PYRROLE COMPOUNDS

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

[0001] Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified, for example, in the Application Data Sheet or Request as filed with the present application, are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57, and Rules 4.18 and 20.6, including U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 62/828919, filed April 3, 2019 and 62/932686, filed November 8, 2019.

BACKGROUND

Field

[0002] The present application relates to the fields of chemistry, biochemistry and medicine. Disclosed herein are compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, pharmaceutical compositions that include a compound described herein (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound described herein) and methods of synthesizing the same. Also disclosed herein are methods of treating diseases and/or conditions with a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Description

[0003] The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus and a member of the Hepadnaviridae family. HBV infects more than 300 million worldwide, and is a causative agent of liver cancer and liver disease such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although there are approved drugs for treating HBV, by either boosting the immune system or slowing down the replication of the HBV virus, HBV continues to be a problem due to the drawbacks associated with each of the approved drugs.

SUMMARY

[0004] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [0005] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a pharmaceutical composition that can contain an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0006] Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of treating a HBV and/or HDV infection that can include administering to a subject identified as suffering from the HBV and/or HDV infection an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein for the use of treating a HBV and/or HDV infection.

[0007] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of inhibiting replication of HBV and/or HDV that can include contacting a cell infected with the HBV and/or HDV with an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein for the use of inhibiting the replication HBV and/or HDV.

[0008] These are other embodiments are described in greater detail below

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0009] HBV is a partially double-stranded circular DNA of about 3.2 kilobase (kb) pairs, and is classified into eight genotypes, A to H. The HBV replication pathway has been studied in great detail. T.J. Liang, Hepatology (2009) 49(5 Suppl):S13-S21. On part of replication includes the formation of the covalently closed circular (cccDNA) form. The presence of the cccDNA gives rise to the risk of viral reemergence throughout the life of the host organism. HBV carriers can transmit the disease for many years. An estimated 300 million people are living with hepatitis B virus infection, and it is estimated that over 750,000 people worldwide die of hepatitis B each year. In addition, immunosuppressed individuals or individuals undergoing chemotherapy are especially at risk for reactivation of a HBV infection. HBV can be acute and/or chronic. Acute HBV infection can be either asymptomatic or present with symptomatic acute hepatitis.

[0010] HBV can be transmitted by blood, semen, and/or another body fluid. This can occur through direct blood-to-blood contact, unprotected sex, sharing of needles, and from an infected mother to her baby during the delivery process. The HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) is most frequently used to screen for the presence of this infection. Currently available medications do not cure a HBV and/or HDV infection. Rather, the medications suppress replication of the virus.

[0011] The hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a DNA virus, also in the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses. HDV can propagate only in the presence of HBV. The routes of transmission of HDV are similar to those for HBV. Transmission of HDV can occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV (coinfection) or in addition to chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis B carrier state (superinfection). Both superinfection and coinfection with HDV results in more severe complications compared to infection with HBV alone. These complications include a greater likelihood of experiencing liver failure in acute infections and a rapid progression to liver cirrhosis, with an increased risk of developing liver cancer in chronic infections. In combination with hepatitis B, hepatitis D has the highest fatality rate of all the hepatitis infections, at 20%. There is currently no cure or vaccine for hepatitis D. Definitions

[0012] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. All patents, applications, published applications and other publications referenced herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety unless stated otherwise. In the event that there are a plurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this section prevail unless stated otherwise.

[0013] Whenever a group is described as being“optionally substituted” that group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the indicated substituents. Likewise, when a group is described as being“unsubstituted or substituted” if substituted, the substituent(s) may be selected from one or more of the indicated substituents. If no substituents are indicated, it is meant that the indicated “optionally substituted” or “substituted” group may be substituted with one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from deuterium, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl), (heterocyclyl)alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyl, cyano, halogen, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyanato, nitro, azido, silyl, sulfenyl, sulfmyl, sulfonyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, trihalomethanesulfonyl, trihalomethanesulfonamido, an amino, a mono- substituted amino group and a di-substituted amino group.

[0014] As used herein,“C _a to Cb” in which“a” and“b” are integers refer to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, or the number of carbon atoms in the ring of a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group. That is, the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ring of the cycloalkyl, ring of the cycloalkenyl, ring of the aryl, ring of the heteroaryl or ring of the heterocyclyl can contain from“a” to“b”, inclusive, carbon atoms. Thus, for example, a“Ci to C4 alkyl” group refers to all alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbons, that is, CH3-, CH3CH2-, CH3CH2CH2-, (Cft^CH-, CH3CH2CH2CH2-, CH ₃ CH2CH(CH ₃ )- and (CTb^C-. If no“a” and“b” are designated with regard to an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group, the broadest range described in these definitions is to be assumed.

[0015] As used herein,“alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain that comprises a fully saturated (no double or triple bonds) hydrocarbon group. The alkyl group may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 20” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g .,“1 to 20 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term“alkyl” where no numerical range is designated). The alkyl group may also be a medium size alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl group could also be a lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkyl group of the compounds may be designated as“C1-C4 alkyl” or similar designations. By way of example only,“C1-C4 alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl. Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl and hexyl. The alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0016] As used herein,“alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more double bonds. The length of an alkenyl can vary. For example, the alkenyl can be a C2-4 alkenyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-8 alkenyl. Examples of alkenyl groups include allenyl, vinylmethyl and ethenyl. An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

[0017] As used herein,“alkynyl” refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more triple bonds. The length of an alkynyl can vary. For example, the alkynyl can be a C2-4 alkynyl, C2-6 alkynyl or C2-8 alkynyl. Examples of alkynyls include ethynyl and propynyl. An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

[0018] As used herein,“cycloalkyl” refers to a completely saturated (no double or triple bonds) mono- or multi- cyclic hydrocarbon ring system. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused fashion. Cycloalkyl groups can contain 3 to 10 atoms in the ring(s). 3 to 8 atoms in the ring(s) or 3 to 6 atoms in the ring(s). A cycloalkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted. Typical cycloalkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.

[0019] As used herein, “cycloalkenyl” refers to a mono- or multi- cyclic hydrocarbon ring system that contains one or more double bonds in at least one ring; although, if there is more than one, the double bonds cannot form a fully delocalized pi- electron system throughout all the rings (otherwise the group would be“aryl,” as defined herein). When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be connected together in a fused fashion. A cycloalkenyl can contain 3 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 3 to 8 atoms in the ring(s). A cycloalkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

[0020] As used herein,“aryl” refers to a carbocyclic (all carbon) monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system (including fused ring systems where two carbocyclic rings share a chemical bond) that has a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings. The number of carbon atoms in an aryl group can vary. For example, the aryl group can be a C6-C14 aryl group, a C6-C10 aryl group, or a G aryl group. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzene, naphthalene and azulene. An aryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0021] As used herein,“heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic aromatic ring system (a ring system with fully delocalized pi-electron system) that contain(s) one or more heteroatoms (for example, 1 to 5 heteroatoms), that is, an element other than carbon, including but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The number of atoms in the ring(s) of a heteroaryl group can vary. For example, the heteroaryl group can contain 4 to 14 atoms in the ring(s), 5 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 5 to 6 atoms in the ring(s). Furthermore, the term“heteroaryl” includes fused ring systems where two rings, such as at least one aryl ring and at least one heteroaryl ring, or at least two heteroaryl rings, share at least one chemical bond. Examples of heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, furan, furazan, thiophene, benzothiophene, phthalazine, pyrrole, oxazole, benzoxazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, thiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, benzothi azole, imidazole, benzimidazole, indole, indazole, pyrazole, benzopyrazole, isoxazole, benzoisoxazole, isothiazole, triazole, benzotriazole, thiadiazole, tetrazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, purine, pteridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline and triazine. A heteroaryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0022] As used herein, “heterocyclyl” refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic ring system wherein carbon atoms together with from 1 to 5 heteroatoms constitute said ring system. A heterocycle may optionally contain one or more unsaturated bonds situated in such a way, however, that a fully delocalized pi-electron system does not occur throughout all the rings. The number of atoms in the ring(s) of a heterocyclyl group can vary. For example, the heterocyclyl group can contain 4 to 14 atoms in the ring(s), 5 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 5 to 6 atoms in the ring(s). The heteroatom(s) is an element other than carbon including, but not limited to, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. A heterocycle may further contain one or more carbonyl or thiocarbonyl functionalities, so as to make the definition include oxo-systems and thio-systems such as lactams, lactones, cyclic imides, cyclic thioimides and cyclic carbamates. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused fashion. Additionally, any nitrogens in a heterocyclyl may be quaternized. Heterocyclyl groups may be unsubstituted or substituted. Examples of such “heterocyclyl groups include but are not limited to, 1,3-dioxin, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2- dioxolane, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxolane, 1,3-oxathiane, 1,4-oxathiin, 1,3-oxathiolane, 1,3- dithiole, 1,3-dithiolane, 1,4-oxathiane, tetrahydro-l,4-thiazine, 2H-l,2-oxazine, maleimide, succinimide, barbituric acid, thiobarbituric acid, dioxopiperazine, hydantoin, dihydrouracil, trioxane, hexahydro-l,3,5-triazine, imidazoline, imidazolidine, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, oxazoline, oxazolidine, oxazolidinone, thiazoline, thiazolidine, morpholine, oxirane, piperidine /V-Oxide, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, pyrrolidone, pyrrolidione, 4- piperidone, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, 2-oxopyrrolidine, tetrahydropyran, 4H-pyran, tetrahydrothiopyran, thiamorpholine, thiamorpholine sulfoxide, thiamorpholine sulfone and their benzo-fused analogs (e.g., benzimidazolidinone, tetrahydroquinoline and 3,4- methyl enedi oxy phenyl) .

[0023] As used herein, “aryl(alkyl)” refer to an aryl group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. The lower alkylene and aryl group of an aryl(alkyl) may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited to benzyl, 2- phenyl(alkyl), 3-phenyl(alkyl), and naphthyl(alkyl).

[0024] As used herein, “heteroaryl(alkyl)” refer to a heteroaryl group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. The lower alkylene and heteroaryl group of heteroaryl(alkyl) may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited to 2-thienyl(alkyl), 3-thienyl(alkyl), furyl(alkyl), thienyl(alkyl), pyrrolyl(alkyl), pyridyl(alkyl), isoxazolyl(alkyl), imidazolyl(alkyl), and their benzo-fused analogs.

[0025] A“(heterocyclyl)alkyl” refer to a heterocyclic group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. The lower alkylene and heterocyclyl of a heterocyclyl(alkyl) may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl(methyl), piperidin-4-yl(ethyl), piperidin-4-yl(propyl), tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl(methyl) and l,3-thiazinan-4-yl(methyl).

[0026] “Lower alkylene groups” are straight-chained -CEb- tethering groups, forming bonds to connect molecular fragments via their terminal carbon atoms. Examples include but are not limited to methylene (-CH2-), ethylene (-CH2CH2-), propylene (- CH2CH2CH2-) and butylene (-CH2CH2CH2CH2-). A lower alkylene group can be substituted by replacing one or more hydrogen of the lower alkylene group with a substituent(s) listed under the definition of“substituted.” [0027] As used herein,“alkoxy” refers to the formula -OR wherein R is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl) is defined herein. A non-limiting list of alkoxys are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, 1 -methyl ethoxy (isopropoxy), n-butoxy, iso- butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, phenoxy and benzoxy. An alkoxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0028] As used herein,“acyl” refers to a hydrogen an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl) connected, as substituents, via a carbonyl group. Examples include formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, benzoyl, and acryl. An acyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0029] As used herein,“hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a hydroxy group. Exemplary hydroxyalkyl groups include but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 1 -hydroxy ethyl, 2-hydroxy ethyl, 3- hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl and 2, 2-dihydroxy ethyl. A hydroxyalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0030] As used herein,“haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkyl, di-haloalkyl and tri- haloalkyl). Such groups include but are not limited to, chloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1 -chi oro-2-fluorom ethyl and 2-fluoroisobutyl. A haloalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0031] As used herein,“haloalkoxy” refers to a O-alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkoxy, di-haloalkoxy and tri-haloalkoxy). Such groups include but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, fluorom ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, l-chloro-2-fluoromethoxy and 2- fluoroisobutoxy. A haloalkoxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0032] A“sulfenyl” group refers to an“-SR” group in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). A sulfenyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0033] A“sulfmyl” group refers to an“-S(=0)-R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl. A sulfmyl may be substituted or unsubstituted. [0034] A“sulfonyl” group refers to an“SO2R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl. A sulfonyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0035] An“O-carboxy” group refers to a“RC(=0)0-” group in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl), as defined herein. An O-carboxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0036] The terms“ester” and“C-carboxy” refer to a“-C(=0)OR” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy. An ester and C-carboxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0037] A“thiocarbonyl” group refers to a“-C(=S)R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy. A thiocarbonyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0038] A“trihalomethanesulfonyl” group refers to an“X3CSO2-” group wherein each X is a halogen.

