TITLE

REACTIVE DISTILLATION PROCESS FOR THE ESTERIFICATION OF

FURANDICARBOXYLIC ACID CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims benefit of priority of United States

Provisional Application No. 62/196812 filed on July 24, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is directed towards processes for making a dialkyl ester of 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) using reactive

distillation.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Poly(trimethylene furandicarboxylate) (PTF) is a renewable polyester synthesized via the condensation reaction of 2,5- furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) or 2,5-furandicarboxyl methyl ester (FDME) with 1 ,3 propane diol. Compared to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), PTF demonstrates increased oxygen and CO2 barrier properties that are attractive for carbonated-soft drink (CSD) and food packaging applications. The quality of monomer (especially color) is very important for obtaining a high quality colorless polymer required for beverage, food and packaging industry. The use of FDME instead of FDCA as a monomer usually results in better color for the final PTF polymer.

Currently, FDCA and FDME are not manufactured at commercial scale. For the production of FDME, one option is to use a process similar to the process for the conversion of terephthalic acid (TPA) to dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), which has been used commercially for many years. However, thermal stability of FDCA and TPA are very different and the FDCA molecule is not expected to be stable at 305 °C, so a lower temperature reaction would be preferred. However, lower temperature reaction may not be commercially viable since the reaction rate of uncatalyzed FDME synthesis at lower temperature may be too slow. Furthermore, the quality of the resulting monomer may not be suitable for the production of PTF polymer.

Hence, there is a need for a new process for the production of a dialkyl ester of FDCA.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In a first embodiment, there is a process comprising:

a) providing a reactive distillation column comprising a top, a

bottom, and a reaction zone in between the top and the bottom, and a solid acid catalyst situated in the reaction zone; b) contacting a feed comprising 2, 5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and a high boiling solvent with an alcohol in the reaction zone at a temperature in the range of 40 °C to 300 °C and a pressure in the range of 0.0007 MPa to 3.4 MPa for a residence time sufficient to produce a mixture comprising a dialkyl ester of FDCA and water;

c) removing a vapor mixture comprising the alcohol and water from the top of the reactive distillation column;

d) collecting a product stream comprising the dialkyl ester of

FDCA, the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of a monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA and any other high boilers, from the bottom of the reactive distillation column; and

e) separating the dialkyl ester of FDCA from the product stream using distillation.

In a second embodiment of the process, the high boiling solvent comprises at least one of dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, sulfolane, FDME, gamma-valerolactone, gamma-butyrolactone, isosorbide dimethyl ether, propylene carbonate, adipic acid, isosorbide, isophorone, ethyl phenyl ether, diphenyl ether, dibenzyl ether, aromatic 200 fluid, butyl phenyl ether, methyl heptyl ketone, ethyl phenyl ketone, 2'- hydroxyacetophenone, decahydronaphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene, and the like. In a third embodiment of the process, the alcohol comprises Ci to C6 alcohol.

In a fourth embodiment of the process, the alcohol is methanol. In a fifth embodiment of the process, the alcohol is fed with a carrier gas from the bottom of the reactive distillation column and the feed comprising FDCA and the high boiling solvent is fed from the top of the reactive distillation column.

In a sixth embodiment of the process, the acid catalyst comprises a heterogeneous heteropolyacid, a salt of a heterogeneous heteropolyacid, a natural or synthetic mineral (including both clays and zeolites), an ion- exchange resin, a metal oxide, a mixed metal oxide, a metal sulfide, a metal sulfate, a metal sulfonate, sulfated titania, sulfated zirconia, a metal nitrate, a metal phosphate, a metal phosphonate, a metal molybdate, a metal tungstate, a metal borate, sulfonic-acid-functionalized polymer, or a combination of any of these.

In a seventh embodiment of the process, the acid catalyst comprises a zeolite.

In an eighth embodiment of the process, the acid catalyst is a medium or large pore, acidic, hydrophobic zeolite.

In a ninth embodiment of the process, the zeolite comprises ZSM-5, faujasite, beta zeolite, mordenite, or a combination of any of these.

In a tenth embodiment, the process comprises:

a) providing a reactive distillation column comprising a top, a bottom, and a reaction zone in between the top and the bottom, and a solid acid catalyst situated in the reaction zone;

b) contacting a feed comprising 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid

(FDCA) and a high boiling solvent with an alcohol in the reaction zone at a temperature in the range of 40 °C to 300 °C and a pressure in the range of 0.0007 MPa to 3.4 MPa for a residence time sufficient to produce a vapor mixture of a dialkyl ester of FDCA, water and optionally, a monoalkyl ester of FDCA; c) removing the alcohol and the vapor mixture comprising the dialkyl ester of FDCA, water, and optionally the monoalkyl ester of FDCA from the top of the reactive distillation column; d) collecting the high boiling solvent, optionally one or more of the monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA, and any other high boilers from the bottom of the reactive distillation column; and

e) separating the dialkyl ester of FDCA from the vapor mixture using distillation.

In an eleventh embodiment, the process comprises:

a) providing a reactive distillation column comprising a top, a

bottom, and a reaction zone in between the top and the bottom; b) contacting a feed comprising 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a high boiling solvent, and optionally a homogeneous catalyst, with an alcohol in the reaction zone in the absence of a solid acid catalyst at a temperature in the range of 150 °C to 300 °C and a pressure in the range of 0.0007 MPa to 3.4 MPa for a residence time sufficient to produce a mixture comprising a dialkyl ester of FDCA and water;

c) removing a vapor mixture comprising the alcohol and water from the top of the reactive distillation column;

d) collecting a product stream comprising the dialkyl ester of

FDCA, the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of the homogeneous catalyst, a monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA and any other high boilers from the bottom of the reactive distillation column; and

e) separating the dialkyl ester of FDCA from the product stream using distillation.

