TECHNICAL FIELD

[001] Embodiments relate generally to beamforming techniques for wireless communication networks and, more particularly, to receive beamforming using reference sequences.

BACKGROUND

[002] With the emerging 5th Generation (5G) technologies, the use of large numbers of receive-antenna elements has gained increasing interest. The antenna signals can also come from several antenna polarizations. At the receiver, the antenna signals are first received in a Radio Unit (RU). The signals are then sampled and quantized in an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). A transformation from time to frequency domain is performed using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) or a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), after which the receiver processing is applied. An FFT is typically calculated for each antenna or subset of antennas, such that different user equipment and channels in different sub-bands of the received signal can be extracted before further signal processing.

[003] In order to increase received signal strength, a beamforming procedure can be employed in which several antenna signals are scaled, phase-shifted, and added before the receiver processing. One goal of beamforming is to combine received signals from several antennas so that more signal energy is received in specific spatial directions. Several beams can be formed in order to beamform towards different spatial directions. With two polarizations, the antenna signals from each polarization are typically beamformed separately. The same, or different, beamforming can be applied to the different polarizations. [004] In some beamforming receivers, beamforming is performed in the frequency- domain, i.e., after the FFT. After the FFT, the individual sub-carriers are extracted so that different physical channels and signals can be extracted. With digital beamforming in the frequency-domain, the antenna signals are first processed with an FFT and then beamformed. In this manner, different sub-carriers can be beamformed differently. This allows for different beamforming for different physical channels and signals. Also, if several receiving devices, such as user equipments (UEs), are multiplexed in frequency, then the signals for each receiving device can be processed with individual

beamforming.

[005] Alternatively, the beamforming can be done in the time domain. In this case, the beamforming is performed on a digital signal, i.e., after the analog-to-digital conversion, but before the FFT-conversion to the frequency-domain. Since the FFT is calculated after the beamforming, all sub-carriers are beamformed in the same spatial direction.

[006] Another alternative is time-domain beamforming, where the beamforming is performed before analog-to-digital conversion. Combinations of analog and digital beamforming, and time- and frequency-domain beamforming, are also possible.

[007] With the advent of more advanced receiving devices with advanced antennas containing many antenna elements, the possibility of receiving device receive beamforming is a reality. In order for the receiving device to assess the quality of a particular receive-beam configuration, i.e. the quality when using a particular receive- beam, it needs to perform measurements on a known reference signal transmitted from a base station, also known as an Evolved Node B (eNB). The reference signals for measurements are typically transmitted using a predefined, or configured, interval. Alternatively, the measurement signals, e.g. reference signals, may be scheduled to provide measuring opportunities for one or several designated receiving devices. The predefined variant is typically called Beam-Reference Signals (BRS), while the more dynamic variant is typically some type of Channel-State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RSs). The periodicity of these reference signals is a trade-off between providing more measurement opportunities and using time-frequency resources that could otherwise have been used for downlink data.

[008] The receiving device uses the reference signals to evaluate as many receive- beam configurations as possible to determine the best configuration. With analog beamforming, the number of configurations, or, equivalently, spatial receive directions, is limited by the number of analog beamformers available in the receiving device.

[009] In NX or 5G, or at least part of 5G, the radio-access technology is based on Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Hence, a transmission-time interval (TTI), typically called a subframe, consists of a number of OFDM-symbols. The whole subframe is scheduled at once, but each OFDM-symbol is generated separately from its frequency-domain representation of the signal to be transmitted using an Inverse FFT (IFFT). Each OFDM-symbol has a cyclic prefix prepended to the time-domain signal before it is transmitted over the air.

[010] In 5G a typical OFDM-symbol duration would be around 10-15 με, with the cyclic prefix around 1 με. Switching between different receive-beam configurations in the receiving device takes in the order of 0.1 με. Hence, switching receive-beam

configuration between OFDM-symbols is not an issue because the switch time is only a fraction of the cyclic prefix.

[011] In order to implement receive beamforming, the receiving device needs to perform measurements on known reference signals received from the base station or eNB using different receive-beam configurations, evaluate the receive-beam

configurations using the measurements, and select the "best" receive-beam

configuration. This may in some situations consume radio resources. SUMMARY

[012] An object of embodiments herein is to provide an efficient way of selecting a receive-beam configuration in a wireless communication network, such as for example that of an OFDM system.

[013] According to an aspect the object is achieved by providing a method performed by a receiving device for selecting a receive-beam configuration for receiving signals in an OFDM system. The receiving device receives, during one OFDM symbol period using one or more receive-beam configurations, a time-domain signal s comprising two or more instances of a reference sequence s' arranged contiguously. For each receive- beam configuration, the receiving device generates an evaluation metric using, for each receive-beam configuration, respective ones of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'. Furthermore, the receiving device selects a receive-beam configuration based on the evaluation metric.

[014] According to another aspect the object is achieved by providing a method performed by a transmitting device for transmitting reference signals in an OFDM system. The transmitting device generates a time-domain signal s of length N comprising two or more instances of a reference sequence s' arranged contiguously. The transmitting device appends a cyclic prefix to the time-domain signal s and transmits the time-domain signal s and the cyclic prefix in one OFDM symbol period.

[015] According to yet another aspect the object is achieved by providing a receiving device for selecting a receive-beam configuration for receiving signals in an OFDM system. The receiving device is configured to receive, during one OFDM symbol period using one or more receive-beam configurations, a time-domain signal s comprising two or more instances of a reference sequence s' arranged contiguously. The receiving device is further configured to, for each receive-beam configuration, generate an evaluation metric using, for each receive-beam configuration, respective ones of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'; and to select a receive-beam configuration based on the evaluation metric.

[016] According to still another aspect the object is achieved by providing a transmitting device for transmitting reference signals in OFDM system. The transmitting device is configured to generate a time-domain signal s of length N comprising two or more instances of a reference sequence s' arranged contiguously. The transmitting device is further configured to append a cyclic prefix to the time-domain signal s and to transmit the time-domain signal s and the cyclic prefix in one OFDM symbol period.

[017] Furthermore, it is herein provided a non-transitory computer readable medium storing executable computer program code, that when executed by processing circuitry in a receiving device, causes the receiving device to perform the methods herein. It is also provided a non-transitory computer readable medium storing executable computer program code, that when executed by processing circuitry in a transmitting device, causes the transmitting device to perform the methods herein.

[018] Transmitting the same reference sequence repeatedly in an OFDM symbol period eliminates the need for a cyclic prefix for each reference sequence. Rather, a single cyclic prefix may be appended to the time-domain signal prior to the first occurrence of the reference sequence. Each reference sequence in the time domain signal serves as a cyclic prefix for the next reference sequence. This feature relaxes the measurement timing requirements on the receiving device. Also, eliminating the requirement of having a cyclic prefix for each reference sequence reduces the overhead for transmitting the reference sequences.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[019] Figure 1 is a schematic overview depicting a wireless communication network according to embodiments herein. [020] Figure 2a is a combined flowchart and signaling scheme according to embodiments herein.