[0039] A “trihalomethanesulfonamido” group refers to an “X3CS(0)2N(RA)-” group wherein each X is a halogen, and RA is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).

[0040] The term“amino” as used herein refers to a -NH2 group.

[0041] As used herein, the term“hydroxy” refers to a -OH group.

[0042] A“cyano” group refers to a“-CN” group.

[0043] The term“azido” as used herein refers to a -N3 group.

[0044] An“isocyanato” group refers to a“-NCO” group.

[0045] A“thiocyanato” group refers to a“-CNS” group.

[0046] An“isothiocyanato” group refers to an“ -NCS” group.

[0047] A“mercapto” group refers to an“-SH” group.

[0048] A“carbonyl” group refers to a C=0 group.

[0049] An“S-sulfonamido” group refers to a“-S02N(RARB)” group in which RA and RB can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An S-sulfonamido may be substituted or unsubstituted. [0050] An“N-sulfonamido” group refers to a“RS02N(RA)-” group in which R and RA can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An N-sulfonamido may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0051] An“O-carbamyl” group refers to a“-OC(=0)N(RARB)” group in which RA and RB can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An O-carbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0052] An“N-carbamyl” group refers to an“ROC(=0)N(RA)-” group in which R and RA can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An N-carbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0053] An“O-thiocarbamyl” group refers to a “-OC(=S)-N(RARB)” group in which RA and RB can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An O-thiocarbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0054] An“N-thiocarbamyl” group refers to an “ROC(=S)N(RA)-” group in which R and RA can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An N-thiocarbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0055] A“C-amido” group refers to a“-C(=0)N(RARB)” group in which RA and RB can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). A C-amido may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0056] An“N-amido” group refers to a“RC(=0)N(RA)-” group in which R and RA can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An N-amido may be substituted or unsubstituted.

[0057] The term“halogen atom” or“halogen” as used herein, means any one of the radio-stable atoms of column 7 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, such as, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. [0058] As used herein, the term“a-amino acids” refers to any amino acid (both standard and non-standard amino acids). Examples of suitable a-amino acids include, but are not limited to, alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine.

[0059] As used herein, the term“phosphate” is used in its ordinary sense as

understood by those skilled in the art, and includes along with its protonated

forms (for example,

[0060] Where the numbers of substituents is not specified (e.g. haloalkyl), there may be one or more substituents present. For example“haloalkyl” may include one or more of the same or different halogens. As another example,“C1-C3 alkoxyphenyl” may include one or more of the same or different alkoxy groups containing one, two or three atoms.

[0061] As used herein, the abbreviations for any protective groups, amino acids and other compounds, are, unless indicated otherwise, in accord with their common usage, recognized abbreviations, or the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (See, Biochem. 11 :942-944 (1972)).

[0062] The term“pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound. In some embodiments, the salt is an acid addition salt of the compound. Pharmaceutical salts can be obtained by reacting a compound with inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid), sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with an organic acid such as aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic or sulfonic acids, for example formic, acetic, succinic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, nicotinic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, salicylic or naphthalenesulfonic acid. Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with a base to form a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, C1-C7 alkylamine, cyclohexylamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine and lysine.

[0063] Terms and phrases used in this application, and variations thereof, especially in the appended claims, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open ended as opposed to limiting. As examples of the foregoing, the term‘including’ should be read to mean‘including, without limitation,’‘including but not limited to,’ or the like; the term‘comprising’ as used herein is synonymous with‘including,’‘containing,’ or ‘characterized by,’ and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps; the term‘having’ should be interpreted as‘having at least;’ the term‘includes’ should be interpreted as‘includes but is not limited to;’ the term‘example’ is used to provide exemplary instances of the item in discussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof. In addition, the term“comprising” is to be interpreted synonymously with the phrases "having at least" or "including at least". When used in the context of a compound or composition, the term "comprising" means that the compound or composition includes at least the recited features or components, but may also include additional features or components.

[0064] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. The indefinite article“a” or“an” does not exclude a plurality.

[0065] It is understood that, in any compound described herein having one or more chiral centers, if an absolute stereochemistry is not expressly indicated, then each center may independently be of (R)-configuration or (S)-configuration or a mixture thereof. Thus, the compounds provided herein may be enantiomerically pure, enantiomerically enriched, racemic mixture, diastereomerically pure, diastereomerically enriched, or a stereoisomeric mixture. In addition it is understood that, in any compound described herein having one or more double bond(s) generating geometrical isomers that can be defined as E or Z, each double bond may independently be E or Z a mixture thereof. Likewise, it is understood that, in any compound described, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.

[0066] It is to be understood that where compounds disclosed herein have unfilled valencies, then the valencies are to be filled with hydrogens or isotopes thereof, e.g., hydrogen- 1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium).

[0067] It is understood that the compounds described herein can be labeled isotopically. Substitution with isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. Each chemical element as represented in a compound structure may include any isotope of said element. For example, in a compound structure a hydrogen atom may be explicitly disclosed or understood to be present in the compound. At any position of the compound that a hydrogen atom may be present, the hydrogen atom can be any isotope of hydrogen, including but not limited to hydrogen- 1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium). Thus, reference herein to a compound encompasses all potential isotopic forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0068] Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that the upper and lower limit, and each intervening value between the upper and lower limit of the range is encompassed within the embodiments.

Compounds

[0069] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

substituted Ci alkynyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, an unsubstituted or a substituted bicyclic heteroaryl or an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl, wherein when the C2 alkenyl, the C2 alkynyl and the monocyclic heteroaryl are substituted, the C2 alkenyl, the C2 alkynyl and the monocyclic heteroaryl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl, an unsubstituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl and a hydroxy- substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl; R ² and R ³ can be independently selected from hydrogen, an unsubstituted or a substituted Ci-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl and an unsubstituted C1-5 alkoxyalkyl, wherein when the monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl and the monocyclic 3-6 heterocyclyl are substituted, the monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl and the monocyclic 3-6 heterocyclyl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen or hydroxy, and wherein when the Ci-4 alkyl is substituted, the Ci-4 alkyl is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a phosphate, an O-linked a-amino acid and an O-carboxy; or R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl or an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl, wherein when the C3-6 cycloalkyl and 3-6 membered heterocyclyl are substituted, the C3-6 cycloalkyl and the 3-6 membered heterocyclyl can be independently substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from halogen and hydroxy; R ⁴ and R ⁵ can be independently hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, a deuterated Ci-4 alkyl or an unsubstituted C2-4 alkenyl; R ⁶ can be hydrogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, a deuterated Ci-4 alkyl or an unsubstituted C3-4 alkenyl; and provided that at least one of R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ is not hydrogen; or R ⁵ can be hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl or an unsubstituted C2- 4 alkenyl; and R ⁴ and R ⁶ can be taken together to form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring; X ¹ can be CR ^A or N (nitrogen); R ^7a , R ⁷¹¹ , R ^7c and R ^7d can be independently hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, cyano or an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkoxy; R ⁸ can be hydrogen, -CH20C(=0)-(an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl), -CH20C(=0)- 0(an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl), -CH2-(a-amino acid) or -Chh-phosphate; and R ^A can be hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl or cyano. [0070] Various groups can be attached to the pyrrole ring of Formula (I). As provided herein, the pyrrole ring can have hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, a deuterated Ci-4 alkyl and/or or an unsubstituted C2-4 alkenyl attached, provided that at least one of R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ is not hydrogen. Examples of Ci-4 alkyls include methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, one of R ⁴ and R ⁵ can be halogen or an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl and/or R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In other embodiments, R ⁴ and/or R ⁵ can be each independently halogen or an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl and/or R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In still other embodiments, R ⁴ and R ⁵ can be each independently halogen or an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In yet still other embodiments, one of R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl and one of R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted C3-4 alkenyl. When one of R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ is a deuterated Ci-4 alkyl, one or more hydrogens of a Ci-4 alkyl can be replaced by deuteriums. For example, one of R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ can be CFhD, CHD2, CD3, CH2CD3, CD2CD3, CH2CH2CD3, CH(CD ₃ )2. In some embodiments, one of R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ can be a deuterated Ci-4 alkyl, and the other two of R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl.

[0071] In some embodiments, R ⁴ can be hydrogen; R ⁵ can be hydrogen; and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In other embodiments, R ⁴ can be halogen; R ⁵ can be hydrogen; and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In still other embodiments, R ⁴ can be hydrogen; R ⁵ can be halogen; and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In still other embodiments, R ⁴ can be hydrogen; R ⁵ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl; and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted C3-4 alkenyl.

[0072] In some embodiments, R ⁴ can be hydrogen; R ⁵ can be halogen; and R ⁶ can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R ⁴ can be hydrogen; R ⁵ can be halogen; and R ⁶ can be hydrogen. In still other embodiments, R ⁴ can be halogen; R ⁵ can be halogen; and R ⁶ can be hydrogen. In yet still other embodiments, R ⁴ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl; R ⁵ can be hydrogen; and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R ⁴ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl; R ⁵ can be halogen; and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In other embodiments, R ⁴ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl; R ⁵ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl; and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In still other embodiments, when R ⁴ , R ⁵ and/or R ⁶ are an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, the unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl can be methyl. For example, R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ can be each methyl. In yet still other embodiments, R ⁴ can be hydrogen; and R ⁵ and R ⁶ can be each an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R ⁴ can be halogen; and R ⁵ and R ⁶ can be each an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In other embodiments, R ⁵ can be halogen; and R ⁴ and R ⁶ can be each an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In still other embodiments, R ⁴ and R ⁵ can be each hydrogen; and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In yet still embodiments, R ⁴ can be hydrogen; R ⁵ can be halogen; and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R ⁴ and R ⁵ can be each halogen; and R ⁶ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. In other embodiments, R ⁴ and R ⁵ can be each an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl; and R ⁶ can be a deuterated Ci-4 alkyl, such as CD3.

[0073] As provided herein, in some embodiments, R ⁵ can be hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl or an unsubstituted C2-4 alkenyl; and R ⁴ and R ⁶ can be taken together to form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring. For

example, R ⁴ and R ⁶ can be taken together to form an unsubstituted or substituted or

an unsubstituted or substituted , wherein N* indicates the nitrogen of the pyrrolyl of Formula (I). In some embodiments, R ⁵ can be hydrogen; and R ⁴ and R ⁶ can be taken together to form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring such as those described herein. In other embodiments, R ⁵ can be halogen; and R ⁴ and R ⁶ can be taken together to form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring such as those described herein. In still other embodiments, R ⁵ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl; and R ⁴ and R ⁶ can be taken together to form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring such as those described herein. In yet still other embodiments, R ⁵ can be an unsubstituted C2-4 alkenyl; and R ⁴ and R ⁶ can be taken together to form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring such as those described herein.

[0074] The 6-membered aromatic ring that includes X ¹ can be an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted pyridine. When X ¹ is CR ^A , the 6-membered ring can be an optionally substituted phenyl. The 6-membered aromatic ring can be an optionally substituted pyridine when X ¹ is N (nitrogen). As provided herein, the 6- membered aromatic ring that includes X ¹ can be substituted. When substituted, the phenyl and/or pyridine can be substituted 1, 2 or 3 or more times. The substituted phenyl ring can be substituted at the para-position. Additionally or in the alternative, the phenyl ring can be substituted at the meta-position. In some embodiments, the phenyl ring can be substituted at the ortho-position.

[0075] In some embodiments, X ¹ can be CH. In other embodiments, X ¹ can be CR ^a . When X ¹ is CR ^A , R ^A can be a non-hydrogen group. For example, in some embodiments, R ^A can be halogen (such as F, Cl or Br). In other embodiments, R ^A can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl. Suitable Ci-4 haloalkyls include, but are not limited to, -CHF2, - CF3, CFhF, CHC1F AND CCh. In still other embodiments, R ^A can be cyano. In yet still other embodiments, R ^A can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkoxy. Example Ci-4 alkoxys include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy and tert-butoxy.

[0076] As described herein, R ⁷¹⁵ and/R ^7c can be hydrogen. As with R ^A , R ⁷¹⁵ and/R ^7c can be a non-hydrogen group, such as halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, cyano and an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, R ⁷¹⁵ can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R ^7b can be halogen (for example, F, Cl or Br). In still other embodiments, R ^7b can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, such as those described herein and including -CHF2, -CF3, and -CH2F. In yet still other embodiments, R ^7b can be cyano. In some embodiments, R ^7b can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkoxy, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R ^7c can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R ^7c can be halogen, such as F, Cl or Br. In still other embodiments, R ^7c can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, such as -CHF2, -CF3, -CH2F, -CHC1F and -CCh. In yet still other embodiments, R ^7c can be cyano. In some embodiments, R ^7c can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkoxy, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy and tert-butoxy.