In a twelfth embodiment of the process, the homogeneous catalyst is present, and the homogeneous catalyst is at least one of cobalt (II) acetate, iron (II) chloride, iron (III) chloride, iron (II) sulfate, iron (III) sulfate, iron (II) nitrate, iron (III) nitrate, iron (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide, iron (II) sulfide, iron (III) sulfide, iron (II) acetate, iron (III) acetate, magnesium (II) acetate, magnesium (II) hydroxide, manganese (II) acetate, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, zinc (II) acetate, zinc stearate or a combination thereof.

In a thirteenth embodiment, there is a process comprising:

a) providing a reactive distillation column comprising a top, a

bottom, and a reaction zone in between the top and the bottom; b) contacting a feed comprising 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a high boiling solvent, and optionally a homogeneous catalyst with an alcohol in the reaction zone in the absence of a solid acid catalyst at a temperature in the range of 150 °C to 300 °C and a pressure in the range of 0.0007 MPa to 3.4 MPa for a residence time sufficient to produce a mixture comprising a dialkyi ester of FDCA and water;

c) removing a vapor mixture comprising the dialkyi ester of FDCA, the alcohol, water, and optionally a monoalkyl ester of FDCA from the top of the reactive distillation column;

d) collecting the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of the homogeneous catalyst, the monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA and high boilers from the bottom of the reactive distillation column; and

e) separating the dialkyi ester of FDCA from the vapor mixture

using distillation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is illustrated by way of example and not limited to the accompanying figures.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary reactor

configuration used in the production of dialkyi ester of FDCA using a high boiling solvent in the presence of a solid acid catalyst in accordance with various embodiments of the processes disclosed herein.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of another exemplary reactor configuration used in the production of dialkyi ester of FDCA using a high boiling solvent in the presence of a solid acid catalyst in accordance with various embodiments of the processes disclosed herein. FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary reactor

configuration used in the production of dialkyl ester of FDCA using a high boiling solvent and a homogeneous catalyst in absence of a solid acid catalyst in accordance with various embodiments of the processes disclosed herein.

FIG. 4 is another schematic illustration of an exemplary reactor configuration used in the production of dialkyl ester of FDCA using a high boiling solvent and a homogeneous catalyst in absence of a solid acid catalyst in accordance with various embodiments of the processes disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

The disclosures of all patent and non-patent literature cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having" or any other variation thereof, as used herein are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). The phrase "one or more" is intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, one or more of A, B, and C implies any one of the following: A alone, B alone, C alone, a combination of A and B, a combination of B and C, a combination of A and C, or a combination of A, B, and C.

Also, use of "a" or "an" are employed to describe elements and described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise. The term "biologically-derived" as used herein is used

interchangeably with "biobased" or "bio-derived" and refers to chemical compounds including monomers and polymers, that are obtained in whole or in any part, from any renewable resources including but not limited to plant, animal, marine materials or forestry materials. The "biobased content" of any such compound shall be understood as the percentage of a compound's carbon content determined to have been obtained or derived from such renewable resources.

The term "furandicarboxylic acid" as used herein is used

interchangeably with furanoic acid; 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid; 2,4- furandicarboxylic acid; 3,4-furandicarboxylic acid; and 2,3- furandicarboxylic acid. As used herein, the 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), is also known as dehydromucic acid, and is an oxidized furan derivative, as shown below:

The acronym FDME means the dimethyl ester of 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid.

The acronym FDMME means the monomethyl ester of 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid.

The acronym FFME means the methyl ester of 5-formylfuran-2- carboxylic acid.

The term "solid acid catalyst" as used herein refers to any solid material containing Bronsted and/or Lewis acid catalytic sites, and which is substantially undissolved by the reaction medium under ambient conditions.

The term "high boiling solvent" as used herein denotes a solvent having a boiling point above about 100°C at one atmosphere.

The term "weight hourly space velocity" as used herein is used interchangeably with "WHSV" and is defined as the ratio of the mass flow rate of the reactants to the mass of the catalyst in the reactor. Disclosed herein is a process of making a dialkyl ester of 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) by contacting a feed comprising FDCA and a high boiling solvent with an alcohol in the presence of a solid acid catalyst using reactive distillation.

The process comprises a first step of providing a reactive distillation column comprising a top, a bottom, and a reaction zone in between the top and the bottom, and a solid acid catalyst situated in the reaction zone.

Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary reactor configuration comprising a reactive distillation column 10 comprising a top 1 1 , a bottom 12, a reaction zone 20 in between the top 1 1 and the bottom 12, and a solid acid catalyst 2 disposed in the reaction zone 20.

The solid acid catalyst must have the thermal stability required to survive the reaction conditions and may be supported on at least one catalyst support. Examples of suitable solid acids include without limitation the following categories:

1 ) heterogeneous heteropolyacids (HPAs) and their salts,

2) natural or synthetic minerals (including both clays and zeolites), such as those containing alumina and/or silica,

3) metal oxides,

4) mixed metal oxides,

5) metal salts such as metal sulfides, metal sulfates, metal sulfonates, metal nitrates, metal phosphates, metal phosphonates, metal molybdates, metal tungstates, metal borates,

6) ion-exchange resins

7) sulfonic-acid-functionalized polymer, and

8) combinations of any members of any of these categories.

The metal components of categories 3 to 5 may be selected from elements from Groups 1 through 12 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, as well as aluminum, chromium, tin, titanium, and zirconium. Examples include, without limitation, sulfated zirconia and sulfated titania.