[021] Figure 2b is a flowchart depicting a method performed by a receiving device according to embodiments herein.

[022] Figure 2c is a flowchart depicting a method performed by a transmitting device according to embodiments herein.

[023] Figure 3a illustrates a multi-antenna receiving device configured to perform receive beamforming.

[024] Figure 3b illustrates an embodiment of a multi-antenna receiving device configured to perform receive beamforming in the frequency domain.

[025] Figure 3c illustrates an embodiment of a multi-antenna receiving device configured to perform receive beamforming in the time domain.

[026] Figure 3d illustrates an embodiment of a multi-antenna receiving device configured to perform analog receive beamforming.

[027] Figure 4 illustrates an exemplary method for generating reference sequences used for selecting a receive-beam configuration.

[028] Figure 5 illustrates reference sequences used for selecting a receive-beam configuration.

[029] Figure 6 illustrates a method of extracting reference sequences from a received time-domain signal.

[030] Figure 7a illustrates a method implemented by a receiving device configured to implement receive beamforming using a reference sequence.

[031] Figure 7b illustrates a method implemented by transmitting device for transmitting reference sequences used by the receiving device to select a receive-beam configuration. [032] Figure 8 illustrates an exemplary transmitting device configured to transmit a reference sequence used for selecting a receive-beam configuration.

[033] Figure 9 is a block diagram depicting a receiving device according to

embodiments herein.

[034] Figure 10 is a block diagram depicting a transmitting device according to embodiments herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[035] As part of developing embodiments herein one or more problems have been identified as explained herein. It is possible to take advantage of the short switching time of the receiver and introduce shorter OFDM-symbols, complete with cyclic prefixes, which are short enough to fit several short OFDM symbols within the OFDM-duration normally used in the 5G or NX system. Each short OFDM-symbol could contain reference signals used to perform measurements. It would therefore be possible for the receiving device to perform measurements on these reference signals using different receive-beam configurations. For example, if n short OFDM symbols are transmitted during one normal OFDM symbol period, the receiving device could perform

measurements to evaluate n receive-beam configurations. This solution would increase the number of measurement opportunities for the receiving device, and consequently, decrease the time it would take to evaluate all available receive-beam configurations.

[036] There are some problems or drawbacks to using shortened OFDM symbols to perform measurements. One drawback or problem is that the measurement duration for each receive-beam configuration is much shorter compared to the regular OFDM-symbol duration. Thus, the amount of energy gathered at the receiver may not be sufficient to perform accurate measurements, which may result in a coverage problem. Also, if each short "mini-OFDM-symbol" has its own cyclic prefix of the same length as that of a normal OFDM symbol, the cyclic prefix overhead becomes very large, reducing the overall efficiency of the method. If, alternatively, each mini-OFDM-symbol has a correspondingly shorter cyclic prefix, the method becomes more sensitive to radio channels with large time dispersion, and the time synchronization becomes more challenging. The introduction of a mini-OFDM-symbol with its own cyclic prefix makes the transmitter implementation more complex, since it needs to support different OFDM- symbol lengths. Inter-subcarrier interference will also occur when receiving frequency- multiplexed OFDM-symbols with different lengths, where each symbol has a cyclic prefix. This interference can be reduced by introducing bandpass filters for each frequency interval of different OFDM-symbol lengths, a.k.a. filtered OFDM. However, these bandpass filters will introduce additional delay spread of the channel such that longer cyclic prefixes are needed. Additional guard bands will also reduce the spectral efficiency.

[037] Embodiments herein relate to wireless communication networks in general. Fig. 1 is a schematic overview depicting a wireless communication network 1. The wireless communication network 1 may for example be a network such as that of an OFDM system, e.g. a system using Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology, e.g. LTE Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD), LTE Time-Division Duplex (TDD), LTE Half-Duplex Frequency-Division Duplex (HD-FDD), LTE operating in an unlicensed band, or a system based on other technologies such as Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Universal Terrestrial Radio-Access (UTRA) TDD, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), GSM/Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) Radio- Access Network (GERAN), Ultra-Mobile Broadband (UMB), EDGE, or a network comprising of any combination of Radio-Access Technologies (RATs) such as e.g. involving Multi-Standard Radio (MSR) base stations, multi-RAT base stations etc., any 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) cellular network, WiFi networks, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), 5G system or any cellular network or system.

[038] In the wireless communication network 1 , a receiving device 10, such as a mobile station, a user equipment and/or a wireless terminal, communicates via a Radio- Access Network (RAN) to one or more core networks (CN). It should be understood by the skilled in the art that "receiving device" is a non-limiting term which means any wireless terminal, user equipment, Machine-Type Communication (MTC) device, Device- to-Device (D2D) terminal, or node e.g. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), laptop, mobile phone, sensor, relay, mobile tablet or even a small base station communicating within a respective cell or service area.

[039] The wireless communication network 1 covers a geographical area which is divided into further geographical areas, e.g. a service area being served or provided by a transmitting device 12, e.g., a base station. The transmitting device 12 may also be referred to as a radio base station and e.g. a NodeB, an evolved Node B (eNB, eNode B), a base transceiver station, Access-Point Base Station, base station router, or any other network unit capable of communicating with a user equipment within the service area served by the transmitting device 12 depending e.g. on the radio-access technology and terminology used. The transmitting device 12 may serve or provide one or more beams.

[040] The transmitting device 12 transmits data over an air or radio interface to the receiving device 10 in Downlink (DL) transmissions.

[041] Embodiments herein relate to receive-beamforming techniques that may be implemented at e.g. a UE or other receiving device having a beamforming antenna with multiple antenna elements. Receive beamforming enables the receiving device 10 to amplify signals received from selected directions while weakening unwanted signals received from other directions. In order to implement beamforming, the receiving device 10 performs measurements on known reference signals received from the transmitting device 12 using different receive-beam configurations. The receiving device 10 evaluates the receive-beam configurations using the measurements, and selects a preferred receive-beam configuration. For example, the receiving device 12 may select the receive-beam configuration that provides a highest Beam Reference Symbol Received Power (BRSRP) or Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP).

[042] In exemplary embodiments herein, the transmitting device 12 transmits a time- domain signal comprising a 'short' reference sequence repeated a predetermined number of times within the duration of one OFDM symbol period to provide more measurement opportunities for the receiving device 10. This means that the transmitting device 12 transmits two or more instances of the reference sequence during one OFDM symbol. The receiving device 10 uses the reference sequences to perform

measurements using different receive-beam configurations and selects the "best" receive-beam configuration. The repeated reference sequence being denoted as 'short' herein should be taken to mean that the reference sequence is short enough to allow at least two reference sequences to be fitted within one OFDM symbol duration.

[043] Transmitting the same reference sequence repeatedly in an OFDM symbol period eliminates the need for a cyclic prefix for each short reference sequence. Rather, a single cyclic prefix may be appended to the time-domain signal prior to the first occurrence of the reference sequence. Each reference sequence in the time-domain signal serves as a cyclic prefix for the next reference sequence. This feature relaxes the measurement timing requirements on the receiving device 10. Also, eliminating the requirement of having a cyclic prefix for each reference sequence reduces the overhead for transmitting the reference sequences.

