RECOMBINANT HOST CELLS AND PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING 1,3-BUTADIENE THROUGH A CROTONOL INTERMEDIATE

1. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates to recombinant host cells comprising one or more recombinant polynucleotides encoding enzymes in select pathways that provide the ability to use the cells to produce 1,3 -butadiene, and the methods of manufacture of the cells, and methods of use of the cells for the production of 1,3-hutadiene.

2. REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] The official copy of the Sequence Listing is submitted concurrently with the specification as an ASCII formatted text file via EFS-Web, with a file name of "CX5-115USPi .txt", a creation date of March 1, 2012, and a size of 17,649 bytes. The Sequence Listing filed via EFS-Web is part of the specification and is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.

3. BACKGROUND

[0003] 1 ,3-butadiene (also referred to herein as "butadiene") is a feedstock chemical used in the production synthetic rubbers, polymer resins, and other industrially important chemicals such as hexamethylenediamine, and adipidonitrile. Currently, nearly all of the 25 billion pounds of 1 ,3- butadiene produced annually is made by steam-cracking of non-renewable petroleum feedstock chemicals. Accordingly, there is a need for alternative processes that could produce 1,3-butadiene from renewable non-petroleum feedstock chemicals such as sugars (e.g., molasses, sugar cane juice), and particularly, from sugar compositions obtained from non-food cellulosic biomass sources (e.g., sugar cane bagasse, corn stover, wheat straw).

[0004] US2011/0300597A1 discloses non-naturally occurring microbial organisms containing butadiene pathways comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a butadiene pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce butadiene. US2011/0300597A1 proposes, among other pathways, an engineered butadiene pathway that includes a crotonol intermediate which is formed through a 2-step reduction of crotonyl-CoA to crotonol through crotonaidehyde using a supposed crotonaidehyde reductase enzyme (see e.g., at Fig. 2, Step K, and paragraph [0 ! 57]).

US201 1 /0300597A 1 further proposes that the crotonol must be activated as the pyrophosphate in two steps with two different kinase enzymes to 2-butenyl-4-diphosphate before it can be converted to butadiene using isoprene synthase (see e.g., Fig. 2, Steps F, G, and H, and paragraphs [0134]-[0140j).

[0005] US2012/0021478A1 discloses non-naturally occurring microbial organisms containing butadiene pathways comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a butadiene pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce butadiene. US2012/0021478A1 proposes, among other pathways, an engineered butadiene pathway in which a 3,5-dihydroxypentanoate and/or a 5- hydroxypent-2-enoate intermediate Is formed and then decarboxylated by a supposed 3-hydroxyacid decarboxylase to form 3-butene-l-ol. The 3-butene-l-ol is subsequently dehydrated by a supposed 3- butene-l -ol dehydrogenase or a chemical catalyst to provide butadiene (see e.g., Figs. 17 and 21, and paragraphs [0521]-[0523] and [05291-Γ0531 ]).

4. SUMMARY

[0006] The present disclosure fulfills a need in the art by providing recombinant host cells that comprise an engineered pathway of enzymes as depicted in FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 2. The engineered pathway of enzymes are capable of catalyzing the series of conversions of substrate to product as depicted in FIG. I and/or FIG. 2, and the enzyme are encoded by one or more recombinant polynucleotides.

[0007] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a recombinant host cell capable of producing crotonoi, the host cell comprising: (a) a recombinant polynucleotide encoding a FAR enzyme capable of converting crotonyl-CoA and/or crotonyl-ACP to crotonoi. In certain embodiments, the host cell farther is capable of producing 1 ,3 -butadiene and further comprises: (b) a recombinant polynucleotide encoding an enzyme capable of converting crotonoi to but-2-enyl phosphate; and (c) a recombinant polynucleotide encoding an enzyme capable of converting but-2- enyi phosphate to 1,3-butadiene,

[0008] In some embodiments of the recombinant host cell, the recombinant polynucleotide encoding tire FAR enzyme comprises one or more nucleotide sequence differences relative to the corresponding naturally occurring polynucleotide, which result in an improved property selected from: (a) increased activity of the FAR enzyme in the conversion of crotonyl-CoA (or --ACP) to crotonoi; (b) increased expression of the FAR enzyme; (c) increased host ceil tolerance of acetyi-CoA, aceioacetyl-Co , malonyl-CoA, malonyl-ACP, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, acetoacetyl-ACP, crotonyl-CoA, crotonyl-ACP, crotonoi, but-2-enyl phosphate, or 1,3-butadiene; or (d) altered host cell concentration of acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, malonyl-ACP, 3 -hydroxy butyryl-CoA, acetoacetyl-ACP, crotonyl- CoA, crotonyl-ACP, crotonoi, but-2-enyi phosphate, or 1,3-butadiene.

[0009] In further embodiments of the recombinant host cell, the recombinant polynucleotide encoding an FAR enzyme comprises a polynucleotide sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more, identity to a sequence encoding any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, and 4, or which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide sequence encoding any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, and 4. In some embodiments, the FAR enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more, identity to an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, and 4.

[0010] In some embodiments of the recombinant host cell, the FAR enzyme capable of converting crotonyl-CoA to crotonoi is the next enzyme in a pathway of enzymes catalyzing a series of conversions: (i) acetyl-CoA to acetoaeetyl-CoA; (ii) acetoacetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA; and (iii) 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA. in some embodiments of the recombinant host cell, the FAR enzyme capable of converting crotonyl-CoA to crotonol is the next enzyme in a pathway of enzymes catalyzing the series of conversions: (i) acetyl-CoA to malonyl-Co ; (i i) malonyl-CoA to malonyl-ACP; (iii) malonyl-ACP to acetoacetyi-ACP; (iv) acetoacetyi-ACP to 3-hydroxybutyryl- ACP; and (v) 3-hydroxybutyryl-ACP to crotonyl-ACP.

[0011] in some embodiments of the recombinant host cell, the FAR enzyme capable of converting crotonyl-CoA to crotonol is the next enzyme in a pathway comprising the series of enzymes: (i) acetoacyl-CoA thiolase; (ii) acetoacetyl-CoA reductase: and (iii) a crotonase or dehydratase having activity on longer chain β-keto-acyl-CoA. in some embodiments of the recombinant host cell, the FAR enzyme capable of converting crotonyl-CoA to crotonol is the next enzyme in a pathway comprising the series of enzymes: (i) acetyl-CoA carboxylase; (ii) ACP-malonyi transferase; (iii) β- keto-acyl-ACP synthase; (iv) acetoacetyi-ACP reductase; and (v) 3-hydroxybutyryi-ACP dehydratase.

[0012] in some embodiments, the recombinant host cell comprises an alcohol kinase enzyme capable of converting crotonol to but-2-enyl phosphate, wherein the recombinant polynucleotide encoding the enzyme capable of converting crotonol to but-2-enyl phosphate comprises one or more nucleotide sequence differences relative to the corresponding naturally occurring polynucleotide, which result in an improved property selected from: (a) increased activity in the conversion of crotonol to but-2-enyl phosphate; (b) increased expression; (c) increased host cell tolerance of acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, malonyl-ACP, 3-hydroxyhutyryl-CoA, acetoacetyi-ACP, crotonyl-CoA, crotonyl-ACP, crotonol, but-2-enyl phosphate, or 1 ,3-butadiene; or (d) altered host cell concentration of acetyl -CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, malonyi-ACP, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, acetoacetyi-ACP, crotonyl- CoA, crotonyl-ACP, crotonol, but-2-enyt phosphate, or 1,3-butadiene.

[0 13] in some embodiments, the recombinant host cell comprises a terpene synthase enzyme capable of converting but-2-enyl phosphate to 1,3-butadiene, wherein the recombinant polynucleotide encoding the enzyme capable of converting but-2-enyl phosphate to 1 ,3-butadiene comprises one or more nucleotide sequence differences relative to the corresponding naturally occurring

polynucleotide, which result in an improved property selected from: (a) increased activity in the conversion of but-2-enyl phosphate to 1,3 -butadiene; (b) increased expression; (c) increased host cell tolerance of acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, rnaionyl-CoA, malonyl-ACP, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, acetoacetyi-ACP, crotonyl-CoA, crotonyl-ACP, crotonol, bui-2-enyl phosphate, or 1,3-butadiene; or (d) altered host cell concentration of acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, malonyl-ACP, 3- hydroxybutyryl-CoA, acetoacetyi-ACP, crotonyl-CoA, crotonyl-ACP, crotonol, but-2-enyl phosphate, or 1,3-butadiene.

[0014] In some embodiments, the recombinant host ceil further comprises one or more recombinant polynucleotides encoding one or more enzymes selected from: (i) acetoacyl-CoA thiolase; (ii) acetyl- CoA carboxylase; (iii) ACP-malonyl transferase; (iv) β-keto-acyl-ACP synthase; (v) acetoace1yl-CoA reductase; (vii) acetoacety!-ACP reductase; (viii) crotonase or other dehydratase; or (viii) 3- hydroxybutyryl-ACP dehydratase. In some embodime nts, any one of these one or more recombinant polynucleotides comprise one or more nucleotide sequence differences relative to the corresponding naturally occurring polynucleotide, which result in an improved property selected from: (a) altered activity of an encoded enzyme; (b) altered expression of an encoded enzyme; (c) increased host ceil tolerance of a compound selected from: acetyl-CoA, acetoaceiyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, malonyl-ACP, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, aceioaceiyl-ACP, crotonyl-CoA, crotonyl-ACP, crotonol, or 1,3 -butadiene; and (d) altered host cell concentration of a compound selected from: acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, malonyl-ACP, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, aceloacetyl-ACP, crotonyl-CoA, crotonyl-ACP, crotonol, or 1,3-buiadiene.

[0015] in some embodiments of the recombinant host cell, the host cell is capable of producing crotonol and/or 1,3-butadiene by fermentation of a carbon source, wherein the carbon source is a fermentable sugar. In some embodiments, the fermentable sugar is glucose, in some embodiments, the fermentable is obtained from a cellulosic biomass, such as sugar cane bagasse, com stover, or wheat straw.

[0016] in some embodiments of the recombinant host cell, the host cell is from a strain of microorganism derived from any one of: Escherichia coli, Bacillus, Saccharomyces, Streptomyces and Yarrowia. In some embodiments, the host ceil is from a microorganism selected from is. coli, S. cerevisiae, and Y. lipolyiica.

[0017] The present disclosure also provides methods of manufacturing the recombinant host cells of the disclosure (i.e., recombinant host cells comprising an engineered pathway of FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 2), the method comprising transforming a suitable host cell with one or more nucleic acid constructs encoding: (a) a FAR enzyme, wherein the enzyme is capable of converting crotonyl-CoA and/or crotonyl-ACP to crotonol; (b) an enzyme capable of converting crotonol to but-2-enyl phosphate; and (c) an enzyme capable of converting but-2-enyl phosphate to 1,3-butadiene.

[00 8] The present disclosure also provides methods of using the recombinant host cells disclosed herein in processes for making crotonol and/or 1 ,3-butadiene. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of producing crotonol or 1,3-butadiene comprising contacting a recombinant host cell of the disclosure (i.e., a recombinant host cell comprising an engineered pathway of FIG, 1 or FIG. 2) with a medium comprising a fermentable carbon source under suitable conditions for generating the desired product (i.e., either the crotonol or 1 ,3-butadiene). In some embodiments, the method further comprises a step of recovering the desired product produced by the recombinant host ceil, in some embodiments of the method, the carbon source comprises a fermentable sugar, optionally wherein the fermentable sugar is selected from glucose, and a fermentable sugar obtained from biomass. In some embodiments of the method, wherein the desired product is crotonol, the step of recovering the desired product comprises extraction of the medium with an organic solvent and/or distillation. In some embodiments of this method of producing crotonol, the medium further comprises an overlay of about 1 - 10% (v/v) organic solvent.

[0019] in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of producing 1,3-butadiene that includes a chemo-catalytie dehydration step, the method comprising (i) contacting the recombinant host cell of the disclosure which is capable of producing crotonol (e.g., via the engineered pathway of FIG. 1) with a medium comprising a carbon source under suitable conditions suitable for generating crotonol; (ii) recovering crotonol produced by the recombinant host ceil; and (iii) contacting the crotonol over a solid acid catalyst under conditions suitable for dehydrating the crotonol to 1,3-butadiene, in some embodiments of this method, the solid acid catalyst is selected from S1O ₂ -AI ₂ O ₃ , AI _{2 3} , TiC Zr( and mixtures thereof, in some embodiments of this method, the conditions suitable for dehydrating the crotonol to 1,3-butadiene comprise a temperature of at least 150°C, at least 175°C, at least 20G°C, at least 225°C, at least 250°C, or higher.

5. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] FIG. 1 depicts schematically pathways of enzymes capable of carrying out the steps of converting acetyl-CoA to crotonol (cis- and/or trans-but-2-en- l-ol). Two alternative pathways are depicted. One that goes through an acetoacetyl-CoA intermediate, and one that goes through an acetoacetyl-acyl carrier protein ("acetoacetyl-ACP") intermediate. Enzymes that convert the depicted substrate to product at each of the steps in the pathways are described in further detail herein.

[0021] FIG. 2 depicts schematically a pathway of enzymes capable of converting crotonol to 1,3- butadiene. Enzymes that convert the depicted substrate to product at each of the Steps A and B in the pathway include are described in further detail herein. Also depicted schematically is the alternative Step C that includes a chemo-eatalyiic conversion of crotonol to 1,3-butadiene.

6. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] The present disclosure addresses the need in the art for biological compositions and associated methods to produce 1 ,3-butadiene from cheap, renewable carbon sources, such as fermentable sugars obtained from plant biomass.