Suitable HPAs include compounds of the general formula X _a MbOc ^q" , where X is a heteroatom such as phosphorus, silicon, boron, aluminum, germanium, titanium, zirconium, cerium, cobalt or chromium, M is at least one transition metal such as tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, or tantalum, and q, a, b, and c are individually selected whole numbers or fractions thereof. Nonlimiting examples of salts of HPAs include, for example, lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, magnesium, barium, copper, gold and gallium, and ammonium salts. Examples of HPAs suitable for the disclosed process include, but are not limited to, tungstosilicic acid

(H ₄ [SiWi204o] xH20), tungstophosphoric acid (H3[PWi204o] xH ₂ 0), molybdophosphoric acid (Η3[ΡΜοΐ2θ4ο] χΗ2θ), molybdosilicic acid

(H4[SiMoi ₂ 04o] xH ₂ 0), vanadotungstosilicic acid (H4+n[SiV _n Wi2- ηθ4ο] χΗ2θ), vanadotungstophosphoric acid (H3+n[PV _n Wi2-n04o] xH20), vanadomolybdophosphoric acid (H3+n[PV _n Moi2-n04o] xH20),

vanadomolybdosilicic acid (H4+n[SiV _n Moi2-n04o] xH20),

molybdotungstosilicic acid (H4[SiMo _n Wi2-n04o] xH20),

molybdotungstophosphoric acid (H3[PMonWi2-n04o] xH ₂ 0), wherein n in the formulas is an integer from 1 to 1 1 and x is an integer of 1 or more.

In one embodiment, the solid acid catalyst comprises natural or synthetic minerals (including both clays and zeolites), such as those containing alumina and/or silica.

Natural clay minerals are well known in the art and include, without limitation, kaolinite, bentonite, attapulgite, and montmorillonite.

Zeolites suitable for use herein can be generally represented by the following formula M2 nO Al203 xSi02-yH20 wherein M is a cation of valence n, x is greater than or equal to about 2, and y is a number determined by the porosity and the hydration state of the zeolite, generally from about 2 to about 8. In naturally occurring zeolites, M is principally represented by Na, Ca, K, Mg and Ba in proportions usually reflecting their approximate geochemical abundance. The cations M are loosely bound to the structure and can frequently be completely or partially replaced with other cations by conventional ion exchange.

The zeolite framework structure has corner-linked tetrahedra with Al or Si atoms at centers of the tetrahedra and oxygen atoms at the corners. Such tetrahedra are combined in a well-defined repeating structure comprising various combinations of 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-membered rings. The resulting framework structure is a pore network of regular channels and cages that is useful for separation. Pore dimensions are determined by the geometry of the aluminosilicate tetrahedra forming the zeolite channels or cages, with nominal openings of about 0.26 nm for 6- member rings, about 0.40 nm for 8-member rings, about 0.55 nm for 10- member rings, and about 0.74 nm for 12-member rings (these numbers assume the ionic radii for oxygen). Zeolites with the largest pores, being 8-member rings, 10-member rings, and 12-member rings, are frequently considered small, medium and large pore zeolites, respectively.

In a zeolite, the term "silicon to aluminum ratio" or, equivalently,

"Si/AI ratio" means the ratio of silicon atoms to aluminum atoms. Pore dimensions are critical to the performance of these materials in catalytic and separation applications, since this characteristic determines whether molecules of certain size can enter and exit the zeolite framework.

It has been observed that very slight decreases in ring dimensions can effectively hinder or block movement of particular molecular species through the zeolite structure. The effective pore dimensions that control access to the interior of the zeolites are determined not only by the geometric dimensions of the tetrahedra forming the pore opening, but also by the presence or absence of ions in or near the pore. For example, in the case of zeolite type A, access can be restricted by monovalent ions, such as Na ⁺ or K ⁺ , which are situated in or near 8-member ring openings as well as 6-member ring openings. Access can be enhanced by divalent ions, such as Ca ²⁺ , which are situated only in or near 6-member ring openings. Thus, the potassium and sodium salts of zeolite A exhibit effective pore openings of about 0.3 nm and about 0.4 nm respectively, whereas the calcium salt of zeolite A has an effective pore opening of about 0.5 nm.

The presence or absence of ions in or near the pores, channels and/or cages can also significantly modify the accessible pore volume of the zeolite for sorbing materials. Representative examples of zeolites are (i) small pore zeolites such as NaA (LTA), CaA (LTA), Erionite (ERI), Rho (RHO), ZK-5 (KFI) and chabazite (CHA); (ii) medium pore zeolites such as ZSM-5 (MFI), ZSM-1 1 (MEL), ZSM -22 (TON), and ZSM-48 ( ^* MRE); and (iii) large pore zeolites such as zeolite beta (BEA), faujasite (FAU), mordenite (MOR), zeolite L (LTL), NaX (FAU), NaY (FAU), DA-Y (FAU) and CaY (FAU). The letters in parentheses give the framework structure type of the zeolite.

Zeolites suitable for use herein include medium or large pore, acidic, hydrophobic zeolites, including without limitation ZSM-5, faujasites, beta, mordenite zeolites or mixtures thereof, having a high silicon to aluminum ratio, such as in the range of 5:1 to 400: 1 or 5:1 to 200: 1 .

Medium pore zeolites have a framework structure consisting of 10- membered rings with a pore size of about 0.5-0.6 nm. Large pore zeolites have a framework structure consisting of 12-membered rings with a pore size of about 0.65 to about 0.75 nm. Hydrophobic zeolites generally have Si/AI ratios greater than or equal to about 5, and the hydrophobicity generally increases with increasing Si/AI ratios. Other suitable zeolites include without limitation acidic large pore zeolites such as H-Y with Si/AI in the range of about 2.25 to 5.