[044] Also, if the received signal energy from one reference sequence is not sufficient the receiving device 10 can maintain its receive-beam configuration and collect energy from the next reference sequence. The sequences are the same so they can be accumulated coherently. This provides great flexibility in a coverage-limited scenario. Enough reference sequences can be added to achieve a reliable measurement with one receive-beam configuration before switching to the next configuration, which can be done in-between any two short reference sequences.

[045] The reference sequences as herein described allow a very simple

implementation with regular OFDM-symbol processing. See further details below.

[046] Fig. 2a is a combined flowchart and signaling scheme according to embodiments herein.

[047] Action 201. The transmitting device 12 and the receiving device 10 may be configured for a reference signal such as a BRS with repetitive reference sequences over one or more OFDM symbols. Hence, the transmitting device 12 generates a time- domain signal s of length N comprising two or more instances of the reference sequence s' arranged contiguously.

[048] Action 202. The transmitting device 12 transmits the generated time-domain signal s, such as the BRS, to the receiving device 10.

[049] Action 203. The receiving device 1 0 receives the reference signal, i.e. the time- domain signal, and performs measurements on one or more of the instances of the reference sequence in the time-domain signal for each receive-beam configuration, i.e. each receive-beam. Thus, the receiving device 10 generates an evaluation metric, such as for example a received power for each receive-beam configuration. The receiving device 10 may measure signal strength or quality of different receive-beam

configurations using one or more instances of the reference sequence during one or more OFDM symbols. [050] Action 204. The receiving device 1 0 may then select receive-beam configuration based in the generated evaluation metric. For example, the receiving device 10 may select the receive-beam configuration that provides the highest BRSRP or RSRP.

[051] The method actions performed by the receiving device 10 e.g. a UE, for selecting a receive-beam configuration for receiving signals in the OFDM system according to some embodiments will now be described with reference to a flowchart depicted in Fig. 2b. The actions do not have to be taken in the order stated below, but may be taken in any suitable order. Actions performed in some, but not necessarily all, embodiments are marked with dashed boxes.

[052] Action 211. The receiving device 1 0 receives, during one OFDM symbol period using one or more receive-beam configurations, i.e. one or more receive-beams, the time-domain signal s comprising two or more instances of the reference sequence s' arranged contiguously. Thus, the receiving device 10 receives the reference sequence repeatedly during the OFDM symbol period and may perform repeated measurements. The receiving device 10 may receive the time-domain signal s by receiving a first instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s' using a first receive-beam configuration, i.e. the first receive-beam configuration being one out of the one or more receive-beam configurations. The receiving device 10 may further receive a second instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s' using a second receive-beam configuration, i.e. the second receive-beam configuration being one out of the one or more receive-beam configurations. In some embodiments, the receiving device 10 may receive the time-domain signal s by receiving two or more instances of the reference sequence s' using the first receive-beam configuration, that is the first receive-beam configuration being one out of the one or more receive-beam configurations. [053] Action 212. The receiving device 10 generates, for each receive-beam configuration, the evaluation metric using, for each receive-beam configuration, respective ones of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'. For example, the receiving device 10 may measure signal strength or quality of different receive-beam configurations using one or more instances of the reference sequence s' during one or more OFDM symbols. Hence, the evaluations metric may be a received signal strength or quality.

[054] In some embodiments the receiving device 10 may extract a first set of time- domain samples representing the first instance of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s; and then compute a first evaluation metric for the first receive- beam configuration based on the first set of time-domain samples. Furthermore, the receiving device 10 may extract a second set of time-domain samples representing the second instance of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s; and compute a second evaluation metric for the second receive-beam configuration based on the second set of time-domain samples. Furthermore, the receiving device 10 may compute the first evaluation metric by generating a first frequency-domain reference sequence (RS), which is generated by transforming the first set of time-domain samples to a frequency-domain, and computing the first evaluation metric for the first receive- beam configuration based on the first frequency-domain reference sequence. In addition, the receiving device 10 may compute the second evaluation metric by generating a second frequency-domain reference sequence (RS), which is generated by transforming the second set of time-domain samples to the frequency-domain, and computing the second evaluation metric for the second receive-beam configuration based on the second frequency-domain reference sequence. Thus, the respective ones of the two or more instances of the reference sequence are in these embodiments one respective instance, i.e. the first and second instances respectively, of the reference sequence s'for generating the respective first and second evaluation metrics for the respective first and second receive-beam configurations.

[055] It should be noted that the first and second sets of time-domain samples may be contiguous or non-contiguous.

[056] In some embodiments the receiving device 10 may generate the evaluation metric for each receive-beam configuration by extracting a first set of time-domain samples representing a first instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s for the first receive-beam configuration, and by extracting a second set of time-domain samples representing a second instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s for the first receive-beam configuration, the second set of time-domain samples being contiguous with the first set of time-domain samples. The receiving device 10 may then add, sample by sample, the first and second sets of time-domain samples to obtain an enhanced reference sequence; and compute the evaluation metric for the first receive- beam configuration from the enhanced reference sequence. Thus, the respective ones of the two or more instances of the reference sequence are in these embodiments both instances of the reference sequence s'for generating the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration. The receiving device 10 may further compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration from the enhanced reference sequence by generating a frequency-domain reference sequence, which is generated by transforming the enhanced reference sequence to a frequency-domain forming a frequency-domain reference sequence, and computing the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the frequency-domain reference sequence.

Alternatively or additionally, the receiving device 10 may generate the evaluation metric for each receive-beam configuration by extracting a first set of time-domain samples representing a first instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s; and extracting a second set of time-domain samples representing a second instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal, the second set of samples being noncontiguous with the first set of time-domain samples. The receiving device 10 may then generate first and second frequency-domain reference sequences by transforming the first and second sets of time-domain samples to a frequency-domain. The receiving device 10 may then compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam

configuration based on the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences. Thus, in this example, the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration is generated based on two instances of the reference sequence s', i.e. the respective ones of the two or more instances comprise two instances of the reference sequence s'. The receiving device 10 may further compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences by adding corresponding values of the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences to obtain an enhanced frequency-domain reference sequence S'; and computing the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration from the enhanced frequency-domain reference sequence S'.

[057] Action 213. The receiving device 1 0 may further select a receive-beam configuration, also referred to as a selected receive-beam configuration, based on the evaluation metric. The selection may be performed after evaluating all possible receive- beam configurations, which may require that the receiving device 10 receives more than one time-domain signal during two or more OFDM symbol periods. Hence the receiving device 10 may select the receive-beam configuration out of the one or more receive- beam configurations but may also select a receive-beam configuration evaluated in a different OFDM symbol period. For example, the receiving device 10 may select a receive beam configuration based on received signal strength or quality, e.g. by selecting the receive-beam configuration with the strongest received power or quality.

[058] The receiving device 10 may then send a report to the transmitting device 12 indicating the selected receive-beam configuration and/or may use the selected receive- beam configuration when receiving data transmissions from the transmitting device 12.