[0023] The present disclosure provides recombinant host cells that are capabie of producing crotonol and/or 1,3-butadiene, and associated compositions, processes, techniques, and methods of manufacture, that can provide for large scale production of 1 ,3-butadiene. The recombinant host cells of the disclosure comprise one or more recombinant polynucleotides that encode one or more enzymes in select pathways of enzymes, which are depicted schematically in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The functioning of these engineered pathways of enzymes provide the recombinant host cells with the ability to produce crotonol, which can be recovered from the cells and chemo-eatalytically convened to 1 ,3-butadiene.

[0024] In particular embodiments, the recombinant host cells comprise a polynucleotide encoding a fatty acyl reductase (FAR) enzyme which is capable of directly converting crotonyl-CoA to crotonol as a single enzyme and/or crotonyl-ACP to crotonol as a single enzyme. In some embodiments, the FAR enzyme is an engineered enzyme derived from a fatty acyl reductase gene found in a species of Marinobacter or Oceanobacter, and in particular embodiments the gene found in Marinobacier algicola strain DG893 or Marinobacier aquaeolei VT8.

[0025] in some embodiments of the disclosure, the host cells further comprise an engineered pathway of enzymes that carries out the further conversion of crotonol to 1,3-butadiene, thereby providing for fully biosynlhetic route for the production 1,3-butadiene, This engineered pathway proceeds from the intermediate compound, crotonol, through a kinase mediated phosphorylation to give the corresponding phosphate ester, but-2-enyl phosphate. This phosphate can be eliminated in a step akin to isoprene synthesis to provide the desired product 1,3-butadiene. This further engineered pathway is depicted in FIG. 2, and the enzymes are further described herein. The present disclosure contemplates that the activity, selectivity and stability of each of the enzymes involved can be improved and/or modified via standard directed evolution/enzyme engineering techniques.

[0026] In some embodiments, the recombinant host cells comprise one or more recombinant polynucleotides encoding an engineered variant of an enzyme described herein and in the engineered pathways of FIG. 1 and 2. These engineered variants of enzymes can have an improved property relative to the corresponding reference sequence from which they are derived, and be generated using standard techniques of enzyme engineering (e.g., gene shuffling, directed evolution).

[0027] The recombinant host cells, engineered pathways, and specific recombinant polynucleotides and encoded enzymes that make up the pathways and cany out the substrate-to-product conversions are described in greater detail below. Additionally, the following sections describe methods for using the recombinant host cells for the production of crotonol and/or 1,3-butadiene from fermentable sugars.

6.1. Definitions

[0028] The technical and scientific terms used in the descriptions herein will have the meanings commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, unless specifically defined otherwise.

Accordingly, the following terms are intended to have the following meanings.

[0029] "Protein'", "polypeptide," and "peptide" are used interchangeably herein to denote a polymer of at least two amino acids covalently linked by an amide bond, regardless of length or post- transiational modification (e.g., giycosylation, phosphorylation, iipidation, myristilation, ubiquitiiiation, etc.). Included within this definition are D- and L-amino acids, and mixtures of D- and L-amino acids.

[0030] "Enzyme" as used herein refers to a polypeptide or protein having capable of catalyzing the conversion of substrate molecule to a product molecule.

[0031] "Nucleic acid" or "polynucleotide" are used interchangeably herein to denote a polymer of at least two nucleic acid monomer units or bases (e.g., adenine, eytosine, guanine, thymine) covalentty linked by a phosphodiester bond, regardless of length or base modification

[0032] "Naturally occurring" or "wild-type" refers to the form found in nature. For example, a naturally occurring or wild-type polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence is a sequence present in an organism thai can be isolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified by human anipulation.

[0033] "Recombinant" or "engineered" or "non-naiurally occurring" when used with reference to, e.g., a cell, nucleic acid, or polypeptide, refers to a material, or a material corresponding to the natural or native form of the material, that has been modified in a manner that would not otherwise exist in nature, or is identical thereto but produced or derived from synthetic materials and/or by manipulation using recombinant techniques. Non-lim iting examples include, among others, recombinant cells expressing genes that are not found within the native (non-recombinant) form of the celt or express native genes that are otherwise expressed at a different level.

[0034] "Percentage of sequence identity," "percent identity," and "percent identical" are used herein to refer to comparisons between polynucleotide sequences or polypeptide sequences, and are determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which either the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences or a nucleic acid base or amino acid residue is aligned with a gap to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Determination of optimal alignment and percent sequence identity is performed using the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms (see e.g., Altschul et al„ 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 and Altschul et ah, 1977, Nucleic Acids Res. 3389-3402). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information website.

[0035] Briefly, the BLAST analyses involve first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as, the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al, supra). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penally score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11 , an expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=-4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLAST! ⁵ program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff and Henikoft; 1989, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 10915).

[0036] Numerous other algorithms are available that function similarly to BLAST in providing percent identity for two sequences. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, 3981 , Adv. Appl, Math. 2:482, by the homology alignment algorithm ofNeedleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. LISA 85:2444, by computerized implementations of these algoritlxms (GAP, BESTFIT, FAST A, and TFASTA in the GCG Wisconsin Software Package), or by visual inspection (see generally, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel et al, eds.. Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (1995 Supplement) (Ausubel)). Additionally, determination of sequence alignment and percent sequence identity can employ the BESTFIT or GAP programs in the GCG Wisconsin Software package (Acceirys, Madison WI), using default parameters provided.

[0037] "Reference sequence" refers to a defined sequence to which another sequence is compared. A reference sequence is not limited to wild-type sequences, and can include engineered or altered sequences. For example, a reference sequence can be a previously engineered or altered amino acid sequence. A reference sequence also may be a subset of a larger sequence, for example, a segment of a full-length gene or polypeptide sequence. Generally, a reference sequence is at least 20 nucleotide or amino acid residues in length, at least 25 residues in iength, at least 50 residues in length, or the full iength of the nucleic acid or polypeptide. Since two polynucleotides or polypeptides may each (1) comprise a sequence (i.e. , a portion of the complete sequence) that is similar between the two sequences, and (2) may further comprise a sequence that is divergent between the two sequences, sequence comparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides or polypeptide are typically performed by comparing sequences of the two polynucleotides over a comparison window to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity. [0038] "Comparison window" refers to a conceptual segment of at least about 20 contiguous nucleotide positions or amino acids residues wherein a sequence may be compared to a reference sequence of at least 20 contiguous nucleotides or amino acids and wherein the portion of the seque nce in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) of 20 percent or less as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The comparison w indow can be longer than 20 contiguous residues, and includes, optionally 30, 40, 50, 100, or longer windows,

[0039] "Corresponding to", "reference to" or "relative to" when used in the context of the numbering of a given ammo acid or polynucleotide sequence refers to the numbering of the residues of a specified reference sequence when the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence is compared to the reference sequence, in other words, the residue number or residue position of a given polymer is designated with respect to the reference sequence rather than by the actual numerical position of the residue within the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence. For example, a given amino acid sequence, such as that of an engineered enzyme, can be aligned to a reference sequence by introducing gaps to optimize residue matches between the two sequences. In these cases, although the gaps are present, the numbering of the residue in the given amino acid or poly nucleotide seque nce is made with respect to the reference sequence to which it has been aligned.

[0040] "Different from" or "differs from" with respect to a designated reference sequence refers to difference of a given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence when aligned to the reference sequence. Generally, the differences can be determined when the two sequences are optimally aligned.

Differences include insertions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acid residues in comparison to the reference sequence. Typically, the reference sequence is a naturally occurring sequence from which the sequence with the differences is derived. The present disclosure provides engineered pathways of enzymes, wherein the enzymes are encoded by one or more recombinant polynucleotides having one or more nucleotide sequence differences relative to a reference polynucleotide sequence, which is typically the corresponding naturally occurring polynucleotide from which the recombinant polynucleotide is derived. Further, the nucleotide differences may encode one or more amino acid residue differences in the enzymes, where the encoded amino acid differences, which can include either/or both conservative and non- conservative amino acid substitutions,

[0041] "Derived from" as used herein in the context of engineered enzymes, identifies the originating enzyme, and/or the gene encoding such enzyme, upon which the engineering was based.

[0042] "Amino acid residue" or "amino acid" or "residue" as used herein refers to the specific monomer at a sequence position of a polypeptide, such as an enzyme.

[0043] "Amino acid difference" or "residue difference" refers to a change in the amino acid residue at a position of a polypeptide sequence relative to the amino acid residue at a corresponding position in a reference sequence. [0044] "Conservative amino acid substitution" refers to a substitution of a residue with a different residue having a similar side chain, and thus typically involves substitution of the amino acid in the polypeptide with amino acids within the same or similar denned class of amino acids. By way of example and not limitation, an amino acid with an aliphatic side chain may be substituted with another aliphatic amino acid, e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleueine; an amino acid with hydroxy] side chain is substituted with another amino acid wit a hydroxy! side chain, e.g., serine and threonine; an amino acids having aromatic side chains is substituted with another amino acid having an aromatic side chain, e.g., phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and histidine; an amino acid with a basic side chain is substituted with another amino acid with a basic side chain, e.g., lysine and arginine; an amino acid with an acidic side chain is substituted with another amino acid with an acidic side chain, e.g., aspartic acid or glutamic acid; and a hydrophobic or hydrophilic amino acid is replaced with another hydrophobic or hydrophilic amino acid, respectively.

[0045] "Non-conservative substitution" refers to substitution of an amino acid in a polypeptide with an amino acid with significantly differing side chain properties. Non-conservative substitutions may use amino acids between, rather than within, the defined groups and affects (a) the structure of the peptide backbone in the area of the substitution (e.g., proline for glycine) (b) the charge or hydrophobieity, or (c) tlie bulk of tlie side chain. By way of example and not limitation, an exemplar}' non-conservative substitution can be an acidic amino acid substituted with a basic or aliphatic amino acid; an aromatic amino acid substituted with a small amino acid; and a hydrophilic amino acid substituted wit a hydrophobic amino acid.

[0046] "Deletion" refers to modification of the polypeptide by remo val of one or more amino acids irons the reference polypeptide. Deletions can comprise removal of 1 or more amino acids, 2 or more amino acids, 5 or more amino acids, 10 or more amino acids, 15 or more amino acids, or 20 or more amino acids, up to 10% of the total number of amino acids, or up to 20% of the total number of amino acids making up the polypeptide while retaining enzymatic activity and/or retaining the improved properties of an engineered enzyme. Deletions can be directed to the internal portions and/or terminal portions of the polypeptide, in various embodimenis, the deletion can comprise a continuous segment or can be discontinuous.

[0047] "insertion" refers to modification of the polypeptide by addition of one or more amino acids to the reference polypeptide. In some embodiments, the improved engineered enzymes comprise insertions of one or more amino acids relative to the corresponding naturally occurring polypeptide as well as insertions of one or more amino acids to other improved polypeptides, insertions can be in the internal portions of the polypeptide, or to the carboxy or amino terminus. Insertions as used herein include fusion proteins as is known in the art. The insertion can be a contiguous segment of amino acids or separated by one or more of the amino acids in the naturally occurring polypeptide. [0048] "Fragment" as used herein refers to a polypeptide that has an amino-terminal and/or carhoxy- terminal deletion, but where the remaining amino acid sequence is identical to the corresponding positions in the sequence. Fragments can typically have about 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, and 99% of the full-length polypeptide, for example the FAR enzyme polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1. The amino acid sequences of the specifi c recombinant polypeptides included in the Sequence Fisting of the present disclosure include an initiating methionine (M) residue (i.e., M represents residue position I). The skilled artisan, however, understands thai this initiating methionine residue can be removed by biological processing machinery, such as in a host ceil or in vitro translation system, to generate a mature protein lacking the initiating methionine residue, but otherwise retaining the enzyme's properties. Consequently, the term "amino acid residue difference relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 at position n" as used herein may refer to position "n" or to the corresponding position (e.g., position (n- 1) in a reference sequence that has been processed so as to lack the starting methionine.

[0049] "Improved property" as used herein refers to a functional characteristic of an enzyme or host cell that is improved relative to the same functional characteristic of a reference enzyme or reference host cell. Improved properties of the engineered enzymes or host cells comprising engineered pathways disclosed herein can include but are not limited to: increased thermostability, increased solvent stability, increased pH stability, altered pH activity profile, increased activity (including increased rate conversion of substrate to product, or increased percentage conversion in a period of time), increased and/or altered stereoselectivity, altered substrate specificity and/or preference, decreased substrate, product, and side-product inhibition, decreased inhibition by a component of a feedstock, decreased side -product or impurity production, altered cofactor preference, increased expression, increased secretion, as well as increased stability and/or activity in the presence of additional compounds reagents useful for the production of 1,3-butadiene or crotonol.

[0050] "Stability in the presence of as used in the con text of improved enzyme properties disclosed herein refers to stability of the enzyme measured during or after exposure of the enzyme to certain compounds/reagents/ions in the same solution with the enzyme, it is intended to encompass challenge assays of stability where the enzyme is first exposed to the compounds/reagents/ions for some period of time then assayed in a solution under different conditions,

[0051] "Solution" as used herein refe rs to any medium, phase, or mixture of phases, in which the recombinant host cells and/or enzy mes of the present disclosure are active. It is intended to include purely liquid phase solutions (e.g., aqueous, or aqueous mixtures with co-solvents, including emulsions and separated liquid phases), as well as slurries and other forms of solutions having mixed liquid-solid phases.

