Prior art :

Traditional earthing system that contain earthing grid buried in the ground with it's accessors like earthing rod , earthing pit ,main earthing terminal, earthing grid conductors , in addition to the earth leakage circuit breaker that sense any leakage current to the earth and cut off the power of the circuit or the ground fault circuit breaker that cut off power of the circuit if it senses a difference between the current in the phases and the neutral.

Disadvantage of the prior art :

1- This traditional earthing system is very costly because it contain a lot of costly components with large quantities.

2- This traditional system requires regular maintenance for keeping the earthing resistance to minimum value for attracting any fault current to the ground and also for insuring the continuity of the earthing conductors from the load to the main earthing terminal to the earthing grid or earthing rod without any cutting point.

3-In case of current leakage in the load ,the earth leakage circuit breaker will shut of the power source for the whole panel that contain the fault (in case the earth leakage circuit breaker is on the main breaker of the panel )or the whole circuit that contain the load that have fault (in case the earth leakage circuit breaker is on the circuit branches ),so there is no accurate fault discrimination , beside no continuity of power supply for the rest loads that are in the same circuit of the faulty load but have not leakage .

4- In case of using ground fault circuit breaker with the main circuit breaker ,it will shut of the power for the whole panel in case there is slight unbalance in the operation of the loads on the phases or there is a current leakage and if it's used on a branch circuit ,it will shut of the power for the whole circuit that have faulty load, so there is no accurate fault discrimination , beside no continuity of power supply for the rest loads that are in the same circuit of the faulty load but have not leakage.

The new in this invention:

1- It provides an accurate fault discrimination for every specific load (either resistive, inductive and capacitive) and cuts power of the faulty load only without affecting other parallel loads that are in the same circuit of the faulty load ,so it assure the continuity of electric power for other loads.

2- The invention provides fast maintenance for the fault , that after isolating the faulty load only ,it alerts the user for the position of the faulty load at this instant with music and light beside guiding the user for the type of fault (either inner leakage current, outer leakage current, overload, over current and short circuit) ,so the user can remove the faulty load safely where it has no power and is isolated and stop the music and light ,and deal with the faulty load separately and maintain it and then put it again to the service without making any effect to other loads.

3- This invention is very cheap compared to the traditional earthing system and compared to it's advantages due to it's few simple components.

Component

1-Live conductor of the feeding source that feed the sockets or the loads with power. l'-live terminal that is connected to the live conductor of the feeding source through fuse (5) and normally closed contact of dc relay(21) , where this live terminal is connected directly to the load or connected to the live terminal of the socket that feed the load.

2-Neutral conductor of the feeding source. 2'-Neutral terminal that is connected to the neutral terminal of the load directly or connected to the neutral terminal of the socket that is connected to the load.

3-Earth terminal for the socket or the load(which is connected to the body of the load) from one side and from the other side connected to the gate of a thyrstor through a resistor.

4-Copper joint that connects the live conductor of the feeding circuit with the live conductor that is connected to the live terminal of the socket or the live terminal that feds the load.

4'- Copper joint that connects the Neutral conductor of the feeding circuit with the neutral conductor that is connected to the neutral terminal of the socket or the neutral terminal that is connected to the load.

5-Fuse. 6- Resistance. 7- Resistance. 8- Resistance. 9-

Resistance. 10- Resistance. 11- Resistance. 12- Resistance. 13- Buzzer.

14-Dc led. 15- Triac . 16- Transistor. 17- Switch. 18- Switch. 19- Ac led. 20- Triac. 21 - Dc relay. 22- Buzzer. 23- DC led. 24- LDR .25- Thyristor.

26-Battery with switch on/off. 27- Push button normally closed. 28- Normally closed contact in the dc relay(21) with contact 28'. 29- Switch.

30- Resistance. 31- Ac Led. 32- LDR . 33-LDR. 34- Switch. 35- Resistance. 36- Ac relay. 37- Dc led. 38- Normally open contacts in relay 36 with contact 38'. 39- power panel. 40- Disconnect switch. 41- load connected to the three terminals (live, neutral and earth ). 42- live bus bar. 43-Neutral bus bar Method of operation :

At normal operation the live conductor(l) and the neutral conductor (2) that comes from the power panel(39) , feeds many different parallel loads through a branch circuits, where each branch circuit feeds the load either directly through the circuit of the invention (Ramez very smart earthing, over current and short circuit protection ) or through a socket that contain circuit of the invention (Ramez very smart earthing, over current and short circuit protection ) , where the circuit of the invention (Ramez very smart earthing, over current and short circuit protection ) is connected to the back of the socket. where incase if there is any fault ( inner leakage current, leakage current from external, short circuit , overcurrent or over load ) in one of the loads that is branched from the main circuit (live conductorl& neutral conductor 2) through the circuit of invention ,the faulty load will be switched off only and alert the user for it's position and the type of it's fault by sound and light , while the other loads that are parallel with the faulty load will not switched off because the feeding circuit(l &2)will not be affected by the faulty load.

Even ,if one of the branched circuit from the main circuit(l&2) is connected to a socket ,and the this socket feeds many parallel loads ,and one of this parallel loads have a fault ,th is faulty load will be switched off only , while the other loads that are parallel with the faulty load will not switched off because the feeding circu it(l &2)will not be affected by the faulty load .