Suitable cation exchange resins include, but are not limited to the following: styrene divinylbenzene copolymer-based strong cation exchange resins such as AMBERLYST™ and DOWEX ^® available from Dow Chemicals (Midland, Ml) (for example, DOWEX ^® Monosphere M-31 , AMBERLYST™ 15, AMBERLYST™ BD20); CG resins available from Resintech, Inc. (West Berlin, N.J.); Lewatit resins such as MONOPLUS™ S 100H available from Sybron Chemicals Inc. (Birmingham, N.J.);

fluorinated sulfonic acid polymers (these acids are partially or totally fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers containing pendant sulfonic acid groups, which may be partially or totally converted to the salt form) such as

NAFION ^® perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer, NAFION ^® Super Acid Catalyst (a bead-form strongly acidic resin which is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octene sulfonyl fluoride, converted to either the proton (H ⁺ ), or the metal salt form) available from DuPont Company (Wilmington, DE). In an embodiment, the solid acid catalyst is a cation exchange resin that is a sulfonic acid functionalized polymer.

In an embodiment, the solid acid catalyst is a supported acid catalyst. The support for the solid acid catalyst can be any solid substance that is inert under the reaction conditions including, but not limited to, oxides such as silica, alumina, titania, sulfated titania, and compounds thereof and combinations thereof; barium sulfate; calcium carbonate;

zirconia; carbons, particularly acid washed carbon; and combinations thereof. Acid washed carbon is a carbon that has been washed with an acid, such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid or acetic acid, to remove impurities. The support can be in the form of powder, granules, pellets, extrudates or the like. The supported acid catalyst can be prepared by depositing the acid catalyst on the support by any number of methods well known to those skilled in the art of catalysis, such as spraying, impregnation, incipient wetness, soaking or physical mixing, followed by drying, calcination, and if necessary, activation through methods such as reduction or oxidation. The loading of the at least one acid catalyst on the at least one support is in the range of 0.1 -20 weight percent based on the combined weights of the at least one acid catalyst and the at least one support. Certain acid catalysts perform better at low loadings such as 0.1 -5 %, whereas other acid catalysts are more likely to be useful at higher loadings such as 0-20%. In an embodiment, the acid catalyst is an unsupported catalyst having 100% acid catalyst with no support such as, pure zeolites and acidic ion exchange resins.

Examples of supported solid acid catalysts include, but are not limited to, phosphoric acid on silica, NAFION ^® perfluohnated 2sulfonic acid polymer on silica, HPAs on silica, sulfated zirconia, and sulfated titania. In the case of NAFION ^® on silica, a loading of 12.5% is typical of commercial examples.

In another embodiment, the solid acid catalyst comprises a sulfonated divinylbenzene/styrene copolymer, such as AMBERLYST™ 70 and AMBERLYST™ BD20. In one embodiment, the solid acid catalyst comprises a sulfonated perfluorinated polymer, such as NAFION ^® supported on silica (S1O2).

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the solid acid catalyst 2 is present in the stripping, middle section of the reactive distillation column 10, which is the reaction zone 20, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. In an alternative configuration (not shown), the solid acid catalyst 2 is located in a stirred vessel at the bottom of a distillation column similar to the reboiler, which would be a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR).

The process of making a dialkyi ester of FDCA further comprises, as shown in Figure 1 , contacting a feed 1 comprising FDCA and a high boiling solvent with a feed 3 comprising an alcohol in the reaction zone 20 at a temperature in the range of 40 °C to 300 °C and a pressure in the range of 0.0007 MPa (0.1 psi) to 3.4 MPa (500 psi) for a residence time sufficient to produce a mixture comprising a dialkyi ester of FDCA and water.

Suitable high boiling solvent comprises at least one of dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, sulfolane, dimethyl ester of FDCA (FDME), gamma-valerolactone, gamma-butyrolactone, isosorbide dimethyl ether, propylene carbonate, adipic acid, isosorbide, isophorone, ethyl phenyl ether, diphenyl ether, dibenzyl ether, aromatic 200 fluid, butyl phenyl ether, methyl heptyl ketone, ethyl phenyl ketone, 2'-hydroxyacetophenone, decahydronaphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene, and the like. In an embodiment, the high boiling solvent comprises dimethyl sulfoxide. In another embodiment, the high boiling solvent comprises gamma- valerolactone.

FDCA can be present in the feed comprising FDCA and a high boiling solvent in the range of 1 -50 weight % or 1 -40 weight % or 5-30 weight %, based on the total weight of the feed.

As shown in Figure 1 , the feed stream 1 comprising FDCA is added to the reactive distillation column 10 at a location between a rectifying section 16 and the reaction zone 20 (which is also the stripping section) at a rate that provides sufficient residence time in the reaction zone for conversion of FDCA to dialkyi ester of FDCA. The required residence time is a function of temperature and FDCA concentration and is readily determined by one skilled in the art. In an embodiment, the residence time in the reaction zone is in the range of 0.6-6000 min or 1-600 min or 6- 100 min, with a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) in the range of 0.01 hr ¹ to 100 hr ¹ ; or 0.1 hr ¹ to 50 hr ¹ ; or 0.1 hr ¹ to 10 hr ; or 1 hr ¹ to 10 hr ¹ .

The feed 1 flows down through the reaction zone 20 and is converted to a mixture comprising a dialkyl ester of FDCA and water.

As shown in Figure 1 , the alcohol feed 3 is added to a reboiler 15 along with an inert carrier gas such as nitrogen (not shown). The reboiler 15 is maintained at a temperature high enough to transform the alcohol into vapor form, and vapor stream 4 comprising the alcohol and the carrier gas enters the reaction zone 20 of the reactive distillation column 10 through the bottom 12 of the distillation column. Any suitable alcohol from Ci to C6 alcohol may be used and added to the reaction zone through the reboiler. However, Cs and C6 alcohol may be added along with the feed 1 at a location between the rectifying section 16 and the reaction zone 20, due to their high boiling point.