[0052] "Thermostability" refers to the functional characteristic of retaining activity (e.g., more than 60% to 80%) in the presence of, or after exposure to for a period of time (e.g. 0.5-72 hrs), elevated temperatures (e.g. 30-60°C) compared to the activity of an untreated enzyme. [0053] "Solvent stability" refers to the iunctional ciiaracteristic of retaining activity (e.g., more than 60% to 80%) in the presence of, or after exposure to for a period of time (e.g. 0.5-72 hrs), increased concentrations (e.g., 5-99%) of solvent compared to the activity of an untreated enzyme.

[0054] "pH siabiiity" refers to the functional characierisiic of retaining activity (e.g., more than 60% to 80%) in the presence of, or after exposure to for a period of time (e.g. 0.5-72 hrs), conditions of high or low pH (e.g., pH 2 to 12) compared to the activity of an untreated enzyme.

[0055] "increased activity" or "increased enzymatic activity" refers to an improved property of an enzyme (e.g., FAR enzyme), which can be represented by an increase in specific activity (e.g., product produced/time/ eight protein) or an increase in percent conversion of the substrate to the product (e.g., percent conversion of crotonyl-CoA to crotonol in a specified time period using a specified amount of a FAR enzyme) as compared to a reference enzyme under suitable reaction conditions. Any property relating to enzyme activity may be altered, including the classical enzyme properties of K _n¾ V _n . _8X or k _C3t , changes of which can lead to increased enzymatic activity, improvements in enzyme activity can be from about 1.1 -times the enzy matic activity of the corresponding naturally occurring enzyme, to as much as 1 .2-times, 1.5-times, 2-times, 3-times, 4- times, 5-times, 6-times, 7-times, or more than 8-times the enzymatic activity than the naturally occurring parent enzyme. It is understood by the skilled artisan that the activity of any enzyme is diffusion limited and hence, any improvements in the enzyme activity of the enzyme will have an upper limit related to the diffusion rate of the substrates acted on by the enzyme. Methods to determine enzyme activity can depend on the particular enzyme, substrate, and product, and are well- known in the art. Comparisons of enzyme activities are made, e.g. , using a defined preparation of enzyme, a defined assay under a set of conditions, as further described in detail herein. Generally, when ivsates are compared, the numbers of ceils and ihe amount of protein assayed are determined as well as use of identical expression systems and identical host cells to minimize variations in amount of enzyme produced by ihe host cells and present in the Ivsates.

[0056] "Conversion" refers to the enzymatic conversion of the substrate to the corresponding product. "Perce nt conversion" refers to the percent of the substrate that is reduced to the product within a period of time under specified conditions. Thus, the "enzymatic activity" or "activity" of an enzyme can be expressed as "percent conversion" of the substrate to the product.

[0057] "Isolated" as used herein in the context of enzymes or compounds such as "isolated crotonol" refers to a molecule which is substantially separated from other contaminants that naturally accompany it. The term embraces isolated compounds, such as isolated crotonol, which have been made biosynthetically in a recombinant host ceil and then are removed or purified from the cellular environment or expression system.

[0058] "Coding sequence" refers to that portion of a polynucleotide that encodes an amino acid sequence of a protein (e.g. , a gene). [0059] "Heterologous" polynucleotide refers to any polynucleotide that is introduced into a host cell by laboratory techniques, and includes polynucleotides that are removed from a host cell, subjected to laboratory manipulation, and then reintroduced into a host cell,

[0060] "Codon optim ized" refers to changes in the codons of the polynucieotide encoding a protein to those preferentially used in a particular organism such that the encoded protein is efficiently expressed in the organism of interest, in some embodiments, the polynucleotides encoding the enzymes used in the engineered pathways of the present disclosure may be codon optimized for optimal production from the host organism selected for expression.

[0061] "Control sequence" is defined herein to include all components, which are necessary or advantageous for the expression of a polynucleotide and/or polypeptide of the present disclosure. Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the polynucleotide of interest. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, a leader, polyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence, promoter, signal peptide sequence, and transcription terminator.

[0062] "Operably linked" is defined herein as a configuration in which a control sequence is appropriately placed (i.e. , in a functional relationship) at a position relative to a polynucleotide of interest such that the control sequence directs or regulates the expression of the poly nucieotide and/or polypeptide of interest

[0063] "Expression" includes any step involved in the production of a polypeptide (e.g., encoded enzyme) including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, and secretion.

[0064] "Transform" or "transformation," as used in reference to a host cell, means a host ceil has a non-native nucleic acid sequence integrated into its genome or as an episome (e.g., plasmid) that is maintained through multiple generations of the host cell.

[0065] "Culturing" refers to growing a population of host cells under suitable conditions in a liquid or solid medium. In particular embodiments, culturing refers to the fermentative bioconversion of a carbon source (e.g., sugar) to an end product (e.g., butadiene).

[0066] "Recoverable" as used in reference to producing a composition (e.g., crotonol) by a method of the present invention, refers to the amount of composition which can be isolated from the reaction mixture yielding the composition according to methods known in the art.

[0067] "Enzyme class" as used herein refers to the numerical classification scheme for enzymes based on the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. The enzyme class is designated by the Enzyme Commission ("EC") number. The EC number classification scheme is well-known in the art and published by International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (iUBMB) (see at e.g., www.chem . qrnul . ac .uk iubmb/enzyme) . [0068] "Pathway of enzymes" or "enzyme pathway" refers to a group of enzymes expressed in a host ceil that catalyze a series of conversions of substrate to product that are linked together, e.g., the product of the first enzyme is the substrate for the second enzyme, and the product of the second enzyme is the substrate of the third e nzyme, and so on . As used herein, the terns enzyme pathway may refer to a naturally occurring or an engineered pathway. Further, as used herein, an enzyme pathway may be part of a larger pathway in a cell (i.e., a sub-pathway).

[0069] "Host cell" as used herein refers to a living cell or microorganism that is capable of reproducing its genetic material and along with it recombinant genetic material that has been introduced into it - e.g., via heterologous transformation.

[0070] "Recombinant host cell" as used herein refers to a host cell that has been transformed with recombinant genetic material - e.g., one or more recombinant polynucleotides.

[0071] "Sugar" as used herein refers to carbohydrate compounds and compositions made up of monosaccharides, disacciiarides, trisaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, e.g., fructose, galactose, glucose, ribose, xylose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, maltotriose, starch, cellulose.

[0072] "Fermentable sugar" as used herein refers to sugar compounds and compositions that can be metabolized by a recombinant host cell. Exemplary fermentable sugars include sugars from sugar cane, starch from feedstock such as corn, from lignocellulosic feedstocks where the cellulose part of a plant is broken down to sugars (e.g., in a saccharifi cation process) glucose and xylose.

[0073] "1 ,3-Butadiene" or "butadiene" as used herein refers to the diene compound of molecular formula C ₄ H ₆ having CAS number 106-99-0. TUPAC name: buta-l,3-diene.

[0074] "CoA" as used herein refers to coenzyme A, the naturally occurring thiol compound having CAS number 85-61 -0.

[0075] "ACP" as used herein refers to the acyl earner protein, the naturally occurring polypeptide that comprises 4 ^! -phosphopantethiene moiety which can forms a thioester linkage with the growing fatty acid chain during the biosynthesis of fatty acids.

[0076] "Crotonyi-CoA" or "crotonoyl-CoA" as used herein refers to the thioester compound of crotonyl (either the trans- or the cis-isomer or a mixiure thereof) and coenzyme A which has the CAS number 992-67-6. IUPAC name: S-[2-[3-[[4-[[[5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3- pho^honooxyoxolan-2-yljme1hoxy-ny<jro^

diiriethylbutanoyi]ainino]propanoylamino]ethyi] but-2-enethioate.

[0077] "Crotonyl-ACP" or "crotonoyl-ACP" as used herein refers to the compound of a crotonyl moiety (either the trans- or the cis-isomer or a mixture thereof) attached through a thioester linkage to the acyl-carrier protein. [0078] "Crotonol" or "crot l alcohol" (TUPAC name but-2-en-l-ol) as used herein refers to the unsaturated alcohol compound which may he present as either the (E)-isomer ("trans", CAS 504-61 - 0), the (Z)-isomer ("cis", CAS 4088-60-2) or a mixture of (E) and (Z.) in any combination which has the CAS number 61 1 7-91 -5.

[0079] "FAR enzyme" or "fatty acyl reductase" refers to an enzyme that catalyzes reduction of a fatty acyl-CoA, a fatty aeyl-ACP, or other fatty acyl thioester substrate directly to its corresponding fatty alcohol with the reducing equivalents provided by the oxidation of NAD(P)H to NAD(P) ⁺ . (EC 1.1.1*) The enzymatic reaction catalyzed by a FAR enzyme on fatty acyl-CoA can be represented by:

fatty acyl-CoA + 2NAD(P)H ► fatty alcohol + 2NAD(P) ^' in contrast to the FAR enzyme, where a single enzyme is capable of catalyzing this reduction to the fatty alcohol, typically, the enzymatic reduction of fatty acyl-CoA molecules to fatty alcohols is catalyzed two distinct reductase enzymes: (1) an "acyl-CoA reductase" which reduces the acyl-CoA substrate to its corresponding fatty aldehyde (e.g., enzyme of class EC 1 .2.1 .50); and (2) an "fatty aldehyde reductase" (e.g. an oxidoreductase) reduces the fatty aldehyde to the fatty alcohol (e.g., an enzyme of class EC 1.1 .1 . I). Such a two- enzyme reduction ca be represented by:

fatty acyl-CoA + N AD(P)H ► fatty aldehyde + NAD(P) ^"* tatty aldehyde + NAD(P)H ► fatty alcohol + NAD(P) ^"

6.2. Engineered Pathways of Enzymes for Biosynthetic Production of Crotonol and/or 1,3-Buiadiene

[0080] The present disclosure provides recombinant host cells that comprise engineered pathways of enzymes that are useful for the productio of 1,3 -butadiene. Generally, the engineered pathways introduced into the host ceils by transforming the host cells with one or more recombinant polynucleotides encoding one or more of the enzymes in the pathway. The recombinant host ceils thereby produced are capable of expressing the encoded enzyme(s) such that the substrate-to-product conversions of the engineered pathway are earned out biosynthetically and host cell produces the desired product compound of the pathway. The relevant portions of the engineered pathways are illustrated schematically in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.

[0081] in some embodiments, the recombinant host cells that comprise an engineered pathway of enzymes are capable of producing crotonol. in such embodiments, the recombinant host cell comprises a recombinant polynucleotide encoding an enzyme capable of converting crotonyl-CoA and/or crotonyl-ACP to crotonol (see conversion of Fig. 1, Step D). The crotonol produced by such recombinant host celis can then be isolated and converted to 1,3 -butadiene through a further chemo- catalytic step (see Fig. 2, Step C). in some embodiments, the recombinant polynucleotide encodes a FAR enzyme capable of converting erotonyl-CoA and/or crotonyl-ACP to crotonol. in other embodiments, the recombinant host cell comprises a recombinant polynucleotide encoding a pair of enzymes capable of converting crotonyl-CoA and/or crotonyl-ACP to crotonol through intermediate crotonaldehyde.

[0082] in some embodiments, the recombinant host cells that comprise an engineered pathway of enzymes are capable of producing the compound 1,3-butadiene biosynthetically. in such embodiments, the recombinant host cells comprise: (a) a recombinant polynucleotide encoding a FAR enzyme capable of converting crotooyl-CoA and/or crotonyl-ACP to crotonol (see conversion of Fig, 1, Step D); (b) a recombinant polynucleotide encoding an enzyme capable of converting crotonol to bui-2-enyl phosphate (see e.g., conversion of Fig. 2, Step A); and (c) a recombinant polynucleotide encoding an enzyme capable of converting but-2-enyl phosphate to 1,3-butadiene (see e.g., conversion of Fig, 2, Step B . in some embodiments, the recombinant polynucleotide encodes a FAR enzyme capable of converting crotonyl-CoA and or crotonyl-ACP to croionol. In other embodiments, the recombinant host cell comprises a recombinant poiynucieotide encoding a pair of enzymes capable of converting crotonyl-CoA and'or crotonyl-ACP to crotonol through formation of intermediate crotonaldehyde. in some embodiments, the enzyme capable of converting crotonol to but-2-enyl phosphate is an engineered alcohol kinase enzyme, in some embodiments, the enzyme capable of capable of converting but-2-enyl phosphate to 1,3-butadiene is an engineered isoprene or monoterpene synthase enzyme,

[0083] The present disclosure contemplates that any of the exemplary enzymes disclosed herein may be engineered using methods known in the art (e.g., random PGR, gene shuffling, directed evolution, etc.) to provide variant engineered enzymes having improved properties. Specific improved properties of engineered enzymes useful for the recombinant host cells of the present disclosure can i nclude altered (i.e., increased or decreased) enzyme activity or enzyme expression. For example, decreased enzyme activity or expression may be desirable in many situations, particularly to pre vent the detrimental build-up in concentration of product which can be a substrate for another slower downstream enzyme in the pathway,

[0084] The engineered enzymes of the present disclosure can be obtained by subjecting the polynucleotide encoding the naturally occurring enzyme (or one or more homologous naturally occurring enzymes) to mutagenesis and/or directed evolution methods. Exemplary techniques for engineering enzymes of the present disclosure can include directed evolution techniques such as mutagenesis and'or DNA shuffling as described in Stemmer, 1994, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA

91 : 10747-10751 ; WO 95/22625: WO 97/0078: WO 97/35966; WO 98/27230: WO 00/42651 ; WO 01/75767 and U.S. Pat. 6,537,746. Other directed evolution procedures that can be used include, among others, staggered extension process (StEP), in vitro recombination (Zhao et al, 1998, Na Biotechnoi. 16:258-261), mutagenic PGR (Caldwell et al, 1994, PGR Methods Appl. 3:S136-S 340), and cassette mutagenesis (Black et al., 1996, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3525-3529). Mutagenesis and directed evolution techniques useful for the purposes herein are also described in e.g., Ling, et al., 1997, Anal. Biochero, 254(2): 157-78; Dale et al., 1996, "Oligonucleotide-directed random mutagenesis using the phosphorothioale method," in Methods Mol. Biol. 57:369-74; Smith, 1985, Ann. Rev. Genet. 19:423-462; Botstein et al, 1985, Science 229: 1 193- 1201 ; Carter, 1986, Biochem. J. 237: 1-7; Kramer et al., 1984, Cell, 38:879-887; Wells et al., 1985, Gene 34:315-323; Minshull et al, 1999, Curr Opin Chem Biol 3:284-290; Christians et al, 1999, Nature Biotech 17:259-264; Crameri et al., 1998, Nature 391:288-291; Crameri et al., 1997, Nature Biotech 15:436-438; Zhang et al, 1997, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:45-4-4509; Crameri et al., 1996, Nature Biotech 14:315- 319; Stemmer, 1994, Nature 370:389-391 ; Stemmer, 1994, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 10747- 10751 ; PCT Publ. Nos. WO 95/22625, WO 97/0078, WO 97/35966, WO 98/27230, WO 00/42651, and WO 01/75767; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,746. Ail publications and patent are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

[0085] In some embodiments, it is contempiated that the enzymes disclosed herein are encoded by recombinant polynucleotides having sequences that have been codon optimized for expression in the recombinant host cell. In some embodiments, it is contempiated that the enzymes disclosed herein are encoded by recombinant polynucleotides having sequences that also include control sequences that can increase expression and/or secretion of the enzymes. The control sequences may be ones associated with the enzyme gene in its host organism or associated with the host cell. In some embodiments, it is contemplated that the recombinant polynucleotides that can further comprise a sequence encoding a signal peptide. In such embodiments, the signal peptide may be one that is associated with the enzyme in its naturally occurring organism, in other embodiments, the signal peptide can be one that is associated with a gene found in the recombinant host cell, thereby providing for the improved expression of the enzyme in the host cell.

[0086] Exemplary enzymes that can be used in the various substrate-to-product conversion steps of the engineered pathways of the present disclosure are described in greater detail below and in the Examples.

[0087] Pathway of FIG. 1, Step A

[0088] Acetoaceryl-CoA is a naturally occurring metabolic intermediate formed in most host cells by condensation of two acetyl-CoA which is catalyzed by naturally occurring thiolase enzymes (e.g., enzymes of class EC 2.3.1.9 or EC 2.3. 1. 16). Thiolase enzymes of class EC 2.3.1.9 include the gene products of atoB from E. coli (MetaCyc Accession Number EG1 1672; Nat. Biotechnol. 2003, 21, 796) and ERG 10 from S. cerevisiae (MetaCyc Accession Number YPL028W; J. Biol. Chem.. 1994, 269, 1381). In addition to these, other exemplary thiolases useful in the engineered pathways of the recombinant host cells of the present disclosure are shown in Table 1. Table 1

[0089] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an enzyme of Table 3 naturally occurs in the host cell used to prepare the recombinant host cell capable of producing crotonoi or 1,3 -butadiene. In such an embodiment, no further modification of the host cell is needed to provide expression of an enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate to product of FIG. 1, Step A. In certain embodiments, a naturally occurring gene, or a natural homolog of such a gene, encoding an enzyme of Table I can be used to heterologous!}' transform a host cell which lacks such a gene, and/or has such a gene but the native gene expresses either too little or too much of the desired enzyme. Accordingly, heterologous transformation with a gene of Table 1 can provide a recombinant host ceil with an improved property (e.g., altered expression of a gene, altered concentration of a substrate and'or product due to use of a non-native gene in the pathway). In certain embodiments, an engineered version of a gene of Table 1 can be used to transform a host cell to provide an enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate to product of FIG. 1 , Step A having an improved property (e.g., increased conversion of the specific substrate of FIG. 1, Step A).

[0090]

Alternatively, an engineered pathway through the intermediate aceioacetyl-ACP can be used in the production of crotonoi or 1,3 -butadiene. Acetoacetyi-ACP is formed in three steps from acetyl- CoA via the intermediacy of malonyl-CoA (acetyl-CoA carboxylase; EC 6.4.1.2), malonyl-ACP (ACP-malonyi transferase; EC 2.3.1.39) with the final step catalyzed by beta-keto-acyl-ACP synthase (EC 2.3.1 .41). Each of these enzymes is well known and exemplary enzymes of these classes are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

[0092] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an enzyme of Tabic 2 naturally occurs in the host celi used to prepare the recombinant host cell capable of producing crotonol or 1 ,3-butadiene. in such an embodiment, no further modification of the host cell is needed to provide expression of an enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate to product of FIG. 1 , Steps A', A", or A' ", in certain embodiments, a naturally occurring gene, or a natural homolog of such a gene, encoding an enzyme of Table 2 ca be used to heterologously transform a host cell whic lacks suc a gene, and/or has suc a gene but the native gene expresses either too little or too much of the desired enzyme. Accordingly, heterologous transformation with a gene of Table 2 can provide a recombinant host cell with an improved property (e.g., altered expression of a gene, altered concentration of a substrate and/or product due to use of a non-native gene in the pathway), in certain embodiments, an engineered version of a gene of Table 2 can be used to transform a host cell to provide an enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate to product of FIG. 1, Steps A', A", or A"" having an improved property (e.g., increased conversion of the specific substrate of FIG. 1 , Step A" ').

[0094] Reduction of acetoacetyl-CoA (or -ACP) to the (R)- or (5)-3-hydroxybutryi-CoA (or -ACP) is an established reaction in cellular metabolism catalyzed by reductase enzymes in the EC 1.1.1.35, EC 1.1.1.36, EC 1.1.1.157 and EC 1.1.100 class. Useful reductases in these classes include gene products of phaB from if. sphaeroides (MetaCyc Accession Number G-10357; Mol Microbiol, 2006, 61, 297), phbB from Z. ramige a (MetaCyc Accession Number G-9969; Mol. Microbial, 1989, 3, 349) and phbB from C. necator (MetaCyc Accession Number G-14623 ; J. Biol. Oiem. 1999, 264, 15293). These and other exemplary reductases of these e nzyme classes useful in the recombinant host cells and methods of the prese nt disclosure are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

[0095] in some embodiments of the present disclosure, a reductase enzyme of Table 3 naturally occurs in the host cell used to prepare the recombinant host cell capable of producing crotonol or 1 ,3- butadiene. In such an embodiment, no farther modification of the host cell is needed to provide expression of an e nzyme capable of the co nversion of substrate to product of FIG. 1 , Step B. In certain embodiments, a naturally occurring gene, or a natural homolog of such a gene, encoding an enzy me of Table 3 can be used to heterologously transform a host cell which lacks such a gene, and/or has such a gene but the native ge ne expresses either too little or too much of the desired enzyme. Accordingly, heterologous transformation of a host cell with a gene of Table 3 can provide a recombinant host cell with an improved property (e.g., altered expression of a gene, altered concentration of a substrate and/or product due to use of a non-native gene in the pathway). In certain embodiments, an engineered versio of a gene of Table 3 can be used to transform a host ceil to provide a reductase enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate to product of FIG. 1 , Step B having an improved property (e.g., increased conversion of the acetoacetyl-CoA (or -ACP) substrate of FIG. 1, Ste B).

[0096] Pathway of FIG, 1, Ste C

[0097] (if)- or (S)-3-hydroxybu1yryl-CoA (or -ACP) is dehydrated by the action of a dehydratase enzyme of classes EC 4.2.1.55 (for CoA) or EC 4.2.1.17 (for ACP) to the corresponding cis-, or trans- enoyl-CoA (or -ACP). Exemplary enzymes in these classes useful in the engineered pathways of the present disclosure include crotonase from if. rubrum (Biochem. 1969, 8, 2748) and others exhibiting crotonase activity from C. aceiobutylicum (Meta. Engirt. 2008, 10, 305) and C. kluyveri (FEES Lett. 1972, 21, 351). These and other exemplary enzymes of these classes useful in the engineered pathways are shown in Table 4.

Table 4

[0098] in some embodiments of the present disclosure, a dehydratase enzyme of Table 4 naturally occurs in the host cell used to prepare the recombinant host cell capable of producing crotonol or 1 ,3- butadiene. In such an embodiment, no farther modification of the host cell is needed to provide expression of an enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate to product of FIG. 1, Step C. In certain embodiments, a naturally occurring gene, or a natural homoiog of such a gene, encoding an enzyme of Table 4 can be used to heteroiogousiy transform a host ceil which lacks such a gene, and/or has such a gene but the native gene expresses either too little or too much of the desired dehydratase enzyme. Accordingly, heterologous transformation with a gene of Table 4 can provide a recombinant host cell with an improved property (e.g., altered expression of a gene, altered concentration of a substrate and/or product due to use of a non-native gene in the pathway). In certain embodiments, an engineered version of a gene of Table4 can be used to transform a host cell to provide a dehydratase enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate io product of FIG. 1, Step C having an improved property (e.g., increased conversion of tire 3-bydroxybutyryl- oA (or -ACP) substrate of FIG. 1 , Step C).

Crotonol

[0100] In some embodiments, the conversion of erotonyl-CoA (or crotonyi-ACP) to crotonol at Step D of the pathway of FIG. 1, is carried out by a single fatty acyl reductase ("FAR") enzyme or a functional fragment thereof. The conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA to its corresponding fatty alcohol requires four reducing (or two hydride) equivalents and thus, typically is carried out by two different NADPH dependent enzymes, e.g., an acyl-CoA reductase and a fatty aldehyde reductase. In contrast, a single FAR enzyme can catalyze the direct reduction of a fatty acyl-CoA (or -ACP) directly to its corresponding fatty aicohol, with the aldehyde forming only transiently in the active site, if at all, and not being released into solution (see e.g., Hofvander et ah, "A prokarylotie acyl CoA reductase performing reduction of fatty acyl-CoA to fatty alcohol," F ^' EBS Letters 585: 3538-3543 (2011), which is hereby incorporated by reference herei n).

[0101] A number of FAR enzymes obtained from mari ne bacteria, and engineered enzyme variants thereof, which are useful in preparing the recombinant host ceils and methods of the present disclosure are disclosed in international patent publication WO20 ! 2/0061 14, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Further detailed description of useful FAR enzymes is provided below,

[0102] in certain embodiments, the FAR enzyme and/or functional fragment can be derived or obtained from a γ proteobacterium of the order Alteromonadales. In some embodiments, the FAR enzyme and/or functional fragment can be derived from or obtained from the Alteromonadales family Alteromonadaceae. In certain embodiments, the FAR enzyme and/or functional fragment can be derived from or obtained from an Alteromonadaceae genus such as but not limited to the

Alteromonadaceae genus Marinobacier. In certain specific embodiments, the FAR enzyme and/or functional fragment can be derived from the Marinobacier species algicola. in a particular embodiment, the FAR enzyme and/or functional fragment can be derived from or obtained from the M. algicola species strain DG893. In some specific embodiments, the FAR enzyme for use in the methods disclosed herein is from the marine bacterium Marinobacier algicola DG893 (SEQ ID NO: l ) ("FAR _Maa").

[0103] In some embodiments, the FAR enzyme and' r functional fragment is derived or obtained from a species of Marinobacier including, but not limited to, a species selected from M. algicola, M. alkaliphilus, M. aquaeolei, M. arcticus, M. bryozoonim, M. daepoensis, M. excellens, M. flavirnaris, M. guadonensis. M. hydrocarbonoclasticus, M. koreenis. M. lipolyticus, M. Htoralis, M. luiaoensis, M. maritimus, M. sediminum, M. squaleniviram and M. vinifirmits and equivalent and synonymous species thereof. [0104] In one specific embodiment, the FAR enzyme is derived or obtained from M. algicola strain DG893 and has an amino acid sequence that is at least 70% identical, at least 75%, at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 93% identical at least 95% identical, at least 97% identical and/or at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or a functional fragment thereof, in another specific embodiment, the isolated FAR enzyme has an amino acid sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 ,

[0105] in one specific embodiment, the FAR enzyme is derived or obtained from Marinobacter aquaeolei {e.g., M. aquaeolei VT8) and has an amino acid sequence that is at least at least 70% identical, at least 75%, at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 97% identical and/or at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO: Y or a functional fragment thereof. In another specific embodiment, the isolated FAR enzyme has an amino acid sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO: 2.

[0106] In various embodiments, the isolated FAR enzyme and/or functional fragment is obtained or derived from a marine bacterium selected from the group of Mepiimiibacter caesariensis species strain MED92, Reinekea sp. strain MED297, Marinomonas sp. strain MED121, unnamed gammaproteobacteriurn strain HTCC2207 and Marinobacter sp. strain ELB17 and equivalents and synonymous species thereof.

[0107] In various embodiments, the FAR enzyme and/or functional fragment can be derived or obtained from a γ proteobacterium of the order Oceanospirillilales. In some embodiments, the FAR enzyme and/or functional fragment can be derived from or obtained from the Oceanospirillilales family Oceanospirillaceae. in certain embodiments, the FAR enzyme and/or functional fragment can be derived from or obtained from an Oceanospirillaceae genus, such as but not limited to

Oceanobacter. in a particular embodiment, the FAR enzyme and/or functional fragment can be derived from or obtained from the Oceanobacter species strain RED65 and has an amino acid sequence that is at least 70% identical, at least 75% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 97% identical and or at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3 or a functional fragment thereof, in another specific embodiment, the FAR enzyme for use in the methods disclosed herein comprises or consists of a sequence having 100% identity to the sequence of SED ID NO: 3 ("FAR Oes"). In other specific embodiments, the isolated FAR enzyme or functional fragment is obtained or derived from

Oceanobacter kriegii. In still other specific embodiments, the isolated FAR enzyme or functional fragment is obtained or derived from Oceanobacter strain WH099.

