20 g, 39.9 mmol, 10.0 equiv), and triethylamine (1.21 g, 12.0 mmol, 3.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (2.54 g, 12.0 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched with water (30 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine (2 x 30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to yield 1.30 g (89% yield) of c/s-tert-butyl 5-((2- chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(l H)-carboxylate as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 365 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 3: Synthesis of ci ^' s-N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-N-methyloctahydrocyclopenta[c]pyr rol-5- amine

[00282] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with cz ^' s-tert-butyl 5-((2- chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(l H)-carboxylate (1.20 g, 3.29 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in DCM (20 mL), and trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 5 h at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 1.45 g (crude) of c/5-N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-N-methyloctahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol- 5-amine as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 265 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 4: Synthesis of (4-chloro-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)(ci ^' s-5-((2- chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2(lH )-yl)methanone [00283] A 40-mL round-bottom flask was charged with triphosgene (148 mg, 0.500 mmol, 0.50 equiv) in DCM (5 mL), and 4-chloro-lH-pyrazole (153 mg, 1.49 mmol, 1.50 equiv) under nitrogen. N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (387 mg, 3.00 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C. A solution of cis-N-(2- chlorobenzyl)-N-methyloctahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-5-amine (260 mg, 0.980 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 0 °C and quenched with water (10 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 10 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine (2 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product (400 mg) was purified by preparative HPLC. Purification resulted in 188.7 mg (49% yield) of (4-chloro- 1 H-pyrazol - 1 -y\)(cis-5 -((2- chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2(lH )-yl)methanone as a yellow oil. 1H MR (300MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.48 - 7.50 (m, 1H), 7.33 - 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.15 - 7.24 (m, 2H), 3.94 (br, 4H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 2.94 - 3.05 (m, 1H), 2.71 (br, 2H), 2.23 - 2.25 (m, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.55 - 1.57 (m, 2H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 393 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 59: (4-chloro-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)(irans-5-((2- chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2(lH )-yl)methanone

[00284] The title compound was synthesized as described in Example 58 using tram ^, -tert-butyl 5-aminohexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carboxylate in Step 1. Purification resulted in 94.4 mg of (4-chloro-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)(tra«5-5-((2- chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2(lH )-yl)methanone as a white solid. 1H MR (300MHz, Chloroform-i ) δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.46 - 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.33 - 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.16 - 7.24 (m, 2H), 3.62 - 4.03 (m, 6H), 3.14 - 3.24 (m, 1H), 2.88 (br, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.84 - 2.01 (m, 4H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 393 [M+H] ⁺ .

Example 60: N-(ci ^' s-2-(4-chloro-lH-pyrazole-l-carbonyl)octahydrocyclopen ta[c]pyrrol-5- yl)-N-(3-chlorobenzyl)acetamide

Step 1: Synthesis of c/s-tert-butyl 5-(3-chlorobenzylamino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole- 2(lH)-carboxylate

rt, overnight

[00285] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with 3-chlorobenzaldehyde (2.00 g, 14.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in MeOH (20 mL), c/s-tert-butyl 5-aminohexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole- 2(lH)-carboxylate (3.87 g, 17.1 mmol, 1.20 equiv), and acetic acid (2.57 g, 42.8 mmol, 3.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. Sodium

cyanoborohydride (2.70 g, 42.9 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched with water (20 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 20 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine (2 x 20 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to yield 3.80 g (76% yield) of c/5-tert-butyl 5-(3-chlorobenzylamino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(lH)-c arboxylate as a light yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 351 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 2: Synthesis of c/s-tert-butyl 5-(N-(3- chlorobenzyl)acetamido)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(lH)-c arboxylate

[00286] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with cz ^' s-tert-butyl 5-(3- chlorobenzylamino)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(lH)-carbox ylate (1.30 g, 3.70 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (30 mL), triethylamine (1.13 g, 1 1.2 mmol, 3.00 equiv), and acetic anhydride (568 mg, 5.57 mmol, 1.50 equiv) under nitrogen. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at room temperature and quenched with water (30 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 30 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine (2 x 30 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column to yield 1.30 g (89% yield) of c/5-tert-butyl 5-(N-(3-chlorobenzyl)acetamido)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole -2(lH)- carboxylate as a light yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 393 [M+H] ⁺ . Step 3: Synthesis of N-(3-chlorobenzyl)-N-(cis-octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-5- yl)acetamide

[00287] A 100-mL round-bottom flask was charged with c/ ^' s-tert-butyl 5-(N-(3- chlorobenzyl)acetamido)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-2(lH)-c arboxylate (1.30 g, 3.31 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (20 mL), and trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 5 h at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 1.55 g (crude) of N-(3-chlorobenzyl)-N-(c/5-octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-5-yl) acetamide as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 293 [M+H] ⁺ .