[0077] As with other positions on the 6-membered aromatic ring that includes X ¹ , R ^7a and/or R ^7d can be hydrogen or a non-hydrogen group. In some embodiments, R ^7a can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R ^7a can be halogen, such as F, Cl or Br. In still other embodiments, R ^7a can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, for example, -CHF2, -CF3, -CFhF, - CHC1F and -CCh. In yet still other embodiments, R ^7a can be cyano. In some embodiments, R ^7a can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkoxy, including, but not limited to, those described herein. In some embodiments, R ^7d can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R ^7d can be halogen (for example, F, Cl or Br). In still other embodiments, R ^7d can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, including, but are not limited to, -CHF2, -CF3, -CFhF, -CHC1F and -CCh. In yet still other embodiments, R ^7d can be cyano. In some embodiments, R ^7d can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkoxy. For example, R ^7d can be for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n- butoxy, isobutoxy or tert-butoxy.

[0078] In some embodiments, R ^A can be a non-hydrogen group as described herein; and R ^7b or R ^7c can be a non-hydrogen group as described herein. In other embodiments, R ^A can be a non-hydrogen group as described herein; R ^7b or R ^7c can be a non hydrogen group as described herein; and R ^7a and R ^7d are each hydrogen. In still other embodiments, R ^A can be a non-hydrogen group as described herein; one of R ^7b and R ^7c can be a non-hydrogen group as described herein, and the other of R ^7b and R ^7c can be hydrogen; and R ^7a and R ^7d are each hydrogen. The following are examples of 6-membered aromatic

[0079] In some embodiments, R ² and R ³ can be independently selected from hydrogen, an unsubstituted or a substituted Ci-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl and an unsubstituted C1-5 alkoxyalkyl, wherein when the monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl and the monocyclic 3-6 heterocyclyl are substituted, the monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl and the monocyclic 3-6 heterocyclyl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen or hydroxy, and wherein when the Ci-4 alkyl is substituted, the Ci-4 alkyl is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a phosphate, an O-linked a-amino acid and an O-carboxy. In other embodiments, R ² and R ³ are taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl or an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl, wherein when the C3-6 cycloalkyl and 3-6 membered heterocyclyl are substituted, the C3-6 cycloalkyl and the 3-6 membered heterocyclyl are independently substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen and hydroxy.

[0080] The substituents for R ² and R ³ can be the same or different, or R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl or an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R ² and R ³ can be each hydrogen. In other embodiments, R ² and R ³ can be each an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl. Examples of suitable an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyls are described herein. For example, R ² and R ³ can be each methyl.

[0081] As described herein, R ² and R ³ can be different. As an example, one of R ² and R ³ can be hydrogen; and the other of R ² and R ³ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl and an unsubstituted C1-5 alkoxyalkyl. In some embodiments, one of R ² and R ³ can be hydrogen; and the other of R ² and R ³ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In other embodiments, one of R ² and R ³ can be hydrogen; and the other of R ² and R ³ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl. Exemplary Ci-4 haloalkyls are described herein, and include, but are not limited to, -CHF2, -CF3, -CH2F, -CHC1F and -CCI3. In still other embodiments, one of R ² and R ³ can be hydrogen; and the other of R ² and R ³ can be an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl. For example, one of R ² and R ³ can be hydrogen; and the other of R ² and R ³ can be an unsubstituted cycloproyl, an unsubstituted cyclobutyl, an unsubstituted cyclopentyl and an unsubstituted cyclohexyl; or one of R ² and R ³ can be hydrogen; and the other of R ² and R ³ can be a substituted cycloproyl, a substituted cyclobutyl, a substituted cyclopentyl and a substituted cyclohexyl. When substituted, the substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl can be substituted 1, 2 or 3 or times with a substituent independently selected from halogen (F, Cl or Br) and hydroxy. In some embodiments, substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl can be substituted with 1 or 2 halogens. For example, one of R ² and R ³ can be hydrogen; and the

other of R ² and R ³ can be . In yet still other embodiments, one of R ² and R ³ can be hydrogen; and the other of R ² and R ³ can be an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl. Various monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyls are suitable for R ² /R ³ . In some embodiments, one of R ² and R ³ can be hydrogen; and the other of R ² and R ³ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl. As an example, one of R ² and R ³ can be hydrogen; and the other of R ² and R ³ can be -CH2OH. In other embodiments, one of R ² and R ³ can be hydrogen; and the other of R ² and R ³ can be an unsubstituted C1-5 alkoxyalkyl. Examples of an unsubstituted C1-5 alkoxyalkyls include -CH2OCH3, -CH2CH2OCH3, - CH2OCH2CH3, -CH2CH2OCH2CH3, -CH ₂ 0CH(CH3) ₂ , -CH ₂ OCH ₂ CH(CH3)2 and - CH2CH ₂ 0CH(CH3)2.

[0082] A prodrug moiety can be present at one of R ² and R ³ . In some embodiments, one of R ² and R ³ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl (for example, methyl); and the other of R ² and R ³ can be a substituted Ci-4 alkyl, wherein the Ci-4 alkyl is substituted with one or more substituents selected from a phosphate, an O-linked a-amino acid and an O-carboxy. Suitable a-amino acids are described herein and include, but are not limited to, alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. As used herein, an“-O-linked a-amino acid” refers to an a-amino acid that is attached to the indicated moiety via the hydroxy from its main-chain carboxylic acid group. When the a-amino acid is attached in an -O-linked a-amino acid, the hydrogen that is part of the hydroxy from its main-chain carboxylic acid group is not present and the a- amino acid is attached via the oxygen. In some embodiments, the -O-linked a-amino acid substituted on the Ci-4 alkyl of R ² or R ³ can be an -O-linked-L-a-amino acid. In other embodiments, the -O-linked a-amino acid substituted on the Ci-4 alkyl of R ² or R ³ can be an -O-linked-D-a-amino acid. Examples of -O-linked-a-amino acids are shown here with respect to R ⁸ . As another example of a prodrug moiety that can be present on the substituted Ci-4 alkyl of R ² or R ³ is an O-carboxy. In some embodiments, one of R ² and R ³ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl (such as, methyl); and the other of R ² and R ³ can be an O-carboxy substituted Ci-4 alkyl. For example, the O-carboxy substituted Ci-4 alkyl can have the structure -(CH2)4-0C(=0)(an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl). As described herein, the Ci-4 alkyl of R ² or R ³ can be substituted with a phosphate. For example, when R ² or R ³ are a substituted Ci-4 alkyl with a phosphate, R ² or R ³ can be -CH2-0-P(=0)(0 )2 or -CH2-O- P(=0)(OH)2.

[0083] As provided herein, R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl or an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl are substituted, the C3-6 cycloalkyl and the 3-6 membered heterocyclyl are independently substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen and hydroxy. In some embodiments, R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form an unsubstituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl. In other embodiments, R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl. The C3-6 cycloalkyl can be an unsubstituted or a substituted cyclopropyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted cyclobutyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted cyclopentyl or an unsubstituted or a substituted cyclohexyl. When the C3-6 cycloalkyl is substituted, the C3-6 cycloalkyl can be substituted 1, 2 or 3 or more times. When 2 or more substituents are present, the substituents can be all the same or at least different substituents can be present. For example, in some embodiments, the C3-6 cycloalkyl can be substituted with 1 or 2 halogens (such as 1 or 2 fluoro substituents). In other embodiments, the C3-6 cycloalkyl can be substituted with a hydroxy. Exemplary C3-6 cycloalkyls include unsubstituted cyclopropyl, unsubstituted cyclobutyl, unsubstituted cyclopentyl, unsubstituted cyclohexyl, fluoro- substituted cyclopropyl, fluoro- substituted cyclobutyl, fluoro-substituted cyclopentyl, fluoro-substituted cyclohexyl, hydroxy- substituted cyclopropyl, hydroxy-substituted cyclobutyl, hydroxy-substituted cyclopentyl,

hydroxy-substituted cyclohexyl,

[0084] In some embodiments, R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form an unsubstituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl. For example, R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form an unsubstituted or substituted monocyclic 3-membered heterocyclyl, an unsubstituted or substituted monocyclic 4-membered heterocyclyl, an unsubstituted or substituted monocyclic 5-membered heterocyclyl or an unsubstituted or substituted monocyclic 6-membered heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form an unsubstituted monocyclic, oxygen-containing 3-6 membered heterocyclyl. In other embodiments, R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form an unsubstituted monocyclic, nitrogen-containing 3-6 membered heterocyclyl. Suitable monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyls include, but are not limited to, an unsubstituted or substituted oxetane, an unsubstituted or substituted thietane, an

unsubstituted or substituted an unsubstituted or substituted an

unsubstituted or substituted an unsubstituted or substituted an

unsubstituted or substituted and an unsubstituted or substituted . In some embodiments, R and R can be taken together along with the carbon to which R and R are

attached to form

[0085] Various unsaturated substituents can be present at R ¹ . As described herein, R ¹ can be substituted or unsubstituted. In some embodiments, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted C2 alkenyl. In other embodiments, R ¹ can be a substituted C2 alkenyl that can be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl, an unsubstituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl and a hydroxy-substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted C2 alkynyl. In other embodiments, R ¹ can be a substituted C2 alkynyl. The C2 alkynyl can be substituted one or more times with a substituent independently selected from halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl, an unsubstituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl and a hydroxy- substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl. For example, the C2 alkynyl can be substituted one time with an unsubstituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl or the C2 alkynyl can be substituted one time with an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, for example, CF3.

[0086] As described herein, several cyclic moieties can be present at R ¹ . In some embodiments, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl. In other embodiments, R ¹ can be a substituted monocyclic heteroaryl. Several suitable monocyclic heteroaryls are described herein. In some embodiments, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted or a substituted nitrogen-containing monocyclic heteroaryl, for example, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted or a

substituted 1,2,3-triazole (such unsubstituted or a substituted

thiazole (for example, an unsubstituted or a substituted

pyridinyl (such unsubstituted or a

substituted pyrimindine (for example, an unsubstituted or a

substituted pyrazole unsubstituted or a

substituted imidazole (such as or an unsubstituted or a

substituted oxadiazole (for example, wherein each of the structures shown can be unsubstituted or substituted (including where a hydrogen on a nitrogen can be replaced with a non-hydrogen substitutent). In some embodiments, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted bicyclic heteroaryl. In other embodiments, R ¹ can be a substituted bicyclic heteroaryl. Exemplary bicyclic heteroaryls are provided herein, and include benzimidazole. In some embodiments, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted monocyclic heterocyclyl. In other embodiments, R ¹ can be a substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl. Several examples of suitable monocyclic heterocyclyls are described herein. In some embodiments, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted or substituted 2-oxo-lH-pyridinyl. When cyclic moieities of R ¹ is substituted, various substituents can be present. Examples of substituents that can be present on the monocyclic heteroaryl of R ¹ include the following: an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted cyclopropyl and an unsubstituted cyclobutyl.