[0108] In various embodiments, the FA enzyme is irons a nsarine bacteriusn and is selected from the group consisting ofFAR Hch (Hahella chejuensis KCTC 2396 OenBank YP_436183.1); FAR_Mac (from marine Aciinobacierium strain PHSC20C1), FAR_JVC (JCVi__ORF__l 096697648832, GenBank Accession No. EDD40059.1; from a marine metagenome), FAR. Fer (JCVi SCAF 1 101670217388; from a marine bacterium found at a depth of 12m in an upwelling in tire area of Fernandina Island, the Galapagos islands, Ecuador), FAR Key

(JCVI_SCAF_1097205236585, from a marine bacterium found at a depth of 1.7m off the coast of Key West Florida), and FARjGal (JCVI_SCAF_ i 101670289386, at a depth of 0. lm at Isabella island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador). Approximate sequence identity to M. algicola DG893

(FAR_Maa) and Oceanobacter sp. RED65 (FAR_Ocs) is given in Table 5.

Table 5

[0109] In one particular embodiment, the FAR enzyme is isolated or derived from the marine bacterium FAR Gal. In other embodiments, the FAR enzyme or functional fragment is isolated or derived from an organism selected from the group consisting of Vitis vinifera (GenBank Accession No. CAO22305.1 or CA067776.1 ), DesidfatibaciUiim alkenivor ns (GenBank Accession No, NZ ABIIQ 1000018.1 ), Stigm teUa aurantiaca (NZ AAMDO 1000005.3 ) and Pkytophihora ramonim (GenBank Accession No.: AAQX01003 105.1 ), Also included are bfar from Bombyx mori (which encodes FAR enzyme polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4); hfar from H. sapiens, jj far from Simmondsia chinensis, MS2 from Zea mays, MS2, FAR4, FAR6, or FER4 from Arabidopsis thaliana (e.g. FAR6 having Accession NP_ 1 15529); mfarl and mfar2 from Mus muscidus; or Adhe2 (AFG40749.1 GI:383103240) from l?. coli P12B.

[0110] in certain embodiments, a FAR enzyme or functional fragment thereof that is especially suitable for the production of fatty alcohols is identified by the presence of one or more domains, which are found in proteins with FAR activity. In various embodiments, the one or more domains is identified by multiple sequence alignments using hidden Markov models ("HMMs") to search large collections of protein families, for example, the Pfam collection available at http://pfam.sanger.ac.uk . See R.D. Finn et at. (2008) Nucl Acids Res. Database Issue 36:D281-D288.

[0111] In certain embodiments, the one or more protein domains by which FAR enzymes are identified belongs to a family of NAD binding domains found in the male sterility proteins of arabidopsis and drosophila, as well as in the fatty acyl reductase enzyme from the jojoba plant (JJFAR). See Aarts MG et al. (1997) Plant J. 12:615-623. This family of binding domains is designated "NAD binding 4" (PF07993; see http://pfarn.sanger.ac.uk/farnily?acc=PF07993). In various embodiments, the AD binding 4 domain is found near the N-terminus of the putative FAR enzyme, in various embodiments, the one or more protein domains by which enzymes with FAR activity are identified belongs to a family of domains known as a "sterile" domain (PF030 i 5; see http://pfam.sanger.ac.uk/family?aec=PF03015), which are also found in the male sterility proteins of Arabidopsis species and a number of other organisms. See Aarts MG et al. (1997) Plant J, 12:615- 623, In particular embodiments, the sterile domain is found near the C-ierminus of the putative FAR enzyme, in certain specific embodiments, a FAR enzyme for use in the methods described herein is identified by the presence of at least one NAD binding 4 domain near the N-terminus and the presence of at least one sterile domain near the C-terminus.

[0112] in certain embodiments, the NAD_binding_4 domain of the putative FAR enzyme has an amino acid sequence that is at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 30%, such as at least 35%, such as at least 40%, such as at least 45%, such as at least 50%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90% or more identical to the amino acid sequence of a known NAD binding 4 domain. See, e.g., Aarts MG et al. (1997) Plant J. 32:615-623. In various embodiments, the sterile domain of the putative FAR enzyme lias an amino acid sequence that is at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 30%, such as at least 35'%, such as at least 40%, such as at least 45%, such as at least 50% or more identical to the amino acid sequence of a known sterile domain. See id.

[0113] In some embodiments, the NAD binding 4 domain of the putative FAR enzyme lias an amino acid sequence that is at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 30%, such as at least 35%, such as at least 40%, such as at least 45%, such as at least 50%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90% or more identical to the amino acid sequence of one or more example polypeptides that form the definition of the NAD_binding_4 Pfani domain (PF07993). In certain embodiments, the sterile domain of the putative FAR enzyme has an amino acid sequence thai is at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 30%, such as at least 35%, such as at least 40%, such as at least 45%, such as at least 50% or more identical to the amino acid sequence of one or more example polypeptides that form the definition of the sterile Pfam domain (PF03015). In various embodiments, the NAD binding 4 domain or the sterile domain of the putative FAR enzyme is identified by an E-value of 1x 10 ^"4 or less, such as an E-value of lxlO ^"5 , such as an E- value of Ix i 0 ^" '°, such as an E-value of 1x10 ^"" , such as an E-value of 3 xl0 ^~ ", such as an E-value of lxlO ^"25 , such as an E-value of l l.0 ^""! " or lower. As used herein, the term E-value (expectation value) is the number of hits that would be expected to have a score equal or better than a particular hit by chance alone. Accordingly, the E-vaiue is a criterion by which the significance of a database search hit can be evaluated. See, e.g., http://pfam.sanger.ac.uk help;

http://www.csb.yale.edu/userguides/seq/hm

[01 14] The FAR enzymes described herein have not previously been recognized as FAR enzymes because of the low homology of the FAR coding sequences to the sequences coding for proteins with known FAR activity, such as the FAR enzymes from S. chinensis ((FAR Sim); GenBank Accession no. AAD38039. ! ; gi|5020215jgb|AAD38039. ! |AF149917_1 acyl CoA reductase [Simmondsia chinensis] ^■■ Plant Physiol. 2000 Mar;122(3):635-44. Purification of a jojoba e mbryo fatty acyl- coenzyme A reductase and expression of its cDNA in high erucic acid rapeseed; Mete JG, Pollard MR, Anderson L, Hayes TR, Lassner MW. PMID: 10712526), B. mori ((FAR Bom); GenBank Accession no. BAC79425.1; gi|33146307|dbj|BAC79425.1| fatty-acyi reductase [Bombyx morij; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003 Aug 5; 100(16):9156-6 i . Epub 2003 Jul 18. Pheromone gland-specific fatty- acyl reductase of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori. Moto K, Yoshiga T, Yamamoto M, Takahashi S, Okano , Ando T, Nakata T, Matsumoto S. PMID: 12871998), Arabidopsis thaiiana (GenBank Accession no. DQ446732.1 or NM_1 15529.1 ; gi|91806527|gb|DQ446732.1| Arabidopsis thaiiana clone pENTR221-At3g44560; gij 184 i0556jrefjNM__ 115529.1 ! Arabidopsis thaiiana maie sterility protein, putative (AT3G56700); Plant Physiol. 2009 May 15;166(8):787-96. Epub 2008 Dec 4. Functional expression of five Arabidopsis fatty acyl-CoA reductase genes in Escherichia coli. Doan TT, Carlsson AS, Hamberg M, Bulow L, Stymne S, Olsson P. PMID: 19062129) or Ostrinia scapu!ahs (GenBank Accession no. EU817405.1; gi|210063138j b|EU817405. i | Ostrinia scapula!is FAR-like protein XIII; Insect Biochem. Mol Biol. 2009 Feb;39(2):90-5. Epub 2008 Oct 26 Pheromone-gland-specific fatty- acyl reductase in the adzuki bean borer, Ostrinia scapulalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Antony B, Fujii T, Moto , Matsumoto S, Fukuzawa M, Nakano R, Tatsuki S, Ishikawa Y.).

[0115] Pathway of FIG. 1, Steps E ami F - Alternative Two-Enzvme Reduction of Crotonyl- CoA (or -ACP) to Crotonol Through Crotonaldehyde Intermediate

[0116] As an alternative to the pathway of FIG, 1 , Step D, the conversion of crotonyl-CoA (or - ACP) to crotonol can be carried out by two enzymes in two steps, in FIG. ! , Step E an acyl-CoA (or - ACP) reductase reduces the crotonyl-CoA (or - ACP) to crotonaldehyde. Then, in FIG. 1 , Step F, an alcohol dehydrogenase or ketoreductase reduces the crotonaldehyde to crotonol.

[0117] A number of acy -CoA (or -ACP) reductase enzymes in class 1.2, 1 are known to have the ability to reduce fatty acyl-CoA compounds to the corresponding fatty aldehydes, and are provided in

Table 6.

Table 6 1.2.1.75 MaloDvl -CoA reductase

1.2.1.76 Succiiiate-seniialdehyde dehydrogenase (acy!atiiig)

1.2.1.80 Long-chain acyl-(_acyl-carrier protein) reductase

1.2.1.n2 Fatty acvl-CoA reductase

[0118] Specific exemplar}' fatty acyl-CoA reductase enzymes classes EC 1.2.1.50, EC 1.2.1.76 EC1.2.1.n2 that could be used in the engineered pathway of FIG. 1, Step E are shown in Table 7

Table 7

[0119] There are numerous alcohol dehydrogenases/ketoreductase that have been well-studied functionally and structurally, including extensive engineering to provide enzymes having improved properties. Engineered ketoreductases having improved properties (e.g., increased activity, enantioselectivity, and/or thermostability) are described in the patent publications US

20080318295 Ai ; US 2009009303 lAi; US 20090155863A1 ; US 20090162909A1 ; US

20090191605A1; US 20100055751A1 ; WO/2010/025238A2; WO/2010/025287 A2; and US 20100062499 Al; each of which are incorporated by reference herein. Exemplary enzymes of this class, either as the wild type or after enzyme engineering/evolution, which are capable of reducing fatty aldehydes to the corresponding alcohol are shown in Table 8:

Table 8

[0120] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a reductase enzyme of Table 7 or Table 8 naturally occurs in the host cell used to prepare the recombinant host cell capable of producing crotonol or 1,3-butadiene. In such an embodiment, no further modification of the host cell is needed to provide expression of an enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate to product of FIG, 1 , Step F. or F. in certain embodiments, a naturally occurring gene, or a natural homolog of such a gene, encoding an enzyme of Tables 7 or 8 can be used to heterologously transform a host cell which lacks such a gene, and/or has such a gene but the native gene expresses either too little or too much of the desired enzyme. Accordingly, heterologous transformation with a gene of Tables 7 or 8 can provide a recombinant host cell with an improved property {e.g., altered expression of a gene, altered concentration of a substrate and/or product due to use of a non-native gene in the pathway). In certain embodiments, an engineered version of a gene of Tables 7 or 8 can be used to transform a host cell to provide an enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate to product of FIG. 1, Step E or Step F having an improved property (e.g., increased conversion of the specific croionaldehyde substrate of FIG. 1 , Ste F).

[0121] Pathway of FIG. 2, Step A

[0122] The conversion of a hydroxyl group (e.g., as in an alcohol) to the corresponding phosphate ester is an ubiquitous reaction found in ail organisms. Accordingly, there are a large number of alcohol kinase enzymes in class EC 2.7.1.x that are known to catalyze conversion of an alcohol to a phosphate as shown in Table 9.