In some embodiments, the alcohol is a Ci to Ce alcohol, or a Ci to C4 alcohol, or a Ci to C2 alcohol. Suitable alcohols can include, for example methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol or isomers thereof. The molar ratio of alcohol: FDCA can be in the range of 2.01 : 1 to 40: 1 or 2.2: 1 to 40: 1 or 2.5: 1 to 40: 1 or 3: 1 to 40: 1 or 4: 1 to 40: 1 or 8: 1 to 40: 1 or 10: 1 to 40: 1 or 15: 1 to 40: 1 or 20: 1 to 40: 1 or 25: 1 to 40: 1 or 30: 1 to 40: 1 . In some embodiments, the alcohol is methanol and the ester of FDCA is FDME.

As used herein, the temperature refers to the temperature of the reaction zone. The reaction zone can be at a temperature of at least 40°C or at least 80 °C, or at least 100°C, at least 150 °C, or less than 300°C, or less than 275 °C, or less than 250 °C, or less than 200 °C.

The reaction zone can be at a pressure of at least 0.0007 MPa (0.1 psi), or at least 0.01 MPa, or at least 0.05 MPa, or at least 1 MPa or less than 3.4 MPa (500 psi), or less than 2.5 MPa, or less than 2 MPa, or less than 1 .5 MPa. In an embodiment, the reaction is carried at about atmospheric pressure.

Upon esterification of the FDCA in the feed to dialkyl ester of FDCA in the reaction zone, the as-produced dialkyl ester of FDCA flows down and is collected from the bottom of the distillation column and water and methanol are drawn at the top of the distillation column.

The process of making a dialkyl ester of FDCA, as shown in Figure 1 also comprises removing a vapor mixture 5 comprising the alcohol and water from the top 11 of the reactive distillation column 10. As the reaction proceeds, a vapor mixture 5 is removed from the reaction zone 20 via reflux through reactive distillation column 10, and at least partially condensed in a reflux condenser 13 to provide a liquid phase 8 comprising the alcohol and water. From the reflux condenser, vapor phase 9

comprising the alcohol can be recycled to the reaction zone (not shown) through the bottom 12 of the reactive distillation column 10, or can be released from the process. A liquid phase 6 comprising the alcohol and water from reflux condenser 13 can be removed from the process. The use of staging in the distillation process allows more efficient stripping of water away from the reaction. This increases the yield of dialkyl ester of FDCA by driving the reaction toward completion and by minimizing formation of byproducts.

The process as shown in Figure 1 further comprises collecting a product stream 41 from the bottom 12 of the reactive distillation column 10. The product stream 41 comprises the dialkyl ester of FDCA, the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of a monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA, and any other high boilers, such as humins. The product stream 41 enters the reboiler 15, as shown in Figure 1 , in which the product stream is mixed with alcohol feed 3 and the carrier gas to form mixture 42. Liquid stream 43, comprising the dialkyl ester of FDCA, the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of a monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA, and any high boilers such as humins, leaves reboiler 15. Any high boilers such as humins may be removed from stream 43, for example by filtration (not shown). In Figure 1 , stream 43 is shown entering boiler 45, in which the dialkyl ester of FDCA is separated as stream 7 from the high boiling solvent. Residual product stream 415 comprising the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of a monoalkyi ester of FDCA, and any unreacted FDCA can be disposed of, or at least a portion can be concentrated by evaporation (not shown) and combined with feed 1 and returned to reactive distillation column 10, as shown in Figure 1 .

In an embodiment of the process of making a dialkyl ester of FDCA, as shown in Figure 2, the FDCA feed 1 and the alcohol feed 3 are added to a reactive distillation column 10 and reboiler 15, respectively, as described for Figure 1 . Solid acid catalyst 2 is present in the reaction zone 20 of the reactive distillation column. In this embodiment, the process comprises removing a vapor mixture 55 comprising the dialkyl ester of FDCA, the alcohol, water, and optionally a monoalkyi ester of FDCA from the top 11 of the reactive distillation column 10, and collecting a mixture 44 comprising the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of a monoalkyi ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA, and any other high boilers, such as humins from the bottom 12 of the reactive distillation column 10. The process can further comprise at least partially condensing vapor mixture 55 in reflux condenser 13 to provide a liquid phase 56, and separating the dialkyl ester of FDCA as stream 7, the alcohol as vapor phase 9, and water as liquid phase 6. The process may also comprise removing high boilers such as humins from a stream 425 leaving the reboiler 15, for example by filtration (not shown), wherein residual product stream 425 comprises the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of a monoalkyi ester of FDCA and any unreacted FDCA. Residual product stream 425 can be disposed of, or alternatively at least a portion can be concentrated by evaporation (not shown), optionally combined with feed stream 1 , and returned to reactive distillation column 10, as shown in Figure 2.

Also disclosed herein is another embodiment of the process of making a dialkyl ester of FDCA, as shown in Figure 3, comprising providing a reactive distillation column 10 comprising a top 11 , a bottom 12, a reaction zone 20 in between the top 11 and the bottom 12. In this embodiment, no solid acid catalyst is contained in the reaction zone of the reactive distillation column. A feed stream V comprising FDCA, a high boiling solvent, and optionally a homogeneous catalyst is added to the reactive distillation column 10 at a location between a rectifying section 16 and a reaction zone 20. An alcohol feed 3 is added to a reboiler 15 along with an inert carrier gas such as nitrogen (not shown). The reboiler 15 is maintained a temperature high enough to transform the alcohol into vapor form, and vapor stream 4 comprising the alcohol and the carrier gas enters the reaction zone of the reactive distillation column through the bottom of the distillation column. The FDCA is contacted with the alcohol in the reaction zone 20 in the absence of a solid acid catalyst at a temperature and a pressure as disclosed hereinabove for a residence time sufficient to produce a mixture comprising a dialkyl ester of FDCA, water and optionally, a monoalkyl ester of FDCA.