In Case an inner fault : where is a connection between the live conductor and the body of the load which is connected to the earth terminal (so there is a voltage on the body of the load )then a current will passes through the earth terminal in the socket to the gate of thyristor (25) which operates it ,so a current will pass from the battery (26) between anode and cathode of the thyristor and operates the relay (21) ,so the normally closed contact between contacts 28 and 28' opens which cuts the current that feeds the load through live terminal ( )

, while the other loads that feeds from the same circuit (live conductor 1 and neutral conductor 2) will still have power because they have not fault. Where by operation of relay (21) ,the buzzer (13) and the led lamp(14) will operate which indicate to the user the position of the load that have fault ,then the user can come quickly to the load that have fault and remove the load from the socket (that is connected to terminal l',2' and 3) and press on the push button (27) to stop the sound of the buzzer (13) and reset the circuit to the normal operation ,so if the sound stops and light of led 14 becomes off after the user removed his hand from the push button (27) ,this means that the fault was inner fault in the load it self ,but if the sound doesn't stop, this means that the inner fault is in the socket it self or in the circuit that feeds it ,so the user can remove the socket and repair it ,so the user becomes aware of the reason and position of the fault easily and deal with it without cutting power to the whole main circuit (1&2 that feeds parallel loads )beside this fault will not affect other loads that feeds from the same circuit (live conductor 1 and neutral conductor 2 ).

In case an external fault , where a current or a live wire touches the conductive part of the body of a load , which is connected to the earth terminal (so there is a voltage on the body of the load )then a current will passes through the earth terminal in the socket to the gate of thyristor (25) which operates it , so a current will pass from the battery (26) between anode and cathode of the thyristor and operates the relay (21) ,so the normally closed contact between contacts 28 and 28' opens which cuts the current that feeds the load through live terminal ( )

, while the other loads that feeds from the same main circuit (live conductor 1 and neutral conductor 2) will still have power because they have not fault. Where by operation of relay (21) ,the buzzer (13) and the led lamp(14) will operate which indicate to the user the position of the load that have fault , beside due to the continuous fault current that comes from the external source ,the triac (15) will also operate which passes current between it's terminals ,so the dc led (37) will operate also beside led (14) ,so the user can come quickly to the load that have fault and know that this load have an external fault due to the operation of led (14) and led (37) beside the sound of the buzzer(13) , so he can deal with the external fault and remove it and then reset the operation of the circuit by pressing on the push button (27) , so if the sound stops and light of led 14 and 37 becomes off after the user removed his hand from the push button (27) ,this means that the external fault has been removed .

So the user will be aware of the reason and position of the fault easily and deal with it without cutting power to the whole main circuit(live conductor 1 and neutral conductor 2) beside this fault will not affect other loads that feeds from the same circuit (live conductor 1 and neutral conductor 2 ).

In case there is a short circuit fault between the live terminal ( ) and neutral terminal (2') in the socket or in the load connected to it or an over current(overload) on the load ,the fuse (5) that feeds (l')will open and stop the current in the load that is connected to it only which stops the short circuit current or the overcurrent( overload) for protecting the load , while other loads that feeds from the main circuit(live conductor 1 and neutral conductor 2) in parallel with the faulty load will not be effected , where the user is guided to the position of the load that have short circuit by one of three different methods , first method as in fig 1 ; when the fuse (5) is cut due to short circuit or overcurrent or overload ,the led (19) will stop lighting ,so the dc current will pass through the triac(20) to the transistor (16)and operates it, so the buzzer (22) and led(23) will operate which alert the user for the position of the load or socket that have short circuit ,so the user can deal with the fault and then replace the fuse to reset the circuit, where the function of the triac (20) in the circuit is to not let the buzzer(22) or led(23) to operate incase there is a normal cut off in the main circuit (1 and 2) without occurrence of short circuit or over load or cutting off of the fuse (5). (Note :incase the user doesn't want to use the property of alerting of short circuit because it consumes power by the led(19),he can switch it off by the switch (18&17).

The second method as in fig 2: where in this method, we replaced only the triac(20) by the led(31) and two LDR(32&33) where the two Idr are connected in parallel and one side of them is connected to the emitter of transistor while the other side to the negative pole of the battery ,and they do the same function which is to not let the buzzer(22) or led(23) to operate incase there is a normal cut off in the main circuit (1 and 2) without occurrence of short circuit or over load or cutting off of the fuse (5).

(Note :incase the user doesn't want to use the property of alerting of short circuit because it consumes power by the led(19 &31),he can switch it off by the switch (29&17).

The third method as in fig3: where in this method, we replaced only the triac(20) by the ac relay(36) , where we connect it's coil from one side to the live conductor 1 of the main circuit and the other side of the coil is connected to the neutral 2 of the main circuit and connects it's normally open contact(38&38')in relay (36) to the emitter of the transistor from one side and the other side to the negative pole of the battery , where the function of the relay (36) in the circuit is to not let the buzzer(22) or led(23) to operate in case there is a normal cut off in the main circuit (1 and 2) without occurrence of short circuit or over load or cutting off of the fuse (5).

The battery (26) in the three figures(figl ,fig2,fig3)have a switch that can let the user to switch off the battery to switch off the buzzer sound after knowing the location of the fault in order to deal with the fault in a quite environment especially for application that needs quite like hospitals.

By using this invention, we can substitute all circuit breakers in power panels (39) by disconnecting switches (40) only , because the circuit of invention will do all the functions of circuit breakers plus extra benefits which is cutting the faulty load only in the circuit without cutting power to the main circuit that feed the faulty load and other parallel loads beside guiding the user to the location and type of the fault , while the disconnecting switch will be used at the time of installing sockets only for disconnecting the power during installation.