[059] The method actions performed by the transmitting device 12 e.g. a base station, for transmitting reference signals in the OFDM system according to some embodiments will now be described with reference to a flowchart depicted in Fig. 2c. The actions do not have to be taken in the order stated below, but may be taken in any suitable order. Actions performed in some, but not necessarily all, embodiments are marked with dashed boxes.

[060] Action 221. The transmitting device 12 generates the time-domain signal s of length N comprising two or more instances of a reference sequence s' arranged contiguously. In some embodiments the transmitting device 12 may generate the time- domain signal s by generating a frequency-domain sequence S comprising N/n complex values, each complex value being followed by n-1 zeros, and by transforming the frequency-domain sequence S to a time-domain to generate the time-domain signal s (see fig. 4 below).

[061] Action 222. The transmitting device 12 appends a cyclic prefix to the time- domain signal s.

[062] Action 223. The transmitting device 12 transmits the time-domain signal s and the cyclic prefix in one OFDM symbol period.

[063] The present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the disclosure are shown. However, this disclosure should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout this disclosure.

[064] Figure 3a illustrates a receiving device 10, also referred to as UE or other receiving device with a multi-element antenna configured for use in a New Radio (NR), NX or 5G system. The receiving device 10 may have a set of elements to which different weights are assigned such that the combination of the signals from all elements combine constructively in a certain direction, i.e. a beam direction.

[065] The receiving device 10 comprises an antenna 105 with multiple antenna elements 110, a receiver circuit 120, a beamforming circuit 130, and a processing circuit 140. The antenna 105 receives signals transmitted by the transmitting device 12 (Figure 8). The antenna 105 may receive signals with different polarizations. The receiver circuit 120 comprises radio frequency (RF) circuits to amplify and filter the received signals and a mixer to down-convert the received signal to a baseband frequency. The receiver circuit 120 further comprises an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to sample the received baseband signals and convert the baseband signals into digital signals suitable for processing by the baseband processing circuit 140. The beamforming circuit 130 applies beamforming to the received signals to amplify desired components of the received signal and weaken unwanted components. Although shown separately in Figure 3a, the beamforming circuit 130 may be implemented as part of the receiver circuit 120 or processing circuit 140. The processing circuit 140 processes signals received by the receiving device 10. Such processing may include, for example, filtering, demodulating, equalizing, and decoding. The processing circuit 140 comprises one or more microprocessors, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof configured to operate as herein described. The processing circuit 140 may further include memory 142 for storing computer program code and data needed for operation. Memory 142 may include volatile memory such as random-access memory (RAM) for storing temporary data and non-volatile memory such as read-only memory (ROM) or Flash memory to store program instructions and permanent data.

[066] Figure3b illustrates a receiving device 10 configured to perform receive digital beamforming in the frequency domain. The receiving device 10 comprises the antenna 105 with multiple antenna elements 1 10, the receiver circuit 120 as previously described, and the processing circuit 140. The processing circuit 140 includes an FFT processor 145, the beamforming (BF) circuit 130, and a receive signal processor 150. The FFT processor 145 performs a FFT to transform the time-domain signals received from the receiver circuit 120 to the frequency domain. The processing circuit 140 further includes the memory 142, which is omitted in Figure 3b for simplicity. The beamforming circuit 130 beamforms the frequency-domain signals to amplify desired components and weaken unwanted components. In this manner, different sub-carriers can be

beamformed differently. Different beamforming may be used for different physical channels and signals. Also, if several receiving devices are multiplexed in frequency, the signals for different receiving devices can be processed with individual beamforming. Following beamforming, the frequency-domain signals are input to the receive signal processor 150 for further processing.

[067] Figure 3c illustrates the receiving device 10 configured to perform receive beamforming in the time domain. The receiving device 10 comprises the antenna 105 with multiple antenna elements 1 10, the receiver circuit 120 as previously described, and the processing circuit 140. The processing circuit 140 includes the beamforming (BF) circuit 130 preceding the FFT processor 145, and the receive signal processor 150. The processing circuit 140 further includes the memory 142, which is omitted in Figure 3c for simplicity. The beamforming circuit 130 beamforms the time-domain signals to amplify desired components and weaken unwanted components. Because the FFT is calculated after beamforming, all sub-carriers are beamformed in the same spatial direction. Following beamforming, the frequency-domain signals are input to the receive signal processor 150 for further processing.

[068] Figure 3d illustrates a receiving device 10 configured to perform analog beamforming. The receiving device 10 comprises the antenna 105 with multiple antenna elements 1 10, the receiver circuit 120, and the processing circuit 140. The receiver circuit 120 includes the beamforming circuit 130, such as an analog beamforming circuit, that beamforms the received RF signals to amplify desired components and weaken unwanted components prior to analog-to-digital conversion. The processing circuit 140 processes the beamformed signals received from the receiver circuit 120. The processing circuit 140 includes the memory 142, which is omitted in Figure 3d for simplicity.

[069] In order to implement beamforming, the receiving device 10 needs to perform measurements on known reference signals received from the transmitting device 12 such as a base station or eNB using different receive-beam configurations, evaluate the receive-beam configurations using the measurements, and select the "best" receive- beam configuration. For example, the receiving device 10 may select the receive-beam configuration that provides the highest Beam Reference Symbol Received Power (BRSRP) or Reference Signal Received power (RSRP).

[070] In exemplary embodiments of this disclosure, the transmitting device 12 transmits the time-domain signal s, also referred to herein as the time domain sequence s, which comprises the reference sequence s' repeated a predetermined number of times within the duration of one OFDM symbol period to provide more measurement opportunities for the receiving device 10. The reference sequences s' are arranged contiguously without intervening gaps or signals. The processing circuit 140 in the receiving device 10 uses the reference sequences s'to perform measurements using different receive-beam configurations and selects the "best" or preferred receive-beam configuration based on the measurements.

[071] 'Short' Reference Signal Construction

[072] Assume that the length of the FFT and Inverse FFT (IFFT) used in the system to convert between the time domain and the frequency domain for each OFDM symbol is N. For example, N = 2048 is a typical assumption for the 5G. The actual duration of the time-domain symbol, or equivalently, the total bandwidth in the frequency domain, is irrelevant for the subsequent description. However, it is assumed that it is suitably chosen so that the Λ/ time samples correspond to a desired OFDM symbol duration, or equivalently, appropriate subcarrier spacing. Further assume that a short time-domain reference sequence s' is desired that can be repeated exactly n times over the duration of the OFDM-symbol to create the time-domain signal s = [s' s' ... s']. A typical value of n would be 2, 4 or 8. However, any integer value of n works.