Table 9

EC 2.7.1.30 gl cerol kinase

EC 2.7.1.31 glycerate kinase

EC 2.7.1.32 choline kinase

EC 2.7.1.33 pantothenate kinase

EC 2.7.1.34 pantetheine kinase

EC 2.7.1.35 pyridoxal kinase

EC 2.7.1.36 nievalonate kinase

EC 2.7.1.39 homoserine kinase

EC 2.7.1.40 pyruvate kinase

EC 2.7.1.41 glucose-phosphate phospbodismutase

EC 2.7.1.42 riboflavin phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.43 giucuronokinase

EC 2.7.1.44 gaiacturonokmase

EC 2.7.1.45 2-dehydro-3-deoxygluconokinase

EC 2.7.1.46 L-arabinokinase

EC 2.7.1.47 D -ribulokinase

EC 2.7.1.48 uridine kinase

EC 2.7.1.49 hy choxymefhyipyrimidine kina se

EC 2.7.1.50 hvdroxvethvlthiazole kinase

EC 2.7.1.51 L-fueulokinase

EC 2.7.1.52 fueokinase

EC 2.7.1.53 L-xylulokinase

EC 2.7.1.54 D-arabinokinase

EC 2.7.1.55 allose kinase

EC 2.7.1.56 I -phosphofructokinase

EC 2.7.1.58 2-dehydro-3-deoxygaiactonokinase

EC 2.7.1.59 N-acetylglucosatnine kinase

EC 2.7.1.60 N- cylmannosamine kinase

EC 2.7.1.61 a cyl- hosphate— hexose phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.62 phosphoramidate— hexose phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.63 polyphosphate— lucose phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.64 inositol -kinase

EC 2.7.1.65 scvllo-inosainine -kinase

EC 2.7.1.66 undecaprenol kinase

EC 2.7.1.67 i -phosphatidyiinositol 4-kinase

EC 2.7.1.68 1 -phosp at idyl inositol -4 -phosphate 5 -kinase

EC 2.7.1.69 protein-Njt-phosphohistidme sugar phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.71 shikimate kinase

EC 2.7.1.72 streptomy cin 6-kinase

EC 2.7.1.73 inosine kinase

EC 2.7.1.74 deoxycyiidine kinase

EC 2.7.1.76 deoxyadenosine kinase

EC 2.7.1.77 nucleoside phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.78 polynucl eotide '-hydroxy!-kinase

EC 2.7.1.79 diphosphate— glycerol phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.80 diphosphate serine phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.81 hydroxylysme kinase

EC 2.7.1.82 etbanolamine kinase

EC 2.7.1.83 pseudouridine kinase

EC 2.7.1.84 alky ig lyc ero ne kinase

EC 2.7.1.85 β-glucoside kinase

EC 2.7.1.86 NADH kinase

EC 2.7.1.87 streptomycin "-kinase EC 2.7.1 ,88 dibydros1repto∞ycin-6-_ghospbate 3'a-kinase

EC 2.7.1.89 thiamine kinase

EC 2.7.1.90 diphosphate fructose-6-phosphate 1 -phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.91 sphinganine kinase

EC 2.7.1.92 5-dehyxiro-2-deoxygluconokinase

EC 2.7.1.93 alkylglyeerol kinase

EC 2.7.1.94 acylgiycerol kinase

EC 2.7.1.95 kananivein kinase

EC 2.7.1.100 S - methy 1 - 5 - ihioribos e ki se

EC 2.7.1.101 tagatose kinase

EC 2.7.1.102 hamamelose kinase

EC 2.7.1.103 viornvcin. kinase

EC 2.7.1.105 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase

EC 2.7.1.106 gluco e-, -bis b osph te s nthas e

EC 2.7.1.107 diacylglyeeroi kinase

EC 2.7.1.108 dolichol kinase

EC 2.7.1.113 deoxy guanosine kinase

EC 2.7.1.114 AMP thymidine kinase

EC 2.7.1.1 18 ADP— thymidine kinase

EC 2.7.1.119 hy gromy cin-B 7 " -O-kinase

EC 2.7.1.121 phosphoenolpyruvate— lycerorie phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.122 xylitol kinase

EC 2.7.1.127 inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase

EC 2.7.1.130 tetraaeyldisaccharide 4'-kinase

EC 2.7.1.134 inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1 -kinase

EC 2.7.1.136 macTolide 2'-kinase

EC 2.7.1.137 phosphatidylmositol 3-kinase

EC 2.7.1.138 ceraxiiide kinase

EC 2.7.1.140 inositol- tetrakisDhosohate 5-kinase

EC 2.7.1.142 glycerol— 3 -phosphate-glucose phosphotransferase

EC 2.7.1.143 diphosphate-purine nucleoside kinase

EC 2.7.1.144 tagatose-6-phosphate kinase

EC 2.7.1.145 deoxvnucleoside kinase

EC 2.7.1.146 ADP-dependent phosphofr ctokinase

EC 2.7.1.147 A DP-d epe ndeni gia cokina se

EC 2.7.1.148 4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-eiythritol kinase

EC 2.7.1.149 i -phosphatidylinositol- 5 -phosphate 4-kinase

EC 2.7.1.150 l -!>hos:>hatidyiinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase

EC 2.7.1.151 inosi!ol-poiyphospha!e multiliinase

EC 2.7.1.153 phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase

EC 2.7.1.154 phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3 -kinase

EC 2.7.1.156 adciiosylcobinamide kinase

EC 2.7.1.157 - acet l gaiac tosamine kinase

EC 2.7.1.1 8 i tjositol-pentakisphosphate -kinase

EC 2.7.1.159 inositol- 1 ,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase

EC 2.7.1.160 2'-phosphotrar)sferase

EC 2.7.1.161 CTP-dependent riboflavin kinase

EC 2.7.1.1 62 N-aeetylhexosamine 1 -kinase

EC 2.7.1.163 hygromycin B 4-O-kinase

EC 2.7.1.164 O-phosphosery I-tRNA Sec kinase

EC 2.7.1.165 glycerate -kinase

EC 2.7.1.1 66 3-deoxv-D-njarmo-octulosonic acid kinase

EC 2.7.1.167 D-glycero-p-D-nianno-heptose-7-phosphate kinase EC 2.7.1 , 168 D-gl cero-a-D-manno ieptose-7-phosphate kinase

EC 2.7.1.169 pantoate kinase

EC 2.7.1.170 anhydro-N-acet lmuramic acid kinase

EC 2.7.1.17 ! protein-fructosamine 3 -kinase

EC 2.7.1.172 protein-ribulosamine 3 -kinase

[0123] In particular, based on their known activity and structure, the alcohol kinase enzymes in classes EC 2.7.1.30, EC 2.7.1.32, EC 2.7.1.36, EC 2.7.1.39 and EC 2.7.1.82 are well-suited for converting crotonol to the corresponding phosphate compound, but-2-enyl phosphate. Some exemplary alcohol kinases include glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30; J. Biol. Client. 1955, 2.11, 951 ), choline kinase (EC 2.7.1.32; J. Biol. Chem. 1953, 202, 431), mevalonate kinase (EC 2.7.1.36; J. Biol. Ckem. 1958, 233, l ! OO), homoserine kinase (EC 2.7.1.39; J. Biochem. 1957, 44, 299), ethanolatnine kinase (EC 2.7.1.82; Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1972, 276, 143 ). Additionally, phosphorylation of simple alcohols by bacterial (S. feixneri and S. enterica) non-specific acid phosphatases (UniProt Q71EB8) has been demonstrated (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2005, 347, 1155). Also, it has been reported that isopentyl phosphate kinase from peppermint {Mentha x piperita) which normally phosphoryiates isopentyl phosphate to the corresponding pyrophosphate also has activity on converting isopentenol and dimethylallyl alcohol to the corresponding phosphate (PNAS 1999, 96, 13714). These and other exemplary alcohol kinase enzymes from these classes that could be used in preparing an engineered pathway of FIG. 2, Step A of the present disclosure are shown in Table 10.

Table 10

[0124] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an alcohol ki nase enzyme of Table 10 naturally occurs in the host cell used to prepare the recombinant host cell capable of producing crotonol or 1,3-butadiene. In such an embodiment, no further modification of the host cell is needed to provide expression of an enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate to product of FIG, 2, Step A. In certain embodiments, a naturally occurring gene, or a natural homolog of such a gene, encoding an enzyme of Table 10 can be used to heterologously transform a host cell which lacks such a gene, and/or has such a gene but the native gene expresses either too little or too much of the desired enzyme. Accordingly, heterologous transformation with a gene of Table 10 can provide a recombinant host cell with an improved property {e.g., altered expression of a gene, altered concentration of a substrate and/or product due to use of a non-native gene in the pathway). In certain embodiments, an engineered version of a gene of Table 10 can be used to transform a host cell to provide an enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate to product of FIG. 2 , Step A having an improved property (e.g., increased conversion of the crotonol substrate to but-2-enyl phosphate product as in FIG. 2, Step A).

[0125] Pathway of FIG, 2, Step B

[0126] The phosphate product of FTG. 2, Step A, cis- and/or trans-but-2-enyl phosphate, is converted to the desired product 1,3-butadiene via the elimination of a phosphate group (as in FIG. 2, Step B). Generally, phosphate elimination is catalyzed by phosphate lyase enzymes in class EC 4.2.3.x. Exemplary phosphate lyases in this class are shown in Table 11.

Table 11

EC 4.2.3,29 e nt- s and aracopimarad iene synth ase

EC 4.2.3.30 ent-piraara-8(14),15-diene synthase

EC 4.2.3.31 ent-pimara-9(l 1),15-diene synthase

EC 4.2.3.32 evop i maradi en e synth as e

EC 4.2.3.33 stemar- 13-ene synthase

EC 4.2.3.34 temod- 13(17)-ene synthase

EC 4.2.3.35 svn-pimara-7, 15-diene synthase

EC 4.2.3.36 teroentetriene synthase

EC 4.2.3.37 epi-isozizaene synthase

EC 4.2.3.38 a-bisabolene synthase

EC 4.2.3.39 epi-eedrol synthase

EC 4.2.3.40 (Z ^' z-bisabolene synthase

EC 4.2.3.41 elisabethatriene synthase

EC 4.2.3.42 aphidieolan- 6[3-ol synthase

EC 4.2.3.43 fusicocca-2, 10(14)-diene synthase

EC 4.2.3.44 isopitnara-7, 1 -diene synthase

EC 4.2.3.45 Dhyllocladan- 16a-ol synthase

EC 4.2.3.46 a-famesene synthase

EC 4.2.3.47 (J-farnesene synthase

EC 4.2.3.48 (3 S,6E)-neroiidol synthase

EC 4.2.3.49 (3R,6E)-nerolidol synthase

EC 4.2.3.50 (H-)-a-santalene synthase [(2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diohosphate cyclizing]

EC 4.2.3.51 P-ohellandrene synthase (neryWiphosphate-cyclizing)

EC 4.2.3.52 (4S)-| pheliancirene synthase (geran l-diphosphate-cydizing)

EC 4.2.3.53 (+)-endo-P-bergamotene synthase [(2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing]

EC 4.2.3.54 ( ^' ·· )-endo-a-bergamotene synthase [(2Z,6Z )-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing]

EC 4.2.3.55 S)-fi-bisabolene synthase

EC 4.2.3.56 y-huiriulene synthase

EC 4.2.3.57 (_-- )-J3-cary ophyliene synthase

EC 4.2.3.58 longifolene synthase

EC 4.2.3.59 (E)-"/"bisaboiene synthase

EC 4.2.3.60 gemiacrene C synthase

EC 4.2.3.61 5-eDiaristolochene synthase

EC 4.2.3.62 (-)-y-cadinene synthase [(2Z,6£)-farnesyI diphosphate cyclizing]

EC 4.2.3.63 (+)-cubenene synthase

EC 4.2.3.64 (+)-epicubenol synthase

EC 4.2.3.65 zingiberene synthase

EC 4.2.3.66 β-selinene cyclase

EC 4.2.3.67 cis-muuroladiene synthase

EC 4.2.3.68 i -eudesmol synthase

EC 4.2.3.69 (+ )-a-barbatene synthase

EC 4.2.3.70 oatchoulol synthase

EC 4.2.3.71 (E,E)-germacrene B synthase

EC 4.2.3.72 -gut'iunene synthase

EC 4.2.3.73 valencene synthase

EC 4.2.3.74 presiiplupetfolanol synthase

EC 4.2.3.75 (-)-germacrene D synthase

EC 4.2.3.76 (+ ) - δ - s e i i ne n e synth ase

EC 4.2.3.77 (+)-germacrene D synthase

EC 4.2.3.78 β-charaigrene synthase

EC 4.2.3.79 thujopsene synthase

EC 4.2.3.80 a-longipinene synthase

EC 4.2.3.81 exo-a- bergamotene synthase EC 4.2.3.82 a-sanlalene synthase

EC 4.2.3.83 β-santalene synthase

EC 4.2.3.84 1 O-epi-y-eudesmol synthase

EC 4.2.3.85 a-eudesmol synthase

EC 4.2.3.86 7 - epi- a- se linene synthas e

EC 4.2.3.87 a-guaiene synthase

EC 4.2.3.88 viridiflorene synthase

EC 4.2.3.89 (+) - p - c aryo hylle ne sy thas e

EC 4.2.3.90 5 - epi- a- se linene synthas e

EC 4.2.3.91 cubebol sy nthase

EC 4.2.3.92 (+)-y-cadinene synthase

EC 4.2.3.93 δ-guaiene synthase

[0127] The vast majority of the phosphate lyase enzymes in Table 11 can be broadly described as "terpene synthases" which are known to eliminate a pyrophosphate and form a tertiary carbocation intermediate. The conversion of but-2-enyl-phosphate to 1 ,3-butadiene in the engineered pathway of FIG. 2, Step B, requires elimination of a phosphate to form a secondary carbocation. isoprene synthase (EC 4.2.3.27) is a terpene synthase that produces a small volatile product compound, but in its naturally occurring form only is known to carry out the elimination of a pyrophosphate, not a monophosphate substrate. Other terpene synthase enzymes useful for converting the monophosphate substrate of but-2-enyl phosphate to the product 1,3-butadiene are the "monoteroene synthase" enzymes, Monoteroene synthases are members of the class EC 4.2.3 which produce relatively small (CIO) products via phosphate elimination. Exemplary enzymes include pmene synthase (EC 4.2.3, 34), myrcene synthase (EC 4.2.3.15), limonene synthase (EC 4.2.3.16), and the like. Naturally occurring monoterpene synthases are known only to eliminate a pyrophosphate on the substrate to form a tertiary carbocation which is a key intermediate to forming the final product. The present disclosure contemplates that engineered versions of isoprene or monoterpene synthase enzymes can provide a synthase having "butadiene synthase" activity.

[0128] Exemplary isoprene synthases that can be engineered to carry out the desired transformation include isoprene synthase from P. alba (FEBS Lett. 2005, 579, 2514), P. Montana {Metabol. Engirt. 2010, 12, 70), P. tremida x P. alba (Planta 2001, 213, 483). Alternatively, butadiene is produced by the action of monoterpene synthases (e.g. from S. officinalis i ./. Biol. Chern. 1998, 273, 14891 ; M. alternifolia in Plant Pysio. Biochem. 2004, 42, 875; O. basilicum in Plant Physio. 2004, 136, 3724; A. annua in Plant Physio . 2002, 130, 477). These and other exemplary terpene synthase enzymes that, can be engineered to provide butadiene synthase activity are shown in Table 12.