[0087] Several substituents can be present at R ⁸ . In some embodiments, R ⁸ can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R ⁸ can be -CH20C(=0)-(an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl). For example, R ⁸ can be pi valoyloxy methyl (POM). In still other embodiments, R ⁸ can be - CH20C(=0)-0(an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl), such as isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC). In yet still other embodiments, R ⁸ can be -CH2-(a-amino acid). Suitable a-amino acids include, but are not limited to, alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. When R ⁸ includes an a-amino acid, the carboxylic acid moiety is the portion connected to the -CH2 of -CH2-(a-amino acid), and the hydrogen of the carboxylic acid is not present. As some examples, R ⁸ can be

embodiments, the -a-amino acid of -CH2-(a-amino acid) of R ⁸ can be an L-a-amino acid. In other embodiments, the -a-amino acid of -CH2-(a-amino acid) of R ⁸ can be an D-a-

amino acid. In some embodiments, R ⁸ can be -CH2-phosphate

[0088] Compounds of Formula (I), along with pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can have a variety of structures. In some embodiments, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted or a substituted C2 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted C2 alkynyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, an unsubstituted or a substituted bicyclic heteroaryl or an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl, wherein when the C2 alkenyl, the C2 alkynyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl and the monocyclic heteroaryl are substituted, the C2 alkenyl, the C2 alkynyl and the monocyclic heteroaryl are independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl, an unsubstituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl and a hydroxy-substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl; R ² and R ³ can be independently selected from hydrogen, an unsubstituted or a substituted Ci-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl and an unsubstituted C1-5 alkoxyalkyl, wherein when the monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl and the monocyclic 3-6 heterocyclyl are substituted, the monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl and the monocyclic 3-6 heterocyclyl are independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen or hydroxy, and wherein when the Ci-4 alkyl is substituted, the Ci-4 alkyl is substituted with one or more substituents selected from a phosphate, an O-linked a- amino acid and an O-carboxy, and provided that at least one of R ² and R ³ is not hydrogen; R ⁴ and R ⁵ can be independently hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, a deuterated Ci-4 alkyl or an unsubstituted C2-4 alkenyl; R ⁶ can be hydrogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, a deuterated Ci-4 alkyl or an unsubstituted C3-4 alkenyl; and provided that at least one of R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ is not hydrogen; X ¹ can be CR ^A or N; R ^7a , R ^7b , R ^7c and R ^7d can be independently hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, cyano or an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkoxy; R ⁸ can be hydrogen, -CH20C(=0)-(an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl), -CH20C(=0)-0(an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl), -CH2-(a-amino acid) or -CFh-phosphate; and R ^A can be hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl or cyano. For this paragraph, when at least one of R ² and R ³ is not hydrogen, the following for R ² and R ³ are provided: (1) R ² and R ³ can be each an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, such as methyl, (2) a Ci-4 alkyl substituted by a phosphate, an O-linked a-amino acid or an O-carboxy (for example, -0(C=0)(an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl), (3) an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl (for example, CF3), (4) an unsubstituted cyclopropyl and (5) an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl (such as -CH2OH).

[0089] In other embodiments, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted or a substituted C2 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted C2 alkynyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, an unsubstituted or a substituted bicyclic heteroaryl or an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl, wherein when the C2 alkenyl, the C2 alkynyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl and the monocyclic heteroaryl are substituted, the C2 alkenyl, the C2 alkynyl and the monocyclic heteroaryl are independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl, an unsubstituted monocyclic C ₃ - ₆ cycloalkyl and a hydroxy-substituted monocyclic C ₃ - ₆ cycloalkyl; R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl or an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl, wherein when the C3-6 cycloalkyl and 3-6 membered heterocyclyl are substituted, the C3-6 cycloalkyl and the 3-6 membered heterocyclyl are independently substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from halogen and hydroxy; R ⁴ and R ⁵ can be independently hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, a deuterated Ci-4 alkyl or an unsubstituted C2-4 alkenyl; R ⁶ can be hydrogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, a deuterated Ci-4 alkyl or an unsubstituted C3-4 alkenyl; and provided that at least one of R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ is not hydrogen; X ¹ can be CR ^A or N; R ^7a , R ^7b , R ^7c and R ^7d can be independently hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, cyano or an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkoxy; R ⁸ can be hydrogen, -CH20C(=0)-(an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl), -CH20C(=0)-0(an unsubstituted Ci- 4 alkyl), -CH2-(a-amino acid) or -Chb-phosphate; and R ^A can be hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl or cyano. As provided herein, R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached form an unsubstituted cyclobutyl, a fluoro- substituted cyclobutyl, a hydroxy-substituted cyclobutyl or an unsubstituted oxetane.

[0090] In still other embodiments, R ¹ can be an unsubstituted or a substituted C2 alkenyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted C2 alkynyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, an unsubstituted or a substituted bicyclic heteroaryl or an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl, wherein when the C2 alkenyl, the C2 alkynyl and the monocyclic heteroaryl are substituted, the C2 alkenyl, the C2 alkynyl and the monocyclic heteroaryl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl, an unsubstituted monocyclic C ₃ - ₆ cycloalkyl and a hydroxy-substituted monocyclic C ₃ - ₆ cycloalkyl; R ² and R ³ can be independently selected from hydrogen, an unsubstituted or a substituted Ci-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C ₃ - ₆ cycloalkyl, an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl, an unsubstituted Ci-4 hydroxyalkyl and an unsubstituted C1-5 alkoxyalkyl, wherein when the monocyclic C ₃ - ₆ cycloalkyl and the monocyclic 3-6 heterocyclyl are substituted, the monocyclic C ₃ - ₆ cycloalkyl and the monocyclic 3-6 heterocyclyl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen or hydroxy, and wherein when the Ci-4 alkyl is substituted, the Ci-4 alkyl is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a phosphate, an O-linked a-amino acid and an O-carboxy; or R ² and R ³ can be taken together along with the carbon to which R ² and R ³ are attached to form an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl or an unsubstituted or a substituted monocyclic 3-6 membered heterocyclyl, wherein when the C3-6 cycloalkyl and 3-6 membered heterocyclyl are substituted, the C3-6 cycloalkyl and the 3-6 membered heterocyclyl can be independently substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from halogen and hydroxy; R ⁵ can be hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl or an unsubstituted C2-4 alkenyl; and R ⁴ and R ⁶ can be taken together to form an unsubstituted or substituted 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring; X ¹ can be CR ^A or N (nitrogen); R ^7a , R ^7b , R ^7c and R ^7d can be independently hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, cyano or an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkoxy; R ⁸ can be hydrogen, -CH20C(=0)-(an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl), -CH20C(=0)-0(an unsubstituted Ci-4 alkyl), -CH2-(a-amino acid) or -CFh-phosphate; and R ^A can be hydrogen, halogen, an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl or cyano.

[0091] Examples of compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, include the following:

WO 2020/205934

pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing.

[0092] Further examples of compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, include the following:

, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing. [0093] In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, cannot be one or more of the following compounds:

any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, cannot be a compound provided in WO 2017/156255. In some embodiments, R ¹ cannot be a difluoro-substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R ¹ cannot be an unsubstituted or substituted tetrazole, an unsubstituted or substituted 1,2,3- triazole and/or an unsubstituted or substituted imidazole. In some embodiments, X ¹ cannot be CR ^a , wherein R ^A is halogen (such as F); and R ^7B cannot be halogen (such as F or Cl). In some embodiments, at least of R ^A , R ^7a , R ⁷¹¹ , R ^7c and R ^7d is an unsubstituted Ci-4 haloalkyl, for example, CF3. In some embodiments, at least one of R ⁴ and R ⁵ is halogen. In some embodiments, at least one of R ⁴ , R ⁵ and R ⁶ is hydrogen.

Synthesis

[0094] Compounds of Formula (I) along with those described herein may be prepared in various ways. General synthetic routes for preparing compounds of Formula (I) are shown and described herein along with some examples of starting materials used to synthesize compounds described herein. The routes shown and described herein are illustrative only and are not intended, nor are they to be construed, to limit the scope of the claims in any manner whatsoever. Those skilled in the art will be able to recognize modifications of the disclosed syntheses and to devise alternate routes based on the disclosures herein; all such modifications and alternate routes are within the scope of the claims.

Scheme 1

[0095] The synthesis of compounds of Formula (I) can be performed as outlined in Scheme 1. An ester of general Formula (la) can be coupled with an amine of general Formula (lb), in presence of a base, for example LiHMDS, in a suitable solvent (such as THF), to give an amide of general Formula (Ic). Reaction of general Formula (Ic) with ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate in presence of aluminium chloride in a suitable solvent (for example, DCM) can give ketoester of general Formula (Id). General Formula (Id) can subsequently be saponified in basic conditions, using for example lithium hydroxide in a mixture of methanol and water, to give the ketoacid derivative of general Formula (Ie). Coupling of general Formula (Ie) with a substituted amine of general Formula (If) can be performed in the presence of a peptide coupling reagent, for example, HATU or EDCI/HOAT, in the presence of an organic amine base (such as Et3N or DIPEA), in a suitable solvent (for example DCM), to afford compound of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0096] Some embodiments described herein relate to a pharmaceutical composition, that can include an effective amount of a compound described herein (e.g., a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or combination thereof. A pharmaceutical composition described herein is suitable for human and/or veterinary applications. [0097] As used herein, a“carrier” refers to a compound that facilitates the incorporation of a compound into cells or tissues. For example, without limitation, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a commonly utilized carrier that facilitates the uptake of many organic compounds into cells or tissues of a subject.

[0098] As used herein, a“diluent” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition that lacks pharmacological activity but may be pharmaceutically necessary or desirable. For example, a diluent may be used to increase the bulk of a potent drug whose mass is too small for manufacture and/or administration. It may also be a liquid for the dissolution of a drug to be administered by injection, ingestion or inhalation. A common form of diluent in the art is a buffered aqueous solution such as, without limitation, phosphate buffered saline that mimics the composition of human blood.

[0099] As used herein, an“excipient” refers to an inert substance that is added to a pharmaceutical composition to provide, without limitation, bulk, consistency, stability, binding ability, lubrication, disintegrating ability etc., to the composition. A“diluent” is a type of excipient.

[0100] Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Techniques for formulation and administration of the compounds described herein are known to those skilled in the art. Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, topical, aerosol, injection and parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal and intraocular injections. Pharmaceutical compositions will generally be tailored to the specific intended route of administration.

[0101] One may also administer the compound in a local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of the compound directly into the infected area, often in a depot or sustained release formulation. Furthermore, one may administer the compound in a targeted drug delivery system, for example, in a liposome coated with a tissue-specific antibody. The liposomes may be targeted to and taken up selectively by the organ.

[0102] The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g ., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or tableting processes. As described herein, compounds used in a pharmaceutical composition may be provided as salts with pharmaceutically compatible counterions.

Methods of Use

[0103] Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of treating a HBV and/or HDV infection that can include administering to a subject identified as suffering from the HBV and/or HDV infection an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a HBV and/or HDV infection. Still other embodiments described herein relate to the use of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein for treating a HBV and/or HDV infection.

[0104] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of treating a HBV and/or HDV infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the HBV and/or HDV with an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a HBV and/or HDV infection. Still other embodiments described herein relate to the use of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein for treating a HBV and/or HDV infection.

[0105] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of inhibiting replication of HBV and/or HDV that can include contacting a cell infected with the HBV and/or HDV with an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting replication of HB V and/or HDV. Still other embodiments described herein relate to the use of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, for inhibiting replication of HB V and/or HDV.

[0106] In some embodiments, the HBV infection can be an acute HBV infection. In some embodiments, the HBV infection can be a chronic HBV infection.

[0107] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of treating liver cirrhosis that is developed because of a HBV and/or HDV infection that can include administering to a subject suffering from liver cirrhosis and/or contacting a cell infected with the HBV and/or HDV in a subject suffering from liver cirrhosis with an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating liver cirrhosis with an effective amount of the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Still other embodiments described herein relate to the use of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein for treating liver cirrhosis.

[0108] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of treating liver cancer (such as hepatocellular carcinoma) that is developed because of a HBV and/or HDV infection that can include administering to a subject suffering from the liver cancer and/or contacting a cell infected with the HBV and/or HDV in a subject suffering from the liver cancer with an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating liver cancer (such as hepatocellular carcinoma). Still other embodiments described herein relate to the use of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein for treating liver cancer (such as hepatocellular carcinoma).

[0109] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of treating liver failure that is developed because of a HBV and/or HDV infection that can include administering to a subject suffering from liver failure and/or contacting a cell infected with the HBV and/or HDV in a subject suffering from liver failure with an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein. Other embodiments described herein relate to using a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating liver failure. Still other embodiments described herein relate to the use of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein for treating liver failure.

[0110] Various indicators for determining the effectiveness of a method for treating an HBV and/or HDV infection are also known to those skilled in the art. Examples of suitable indicators include, but are not limited to, a reduction in viral load indicated by reduction in HBV DNA (or load) (e.g., reduction <10 ⁵ copies/mL in serum), HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV e-antigen (HBeAg), a reduction in plasma viral load, a reduction in viral replication, a reduction in time to seroconversion (virus undetectable in patient serum), an increase in the rate of sustained viral response to therapy, an improvement in hepatic function, and/or a reduction of morbidity or mortality in clinical outcomes.

[0111] As used herein, the terms“treat,”“treating,”“treatment,”“therapeut ic,” and“therapy” do not necessarily mean total cure or abolition of the disease or condition. Any alleviation of any undesired signs or symptoms of a disease or condition, to any extent can be considered treatment and/or therapy. Furthermore, treatment may include acts that may worsen the subject’s overall feeling of well-being or appearance.

[0112] As used herein, a“subject” refers to an animal that is the object of treatment, observation or experiment. “Animal” includes cold- and warm-blooded vertebrates and invertebrates such as fish, shellfish, reptiles and, in particular, mammals. “Mammal” includes, without limitation, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, cows, horses, primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and apes, and, in particular, humans. In some embodiments, the subject is human.