[073] Figure 4 illustrates one technique for generating the time-domain signal s. The construction of s is most easily achieved in the frequency-domain. Assume, for example, that the following complex numbers define S'= [ v v ₂ , v ₃ ,...v _N/n ] up to the length of N/n in the frequency domain. The transmitting device 12 may create the vector S = [ V _j , 0, 0,0, v ₂ ,0, 0,0, v ₃ ,0, 0,0,...v _N/n , 0,0,0 ], where n - 1 zeros are inserted between every value from S'. In this example, n = 4 is used. The transmitting device 12 transforms S to the time domain using the /V-sized IFFT already utilized in the system to obtain the time- domain signal s, which contains the short time-domain reference sequence s'that is repeated n times over the duration of the OFDM-symbol. Because the construction of S is performed in the frequency domain, it is easy to design reference signals with desired properties. For example, different sequences S' can be chosen such that they are orthogonal. Hence, it is possible to transmit several different vectors S at the same time, e.g. from different transmission points, that are resolvable at the receiving devices.

[074] A beneficial feature of this approach is the fact that the reference sequences s' are concatenated in time without adding any cyclic prefix for the individual reference sequences. One benefit of this construction is that each reference sequence s' serves as a cyclic prefix for the next reference sequence s' if any. Using the construction method described above generates a size-A/ time-domain signal s. If this signal is passed along the normal processing path of the OFDM-based system a cyclic prefix (CP) will be appended resulting in the time-domain signal shown in Figure 5. Hence, the resulting time-domain signal being sent over the air contains a prefix that holds a number of the last samples of the reference sequence s'. It will be clear below that this has the benefit of providing the first occurrence of the reference sequence s'with a cyclic prefix.

[075] Receiving device operation

[076] The task of the receiving device 10 is to evaluate as many receive-beam configurations as possible on the reference sequences s' and select one of the available receive-beam configurations. The beamforming circuit 130 in the receiving device 10 may apply one or more receive-beam configurations to the reference sequences s' in the received time-domain signal s. In some embodiments, the beamforming circuit 130 applies different receive-beam configurations to different instances of the reference sequence s' in the time-domain signal s. In other embodiments, the beamforming circuit 130 applies the same receive-beam configuration to two or more instances of the reference sequence s' in the time-domain signal s.

[077] To perform a measurement using the reference sequence s', the receiving device 10 may extract the first N/n samples from the received time-domain signal (ignoring for the moment the cyclic prefix) and may apply an /V/n-point FFT. Assuming no

interference, this procedure will yield the sequence S' scaled by a factor of Mn. Hence, by applying a much shorter FFT, the receiving device 10 is able to extract an estimate of the short sequence S' and can now proceed to evaluate this particular receive-beam configuration, e.g., based on the energy content of the signal. In the case when several orthogonal versions of S' have been transmitted simultaneously, correlation with all possible versions must first be performed.

[078] If the interference on the channel is strong, the energy gathered by extracting only one reference sequence s ' may not be sufficient. Because the exact same short reference sequence s' is repeated in the time domain, the next N/n samples in the time- domain signal s may be added sample-by-sample to the first N/n samples, thus increasing the received signal energy. Any number of the available n repetitions of s' that are available may be added. This becomes a flexible trade-off between gathering enough signal energy to make a reliable evaluation of a particular receive-beam configuration and trying as many configurations as possible using the time-domain signal s. The number of short reference sequences s' to add before evaluating the receive- beam configuration may be configurable by the transmitting device 12 or adaptively adjusted by the receiving device 10 depending on, e.g., received signal energy. This is one benefit of using a repeated sequence s' as a reference signal.

[079] Another benefit derives from the observation that each short reference sequence s' acts as a long cyclic prefix to the next; long in the sense that the entire s' is present as a cyclic prefix, not just part of s'. In fact, extracting any N/n consecutive time-domain samples from s will give you all the samples from s' exactly once. Hence, it is actually irrelevant where the last sample of one copy of s' is located and the first sample of the next follows. As long as chunks of N/n consecutive samples are extracted each time without gaps in-between the chunks, the method described above works. In light of this, the cyclic prefix that the regular OFDM-processing adds at the beginning of s makes the time-synchronization necessary when extracting s' no more critical than when processing regular OFDM-symbols.

[080] In case the receiving device 10 is only interested in the power content of the received reference signal, and not a channel estimate, there is an alternative processing approach that gives only the magnitude, but not the phase, of the received sequence s'. It stems from the observation that you can extract m <= n sequences of length N/n with arbitrary gaps between them as long as you fit all m sequences inside s. Since any extraction of length N/n consecutive samples contains the reference sequence s', with the first sample depending on where the extraction begins, it will always contain the same power content. Hence, the absolute values of its FFT-terms will be identical. The phase values of the FFT-terms will of course vary depending on which sample is at the beginning of the extracted sequence.

[081] This approach allows for switching receive-beam configuration while skipping a few samples, if necessary. For example, the receiving device 10 may extract s'i from the N/n first samples of the received time-domain signal, then skip enough samples, say k, to allow switching to the next receive-beam configuration, and extract s'2 from the next N/n samples. This approach is illustrated in Figure 6 where s'i is extracted starting from the first sample of s. However, the extraction could just as well start earlier inside the cyclic prefix, or later inside s. With this approach, the FFTs resulting from the different instances or repetitions of s'i can be added sample-by-sample to increase the received energy in the frequency-domain, but the different instances of the reference sequence s'i cannot be added sample-by-sample in the time-domain since they contain different cyclic shifts of s'.

[082] The A/-point FFT can also be used with only N/n values (one extracted s) for conversion to the frequency-domain. This may be attractive if there is a hardware accelerator available for this FFT-size. Then simply set the time-domain samples outside of s'to zeros prior to applying the A/-point FFT. By then extracting every n:th value from that conversion S is obtained. Using the smaller FFT size, however, enables the receiving device 10 to begin processing and evaluating the first reference sequence s' as soon as the first N/n samples are received. Hence, the processing can be more pipelined compared to the case where an N-point FFT is used.

[083] Figure 7a illustrates a method of receiving signals implemented by a receiving device 10 or other receiver in a wireless communication network. The receiving device 10 receives, during one OFDM symbol period using one or more receive-beam configurations, a time-domain signal s comprising two or more instances or repetitions of a reference sequence s' arranged contiguously (block 701 ). For each receive-beam configuration, the receiving device 10 generates an evaluation metric using respective ones of the repetitions of the reference sequence s' (block 702). For example, the receiving device 10 may compute a Beam Reference Symbol Received Power (BRSRP) or Reference Signal Received power (RSRP) for each reference sequence. The receiving device 10 selects a receive-beam configuration based on the evaluation metrics (block 703). The receiving device 10 then receives a transmission from the transmitting device 12, e.g. a base station, using the selected receive-beam

configuration (block 704). For example, the receiving device 10 may select the receive- beam configuration that provides the highest Beam Reference Symbol Received Power (BRSRP) or Reference Signal Received power (RSRP).