Table 12 IspS Popuius nigra A0PFK2 AVD58934.1 319658825

TspS Poptdus nigra ' A0PFK2 CAL69918. I 1 182001 18 sss Salvia officinalis 0881193 AAC26018.1 3309121 bpps Salvia officinalis 0881 193 AAC26017.1 33091 19

TPS M el a I euca a Item ifo Ha Q7Y 1V1 AAP40638.1 30984015

ZJS Ocimum basiiicum Q5SBP4 AAV63788.1 55740201

YS Ocimum basiiicum Q5SPB1 AAV63791.1 55740207

SES Ocimum basiiicum Q5SBP7 AAV63782.1 55740195

QH6 Artemisia annua Q94G53 AAK58723.1 34279758

[0129] In some embodiments, a naturally occurring gene, such as a homolog of a gene in Table 12, having the butadiene synthase activity can be identified. Such a gene can then be used to heterologous!}' transform a host cell which lacks this gene, and/or has such a gene but the native activity is not sufficient. Accordingly, heterologous transformation with a homolog of a gene of Table 12 can provide a recombinant host ceil with an improved property (e.g., altered expression of a gene, altered concentration of a subs trate and/or product due to use of a non-native gene in the pathway).

[0130] In some embodiments, an engineered version of a gene of Table 12, or a engineered version of a homolog of a gene of Table 12, can be used to transform a host cell to provide an enzyme capable of the conversion of substrate to product of FIG. 2, Step B having an improved property (e.g., increased conversion of the but-2-enyl phosphate substrate to 1,3-butadiene product).

6.3. Host Ceil Selection n \ Engmeeriag

[0131] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for producing a recombinant host cell, wherein the method comprises transforming a suitable host cell with one or more nucleic acid constructs encoding: (a) a FAR enzyme, wherein the enzyme is capable of converting crotonyl- CoA and/or crotonyl-ACP to crotonol; (b ) an enzyme capable of converting crotonol to but-2-enyl phosphate; and (c) a enzyme capable of converting but-2-enyl phosphate to 1,3-butadiene.

[0132] In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the host ceil is a yeast cell. The transformed or transfected host cell is cultured in a suitable nutrient medium under conditions permitting the expression of the FAR enzyme, the alcohol kinase enzyme, and/or the terpene synthase enzyme. The medium used to culture the cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing the host cells, such as minimal or complex media containing appropriate supplements. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published recipes (e.g. in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection),

A. Host cells

[0133] The recombinant host cells of the present invention generally comprise a recombinant polynucleotide encoding an enzyme, such as a FAR enzyme. Suitable host cells include, but are not limited to microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungi and algae. In certain embodiments, microorganisms useful as recombinant host cells are wild-type microorganisms, in certain embodiments, host cell is the bacteria Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the host is a the yeast, and in particular embodiments, an oleaginous yeast.

[0134] in various embodiments, microorganisms useful as recombinant host cells are genetically modified. As used herein, "genetically modified" microorganisms include microorganisms having one or more endogenous genes removed, microorganisms having one or more endogenous genes with reduced expression compared to the parent or wild-type microorganism, or microorganisms having one or more genes overexpressed compared to the parent or wild-type microorganism, in certain embodiments, the one or more genes that are overexpressed are endogenous to the microorganism, in some embodiments, the one or more genes thai are overexpressed are heterologous to the microorganism.

[0135] in certain embodiments, the genetically modified microorganism comprises an inactivated or silenced endogenous gene that codes for a protein involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acyl-CoA substrates, in particular embodiments, the inactive or silenced gene encodes a fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase or a fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (FACS).

[0136] in certain embodiments, the genetically modified microorganism alters (i.e., increases or decreases) the expression a gene that encodes one or more of the enzymes in the pathway of enzymes of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, and/or a gene that encodes one or more proteins other than the enzymes in the pathway of enzymes of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. in various embodiments, the aliered expression of the one or more proteins can alter the rate at which the recombinant cell produces or metabolizes any of the compounds in the pathways of FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. in some embodiments, the one or more genes having altered expression encode enzymes directly involved in host cell metabolism of substrates or products of the engineered pathways of FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the gene having altered expression is endogenous to the host cell, in other embodiments, the gene having altered expression is heterologous to the host cell.

B. P kg yotie host cells

[0137] In some embodiments, the host cell is a prokaryotic cell. Suitable prokaryotic cells include gram positive, gram negative and gram-variable bacterial cells. In certain embodiments, host cells include, but are not limited to, species of a genus selected from the group consisting of

Agrobacterium, Alicyclobacillus, Anabaena, Anacystis, Acineiobacter, Acidotkermus, Arthrobacter, Azobacter, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Brevi bacterium, Buiyrivibrio, Bucknera, Campestris, Camplyobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Chromatium, Coprococcus, Cyanobacieria, Escherichia, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Fusobacterium, Faecalibaclerium, FranciseUa, Flavobacterium, Geohacilius, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, llyohacier, Micrococcus, Microbacterium, Mesorhizobrum, Methylobacterium, Methylobacterium, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Prochlorococcus, Rhodobacter,

Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodopseudomonas, Roseburia, RhodospiriUurn, Rhodococcus, Scenedesmun, Streptomyces, Streptococcus, Synnecoccus, Saccharomonospora, Staphylococcus, Serratia,

Salmonella, Shigella, Thermoanaerobacterium, Tropheryma, Tularemia, Temecula,

Thermosynechococcus, Thermococcus, Ureaplasma, Xanlhomonas, Xylella, Yersinia, and Zymomonas. in particular embodiments, the host cell is a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of Agro bacterium, Artkrobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Erwinia, Geobacillus, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Mycobacterium, Pantoea, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces and Zymomonas.

[0138] in particular embodiments, the bacterial host cell is a species of the genus Escherichia, e.g., E. coli. E. coli provides a good prokaryotic microorganism for producing a recombinant host cell capable of producing a chemical such as crotonoi or 1,3 -butadiene under aerobic, anaerobic or microaerobic conditions. Examples of chemicals produced by recombinant E. coli host cells include ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid, and the like, in certain embodiments, the E. coli is a wild-type bacterium, in various embodiments, the wild-type E. coli bacterial strain useful in the processes described herein is selected from, but not limited to, strain W31 10, strain MG1655 and strain BW251 13. in other embodiments, the E. coli is genetically modified. Examples of genetically modified E. coli useful as recombinant host cells include, but are not limited to, genetically modified E. coli found in the Keio Collection, available from the National BioResource Project at NBRP E. coli, Microbial Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics i l l ! Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 41 1 -8540.

[0139] In particular embodiments, the genetically modified E.coii comprises an inactivated or silenced endogenous fadD gene, which codes for an acyl-CoA synthetase protein, in other embodiments the genetically modified E.coii comprises an inactivated of silenced endogenous fadK. gene, which codes for an endogenous short-chain aeyl-CoA synthetase. In still other embodiments, the genetically modified E. coli comprises an inactivated or silenced endogenous fadD gene and an inactivated or silenced endogenous fadK gene, in other embodiments, the genetically modified E.coii comprises an endogenous fadD gene that has reduced expression compared to the parent or wild-type strain. In various embodiments, the genetically modified E.coii comprises an endogenous fadK gene that has reduced expression compared to the parent or wild-type strain.

[0140] In certain embodiments, the recombinant host cell is an industrial bacterial strain. Numerous bacterial industrial strains are known and suitable for use in the methods disclosed herein, in some embodiments, the bacterial host ceil is a species of the genus Bacillus, e.g., B. thuringiensis, B.

anthracis, B. megaterium, B. subiilis, B. lentus, B. circuians, B. pumilus, B. lauius, B.coaguians, B. brevis, B. jirmus, B. alkaophius, B. Uchenifonnis, B. ciausii, B. stearothermophilus, B. halodurans and B. amyloliquefaciens. In particular embodiments, the host cell is a species of the genus Bacillus and is selected from the group consisting of B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. licheniformis, B. clausii, B.

stearothermophilus, B. megaterium and B. amyloliquefaciens.

[0141] in some embodiments the bacterial host cell is a species of the genus Erwinia, e.g., E.

uredovora, E. carotovora, E. ananas, E. herbicola, E. punctata or E. terreus.

[0142] In other embodiments the bacterial host cell is a species of the genus Pantoea, e.g., P. citrea or P. agglomerans.

[0143] In still other embodiments, the bacterial host cell is a species of the genus Streptomyces, e.g., S. ambofaciens, S. achromogenes, S. avermitilis, S. coelicolor, S. aureofaciens, S. aureus, S.

fangicidicus, S. griseus or 5. lividans.

[0144] In further embodiments, the bacterial host cell is a species of the genus Zymomonas, e.g., Z. mobilis or Z. lipolytica.

[0145] In further embodiments, the bacterial host cell is a species of the genus Rhodococcus, e.g. R, opacus.

C. Yeast liost cells

[0 46] In certain embodiments, the recombinant host cell is a yeast, in various embodiments, the yeast host cell is a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of Candida, Hansenula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, and Yarrowia. In particular embodiments, the yeast host cell is a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces, Candida, Pichia and Yarrowia.

[0147] In various embodiments, the yeast host cell is selected from the group consisting of Hansenula polymorpha, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccaromyces canshergensis, Saccharomyces diasiaticus, Saccharomyces norhensis, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Pichia pastoris, Pichia finlandica, Pichia trehalophila, Pichia fernierntans, Issalchenkia orienialis, Pichia kodamae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichi opuntiae, Pichia ihermololerans, Pichia salictaria, Pichia quercuum, Pichia pijperi, Pichia stipitis, Pichia methanolica, Pichia angusta, Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida ethanolic and Yarrowia lipolytica and synonyms or taxonomic equivalents thereof.

[0148] In certain embodiments, the yeast host cell is a wild-type ceil. In various embodiments, the wild-type yeast cell strain is selected from, but not limited to, strain BY4741, strain FLlOOa, strain INVSC 1, strain NRRL Y-390, strain NRRL Y-1438, strain NRRL YB-1952, strain NRRL Y-5997, strain NRRL Y-7567, strain NRRL Y-1532, strain NRRL YB-4149 and strain NRRL Y-567. In other embodiments, the yeast host cell is genetically modified. Examples of genetically modified yeast useful as recombinant host cells include, but are not limited to, genetically modified yeast found in the Open Biosystems collection found at http:// www.openbio^sterasxo GeneExpression/YeastATKO/. See Winzeler et al. ( 1999) Science 285:901 -906.

[0149] In other embodiments, the recombinant host cell is an oleaginous yeast. Oleaginous yeast are organisms that accumulate lipids such as tri-acylglycerols. Examples of oleaginous yeast include, but are not limited to, organisms selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia lipolytica, Yarrowia paralipoiyiica, Candida revkaufi, Candida pulcherrima, Candida iropicaiis, Candida utilis, Candida curvata D, Candida curvata. R, Candida diddensiae, Candida. boldinii, Rhodoiorula glutinous, Rhodotorula graminis, Rhodoiorula miicilaginosa, Rhodoiorula minuia, Rhodoiorula hacarum, Rhodosporidiurn ioruloid.es, Cryptococc s (terricolus) albidus var. albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Trichosporon pullans, Trichosporon cutaneum, Trichosporon cutancum, Trichosporon pullulans, Lipomyces starkeyii, Lipomyces lipoferus, Lipomyces letrasporus, Endomycopsis vernalis, Hansenula ciferri, Hansenula saturnus, and Trigonopsis variables, in particular embodiments, the oleaginous yeast is Y. lipolytica. in certain embodiments, Yarrowia lipolytica strains include, but are not limited to, DSMZ 1345, DSMZ 3286, DSMZ 8218, DSMZ 70561, DSMZ 70562, and DSMZ 21 175.

[0150] In certain embodiments, the oleaginous yeast is a wild-type organism. In other embodiments, the oleaginous yeast is genetically modified,

[0151] In yet other embodiments, the recombinant host cell is a filamentous fungus. In certain embodiments, the filamentous fungal host cell is a species of a genus selected from the group consisting ol Achlya, Acremonium, Aspergillus. Aureobasidium, Bjerkandera, Ceriporiopsis, Cephalosporium, Chrysosporium, Coch!iobolus, Corynascus, Cryphonectria, Cryptococcus, Coprinus, Coriolus, Diplodia, Endoihis, Fusarium, Gibberella, Gliocladium, Humicola, Hypocrea, Myceliophthora, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Podospora, Phlebia, Piromyces, Pyricularia, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus, Schizophyllum, Scytaiidium, Sporotrichum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Trarnetes, Tolypocladium, Trichoderma, VeriiciUium, VolvarieUa, and teleomorphs, synonyms or taxonomic equivalents thereof.

[0152] In some embodiments, the filamentous fungal host cell is an Aspergillus species, a

Chrysosporium species, a Corynascus species, & Fusarium species, & Humicola species, a

Myceliophthora species, a Neurospora species, a Penicillum species, a Tolypocladium species, a Tramates species, or Trichoderma species. In other embodiments, the Trichoderma species is selected from T. longibrachiatum, T. viride, Hypocrea jecorina and T. reesei; the Aspergillus species is selected from A. awamori, A. funigatus, A. japonicus, A. nidxdans, A. niger, A. aculeaius, A.

foei.idus, A. oryza.e, A. sojae, and A. kawachi; the Chrysosporium species is C. lucknowense; the Fusariu species is selected from F.graminum, F. oxysporum and F. venenatuni; the Myceliophthora. species is M. thermophilia; the Neurospora species is N. crassa; the Humicola species is selected from //, insolens, H grisea, and //, lanuginosa; the Penicillum species is selected from P. purpurogemim, P. chrvsogenum, and P. verruculosum; the Thielavia species is 71 terrestris; and the Trametes species is selected from T. viilosa and T. versicolor.