[0113] The term“effective amount” is used to indicate an amount of an active compound, or pharmaceutical agent, that elicits the biological or medicinal response indicated. For example, an effective amount of compound can be the amount needed to alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated. This response may occur in a tissue, system, animal or human and includes alleviation of the signs or symptoms of the disease being treated. Determination of an effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, in view of the disclosure provided herein. The effective amount of the compounds disclosed herein required as a dose will depend on the route of administration, the type of animal, including human, being treated, and the physical characteristics of the specific animal under consideration. The dose can be tailored to achieve a desired effect, but will depend on such factors as weight, diet, concurrent medication and other factors which those skilled in the medical arts will recognize.

[0114] In some embodiments, an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein is an amount that is effective to achieve a sustained virologic response, for example, a sustained viral response 12 month after completion of treatment.

[0115] Subjects who are clinically diagnosed with a HBV and/or HDV infection include“naive” subjects (e.g., subjects not previously treated for HBV and/or HDV) and subjects who have failed prior treatment for HBV and/or HDV (“treatment failure” subjects). Treatment failure subjects include“non-responders” (subjects who did not achieve sufficient reduction in ALT (alanine aminotransferase) levels, for example, subject who failed to achieve more than 1 log 10 decrease from base-line within 6 months of starting an anti-HBV and/or anti-HDV therapy) and“relapsers” (subjects who were previously treated for HBV and/or HDV whose ALT levels have increased, for example, ALT > twice the upper normal limit and detectable serum HBV DNA by hybridization assays). Further examples of subjects include subjects with a HBV and/or HDV infection who are asymptomatic.

[0116] In some embodiments, a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein can be provided to a treatment failure subject suffering from HBV and/or HDV. In some embodiments, a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein can be provided to a non-responder subject suffering from HBV and/or HDV. In some embodiments, a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein can be provided to a relapser subject suffering from HBV and/or HDV. In some embodiments, the subject can have HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B. In some embodiments, the subject can have HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B. In some embodiments, the subject can have liver cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the subject can be asymptomatic, for example, the subject can be infected with HBV and/or HDV but does not exhibit any symptoms of the viral infection. In some embodiments, the subject can be immunocompromised. In some embodiments, the subject can be undergoing chemotherapy.

[0117] Examples of agents that have been used to treat HBV and/or HDV include immunomodulating agents, and nucleosides/nucleotides. Examples of immunomodulating agents include interferons (such as IFN-a and pegylated interferons that include PEG-IFN-a- 2a); and examples of nucleosides/nucleotides include lamivudine, telbivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, clevudine, entecavir, tenofovir aSafenamide and tenofovir disoproxil. However, some of the drawbacks associated with interferon treatment are the adverse side effects, the need for subcutaneous administration and high cost. Potential advantages of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing, can be less adverse side effects, delay in the onset of an adverse side effect and/or reduction in the severity of an adverse side effect. A drawback with nucleoside/nucleotide treatment can be the development of resistance, including cross-resistance.

[0118] Resistance can be a cause for treatment failure. The term“resistance” as used herein refers to a viral strain displaying a delayed, lessened and/or null response to an anti-viral agent. In some embodiments, a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein can be provided to a subject infected with an HBV and/or HDV strain that is resistant to one or more anti-HBV and/or anti-HDV agents. Examples of anti viral agents wherein resistance can develop include lamivudine, telbivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, clevudine, entecavir, tenofovir a!afenamide and tenofovir disoproxil. In some embodiments, development of resistant HBV and/or HDV strains is delayed when a subject is treated with a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein compared to the development of HBV and/or HDV strains resistant to other HBV and/or HDV anti-viral agents, such as those described.

[0119] Previously known compounds, such as those provided in WO 2017/156255, were shown to form adducts with glutathione in in vitro assays. Formation of glutathione adducts can be a signal that a compound has the potential to induce liver injury. Thus, the formation of glutathione adducts can be used as a signal to predict safety. Unexpectedly, compounds described herein, such as many compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, have been shown not to form adducts with glutathione in in vitro assays. Further, known compounds (for example, those described in WO 2017/156255), have demonstrated potency in a HepG2.2.15 cell based assay with an EC50 of >1000 pM. Many compounds described herein, such as compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, unexpectedly show improved potency in a HepG2.2.15 cell based assay with an EC50 <1000 pM range. Thus, compounds described herein, including compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can be at least 16 times more potent than previously known compounds. In some embodiments, improved potency can lead to a significantly lower dose requirement and therefore improve daily dose burden as well as lead to improved safety margins.

Combination Therapies

[0120] In some embodiments, a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein can be used in combination with one or more additional agent(s) for treating and/or inhibiting replication HBV and/or HDV. Additional agents include, but are not limited to, an interferon, nucleoside/nucleotide analogs, a sequence specific oligonucleotide (such as anti-sense oligonucleotide and siRNA), nucleic acid polymers (NAPs, such as nucleic acid polymers that reduce HBsAg levels) an entry inhibitor and/or a small molecule immunomodulator. Examples of additional agents include recombinant interferon alpha 2b, IFN-a, PEG-IFN-a-2a, lamivudine, telbivudine, adefovir dipivoxii, clevudine, entecavir, tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir disoproxil. Examples of NAPs include, but are not limited to, REP 2139, REP 2165 and those described in U.S. Application No. 62/757632, filed November 8, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference for the purpose of the NAPs described therein.

[0121] In some embodiments, a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein can be administered with one or more additional agent(s) together in a single pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be administered with one or more additional agent(s) as two or more separate pharmaceutical compositions. Further, the order of administration of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein with one or more additional agent(s) can vary.

EXAMPLES

[0122] Additional embodiments are disclosed in further detail in the following examples, which are not in any way intended to limit the scope of the claims.

EXAMPLE 1

COMPOUND A

[0123] A 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of N2 was charged with 3-tert-butyl 4-methyl 2,2-dimethyl-l,3-oxazolidine- 3,4-dicarboxylate (5.00 g, 19.3 mmol, 1.00 eq.), toluene (50 mL). Diisobutylaluminium hydride (38.6 mL, 38.6 mmol, 2.00 eq., 1M in toluene) was slowly added at -78 °C. The rate of addition was adjusted so as to keep the internal temperature below -65 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at -78 °C, and the reaction quenched by slowly adding cold CH3OH (10 mL). The mixture was slowly poured into ice-cold 1M HC1 (100 mL), and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 100 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to afford tert-butyl 4-formyl-2,2-dimethyl-l,3-oxazolidine-3-carboxylate (4.20 g, crude) of as a colorless oil.

[0124] A 40-mL vial was charged with tert-butyl 4-formyl-2, 2-dimethyl- 1,3- oxazolidine-3-carboxylate (4.20 g, 18.3 mmol, 1.00 eq.), dimethyl (l-diazo-2- oxopropyl)phosphonate (4.22 g, 22.0 mmol, 1.20 eq.), K2CO3 (5.06 g, 36.6 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and methanol (20 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for overnight at room temperature (rt). The reaction was quenched by water (20 mL) and diluted with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL). The mixture was washed with brine (20 mL) and water (20 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column with ethyl acetate (EA):petroleum ether (PE) (1 : 10) to provide 3.20 g (70% yield) of tert-butyl 4-ethynyl-2, 2-dimethyl- 1,3 -oxazolidine-3- carboxylate as a yellow oil.

[0125] A solution of tert-butyl 4-ethynyl-2, 2-dimethyl- 1,3 -oxazolidine-3- carboxylate (1.00 g, 4.44 mmol), 4M hydrochloric acid in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) and ethanol (10 mL) was stirred overnight at 60 °C. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 2-aminobut-3-yn-l-ol hydrochloride (538 mg, crude) as a yellow solid. ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol-ώ) d 4.14 (br, 1H), 3.89 (dd, J= 11.6, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.75-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.25 (d, J= 2.4 Hz, 1H). LCMS (ES) m/z = 86 (M+H-HC1) ⁺ .

EXAMPLE 2

COMPOUND B

[0126] The mixture of 3-(benzyloxy)cyclobutan-l-one (5.00 g, 28.4 mmol, 1.00 eq.), titanium isopropylate (8.80 g, 30.9 mmol, 1.09 eq.), tert-butanesulfmamide (3.70 g, 30.5 mmol, 1.08 eq.) and dichloromethane (50 mL) was stirred overnight at 45 °C. The mixture was cooled to rt. Sat. sodium bicarbonate solution (5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred 30 min, and the solids were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with EA:PE (1 : 10) to afford N-[3-(benzyloxy)cyclobutylidene]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfmamid e (4.50 g, 57% yield) as a light yellow oil.

[0127] To a stirred mixture of trimethylsilylacetylene (4.70 g, 47.8 mmol, 2.97 eq.) in diethyl ether (100 mL) was added n-BuLi (13.0 mL, 32.5 mmol, 2.02 eq., 2.5 M in hexane) dropwise -78 °C under N2 atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at -78 °C. N- [3-(benzyloxy)cyclobutylidene]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfmamide (4.50 g, 16.1 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in Et20 ( 10 mL ) was added dropwise at -78 °C. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at -78 °C. The reaction was quenched by water (100 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (3 x 100 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC (EA:PE=1 :3) to afford N-[3-(benzyloxy)-l-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]cyclobutyl]-2- methylpropane-2-sulfmamide (950 mg, 16% yield) as a colorless oil. [0128] To a stirred mixture of N-[3-(benzyloxy)-l-[2- (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]cyclobutyl]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfin amide (300 mg, 0.800 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in chloromethane (5 mL) was added BBn (3.00 mL, 3.00 mmol, 3.70 eq., 1 M in DCM) at rt. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt. Water (0.1 ml) was added to the mixture and stirred for 0.5 h. The solids were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 3-amino-3-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)cyclobutan-l-ol hydrobromide salt (130 mg, 62% yield) as a light yellow solid. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-rTi) d 4.42- 4.31 (m, 1H), 2.83 (ddt, J = 9.1, 7.0, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (ddt, J = 11.6, 7.6, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 0.22 (s, 9H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 184 [M+H-HBr] ⁺ .

EXAMPLE 3

COMPOUND C

[0129] The mixture of 3-oxetanone (5.00 g, 69.4 mmol, TOO eq.), tert- butanesulfmamide (9.20 g, 75.9 mmol, 1.10 eq.), titanium isopropylate (21.6 g, 76.0 mmol, 1.10 eq.) and dichloromethane (50.00 mL) was stirred overnight at 45 °C. The reaction was cooled to rt and quenched with sat. sodium bicarbonate solution (5.0 mL). The mixture was stirred 30 min, and the solids were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with EA:PE (1 : 10) to afford 2-methyl-N-(oxetan-3-ylidene)propane-2-sulfmamide (5.00 g, 39% yield) as a light yellow oil. LCMS (ESI, m/z ): 176 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0130] To a stirred mixture of trimethylsilylacetylene (8.40 g, 85.5 mmol, 3.00 eq.) in THF (50.00 mL) was added n-BuLi (30.0 mL, 2.5 M in hexane, 75.0 mmol, 2.63 eq.) dropwise at -78 °C under atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at -78 °C. The mixture of 2-methyl-N-(oxetan-3-ylidene)propane-2- sulfmamide (5.00 g, 28.5 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in THF (10 mL ) was added dropwise at -78 °C. The reaction was stirred for 2 h at -78 °C, and then quenched by water (100 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (3 x 100 mL). The organic phase was washed with water, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with EA:PE (1 : 10) to afford 2-methyl-N-[3-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]oxetan-3-yl]propane -2- sulfmamide (7.00 g, 88% yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 274 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0131] Hydrochloric acid (7.5 mL, 30.0 mmol, 2.05 eq., 4 M in 1,4-dioxane) was added to the mixture of 2-methyl-N-[3-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]oxetan-3-yl]propane -2- sulfmamide (4.00 g, 14.6 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and 1,4-dioxane (50 mL). The mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with PE and dried to afford 3-[2- (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]oxetan-3-amine hydrochloride (2.70 g, 89% yield) as a light yellow solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 170 [M+H-HC1] ⁺ .