[084] In one exemplary embodiment, the receiving device 10 receives a first repetition of the reference sequence s' using a first receive-beam configuration and receives a second repetition of the reference sequence s' using a second receive-beam

configuration. To generate evaluation metrics, the receiving device 10 extracts a first set of samples representing the first repetition of the reference sequence s'from the time- domain signal s and generates a first evaluation metric from the first set of samples. The receiving device 10 further extracts a second set of samples representing the second repetition of the reference sequence s' from the time-domain signal s. The first and second sets of samples may be contiguous or non-contiguous, thus, the first and second sets of samples may follow each other without a "gap" or there may be a gap of a few samples between the first and second sets. The samples inside the first and second sets are contiguous, meaning that one sample follows on the other without gaps within a set. The receiving device 10 computes the first evaluation metric using the first set of time-domain samples and computes a second evaluation metric using the second set of time-domain samples. The first and second evaluation metrics may be computed, for example, by transforming the first and second sets of time-domain samples to the frequency domain to obtain first and second frequency-domain reference sequences, and computing the first and second evaluation metrics based on the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences respectively.

[085] In one exemplary embodiment, the receiving device 10 receives two or more instances or repetitions of the reference sequence s' using one receive-beam

configuration. To generate evaluation metrics, the receiving device 10 extracts a first set of samples representing a first repetition of the reference sequence s' from the time- domain signal s. The receiving device 10 further extracts a second set of samples representing a second repetition of the reference sequence s' from the time-domain signal, which is contiguous with the first set of time-domain samples. The receiving device 10 adds, sample by sample, the first and second sets of time-domain samples to obtain an enhanced reference sequence and computes an evaluation metric for a receive-beam configuration from the enhanced reference sequence. In one

embodiment, the receiving device 10 may transform the enhanced reference sequence from the time domain to the frequency domain to obtain a frequency-domain reference sequence and may compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the frequency-domain reference sequence e.g. to measure power content.

[086] In another exemplary embodiment, the receiving device 10 receives two or more repetitions of the reference sequence s' using one receive-beam configuration. To generate evaluation metrics, the receiving device 10 extracts a first set of samples representing a first repetition of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s. The receiving device 10 further extracts a second set of samples representing a second repetition of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s. The second set of time-domain samples is non-contiguous with the first set of time-domain samples. The receiving device 10 generates first and second frequency-domain reference sequences by transforming the first and second sets of time-domain samples to the frequency- domain, and computes the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences. In one embodiment, when there is no gap in-between the extracted first and second frequency- domain reference sequences, that is, if they are contiguous, the receiving device 10 adds corresponding values of the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences to obtain an enhanced frequency-domain reference sequence S', and computes an evaluation metric for a receive-beam configuration from the enhanced frequency-domain reference sequence S'.

[087] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the receiving device 10 may evaluate one or more receive-beam configurations in one symbol period. In some scenarios, it will not be possible to evaluate all receive-beam configurations in one symbol period. Therefore, the receiving device 10 may need to evaluate receive-beam configurations over multiple OFDM symbol periods. Using short reference sequences, however, reduces the number of symbol periods required to evaluate all possible receive-beam configurations. For example, assume that there are four short frequency sequences within one OFDM-symbol. The signal-strength situation dictates that two short frequency sequences are needed to evaluate a given receive-beam configuration. With one radio two Rx-beams per OFDM-symbol may be evaluated. If the receiving device 10 has a total of 10 possible receive-beam configurations, five OFDM-symbols are in total needed to evaluate all possible receive-beam configurations. According to conventional teaching a receiving device may only evaluate one receive-beam configuration per OFDM- symbol, which means that it would take twice as long to evaluate all alternatives.

[088] In some embodiments, it may be possible to receive simultaneously using two or more receive-beam configurations, e.g. using parallel radios. In this case, a single instance or repetition of the reference sequence s' may be received using two or more receive-beam configurations. Thus, one instance of the reference sequence s' may be used to evaluate two or more receive-beam configuration, which further reduces the time required to evaluate all possible receive-beam configurations.

[089] The processing circuit 140 of the receiving device 10, as previously noted, includes a memory 142 (Figure 3a) or other non-transitory storage device that stores computer program code needed for operation. The memory 142 stores computer program code, that when executed by the processing circuit 140, causes the receiving device 10 to perform the methods herein described. In one embodiment, the program code, when executed by the processing circuit 140 in the receiving device 10, causes the receiving device 10 to receive, during one OFDM symbol period using one or more receive-beam configurations, a time-domain signal s comprising two or more repetitions of a reference sequence s' arranged contiguously; and for each receive-beam configuration, generate an evaluation metric using respective ones of the repetitions of the reference sequence s'; select a receive-beam configuration based on the evaluation metric(s); and receive a transmission from the transmitting device 12, e.g. a base station, using the selected receive-beam configuration. [090] Transmitting device Operation

[091] Figure 7b illustrates an exemplary method implemented by the transmitting device 12 of transmitting reference signals to the receiving device 10 in the wireless communication system using OFDM. The reference signals are used by the receiving device 10 to evaluate a number of different receive-beam configurations. The transmitting device 12 generates the time-domain signal s comprising two or more instances or repetitions of the reference sequence s' arranged contiguously (block 711 ). In one embodiment, the transmitting device 12 generates the frequency-domain sequence S comprising N/n complex values, each followed by n-1 zeros, and performs the IFFT on the frequency-domain sequence S to obtain the time-domain signal s. The transmitting device 12 appends the cyclic prefix to the time-domain signal s (block 712). The transmitting device 12 then transmits the time-domain reference sequence s with the cyclic prefix in one OFDM symbol period (block 713).

[092] Figure 8 illustrates an exemplary transmitting device 12 or base station according to one embodiment. The transmitting device 12 may comprise a processing circuit 810, a transmitter circuit 820, and one or more antennas 840. The transmitting device 12 may also optionally include a transmit beamforming circuit 830 for beamforming transmitted signals. The processing circuit 810 comprises one or more microprocessors, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof configured to operate as herein described. The processing circuit 810 is configured to generate transmit signals to be transmitted to the receiving device 10 including the time-domain signal s that is used by the receiving device 10 to perform measurements for selecting the receive- beam configuration. The transmitter circuit 820 comprises RF circuitry for up-converting the transmit signals to the desired transmit frequency and amplifying the transmit signals, which are transmitted to the receiving device 10 by one or more antennas 840. The antenna 840 may comprise a beamforming antenna having multiple antenna elements 845. The beamforming circuit 830, if present, applies beamforming to the transmitted signals.

[093] The processing circuit 810 may further include memory 812 for storing computer program code and data needed for operation. Memory 812 may include volatile memory such as random-access memory (RAM) for storing temporary data and non-volatile memory such as read-only memory (ROM) or Flash memory to store program instructions and permanent data. The memory 812 (Figure 8) stores computer program code that when executed by the processing circuit 810, causes the transmitting device 12 to perform the methods herein described. In one embodiment, the program code, when executed by the processing circuit 810, causes the transmitting device 12 to generate a time-domain signal s of length n comprising two or more repetitions of the reference sequence s' arranged contiguously, append the cyclic prefix to the time- domain signal s; and transmit the time-domain reference sequence and cyclic prefix in one OFDM symbol period.

[094] Figure 9 is a block diagram depicting the receiving device 10, such as a UE, for selecting the receive-beam configuration for receiving signals in the OFDM system.

[095] The receiving device 10 may comprise a processing circuitry 901 , e.g. one or more processors, configured to perform the methods herein.