As shown in Figure 3, the process also comprises removing a vapor mixture 5 comprising the alcohol and water from the top 11 of the reactive distillation column 10, and collecting a product stream 41 comprising the dialkyl ester of FDCA, the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of the homogeneous catalyst, a monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA, and any other high boilers from the bottom 12 of the reactive distillation column 10. Vapor mixture 5 is at least partially condensed in a reflux condenser 13 to provide a liquid phase 8 comprising the alcohol and water. From the reflux condenser, vapor phase 9 comprising the alcohol can be recycled to the reaction zone (not shown) through the bottom 12 of the reactive distillation column 10, or can be released from the process. A liquid phase 6 comprising the alcohol and water from reflux condenser 13 can be removed from the process. Product stream 41 is collected from the bottom 12 of the reactive distillation column into reboiler 15. Liquid stream 43, comprising the dialkyl ester of FDCA, the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of a monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA, and any high boilers such as humins is removed from reboiler 15. Any high boilers such as humins may be removed from stream 43 by filtration (not shown). In Figure 3, stream 43 is shown entering boiler 45, in which the dialkyl ester of FDCA is separated as stream 7 and a residual product stream 435 comprising the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of the homogeneous catalyst, a monoalkyl ester of FDCA, and any unreacted FDCA is produced. The residual product stream can be disposed of, or alternatively at least a portion can be concentrated by evaporation (not shown), combined with feed V, and returned to reactive distillation column 10.

Suitable homogeneous acid catalyst includes, but is not limited to cobalt (II) acetate, iron (II) chloride, iron (III) chloride, iron (II) sulfate, iron (III) sulfate, iron (II) nitrate, iron (III) nitrate, iron (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide, iron (II) sulfide, iron (III) sulfide, iron (II) acetate, iron (III) acetate, magnesium (II) acetate, magnesium (II) hydroxide, manganese (II) acetate, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, zinc (II) acetate, zinc stearate or a combination thereof. Additionally, suitable homogeneous catalysts also include p-toulene sulfonic acid, triflic acid, scandium triflate, hafnium triflate, yttrium triflate, and ytterbium triflate.

The homogeneous acid catalyst can be present in the high boiling solvent at about 0.01 weight percent to about 20 weight percent based on the initial amount of the reactant FDCA. In some embodiments, the acid is present in the high boiling solvent at a weight percentage between and optionally including any two of the following values: 0.01 , 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.50, 1 .0, 1 .5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 weight percent. In an embodiment, the acid is present in the high boiling solvent at about 0.01 weight percent to about 10 weight percent. In an embodiment, the acid is present in the solvent at about 0. 0 weight percent to about 5 weight percent. The optimal amount of acid catalyst will be affected by what specific high boiling solvent is used and is readily determined by one skilled in the art.

In another embodiment of the process, as shown in Figure 4, no solid catalyst is contained in the reaction zone of the reactive distillation column 10. A feed stream 1' comprising FDCA, a high boiling solvent, and optionally a homogeneous catalyst is added to the reactive distillation column 10 as described for Figure 3, as is a feed stream 3 comprising the alcohol. The process comprises removing a vapor mixture 55 comprising the dialkyi ester of FDCA, the alcohol, water, and optionally a monoalkyi ester of FDCA from the top 11 of the reactive distillation column 10 and collecting a mixture 44 comprising the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of the homogeneous catalyst, the monoalkyi ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA, and any high boilers such as humins from the bottom 12 of the reactive distillation column 20. The process can further comprise at least partially condensing vapor mixture 55 in reflux

condenser 13 to provide a liquid phase 56, and separating the dialkyi ester of FDCA as stream 7, the alcohol as vapor phase 9, and water as liquid phase 6. The process may also comprise removing high boilers such as humins from a stream 445 leaving the reboiler 15, for example by filtration (not shown), wherein stream 445 comprises the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of the homogeneous catalyst, the monoalkyi ester of FDCA, and any unreacted FDCA. Stream 445 can be disposed of, or alternatively at least a portion can be concentrated by evaporation (not shown), optionally combined with feed stream V as shown, and returned to reactive distillation column 10.

In any of the above disclosed processes, the step of separating the dialkyi ester of FDCA from the product stream and/or the vapor mixture can produce a dialkyi ester of FDCA containing less than 50 parts per million (ppm) of any one of the impurities, for example as determined by HPLC analysis. For example, the dialkyi ester of FDCA can contain less than 50 ppm of the alkyl ester of 5-formylfuran-2-carboxylic acid, less than 50 ppm of the monoalkyi ester of 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid and/or less than 50 ppm FDCA. In other embodiments, the dialkyi ester of FDCA can contain less than 25 ppm of the alkyl ester of 5-formylfuran-2-carboxylic acid, less than 25 ppm of the monoalkyi ester of 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid and/or less than 25 ppm FDCA. In still further embodiments, the alkyl ester of FDCA from step c) can contain less than 10 ppm of the alkyl ester of 5-formylfuran-2-carboxylic acid, less than 10 ppm the monoalkyi ester of 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid and/or less than 10 ppm FDCA. Any monoalkyi ester of 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid or FDCA remaining from the separation step e) can be recycled back to step b).

Non-limiting examples of the process disclosed herein include:

1. A process comprising:

a) providing a reactive distillation column comprising a top, a

bottom, and a reaction zone in between the top and the bottom, and a solid acid catalyst situated in the reaction zone; b) contacting a feed comprising 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and a high boiling solvent with an alcohol in the reaction zone at a temperature in the range of 40 °C to 300 °C and a pressure in the range of 0.0007 MPa to 3.4 MPa for a residence time sufficient to produce a mixture comprising a dialkyl ester of FDCA and water;

c) removing a vapor mixture comprising the alcohol and water from the top of the reactive distillation column;

d) collecting a product stream comprising the dialkyl ester of

FDCA, the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of a monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA, and any other high boilers from the bottom of the reactive distillation column; and

e) separating the dialkyl ester of FDCA from the product stream using distillation.

2. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the high boiling solvent comprises at least one of dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, sulfolane, FDME, gamma-valerolactone, gamma-butyrolactone, isosorbide dimethyl ether, propylene carbonate, adipic acid, isosorbide, isophorone, ethyl phenyl ether, diphenyl ether, dibenzyl ether, aromatic 200 fluid, butyl phenyl ether, methyl heptyl ketone, ethyl phenyl ketone, 2'-hydroxyacetophenone,

decahydronaphthalene, or tetrahydronaphthalene.

3. The process of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the alcohol comprises Ci to C6 alcohol. The process of embodiment 1 , 2, or 3, wherein the alcohol is methanol.

The process of embodiment 1 , 2, 3, or 4, wherein alcohol is fed with a carrier gas from the bottom of the reactive distillation column and the feed comprising FDCA and the high boiling solvent is fed from the top of the reactive distillation column.

The process of embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein the acid catalyst comprises a heterogeneous heteropolyacid, a salt of a heterogeneous heteropolyacid, a natural or synthetic mineral (including both clays and zeolites), an ion- exchange resin, a metal oxide, a mixed metal oxide, a metal sulfide, a metal sulfate, a metal sulfonate, sulfated titania, sulfated zirconia, a metal nitrate, a metal phosphate, a metal phosphonate, a metal molybdate, a metal tungstate, a metal borate, sulfonic-acid-functionalized polymer, or a combination of any of these.

The process according to embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, wherein the acid catalyst comprises a zeolite.

The process according to embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, wherein the acid catalyst is a medium or large pore, acidic, hydrophobic zeolite.

The process according to embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, wherein the zeolite comprises ZSM-5, faujasite, beta zeolite, mordenite, or a combination of any of these.

A process comprising:

a) providing a reactive distillation column comprising a top, a

bottom, and a reaction zone in between the top and the bottom, and a solid acid catalyst situated in the reaction zone;

b) contacting a feed comprising 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and a high boiling solvent with an alcohol in the reaction zone at a temperature in the range of 40 °C to 300 ^° C and a pressure in the range of 0.0007 MPa to 3.4 MPa for a residence time sufficient to produce a vapor mixture of a dialkyl ester of FDCA, water and optionally, a monoalkyl ester of FDCA; c) removing a vapor mixture comprising the dialkyl ester of FDCA, the alcohol, water, and optionally the monoalkyl ester of FDCA from the top of the reactive distillation column;

d) collecting the high boiling solvent, optionally one or more of a monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA, and any other high boilers from the bottom of the reactive distillation column; and

e) separating the dialkyl ester of FDCA from the vapor mixture

using distillation.

1 1. A process comprising:

a) providing a reactive distillation column comprising a top, a

bottom, a reaction zone in between the top and the bottom;

b) contacting a feed comprising 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a high boiling solvent, and optionally a homogeneous catalyst with an alcohol in the reaction zone in the absence of a solid acid catalyst at a temperature in the range of 150 °C to 300 °C and a pressure in the range of 0.0007 MPa to 3.4 MPa for a residence time sufficient to produce a mixture comprising a dialkyl ester of FDCA and water;

c) removing a vapor mixture comprising the alcohol and water from the top of the reactive distillation column;

d) collecting a product stream comprising the dialkyl ester of

FDCA, the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of the homogeneous catalyst, a monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA and any other high boilers from the bottom of the reactive distillation column; and

e) separating the dialkyl ester of FDCA from the product stream using distillation.

12. The process of embodiment 1 1 , wherein the homogeneous catalyst is at least one of cobalt (II) acetate, iron (II) chloride, iron (III) chloride, iron (II) sulfate, iron (III) sulfate, iron (II) nitrate, iron (III) nitrate, iron (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide, iron (II) sulfide, iron (III) sulfide, iron (II) acetate, iron (III) acetate, magnesium (II) acetate, magnesium (II) hydroxide, manganese (II) acetate, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, zinc (II) acetate, zinc stearate, or a combination thereof.

13. A process comprising:

a) providing a reactive distillation column comprising a top, a

bottom, and a reaction zone in between the top and the bottom; b) contacting a feed comprising 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a high boiling solvent, and optionally a homogeneous catalyst with an alcohol in the reaction zone in the absence of a solid acid catalyst at a temperature in the range of 150 °C to 300 °C and a pressure in the range of 0.0007 MPa to 3.4 MPa for a residence time sufficient to produce a mixture comprising a dialkyl ester of FDCA, water and optionally, a monoalkyl ester of FDCA;

c) removing a vapor mixture comprising the dialkyl ester of FDCA, the alcohol, water, and optionally the monoalkyl ester of FDCA from the top of the reactive distillation column;

d) collecting the high boiling solvent, and optionally one or more of the homogeneous catalyst, the monoalkyl ester of FDCA, any unreacted FDCA, and high boilers from the bottom of the reactive distillation column; and

e) separating the dialkyl ester of FDCA from the vapor mixture

using distillation.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the disclosed compositions, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, unless a particular passage is cited. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

In the foregoing specification, the concepts have been disclosed with reference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all embodiments. EXAMPLES

The present disclosure is further exemplified in the following Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating certain preferred aspects herein, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of the disclosed embodiments, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications to adapt the disclosed embodiments to various uses and conditions.