EXAMPLE 4

COMPOUND D

[0132] A 250 mL round bottom flask was charged with ethyl 3,5-dimethyl-lH- pyrrole-2-carboxylate (10.0 g, 59.8 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and dimethylsulfoxide (100 mL). KOH (5.03 g, 89.7 mmol, 1.50 eq.) was added in portions at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred 30 min at rt. Methyl iodide (10.2 g, 71.8 mmol, 1.20 eq.) was added dropwise at rt. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at rt. The reaction was quenched by water (100 mL) and diluted with EA (500 mL). The mixture was washed with brine (200 mL) and water (5 x 100 mL ), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide ethyl l,3,5-trimethyl-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (10.1 g, 92% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 182 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0133] A 100-mL three-necked round-bottom flask was placed ethyl 1,3,5- trimethylpyrrole-2-carboxylate (2.00 g, 11.0 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 5-amino-2-fluorobenzonitrile (3.00 g, 22.1 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) under N2. Lithium hexamethyldisilazide (33.0 mL, 33.0 mmol, 3.00 eq., 1M in THF) was added dropwise to above mixture at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt, and the reaction quenched with a sat. ammonium chloride solution (50 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (3 x 50 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by trituration with EA:hexane (1 : 1), and the solid was collected by filtration and dried to afford N-(3-cyano-4- fluorophenyl)-l,3,5-trimethylpyrrole-2-carboxamide (2.50 g, 75% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 272 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0134] Into a 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask was placed ethyl 1,3,5- trimethyl-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (2.50 g, 13.8 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and dichloromethane (100 mL). Ethyl oxalochloridate (2.82 g, 20.0 mmol, 1.50 eq.) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture at 0 °C. Aluminium chloride (4.23 g, 31.7 mmol, 2.50 eq.) was added in portions at 0 °C. The solution was stirred overnight at rt, and the reaction was quenched with water/ice. The solution was extracted dichloromethane (3 x 100 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with sat. sodium bicarbonate solution (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by trituration with EA:hexane (1 : 1), and the solid was collected by filtration and dried to afford ethyl 4-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoacetyl)-l,3,5-trimethyl- lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (2.00 g, 56% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 372 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0135] A 50 mL round bottom flask was charged with ethyl 4-(2-ethoxy-2- oxoacetyl)-l,3,5-trimethyl-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (2.00 g, 5.39 mmol, 1.00 eq.), lithium hydroxide (21.6 mg, 10.8 mmol, 2.00 eq.), methanol (50 mL) and water (10 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt. The methanol was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved with water (50 mL) and extracted by EA (3 x 20 mL). The pH value of the water layer was adjusted to 3 with hydrochloric acid (1 mol/L). The mixture was extracted EA (3 x 50 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provided desired product 2-(5-((3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-l,2,4-trimethyl-lH- pyrrol-3-yl)-2- oxoacetic acid (1.50 g, 81% yield ) as white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 344 [M+H] ⁺ .

EXAMPLE 5

COMPOUND E

[0136] A 250 mL round bottom flask was charged with ethyl 3,5-dimethyl-lH- pyrrole-2-carboxylate (10.0 g, 59.8 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and dimethylsulfoxide (100 mL). KOH (5.03 g, 89.7 mmol, 1.50 eq.) was added in portions at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred 30 min at rt. Methyl iodide (10.2 g, 71.8 mmol, 1.20 eq.) was added dropwise to above mixture at rt. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at rt. The reaction was quenched by water (100 mL) and diluted with EA500 mL). The mixture was washed with brine (200 mL) and water (5 x 100 mL ), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide ethyl l,3,5-trimethyl-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (10.1 g, 92% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 182 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0137] Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of N2, was placed ethyl l,3,5-trimethylpyrrole-2-carboxylate (5.00 g, 27.6 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (7.40 g, 41.3 mmol, 1.50 eq.) and tetrahydrofuran (50.00 mL). LiHMDS (80.0 mL, 80.0 mmol, 2.90 eq., 1 mol/L in THF) was added dropwise to the mixture at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt, and the reaction was quenched with a sat. ammonium chloride solution (100 mL). The solution was extracted with EA (3 x 100 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by trituration with EA:hexane (1 : 1). The solids were collected by filtration and dried to provide N-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-l,3,5-trimethylpynOle -2-carboxamide (9.00 g, 93% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z). 315 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0138] Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of N2, was placed N-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-l,3,5- trimethylpyrrole-2-carboxamide (3.00 g, 9.55 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and dichloromethane (100 mL). A solution of ethyl chloroglyoxylate (1.56 g, 11.5 mmol, 1.20 eq.) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture at 0 °C. Aluminium chloride (1.90 g, 14.3 mmol, 1.50 eq.) was added to above mixture in portions at 0 °C. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt, and the reaction quenched by ice/water (100 mL). The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 100 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with sat. sodium bicarbonate solution (100 mL) and water (100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with EA:PE (1 :2) to afford ethyl 2-(5-[[4-fluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl]-l,2,4-trimethylpynOl-3-yl )-2-oxoacetate (2.00 g, 48% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z)·. 415 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0139] A 100 mL round bottom flask was charged with ethyl 2-(5-[[4-fluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl]-l,2,4-trimethylpynOl-3-yl )-2-oxoacetate (2.00 g, 4.83 mmol, 1.00 eq.), LiOH (0.231 g, 9.65 mmol, 2.00 eq.), methanol (50.00 mL) and water (10.00 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt and diluted with water (100 mL). The pH value of the mixture was adjusted to 3 with hydrochloric acid (1 mol/L). The mixture was extracted with EA (3 x 100 mL). The organic layers was combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide (5- [[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl]-l,2,4-trimet hylpyrrol-3-yl)(oxo)acetic acid (1.85 g, 94% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z) 387 [M+H] ⁺ . EXAMPLE 6

COMPOUND 26

[0140] A mixture compound D (1.00 g,

2.91 mmol, 1.00 eq.), HATU (3.30 g, 8.68 mmol, 2.98 eq.), 1,2-dichlorom ethane (50 mL), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.50 mL, 8.61 mmol, 2.96 eq.) and compound C (0.900 g, 4.37 mmol, 1.50 eq.) was stirred overnight at rt. The reaction was quenched by water (200 mL). The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by trituration with EA (50 mL), and the solid was collected by filtration and dried to afford N-(3-cyano-4- fluorophenyl)-l,3,5-trimethyl-4-[([3-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethy nyl]oxetan-3- yl]carbamoyl)carbonyl]pyrrole-2-carboxamide (1.30 g, 90% yield) as a white solid. LCMS (ESI, m/z): 495 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0141] The mixture of N-(3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl)-l,3,5-trimethyl-4-[([3-[2- (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]oxetan-3-yl]carbamoyl)carbonyl]pyrro le-2-carboxamide (1.30 g, 2.63 mmol, 1.00 eq.), potassium carbonate (1.10 g, 7.89 mmol, 3.00 eq.), methanol (5 mL) and N,N-dimethylformamide (20 mL) was stirred for 2 h at rt. The solids were filtrated off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was trituration by water (100 mL), and the solid was collected by filtration and dried to afford N-(3-cyano-4- fluorophenyl)-4-[[(3-ethynyloxetan-3-yl)carbamoyl]carbonyl]- l,3,5-trimethylpyrrole-2- carboxamide (compound 26) (784.8 mg, 68% yield) as an off-white solid. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/e) d 10.53 (s, 1H), 9.75 (s, 1H), 8.20 (dd, J = 5.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (ddd, J = 8.0, 4.7, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (t, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 4H), 3.65 (s, 1H), 3.59 (s, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 423 [M+H] ⁺ .

EXAMPLE 7

COMPOUNDS 31a AND 31b

31a

[0142] A 40 mL vial was charged with Compound A (240 mg, 1.97 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL), Compound D (678 mg, 1.97 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 1-

[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-lH-l,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyr idinium 3 -oxide hexafluorophosphate (751 mg, 1.97 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (766 mg, 5.92 mmol, 3.00 eq.). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt, and the reaction was quenched by water (10 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (3 x 10 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed with brine (3 x 10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product mixture (360 mg) was separated by pre-Chiral-HPLC (Column: CEHRALPAK IG, 20*250mm,5 um; Mobile Phase A:Hex(8mmol/L NH3.MeOH)-HPLC, Mobile Phase B:EtOH— HPLC; Flow rate: 18 mL/min; Gradient:50 B to 50 B in 22 min; 254/220 nm; RTE 12.491; RT2: 17.162). The appropriate fractions were identified by UV absorbance (254 nm) to obtain pure the first eluting isomer N-(3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl)-4-([[(2S)-l-hydroxybut-3-yn-2-yl] carbamoyl]carbonyl)-l,3,5- trimethylpyrrole-2-carboxamide (125.6 mg, 0.306 mmol) as a white solid. LCMS (ES) m/z = 411 (M+H) ⁺ . ¾ NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-ά) d 10.52 (s, 1H), 9.05 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (dd, 7= 5.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.92-7.98 (m, 1H), 7.53 (t, J= 9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (t, 7= 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.58-4.65 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.46 (m, 5H), 3.22 (d, J= 2.3 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H). [0143] The second eluting isomer N-(3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl)-4-([[(2R)-l- hydroxybut-3-yn-2-yl]carbamoyl]carbonyl)-l,3,5-trimethylpyrr ole-2-carboxamide (133.5 mg, 0.326 mmol) as a white solid. LCMS (ES) m/z = 411 (M+H) ⁺ . ¾ NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-7e) d 10.52 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H), 9.07 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.28-8.11 (m, 1H), 7.92- 7.98 (m, 1H), 7.60-7.45 (m, 1H), 5.14 (s, 1H), 4.61 (s, 1H), 3.57 (s, 5H), 3.21-3.23 (m, 1H), 2.39 (d, J= 4.0 Hz, 3H), 2.24 (d, 7= 4.1 Hz, 3H).

EXAMPLE 8

COMPOUND 32

[0144] The mixture of Compound B (200 mg, E10 mmol, 1.00 eq.), Compound D (250 mg, 0.700 mmol, 0.67 eq.), ethyl-3 -(3 -dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (320 mg, 1.70 mmol, 1.50 eq.), l-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (220 mg, 1.60 mmol, 1.50 eq.), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (220 mg, 1.70 mmol, 1.56 eq.) and 1,2- dichloroethane (10 mL) was stirred overnight at rt and concentrated in reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL) and washed with water (3 x 20 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC (EA:PE=2: 1) to afford N-(3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl)-4-[([3- hydroxy-l-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]cyclobutyl]carbamoyl)ca rbonyl]-l,3,5- trimethylpyrrole-2-carboxamide (170 mg, 46% yield) as a yellow solid. ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-Tis) d 10.55 (s, 1H), 9.29 (s, 1H), 8.22 (dd, 7 = 5.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (ddd, 7 = 9.3, 4.9, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (t, 7= 9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (d, 7 = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (q, 7 = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 2.77 (ddd, 7 = 9.5, 6.9, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.22-2.10 (m, 2H), 0.14 (s, 9H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 509 [M+H] ⁺ .

[0145] The mixture of N-(3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl)-4-[([3-hydroxy-l-[2- (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]cyclobutyl]carbamoyl)carbonyl]-l,3,5 -trimethylpyrrole-2- carboxamide (170 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.00 eq.), methanol (5 mL) and potassium carbonate (150 mg, 1.10 mmol, 3.22 eq.) was stirred for 2 h at rt. The solids were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC using the following gradient conditions: Column: XBridge Cis OBD Prep Column, 19 mm x 250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: THF--HPLC; Flow rate:25 mL/min; Gradient: 25% to 55% in 7 min; 220 nm. Purification resulted in N-(3-cyano-4- fluorophenyl)-4-[[(l-ethynyl-3-hydroxycyclobutyl)carbamoyl]c arbonyl]-l,3,5- trimethylpyrrole-2-carboxamide (26.1 mg, 18% yield) as a yellow solid. ¾ NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-7e) d 10.50 (s, 1H), 9.26 (s, 1H), 8.20 (dd, 7 = 5.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.03-7.91 (m, 1H), 7.53 (t, 7= 9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (d, 7= 6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (q, 7= 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.60(s, 3H), 3.22 (s, 1H), 2.83-2.71 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.17 (t, 7= 10.1 Hz, 2H). LCMS (ESI, m/z): 437 [M+H] ⁺ .

EXAMPLE 9

COMPOUND 54

54 [0146] Cesium carbonate (9.78 g, 30 mmol, 3 eq.) was added to a stirred solution of Compound 26 (4.22 g, 10 mmol), di-tert-butyl chloromethyl phosphate (3.89 g, 15 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and tetrabutylammonium iodide (738 mg, 2 mmol, 0.2 eq.) in anhydrous DMSO (40 mL). The mixture stirred overnight at rt and then partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic phase was separated and washed with diluted brine (2x). The aqueous phases were back-extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic solution was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to a give a yellow-beige foam (9 g). The residue was purified by column chromatography in 40 to 100% ethyl acetate- hexane to give the bis-tert-butyl phosphate intermediate (1.72 g, 27%).