[096] The receiving device 10 may comprise a receiving module 902, e.g. a receiver or a transceiver. The receiving device 10, the processing circuitry 901 , and/or the receiving module 902 is configured to receive, during one OFDM symbol period using one or more receive-beam configurations, the time-domain signal s comprising two or more instances of the reference sequence s' arranged contiguously. The receiving device 10, the processing circuitry 901 , and/or the receiving module 902 may be configured to receive the time-domain signal s by being configured to receive the first instance of the reference sequence s' using the first receive-beam configuration; and to receive the second instance of the reference sequence s' using the second receive- beam configuration. The receiving device 10, the processing circuitry 901 , and/or the receiving module 902 being configured to receive the time-domain signal s may comprise being configured to receive two or more instances of the reference sequence s' using the first receive-beam configuration.

[097] The receiving device 10 may comprise a generating module 903. The receiving device 10, the processing circuitry 901 , and/or the generating module 903 is configured to, for each receive-beam configuration, generate an evaluation metric using, for each receive-beam configuration, respective ones of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'. The receiving device 10, the processing circuitry 901 , and/or the generating module 903 may be configured to generate the evaluation metric for each receive-beam configuration by being configured to: extract the first set of time-domain samples representing the first instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s; compute the first evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the first set of time-domain samples; extract the second set of time-domain samples representing the second instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s; and to compute the second evaluation metric for the second receive-beam configuration based on the second set of time-domain samples. The receiving device 10, the processing circuitry 901 , and/or the generating module 903 being configured to compute the first and second evaluation metrics may comprise being configured to: generate the first frequency-domain reference sequence by transforming the first set of time-domain samples to a frequency-domain; compute the first evaluation metric for the first receive- beam configuration based on the first frequency-domain reference sequence; generate the second frequency-domain reference sequence by transforming the second set of time-domain samples to the frequency-domain; and to compute the second evaluation metric for the second receive-beam configuration based on the second frequency- domain reference sequence. The first and second sets of time-domain samples may be contiguous or non-contiguous.

Alternatively or additionally, the receiving device 10, the processing circuitry 901 , and/or the generating module 903 may be configured to generate the evaluation metric for each receive-beam configuration by being configured to: extract the first set of time-domain samples representing the first instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s; extract the second set of time-domain samples representing the second instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s' from the time-domain signal s, the second set of time-domain samples being contiguous with the first set of time-domain samples; add, sample by sample, the first and second sets of time-domain samples to obtain the enhanced reference sequence; and to compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration from the enhanced reference sequence. The receiving device 10, the processing circuitry 901 , and/or the generating module 903 may further be configured to compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration from the enhanced reference sequence by being configured to: generate the frequency-domain reference sequence by transforming the enhanced reference sequence to the frequency- domain forming the frequency-domain reference sequence; and to compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the frequency-domain reference sequence.

Alternatively or additionally, the receiving device 10, the processing circuitry 901 , and/or the generating module 903 may be configured to generate the evaluation metric for each receive-beam configuration by being configured to: extract the first set of time-domain samples representing the first instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s; extract the second set of time-domain samples representing the second instance out of the two or more instances of the reference sequence s' from the time-domain signal, the second set of samples being non-contiguous with the first set of time-domain samples; generate the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences by transforming the first and second sets of time-domain samples to the frequency-domain; and to compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences. The receiving device 10, the processing circuitry 901 , and/or the generating module 903 may further be configured to compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences by being configured to: add corresponding values of the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences to obtain the enhanced frequency- domain reference sequence S'; and to compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration from the enhanced frequency-domain reference sequence S'.

[098] The receiving device 10 may comprise a selecting module 904. The receiving device 10, the processing circuitry 901 , and/or the selecting module 904 is configured to select the receive-beam configuration based on the evaluation metric.

[099] The receiving device 10 further comprises a memory 905. The memory comprises one or more units to be used to store data on, such as receive-beam configurations, reference sequences, signal strengths and/or qualities, evaluation metrics, applications to perform the methods disclosed herein when being executed, and similar.

[0100] The methods according to the embodiments described herein for the receiving device 10 may respectively be implemented by means of e.g. a computer program 906 or a computer program product, comprising instructions, i.e., software code portions, which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the actions described herein, as performed by the receiving device 10. The computer program 906 may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium 907, e.g. a disc or similar. The computer-readable storage medium 907, having stored thereon the computer program, may comprise the instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the actions described herein, as performed by the receiving device 10. In some embodiments, the computer-readable storage medium may be a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium.

[0101] According to some embodiments herein, it is herein disclosed a receiving device capable of receiving signals using one or more receive-beam configurations, said receiving device may comprise:

a receiver circuit configured to receive, during one OFDM symbol period, a time- domain signal s comprising two or more instances of a reference sequence s' arranged contiguously;

a beamforming circuit configured to apply one or more receive-beam

configurations to respective reference sequences in the received time domain signal s; and

a processing circuit configured to:

for each receive-beam configuration, generate an evaluation metric using respective ones of the instances of the reference sequence s'; and select a receive-beam configuration based on the evaluation metric(s).

[0102] It is herein disclosed the receiving device embodied herein, wherein the beamforming circuit may be configured to apply a first receive-beam configuration to a first instance of the reference sequence s' and to apply a second receive beam configuration to a second instance of the reference sequence s' [0103] It is herein disclosed the receiving device embodied herein, wherein, to generate an evaluation metric for each receive-beam configuration, the processing circuit may be configured to:

extract a first set of time-domain samples representing the first instance of the reference sequence s' from the time-domain signal s;

compute a first evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the first set of time-domain samples;

extract a second set of time-domain samples representing the second instance of the reference sequence s' from the time-domain signal s; and compute a second evaluation metric for the second receive-beam configuration based on the second set of time-domain samples.

[0104] It is herein disclosed the receiving device embodied herein, wherein, to compute the first and second evaluation metrics, the processing circuit may be configured to: generate a first frequency-domain reference sequence by transforming the first set of time-domain samples to the frequency-domain;

compute the first evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the first frequency-domain reference sequence;

generate a second frequency-domain reference sequence by transforming the second set of time-domain samples to the frequency-domain; and compute the second evaluation metric for the second receive-beam configuration based on the second frequency-domain reference sequence.

[0105] It is herein disclosed the receiving device embodied herein, wherein the first and second sets of time-domain samples may be contiguous.

[0106] It is herein disclosed the receiving device embodied herein, wherein the first and second sets of time-domain samples may be non-contiguous. [0107] It is herein disclosed the receiving device embodied herein, wherein the beamforming circuit may be configured to apply a first receive-beam configuration to two or more instances of the reference sequence.

[0108] It is herein disclosed the receiving device embodied herein, wherein, to generate the evaluation metric for each receive-beam configuration, the processing circuit may be configured to:

extract a first set of time-domain samples representing a first instance of the reference sequence s' from the time-domain signal s;

extract a second set of samples representing a second instance of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal s, the second set of time-domain samples being contiguous with the first set of time-domain samples; add, sample by sample, the first and second sets of time-domain samples to obtain an enhanced reference sequence; and

compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration from the enhanced reference sequence.