The following abbreviations are used in the examples: "°C" means degrees Celsius; "wt.%" means weight percent; "g" means gram; "min" means minute(s); "μΙ_" means microliter; "ppm" means microgram per gram, "μηΥ' means micrometer; "ml_" means milliliter; "mm" means millimeter and "mL/min" means milliliter per minute; "seem" means standard cubic centimeters per minute, "slpm" mean standard liter per minute; "HMF" means 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, "DMF" means

dimethylformamide, "DMSO" means dimethyl sulfoxide, "FDCA" means 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, "FDME" means dimethyl-furan-2,5- dicarboxylate, "FDMME" means furan dicarboxylic acid mono methyl ester, "HPLC" means high pressure liquid chromatography.

Test/General Methods

HPLC Analysis

HPLC analysis was used as one means to measure the FDCA, FDMME, and FDME contents of the product mixture. An Agilent 1200 series HPLC equipped with a Zorbax SB-Aq column (4.6 mm X 250 mm, 5 μιτι) and photodiode array detector was used for the analysis of the reaction samples. The wavelength used to monitor the reaction was 280 nm. The HPLC separation of FDME, FDCA, and FDMME was achieved using a gradient method with a 1.0 mL/min flow rate combining two mobile phases: Mobile Phase A: 0.5% v/v TFA in water and Mobile Phase B: acetonitrile. The column was held at 60 °C and 2 μί injections of samples were performed. Analyzed samples were diluted to <0.1 wt% for components of interest in a 50:50 (v/v) acetonitrile/isopropanol solvent. The solvent composition and flow rates used for the gradient method are given in Table 1 with linear changes occurring over the corresponding step whenever the composition changes.

Table 1 : Gradient program for HPLC

Retention times were obtained by injecting analytical standards of each component onto the HPLC. The amount of the analyte in weight percent was typically determined by injection of two or more injections from a given prepared solution and averaging the area measured for the component using the OpenLAB CDS C.01 .05 software. The solution analyzed by HPLC was generated by dilution of a measured mass of the reaction sample with a quantified mass of 50:50 (v/v)

acetonitrile/isopropanol solvent. Quantification was performed by comparing the areas determined in the OpenLAB software to a linear external calibration curve at five or more starting material concentrations. Typical R ² values for the fit of such linear calibration curves were in excess of 0.9997.

While the presented HPLC method was used for this analysis, it should be understood that any HPLC method that can discriminate between products, starting materials, intermediates, impurities, and solvent can be used for this analysis. It should also be understood that while HPLC was used as a method of analysis in this work, other techniques such as gas chromatography could also be optionally used for quantification when employing appropriate derivatization and calibration as necessary. Materials Used

All commercial reagents were used as received. DMSO was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol (catalog # MX-0472-6) was obtained from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA). Acetonitrile (catalog # A955- 1 ) and Isopropanol (catalog # A4641 L1 ) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). FDCA (> 99.0% purity) was obtained from Sarchem Laboratories, Inc (Farmingdale, NJ). Ethylene glycol (BDH 2033) was provided by VWR International (Radnor, DE).

Amberlyst™ BD20 catalyst in bead form was received from Dow Chemical Company (Newark, DE).

Glass beads (Catalog No. CG- 01 -01 ) of 2 mm diameter were obtained from Chemglass Inc (Vineland, NJ).

EXAMPLE 1

Esterification of FDCA to FDME via Reactive Distillation with

Solid Acid Catalyst

Esterification of FDCA to FDME was carried out in a reactive distillation unit consisting of a jacketed glass reactor having a length of 21 .6 cm (8.5 inches) and an outer diameter of 3.5 cm (1.38 inches). The middle section of the glass reactor was filled with about 50 gm (WHSV = 0.1 hr ¹ ) of Amberlyst™ BD20 catalyst and the top and the bottom portions of the reactor were packed with glass beads. A stainless steel mesh was placed below the glass beads in the bottom portion of the reactor to support the catalyst bed and the glass beads. The catalyst bed

temperature was monitored using a thermocouple and was maintained at about 105 °C using circulating oil in the outer jacket surrounding the glass reactor. The top of the glass reactor was connected to a condensor maintained at a temperature of 10 °C using a circulating coolant containing 1 : 1 mixture by weight of ethylene glycol and water.

A feed consisting of 10 wt.% of 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid in 90 wt.% of high boiling solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide, was fed at a constant feed rate of 1 mL/min to the top part of the reactor above the catalyst bed, using an HPLC pump. Methanol was fed at 1 mL/min to the catalyst bed forming the reaction zone through one of the three necks of a round-bottom glass flask connected to the bottom of glass reactor, which was kept at a temperature of 100-120 °C. Nitrogen gas was also introduced to the reactor through one of the necks of the round-bottom glass flask.

The feed and methanol flowing counter current to each other reacted in the presence of the Amberlyst™BD20 catalyst in the reaction zone maintained at 105 °C and under atmospheric pressure to form esterified products of FDCA - including FDME and FDMME and water as a byproduct. The product stream comprising FDME and FDMME, along with any unreacted FDCA and DMSO were collected from the bottom of the glass reactor in the round-bottom glass flask and a vapor mixture comprising water vapor and unreacted methanol were collected in the condenser located at the top of the reactor.

The product stream was collected in a sample vial, weighed and analyzed by HPLC. Table 2 below shows the analysis of the product obtained at the end of 4 hour run. The data are reported for the steady state conditions achieved in the reactor.

Table 2 - Product obtained at the end of 4 hour esterification reaction using Amberlyst™ BD20 catalyst in a reactive distillation reactor.

As seen from the data in Table 2, use of the Amberlyst™ BD20 catalyst resulted in the esterification of FDCA to FDME and FDMME. Thus, the reactive distillation process with solid acid catalyst and high boiling solvent can be used for the esterification of FDCA to FDME.