[0147] To solution of the bis-tert-butyl phosphate intermediate from previous step (1.7 g, 2.6 mmol) in IPA (10 mL) were added 0.2M aq. sodium acetate solution (6 mL, 1.2 mmol, 0.46 eq.) and 0.2M aqueous acetic acid (2 mL, 0.4mmol, 0.15 eq.). The mixture was heated at 55-60 °C for 3 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture was made basic (pH 8.5) with 2N aq. NaOH (3.1 mL, 6.2 mmol). The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to ~8 mL. Some precipitate was filtered-off and discarded. The filtrate was diluted with acetone (40 mL), and resulting mixture was kept overnight at 4 °C. A fine crystalline solid formed and was collected by filtration, rinsed with acetone and dried under vacuum to provide sodium (2-(5-((3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)-l,2,4-trimethyl-lH -pyrrol-3-yl)- N-(3-ethynyloxetan-3-yl)-2-oxoacetamido)methyl phosphate (1.15 g, 76%). LC-MS: (ES, m/z ): 531 [M-H] . ¾ NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0 ), d 7.94 (m, 1H), 7.74 (m, 1H), 7.31 (dd, 1H),

5.16 (d, 2H), 5.0 (d, 2H), 4.82 (d, 2H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H).

EXAMPLE 10

COMPOUND 73

[0148] To a stirred at 0 °C solution of Compound 26 (844mg, 2 mmol) and chloromethyl isobutyrate (0.379 mL, 3 mmol, 1.5 eq.) in DMF (15 ml) was added sodium hydride (176 mg as 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 4.4 mmol, 2.2 eq.). The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h, and then partitioned between half-saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride and ethyl acetate. The organic phase was separated, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. [[2-[5-[(3-cyano-4-fluoro- phenyl)carbamoyl]-l,2,4-trimethyl-pyrrol-3-yl]-2-oxo-acetyl] -(3-ethynyloxetan-3- yl)amino]methyl 2-methylpropanoate (Compound 73, 530 mg, 50.8%) was isolated by column chromatography (5 to 25% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane) followed by crystallization from isopropyl acetate. LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 523 [M+H)] ⁺ . 'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-i/e), d 10.6 (bs, 1H), 8.22 (dd, 1H), 7.98 (m, 1H), 7.55 (dd, 1H), 5.47 (s, 2H), 4.93 (d, 2H), 4.65 (d, 2H), 3.71 (s, 1H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 2.48 (m, 1H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, 6H).

EXAMPLE 11

COMPOUND 77

[0149] [[2-[5-[(3-cyano-4-fluoro-phenyl)carbamoyl]-l,2,4-trimethyl- pyrrol-3-yl]- 2-oxo-acetyl]-(3-ethynyloxetan-3-yl)amino]methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate was synthesized as described in Example 10 using pivaloyl chloride in place of chloromethyl isobutyrate. Compound 77 (800 mg, 74.6%) was isolated by column chromatography (5-25% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane) followed by crystallization from ethyl acetate: hexane. LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 537 [M+H)] ⁺ . ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-^), d 10.6 (bs, 1H), 8.21 (dd, 1H), 7.97 (m, 1H), 7.55 (dd, 1H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 4.93 (d, 2H), 4.66 (d, 2H), 3.73 (s, 1H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H). EXAMPLE 12

COMPOUND 78

[0150] [[2-[5-[(3-cyano-4-fluoro-phenyl)carbamoyl]-l,2,4-trimethyl- pyrrol-3-yl]- 2-oxo-acetyl]-(3-ethynyloxetan-3-yl)amino]methyl isopropyl carbonate was synthesized as described in Example 10 using chi orom ethyl isopropyl carbonate in place of chi orom ethyl isobutyrate. Compound 78 (770 mg, 71.6%) was isolated by column chromatography (5- 30% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane) followed by crystallization from ethyl acetate: hexane. LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 539 [M+H)] ⁺ . ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-^), d 10.6 (bs, 1H), 8.22 (dd,

1H), 7.98 (m, 1H), 7.56 (dd, 1H), 5.49 (s, 2H), 4.92 (d, 2H), 4.71 (m, 1H), 4.65 (d, 2H), 3.71 (s, 1H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 1.20 (d, 6H).

EXAMPLE 13

COMPOUND 66b

[0151] 90% hydroxyacetone (16.59 g) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.37 g, 0.05 eq.) were combined in a reactor and diluted with dichloromethane (100 mL). tert- butyldiphenylsilyl chloride (63.40 g, 1.03 eq.) was added, and then rinsed with dichloromethane (230 mL). The solution was cooled with a rt water bath and stirred while triethylamine (36 mL, 1.15 eq.) was added over 1 min. After 3 mins, the solids began to precipitate. After 18 h, the mixture was concentrated and hexane (350 mL) and water (200 mL) were added. The aqueous phase removed via a separatory funnel. The organic phase was washed water (2 x 150 mL), dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated to provide 1- ((ter/-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)propan-2-one (72.62 g). ¾ NMR (CDCb, 400 MHz): d 7.70 (4H, d), 7.47 (6H, m), 4.20 (2H, s), 2.22 (3H, s), 1.13 (9H, s).

[0152] (R)-(+)-2-Methyl-2-propanesulfmamide (18.47 g, 1.0 eq.), 1 -((tert- butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)propan-2-one (47.62 g, 1.0 eq.), and toluene (500 mL) were combined in a reactor under Ar. Titanium tetraisopropanoate (75.8 g, 1.75 eq.) was added, and then the mixture was rinsed with toluene (400 mL). The solution was heated at 100 °C for 23 h. After cooling to rt, sat. aq. sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) was added, and the mixture stirred for 2 mins. The resulting slurry was filtered through Celite, and the organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate. The solution was concentrated to a brown liquid that was purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography using an ethyl acetate-hexanes gradient to afford the product sulfmimine as a red oil (13.8 g). The product was dissolved in toluene (90 mL) and then loaded into an addition funnel above a reaction flask. The reaction flask was loaded with trimethylsilylacetylene (9.78 g, 3.0 eq.) and toluene (230 mL). An Ar atmosphere was established, and the mixture stirred and cooled with a dry ice-acetone bath. 2.5 M n-butyllithium in hexane (33.1 mL, 2.5 eq.) was added below an internal temperature of -61 °C. After stirring for 1 h and 10 mins, the sulfmimine solution was added over 1 h, and the internal temperature remained below -67 °C during this time. The mixture was stirred for 1.5 h before the cooling bath was removed. The mixture was warmed slowly by the agency of the surrounding air until -20 °C, when the reaction was warmed to 0 °C by immersion in a rt-water bath. Water (20 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 mins. The mixture was then filtered through Celite. The organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated to give a brown oil (16.8 g) that was purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography using a dichloromethane-ethyl acetate gradient to give (R)- N-((S)- \ -((/tv7-butyl diphenyl si lyl)oxy)-2-methyl-4-(tri methyl si lyl)but-3-yn-2-yl)-2- methylpropane-2-sulfmamide (6.00 g) as an orange oil. ¾ NMR(CDCh, 400 MHz): d 7.75 (4H, m), 7.45 (6H, m), 3.90 (1H, s), 3.80 (1H, d), 3.60 (1H, d), 1.50 (3H, s), 1.25 (9H, s), 1.10 (9H, s), 0.20 (9H, s).

[0153] (R)-A-((¾ ⁾ -l-((/er/-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)-2-methyl-4-(trimethy lsilyl)but- 3-yn-2-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfmamide (6.00 g, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved with 1,4-dioxane (70 mL) then 4M HC1 (12 mL) in 1,4-dioxane (4.1 eq.). The solution was stirred for 1 h, and then concentrated. Toluene (75 mL) was added, and the solution was concentrated. To the concentrate was added 2-(5-((4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-l, 2,4- trimethyl- l//-pyrrol-3-yl)-2-oxoacetic acid (4.50 g, 1.0 eq.), HATU (6.47 g, 1.46 eq.), N,N- dimethylformamide (250 mL), and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (17.8 mL, 9.0 eq.). The solution was stirred for 21 h, and then concentrated. Ethyl acetate (250 mL) was added. The resulting solution was washed with water (100 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried with sodium sulfate, concentrated and mixed with dichloromethane (60 mL). The slurry was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography using an ethyl acetate-hexane gradient to provide the product (7.58 g) as a yellow foam. 'H NMR (CDCb, 400 MHz): d 7.90 (1H, m), 7.77 (5H, m), 7.63 (1H, s), 7.43 (6H, m), 7.25 (2H, m), 3.91 (1H, d), 3.85 (1H, d), 3.71 (3H, s), 2.41 (6H, s), 1.71 (3H, s), 1.12 (9H, s), 0.20 (9H, s). LC-MS: (ES, m/z ): 778 [M+l]

[0154] The starting material (7.58 g) was dissolved in THF (75 mL), and 1.0 M tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride (24 mL, 2.5 eq.) in THF was added. The solution was stirred for 2 h, and then concentrated. The concentrate was dissolved with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The resulting solution was washed water (3 x 50 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated to give a yellow oil (7.3 g). The oil was purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography using an ethyl acetate-hexane gradient to give a yellow foam (4.11 g) that was dissolved with DMF (30 mL). The mixture was stirred while slowly adding water (30 mL). Crystallization of white solids began after 3 minutes. Stirring of the developing slurry was continued for 1 h and then it was cooled in an ice bath for 0.5 h. The slurry was filtered, washed with 2: 1 watenDMF (10 mL), and then with water (20 mL). The filter cake was dried under vacuum at 65 °C to give 65 -A-(4-fl uoro-3 - (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-(2-(( 1 -hy droxy-2-methy lbut-3 -yn-2-y l)amino)-2-oxoacetyl)- l,3,5-trimethyl-liT-pyrrole-2-carboxamide (3.46 g) as a white powder. ¾ NMR (CDCb, 400 MHz): d 10.50 (1H, s), 8.47 (1H, s), 8.22 (1H, m), 7.99 (1H, m), 7.51 (1H, t), 5.20 (1H, t), 3.70 (1H, m), 3.60 (3H, s), 3.58 (1H, m), 3.21 (1H, s), 2.42 (3H, s), 2.30 (3H, s), 1.51 (3H, s). LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 468 [M+l] OCD ²⁰ 20.6 °C (c = 1.03, MeOH). EXAMPLE 14

COMPOUND 66a

[0155] (S)-(+)-2-Methyl-2-propanesulfmamide (4.82 g, 1.0 eq.), 1 - tert- butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)propan-2-one (12.43 g, 1.0 eq.), and toluene (310 mL) were combined in a reactor under Ar. Titanium tetraisopropanoate (13.57 g, 1.20 eq.) was added, and then the residue was rinsed with toluene (400 mL). The resulting solution was heated at 100 °C for 18 h. After cooling to rt, sat. aq. sodium bicarbonate (13 mL) was added, and the mixture stirred for 5 mins. The resulting slurry was filtered through Celite, and the organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate. The solution was concentrated to give a brown liquid (16.5 g) that was purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography using an ethyl acetate- hexanes gradient to afford the product sulfmimine (6.07 g) as an orange oil. The oil was dissolved in toluene (50 mL) and loaded into an addition funnel above a reaction flask. The reaction flask was loaded with trimethylsilylacetylene (4.30 g, 3.0 eq.) and toluene (195 mL), and an argon atmosphere established. The mixture was stirred and cooled with a dry ice- acetone bath. 2.5 M n-butyllithium in hexane (14.6 mL, 2.5 eq.) was added below internal temperature of -63 °C. After stirring for 1 h and 10 minutes, the solution was warmed to -20 °C for 2 mins. The mixture was cooled below -67 °C while the sulfmimine solution was added over 14 mins. The mixture was stirred for 1 h from -73-(-67) °C, and then the cooling bath was removed. The contents warmed slowly by the agency of the surrounding air until - 40 °C, and when the reaction was warmed to 0 °C using immersion in a room temperature- water bath. Water (10 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 5 mins, and then filtered through Celite. The organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated to give an orange oil (7.55 g) that was partially purified using normal phase silica gel chromatography and an ethyl acetate-hexane gradient to give an orange oil (4.10 g). The oil was further purified using normal phase silica gel chromatography and an ethyl acetate-dichloromethane gradient to give- (S)-/V-((f? -l-((/er/-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)-2-methyl-4-(trimethylsilyl )but- 3-yn-2-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfmamide (1.93 g) as a yellow oil. ¾ NMR(CDCb, 400 MHz): d 7.75 (4H, m), 7.45 (6H, m), 3.90 (1H, s), 3.80 (1H, d), 3.60 (1H, d), 1.50 (3H, s), 1.25 (9H, s), 1.10 (9H, s), 0.20 (9H, s).