[0109] It is herein disclosed the receiving device embodied herein, wherein, to compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration from the enhanced reference sequence, the processing circuit may be configured to:

generate a frequency-domain reference sequence by transforming the enhanced reference sequence to the frequency-domain; and

compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the frequency-domain reference sequence.

[0110] It is herein disclosed the receiving device embodied herein, wherein, to generate the evaluation metric for each receive-beam configuration, the processing circuit may be configured to: extract a first set of time-domain samples representing a first instance of the reference sequence s' from the time-domain signal s;

extract a second set of samples representing a second instance of the reference sequence s'from the time-domain signal, the second set of samples being non-contiguous with the first set of time-domain samples;

generate first and second frequency-domain reference sequences by

transforming the first and second sets of time-domain samples to the frequency-domain; and

compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences.

[0111] It is herein disclosed the receiving device embodied herein, wherein, to compute the evaluation metric for the first receive-beam configuration based on the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences, the processing circuit may be configured to:

add corresponding values of the first and second frequency-domain reference sequences to obtain an enhanced frequency-domain reference sequence; and

compute an evaluation metric for a receive-beam configuration from the

enhanced frequency-domain reference sequence.

[0112] Fig. 10 is a block diagram depicting the transmitting device 12, e.g. a base station, for transmitting reference signals in the OFDM system.

[0113] The transmitting device 12 may comprise a processing circuitry 1001 , e.g. one or more processors, being configured to perform the methods herein.

[0114] The transmitting device 12 may comprise a generating module 1002. The transmitting device 12, the processing circuitry 1001 , and/or the generating module 1002 is configured to generate the time-domain signal s of length N comprising two or more instances of the reference sequence s' arranged contiguously. The transmitting device 12, the processing circuitry 1001 , and/or the generating module 1002 may be configured to generate the time-domain signal s by being configured to: generate the frequency- domain sequence S comprising N/n complex values, each complex value being followed by n-1 zeros; and to transform the frequency-domain sequence S to the time-domain to generate the time-domain signal s.

[0115] The transmitting device 12 may comprise an appending module 1003. The transmitting device 12, the processing circuitry 1001 , and/or the appending module 1003 is configured to append the cyclic prefix to the time-domain signal s.

[0116] The transmitting device 12 may comprise a transmitting module 1004. The transmitting device 12, the processing circuitry 1001 , and/or the transmitting module 1004 is configured to transmit the time-domain signal s and the cyclic prefix in one OFDM symbol period.

[0117] The transmitting device 12 further comprises a memory 1005. The memory comprises one or more units to be used to store data on, such as reference sequences, signal strengths and/or qualities, cyclic prefix, applications to perform the methods disclosed herein when being executed, and similar.

[0118] The methods according to the embodiments described herein for the transmitting device 12 are respectively implemented by means of e.g. a computer program 1006 or a computer program product, comprising instructions, i.e., software code portions, which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the actions described herein, as performed by the transmitting device 12. The computer program 1006 may be stored on a computer-readable storage medium 1007, e.g. a disc or similar. The computer-readable storage medium 1007, having stored thereon the computer program, may comprise the instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the actions described herein, as performed by the transmitting device 12. In some embodiments, the computer-readable storage medium may be a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium.

[0119] It is herein disclosed the transmitting device in the OFDM system, said transmitting device may comprise:

a processing circuit to generate signals to be transmitted, said processing circuit configured to:

generate a time-domain signal s of length N comprising two or more

repetitions of a reference sequence s' arranged contiguously; append a cyclic prefix to the time-domain signal s; and

a transmitter configured to transmit the time-domain signal and cyclic prefix in one OFDM symbol period.

[0120] It is herein disclosed the transmitting device embodied herein, wherein, to generate the time-domain signal s, the processing circuit may be configured to:

generate a frequency-domain sequence S comprising N/n complex values, each complex value being followed by n-1 zeros; and

transform the frequency-domain sequence S to the time-domain to obtain the time-domain signal s.

[0121] The present disclosure relates to receive-beamforming techniques that may be implemented at the receiving device or anther receiver having a beamforming antenna with multiple antenna elements. The transmitting device 12 transmits the time-domain signal comprising the reference sequence repeated a predetermined number of times within the duration of one or more OFDM symbol periods to provide more measurement opportunities for the receiving device 10. The receiving device 10 uses the reference sequences to perform measurements using different receive-beam configurations and may select a "best" or preferred receive-beam configuration e.g. in terms of signal strength or quality. [0122] The previous detailed description is merely illustrative in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, or the application and uses of the present disclosure. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding field of use, background, summary, or detailed description. The present disclosure provides various examples, embodiments and the like, which may be described herein in terms of functional or logical block elements. The various aspects described herein are presented as methods, devices (or apparatus), systems, or articles of manufacture that may include a number of components, elements, members, modules, nodes, peripherals, or the like. Further, these methods, devices, systems, or articles of manufacture may include or not include additional components, elements, members, modules, nodes, peripherals, or the like.

[0123] Furthermore, the various aspects described herein may be implemented using standard programming or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware (e.g., circuits), or any combination thereof to control a computing device to implement the disclosed subject matter. It will be appreciated that some embodiments may be comprised of one or more generic or specialized processors such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, customized processors and field- programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and unique stored program instructions (including both software and firmware) that control the one or more processors to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions of the methods, devices and systems described herein. Alternatively, some or all functions could be implemented by a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of certain of the functions are implemented as custom logic circuits. Of course, a combination of the two approaches may be used. Further, it is expected that one of ordinary skill, notwithstanding possibly significant effort and many design choices motivated by, for example, available time, current technology, and economic considerations, when guided by the concepts and principles disclosed herein will be readily capable of generating such software instructions and programs and ICs with minimal experimentation.

[0124] Throughout the specification and the embodiments, the following terms take at least the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Relational terms such as "first" and "second," and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The term "or" is intended to mean an inclusive "or" unless specified otherwise or clear from the context to be directed to an exclusive form. Further, the terms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to mean one or more unless specified otherwise or clear from the context to be directed to a singular form. The term "include" and its various forms are intended to mean including but not limited to. References to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "example embodiment," "various embodiments," and other like terms indicate that the embodiments of the disclosed technology so described may include a particular function, feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes the particular function, feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated use of the phrase "in one embodiment" does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although it may. The terms "substantially," "essentially," "approximately," "about" or any other version thereof, are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting embodiment the term is defined to be within 10%, in another embodiment within 5%, in another embodiment within 1 % and in another embodiment within 0.5%. A device or structure that is "configured" in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but may also be configured in ways that are not listed. [0125] It will be appreciated that the foregoing description and the accompanying drawings represent non-limiting examples of the methods and apparatus taught herein. As such, the apparatus and techniques taught herein are not limited by the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Instead, the embodiments herein are limited only by the following claims and their legal equivalents.