Step 4: Synthesis of N-(ci ^' s-2-(4-chloro-lH-pyrazole-l- carbonyl)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-5-yl)-N-(3-chlorobenzy l)acetamide

[00288] A 40-mL round-bottom flask was charged with triphosgene (127 mg, 0.430 mmol, 0.50 equiv) in dichloromethane (5 mL), and 4-chloro-lH-pyrazole (131 mg, 1.28 mmol, 1.50 equiv) under nitrogen. N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (331 mg, 2.57 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C. A solution of N-(3- chlorobenzyl)-N-(c/5-octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-5-yl)aceta mide (250 mg, 0.850 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 0 °C and quenched with water (10 mL). The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 10 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine (2 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product (400 mg) was purified by preparative HPLC. Purification resulted in 101.7 mg (28% yield) of N-(c/5-2-(4-chloro-lH-pyrazole-l-carbonyl)octahydrocyclopent a[c]pyrrol-5- yl)-N-(3-chlorobenzyl)acetamide as a white solid. 1H MR (300MHz, Chloroform- ) δ 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.30 - 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.17 (s, 2H), 7.05 - 7.07 (m, 1H), 4.93 - 5.06 (m, 0.6H), 4.47 - 4.54 (m, 2H), 4.29 - 4.33 (m, 0.4H), 3.70 - 4.18 (m, 4H), 2.68 (br, 2H), 2.28 (s, 1H), 2.03 - 2.1 1 (m, 4H), 1.37 - 1.44 (m, 2H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 443 [M+Na] ⁺ .

[00289] Examples 61-227 (Table 2) were synthesized using similar procedures as described in previous Examples using the appropriate starting materials. TABLE 2

y met anone

II. Biological Evaluation

[00290] Compounds are tested to assess their MAGL and FAAH activity using the following in vitro and in vivo assays.

In vitro competitive activity-based protein profiling.

[00291] Proteomes (mouse brain membrane fraction or cell lysates for mouse assays; human prefrontal cortex or cell membrane fractions for human assays) (50 μΐ., 1.0 mg/mL total protein concentration) were preincubated with varying concentrations of inhibitors at 37 °C. After 30 min, FP-Rh or HT-01 (1.0 μΐ., 50 μΜ in DMSO) was added and the mixture was incubated for another 30 min at 37 °C. Reactions were quenched with SDS loading buffer (15 μΐ _^ - 4X) and run on SDS-PAGE. Following gel imaging, serine hydrolase activity was determined by measuring fluorescent intensity of gel bands corresponding to MAGL and FAAH using ImageJ 1.43u software.

Preparation of Mouse Brain Proteomes from inhibitor treated mice.

[00292] Inhibitors were administered to wild-type C57B1/6J by oral gavage in a vehicle of polyethylene glycol. Each animal was sacrificed 4 h following administration and brain proteomes were prepared and analyzed according to previously established methods (See Niphakis, M. J., et al. (201 1) ACS Chem. Neurosci. and Long, J. Z., et al. Nat. Chem. Biol. 5 :37-44) .

[00293] Compounds demonstrated activity in the assays described herein as indicated in Table 3 and Table 4.

TABLE 3

* * * IC ₅₀ is less than or equal to 100 nM; * * IC ₅₀ is greater than 100 nM and less than 1 μΜ; * IC ₅₀ is greater than or equal to 1 μΜ and less than or equal to 10 μΜ.

A = % inhibition greater than or equal to 75%; B = % inhibition greater than or equal to 50% and less than 75%; C = % inhibition greater than or equal to 25% and less than 50%; D = % inhibition greater than or equal to 0% and less than 25%.

TABLE 4

A = % inhibition greater than or equal to 75%; B = % inhibition greater than or equal to 50% and less than 75%; C = % inhibition greater than or equal to 25% and less than 50%; D = % inhibition greater than or equal to 0% and less than 25%.