[0156] (S)-N-((R)-\ -((/f/T-butyl diphenyl si lyl)oxy)-2-methyl-4-(tri methyl si lyl)but- 3-yn-2-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfmamide (1.93 g, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved with 1,4-dioxane (40 mL) then 4M hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL 4.3 eq.) was added. The solution was stirred for 3 h, and then concentrated. To the concentrate was added 2-(5-((4-fluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)carbamoyl)- 1,2, 4-trimethyl- li7-pyrrol-3-yl)-2-oxoacetic acid (1.21 g, 0.83 eq.), HATU (1.79 g, 1.25 eq.), N,N-dimethylformamide (75 mL) and N,N- diisopropylethylamine (4.2 mL, 6.42 eq.). The solution was stirred for 16 h, and then concentrated. Ethyl acetate (75 mL) was added. The solution was washed with water (30 mL) and brine (25 mL), dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated to a red solid (5.6 g) that was purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography using an ethyl acetate-hexane gradient to provide the product amide as a yellow foam (2.57 g). 'H NMR (CDCb, 400 MHz): d 7.90 (1H, m), 7.77 (5H, m), 7.63 (1H, s), 7.43 (6H, m), 7.25 (2H, m), 3.91 (1H, d), 3.85 (1H, d), 3.71 (3H, s), 2.41 (6H, s), 1.71 (3H, s), 1.12 (9H, s), 0.20 (9H, s). LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 778 [M+l]

[0157] The starting material (2.57 g) was dissolved in THF (25 mL) and 1.0 M tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride in THF (8.2 mL, 2.5 eq.) was added. The solution was stirred for 1.5 h, and then concentrated. The concentrate was dissolved with ethyl acetate (30 mL). The solution was washed with water (3 x 20 mL) and then brine (15 mL). The solution was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated to a yellow oil (2.6 g) that was purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography using an ethyl acetate-hexane gradient to give a yellow wax (1.4 g). The wax was dissolved with dichloromethane (80 mL), and then warmed to dissolve all solids. The mixture was removed from heat and then stirred while the solution slowly cooled. A slurry developed over 1.5 h. The mixture was cooled for 1 h in an ice bath, and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with ice-cold dichloromethane, and then dried under vacuum at 60 °C to provide /7 /-A-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4- (2-((l -hydroxy -2-methylbut-3-yn-2-yl)amino)-2-oxoacetyl)- 1,3, 5-trimethyl- liT-pyrrole-2- carboxamide (0.90 g) as a white powder. ¾ NMR (CDCb, 400 MHz): d 10.50 (1H, s), 8.47 (1H, s), 8.22 (1H, m), 7.99 (1H, m), 7.51 (1H, t), 5.20 (1H, t), 3.70 (1H, m), 3.60 (3H, s), 3.58 (1H, m), 3.21 (1H, s), 2.42 (3H, s), 2.30 (3H, s), 1.51 (3H, s). LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 468 [M+l] OCD ²⁰ -22.4 °C (c = 0.98, MeOH).

EXAMPLE 15

COMPOUNDS 165a & 165b

[0158] To a stirred solution of (R)-N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-(2- ((l-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-yl)amino)-2-oxoacetyl)- 1,3, 5-trimethyl- lH-pyrrole-2- carboxamide (233.5 mg, 0.5 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) and pyridine (0.2 mL) was added isobutyryl chloride (0.126 mL, 1.2 mmol). The mixture was warmed up to 40 °C and stirred overnight. After the reaction was quenched with methanol, the mixture was partitioned between isopropyl acetate and 1M sodium dihydrogen phosphate. The organic layer was separated, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (20 to 50% ethyl acetate-hexane) to furnish 165a (192 mg, 71%) as a light-yellow foam. LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 538.4 [M+H] ¹ H NMR(CDCb, 400 MHz): d 7.91 (m, 1H), 7.77 (m, 1H), 7.65 (br. s, 1H), 7.22 (dd, 1H), 7.17 (br. s, 1H), 4.46 (dd, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.46 (s, 1H), 2.42 (s., 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 1.75 (s, 3H), 1.22 (d, 6H).

[0159] The (S)-enantiomer was synthesized as described for the (R)-enantiomer using (S)-N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-(2-((l -hydroxy -2-methylbut-3 -yn-2- yl)amino)-2-oxoacetyl)-l,3,5-trimethyl-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxam ide. LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 538.4 [M+H]

EXAMPLE 16

COMPOUNDS 166a & 166b

[0160] Compounds 166a and 166b were synthesized from the parent alcohol (233 mg, 0.5 mmol) following the procedure described in Example 15 using pivaloyl chloride in place of isobutyryl chloride. 166a (237 mg, 86%). LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 552.5 [M+H] ¾ NMR (CDCb, 400 MHz): d 7.91 (m, 1H), 7.77 (m, 1H), 7.65 (br. s, 1H), 7.23 (dd, 1H), 7.16 (br. s, 1H), 7.44 (dd, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 2.45 (s, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.75 (s, 3H), 1.26 (s, 9H). 166b LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 552.5 [M+H]

EXAMPLE 17

COMPOUNDS 167a & 167b

[0161] To a stirred solution of Boc-L-valine (214 mg, 0.99 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 mL) was added carbonyldiimidazole (160 mg, 0.99 mmol). After 1 h, a solution of the imidazolide was added to a solution of (S)-N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-(2-((l- hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-yn-2-yl)amino)-2-oxoacetyl)- 1,3, 5-trimethyl- lH-pyrrole-2- carboxamide (307 mg, 0.66 mmol), DIPEA (0.343 mL, 1.97 mmol) and DMAP (16 mg, 0.13 mmol) in acetonitrile (2 mL). The reaction was allowed to proceed for 1 h at rt, and then the reaction was quenched with water. The solution was taken into isopropyl acetate and 1M sodium dihydrogen phosphate. The organic phase was separated, washed with sodium bicarbonate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (20 to 50% ethyl acetate-hexane) to afford the Boc-protected intermediate as a slight yellow foam that was then dissolved in ethyl acetate (4 mL). The solution was treated with 4M hydrogen chloride solution in dioxane (1.9 mL, 7.6 mmol). After 3.5 h the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was triturated with MTBE (5 mL). The resulting solid was isolated by filtration. The filter cake was rinsed with MTBE and the product (370 mg, 93%) was dried under vacuum. LC-MS: (ES, m/z ): 567.7 [M- HCl+H] ¾ NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-^e) d: 10.58 (s, 1H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.45 (br. s, 3H), 8.23 (m, 1H), 7.98 (m, 1H), 7.53 (dd, 1H), 4.53 (dd, 2H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 3.48 (s, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.60 (s, 3H), 1.03-0.93 (m, 7H).

[0162] The (R)-enantiomer was obtained as described for the (S)-enantiomer using (R)-N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-(2-((l-hydroxy- 2-methylbut-3-yn-2- yl)amino)-2-oxoacetyl)-l,3,5-trimethyl-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxam ide. LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 567.7 [M-HCl+H]

EXAMPLE 18

COMPOUNDS 168a & 168b

[0163] To a stirred at 0°C solution of (S)-N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 4-(2-(( 1 -hy droxy-2-methy lbut-3 -yn-2-y l)amino)-2-oxoacetyl)- 1,3,5 -trimethyl- 1 H-pyrrole-2- carboxamide (4.82 g, 10.4 mmol) in THF (100 mL) and pyridine (2.44 mL, 31 mmol) was added phosphorus oxychloride (2.88 mL, 31 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C, and then the reaction was quenched with water (30 mL). The mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, and the solution was washed with water (3x). The organic phase was concentrated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in isopropanol (100 mL). An aqueous solution (2M) of NaOH was added slowly until pH ~8.5 (9.7 mL). A precipitate formed upon addition of NaOH and was isolated by filtration. The filter cake was rinsed with isopropanol and dried under vacuum to afford the product(5.19 g, 83%). LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 548.1 [M-2Na+3H] ¾ NMR (400 MHz, D ₂ 0) d: 7.83 (m, H), 7.66 (m, 1H), 7.31 (dd, 1H), 3.91 (split dd, 2H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 2.80 (s, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.61 (s, 3H). ³¹ P NMR (162 MHz, D2O) d: 4.08 (s).

[0164] The (R)-enantiomer was obtained as described for the (S)-enantiomer using (R)-N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-(2-((l-hydroxy- 2-methylbut-3-yn-2- yl)amino)-2-oxoacetyl)-l,3,5-trimethyl-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxam ide. LC-MS: (ES, m/z): 548.1 [M-2Na+3H]

EXAMPLE 19

[0165] The following compounds were made following similar procedures and starting materials as described in the Examples above.

EXAMPLE 20

Additional Compounds

[0166] The foregoing syntheses are exemplary and can be used as a starting point to prepare a large number of additional compounds. Examples of compounds of Formula (I) that can be prepared in various ways, including those synthetic schemes shown and described herein, are provided below. Those skilled in the art will be able to recognize modifications of the disclosed syntheses and to devise routes based on the disclosures herein; all such modifications and alternate routes are within the scope of the claims.

(including pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing).

EXAMPLE A

HBV-DNA Antiviral Assay using HepG2.2.15 cells

[0167] The following assay procedure describes the HBV antiviral assay. This assay uses HepG2.2.15 cells, which have been transfected with HBV genome, and extracellular HBV DNA quantification as endpoint. Cell viability is assessed in parallel by measuring the intracellular ATP content using the CellTiter-Glo ^® reagent from Promega.

[0168] On day 0, HepG2.2.15 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 6.0 x 10 ⁴ cells/well (0.1 mL/well). The cells were incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2.

[0169] On day 1, the test articles were diluted and added to cell culture wells (8 concentrations, 4-fold dilution, in duplicate). GLS4, Tenofovir and Sorafenib were used as reference compounds. 100 pL of culture medium containing the compounds was added to the plate, and the final total volume per well was 200 pL. The final concentration of DMSO in the culture medium was 0.5%. The plate map of compound treatment is shown below. The cells were cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 3 days.

The plate map of compound treatment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

[0170] On day 4, the plates were refreshed with culture media with compounds.

[0171] On day 7, cell viability was assessed using the CellTiter-Glo ^® , and the cell culture supernatants were collected for determination of HBV DNA by qPCR. HBV DNA quantification by qPCR

[0172] Extracellular DNA was isolated with QIAamp 96 DNA Blood Kit per the manufacturer’s manual. HBV DNA was then quantified by qPCR with HBV specific primers and probes as specified in Table 1 using the FastStart Universal MasterMix from Roche on an ABI-7900HT. The PCR cycle program consisted of 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 1 min.

Table 1 : HBV DNA Primers and Probe

[0173] A DNA standard was prepared by dilution of the pAAV2 HBV1.3 plasmid with concentrations ranging from 10 to 1 x 107 copies/uL and used to generate a standard curve by plotting Ct value vs. the concentration of the HBV plasmid DNA standard. The quantity of HBV DNA in each sample was determined by interpolating from the standard curve.

Cell viability

[0174] After harvest of the supernatants, the cell viability was detected by CellTiter-Glo ^® according to the manufacturer’s manual. In brief, 50 pL of fresh cell culture medium was added to the culture plates, followed by addition of 50 pL CellTiter-Glo into each well. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 10 mins. The luminescence signal was collected on a BioTek Synergy 2 plate reader.

Data analysis

[0175] Cell viability was calculated as follows: % Cell viability = (luminescence value of test sample - average luminescence value of blank) / (average luminescence value of 0.5% DMSO control - average luminescence of blank) x 100%. HBV DNA inhibition was calculated as follows: 100-(HBV DNA copy number of test sample - HBV DNA copy number of ETV)/ HBV DNA copy number of 0.5% DMSO control - HBV DNA copy number of ETV) ^c 100%. The CC50, EC50 and EC90 values were determined by dose-response curves fitted by GraphPad Prism using "log (agonist) vs. response— Variable slope

[0176] Compounds of Formula (I) are active against HBV as shown in Table 2, where‘A’ indicates an EC50 < 1 nM,‘B’ indicates an EC50 of >1 nM and < 10 nM,‘C’ indicates an EC50 > 10 nM and < 100 nM,‘D’ indicates an EC50 > 100 nM and < 1000 nM, and Έ’ indicates an EC50 > 1000 nM.

Table 2 - Activity of compounds

[0177] Although the foregoing has been described in some detail by way of illustrations and examples for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that numerous and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. Therefore, it should be clearly understood that the forms disclosed herein are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, but rather to also cover all modification and alternatives coming with the true scope and spirit of the invention.