[0153] In some embodiments, the filamentous fungal hosi is a wild-type organism. In other embodiments, the filamentous fungal host is genetically modified.

[0154] In certain particular embodiments, recombinant host cells for use in the methods described herein are derived from strains of Escherichia coli. Bacillus, Saccharomyces, Streptomyces and Yarrowia.

[0155] In certain embodiments the host cell is a Yarrowia cell, such as a Y. lipolytica cell.

[0156] Cells which are useful in the practice of the present disclosure include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells which are readily accessible from a number of culture collections and other sources, e.g., the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen unci Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ) (German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Culture),

Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcuitures (CBS), and Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center (NRRL). Yarrowia lipolytica is available, as a non- limiting example, from the ATCC under accession numbers 20362, 18944, and 76982.

[0157] In some embodiments, the recombinant host cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding a FAR enzyme described herein, further lacks a gene encoding a fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (FACS) and/or a gene encoding a fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase (TE). Without being bound to a particular theory, crotonol, and subsequent 1 ,3 -butadiene, production may be increased in a recombinant host ceil lacking a gene encoding a FACS and/or a TE because silencing or inactivating the FACS and/or TE gene may inactivate a competing biosvnthetic pathways. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the recombinant E. coli host ceils of the present disclosure can further comprise a silenced or inactivated fatty acyl-CoA synthetase fadD gene and/or silenced or inactivated short chain fatty aeyl-CA synthetase fadK gene. The recombinant E. coli host can be genetically modified to be silenced or inactivated in one or more of the additional genes described above.

D. Host Cell Transformation and Culture

[0158] Recombinant polynucleotides of the disclosure, e.g., polynucleotides encoding FAR enzyme, may be introduced into host cells for expression of the FAR enzyme in the engineered pathway of FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the recombinant polynucleotide may be introduced into the cell as a self-replicating episome (e.g., expression vector) or may be stably integrated into the host ceil DNA.

[0 9] in some embodiments, a host cell is transformed with a recombinant polynucleotide encoding a enzyme in an engineered pathway of FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 2. i n transformation, the recombinant polynucleotide that is introduced into the host cell remains in the genome or on a piasmid or other stably maintained vector in the cell and is capable of being inherited by the progeny thereof. Stable transformation is typically accomplished by transforming the host cell with an expression vector comprising the poly nucleotide of interest (e.g., the polynucleotide encoding a FAR enzyme) along with a selectable marker gene (e.g., a gene that confers resistance to an antibiotic). Only those host ceils which have integrated the polynucleotide sequences of the expression vector into their genome will survive selection ith the marker (e.g., antibiotic). These stably transformed host ceils can the be propagated according to known methods in the art.

[0160] Methods, reagents and tools for transforming host cells described herein, such as bacteria (include E. colt), yeast (including oleaginous yeast) and filamentous fungi are known in the art. General methods, reagents and tools for transforming, e.g., bacteria can be found, for example, in Sambrook ei al (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3 ^rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. Methods, reagents and tools for transforming yeast are described in "Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology," C. Guthrie and G. Fink, Eds., Methods in Enzy ology 350 (Academic Press, San Diego, 2002). Methods, reagents and tools for transforming, culturing, and manipulating Y. lipolytica are found in "Yarrowia lipoiytica," C. Madzak, J.M. Nicaud and C. Gaillardin in "Production of Recombinant Proteins. Novel Microbial and Eucaryotic

Expression Systems," G. Gellissen, Ed. 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes, in some embodiments, introduction of the DNA construct or vector of the present disclosure into a host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-Dextran mediated transfection, PEG-medialed transformation, eleetroporation, or other common techniques (See Davis et al., 1986, Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0161] The recombinant host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the expression of certain pathway enzymes (e.g., the FAR enzyme of FIG. 1 , Step D). Culture conditions, such as temperature, pH and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to those skilled in the art. As noted, many references are available for the culture and production of many cells, including cells of bacterial, plant, animal (especially mammalian) and archebacterial origin. See e.g., Sambrook, Ausubel, and Berger (ail supra), as well as Freshney (1994) Culture of Animal Cells, a Manual of Basic Technique, third edition, Wiiey-Liss, New York and the references cited therein; Doyle and Griffiths ( 3997) Mammalian Cell Culture: Essential Techniques John Wiley and Sons, NY; Humason (1979) Animal Tissue Techniques, fourth edition W.H. Freeman and Company; and Ricciardelii, et al., (1989) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol 25: 1016-1024, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. For plant cell culture and regeneration, Payne et al. ( 1992) Plant Cell and Tissue Culture in Liquid Systems John Wiley & Sons, inc. New York, NY; Gamborg and Phillips (eds) (1995) Plant Cell, Tissue and Orga Culture; Fundamental Methods Springer Lab Manual, Springer- Verlag (Berlin Heidelberg New York); Jones, ed. (1984) Plant Gene Transfer and Expression Protocols, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey and Plant Molecular Biology ( 1993) R.R.D.Croy, Ed. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, U.K. ISBN 0 12 198370 6, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Media for host cell culture in general are set forth in Atlas and Parks (eds.) The Handbook of Microbiological Media (1993) CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, which is incorporated herein by reference. Additional information for host cell culture is found in available commercial literature such as the Life Science Research Cell Culture Catalogue (1998) from Sigma - Aldrich, inc (St Louis, MO) ("Sigma-LSRCCC") and, for example, The Plant Culture Catalogue and supplement (1997) also from Sigma-Aldrich, inc (St Louis, MO) ("Sigma-PCCS"), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

6.4. Methods of Using the RecombiisaMi Hosi: CeHs for Produemg 1,3-Buiadieise [0162] A. Biosynthetic production and isolation of crotonol or 1,3-but diene

[0163] The present disclosure also provides methods for producing crotonol or 1,3 -butadiene by fermentation of the recombinant host ceils comprising one or more recombinant polynucleotides as described herein. As noted elsewhere herein, in some embodiments, the recombinant host cells comprise an engineered pathway of enzymes that provide for the ability to produce crotonol biosynthetically (see e.g., Fig. 1), and in other embodiments, the recombinant host cells comprise an engineered pathway of enzymes that provide for the ability to produce 1 ,3-butadiene fully biosynthetically, via a pathway through the crotonol intermediate (see e.g., Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, Steps A and B). The same general methods for producing a fermentation product can be used with the recombinant host cells capable of producing crotonol or 1,3 -butadiene. Accordingly, in some embodiments the present disclosure provides a method of producing crotonol, wherein the method comprises: (a) providing the recombinant host ceil as described herein; (b) providing a fermentation medium comprising a fermentable sugar; (c) contacting the fermentation medium with the recombinant host cell under conditions suitable for generating crotonol; and optionaily (d) recovering the crotonol. In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of producing 1,3- buiadiene, wherein the method comprises: (a) providing the recombinant host ceil as described herein; (b) providing a fermentation medium comprising a fermentable sugar; (c) contacting the fermentation medium with the recombinant host cell under conditions suitable for generating 3 ,3- butadiene; and optionally (d) recovering the 1,3-butadiene.

[0164] Generally, in the embodiments of the methods for producing the fermentation products describe above and else herein, the fermentable sugar may comprise products of a cellulosic saccharificatioD process, including, for example, mono-, di-, and tri saccharides (e.g.. glucose, xylose, sucrose, maltose, and the like), and more complex polysaccharide carbohydrates (e.g.. lignoceilulose, xylans, cellulose, starch, and the like), and the like. Compositions of fermentation media suitable for the growth of recombinant host cells such as E. coli, yeast, and filamentous fungi are well known in tire art. See, for example, Yeast Protocols (1 ^st and 2 ^nd edition), Hahan-Hagerdal Microbial Cell Factories 2005, Walker Adv. in Applied Microbiology (2004), which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0165] Fermentation conditions suitable for generating the desired fermentation product, crotonol, are well known in the art. The suitable conditions can comprise aerobic, rnicroaerobie or anaerobic conditions. In some embodiments, the suitable conditions for fermentation can comprise anaerobic conditions. Typical anaerobic conditions are the absence of oxygen (i.e., no detectable oxygen), or less than about 5, about 2.5, or about 1 mmol/L/h oxygen, in t e absence of oxygen, the NADH produced in glycolysis cannot be oxidized by oxidative phosphorylation. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate or a derivative thereof may be utilized by the host cell as an electron and hydrogen acceptor in order to generate NAD ⁺ . in certain embodiments of the present disclosure, when the fermentation process is carried out under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate may be reduced to a fermentation product such as ethanol, butanol, or lactic acid.

[0166] Typically, the suitable conditions comprise running the fermentation at a temperature that is optimal for the recombinant host cell. For example, the fermentation process may be performed at a temperature in the range of from about 25°C to about 42 ^C C. Typically the process is carried out a temperature that is less than about 38°C, less than about 35°C, less than about 33°C, less than about 38 ^C C, but at least about 20°C, 22°C, or 25 ^C C.

[0167] in some embodiments of the methods, the recombinant host cells of the present disclosure are grown under batch or continuous fermentation conditions. Classical batch fermentation is a closed system, wherein the composition of the medium is set at the beginning of the fermentation and is not subject to artificial alterations during the fermentation. A variation of the batch system is a fed-batch fermentation which also finds use in the present disclosure. In this variation, the substrate is added in increments as the fermentation progresses. Fed-batch systems are useful when cataboiite repression is likely to inhibit the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable to have limited amounts of substrate in the medium. Batc and fed-batc fermentations are common and welt known in the art.

[0168] Continuous fermentation is carried out using an open system where a defined fermentation generally maintains the culture at a constant high density where cells are primarily in log phase growth. Continuous fermentation systems strive to maintain steady state growth conditions. Methods for modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous fermentation processes as well as techniques for modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous fermentation processes as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation are well known in the art of industrial microbiology.

[0169] B. Ckemo-catatyiic dehydration of crotonol to 1 ^' ,3-hutadiene [0170] As described above, the present disclosure provides recombinant host cells and associated fermentation methods using the cells to produce the compound, crotonol. Crotonol is an alcohol compound with a density of 0.8454 g/cm ³ which has a melting point <25°C and a boiling point of 121.2°C. In some embodiments of the methods, t e crotonol is reco vered from the fermentation medium. Recovery of crotonol can be carried out using well-known bioindustrial and/or chemical techniques, e.g., extraction, or distillation. Crotonol produced biosynthetically and thereafter recovered from the medium can then be further converted to 1,3-butadiene via a chemo-catalytic dehydration step.

[0171] The efficient chemo-catalytic conversion of crotonol to 1,3-butadiene using a solid-acid catalyst, e.g., aiuminosilicate, is known in the art (see e.g., Ichikawa et al, J. Mol. Cat. A 2006, 256 ^" , 106-112). Other chemo-catalytic dehydration techniques and suitable conditions for the conversion of alcohols to olefins are well known in the art. Typical dehydration catalysts that convert alcohols such as butanols and pentanois into olefins include various acid treated and untreated alumina (e.g., y- alumina) and silica catalysts and clays including zeolites (e.g., β-type zeolites, ZSM-5 or Y-type zeolites, fluoride-treated β-zeolite catalysts, fluoride-treated ciay catalysts, etc. ), sulfonic acid resins (e.g., sulfonated styrenic resins such as Amberlyst 15), strong acids such as phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, Lewis acids such boron trifluoride, and many different types of metal salts including metal oxides (e.g., zirconium oxide or titanium dioxide) and metal chlorides (see e.g., Latshaw B E, Dehydration of Isobutanol to isobutylene in a Slurry Reactor, Department of Energy Topical Report, February 1994).

[0172] Generally, dehydration reactions can be carried out in gas or liquid phase with heterogeneous or homogeneous catalyst systems in many different reactor configurations. Typically, the catalysts used are stabie to tlie water that is generated by tlie reaction. The water is usuaily removed from the reaction zone with the product. The resulting alkene(s) either exit the reactor in the gas or liquid phase (e.g., depending upon the specific alkene and reactor conditions) and is (are) captured by a downstream purification process. The water generated by the dehydration reaction exits the reactor with unreacted alcohol and alkene product(s) and is separated by distillation or phase separation. Because water is generated in large quantities in the dehydration step, the dehydration catalysts used are generally tolerant to water and a process for removing the water from substrate and product may be part of any process that contains a dehydration step. For this reason, it is possible to use wet (i.e., up to about 95% or 98% water by weight) alcohol as a substrate for a dehydration reaction and remove this water with the water generated by the dehydration reaction (e.g., using a zeolite catalyst as described U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,698,452 and 4,873,392). Additionally, neutral alumina and zeolites will dehydrate alcohols to alkenes but generally at higher temperatures and pressures than the acidic versions of these catalysts. 7. EXAMPLES

[0173] Various features and embodiments of the disclosure are illustrated in the following representative examples, which are intended to be illustrative, and not limiting.

EXAMPLE 1: Recombinant Host Cell with an Engineered Pathway for Production of Crotonol with Subsequent Chemo-Caiaiytic Conversion to 1,3-Butadiene.

[0174] This Example illustrates the preparation of a recombinant E. coli host cell that expresses the genes in the engineered pathways of FIG. 1 for the production of crotonol from fermentable sugar.

The crotonol so produced is then recovered and converted to 1,3-butadiene using a chemo-catalytic process.

[0175] The following genes of the engineered pathway of FIG, 1, Steps A-D are synthesized: (1) wild type or engineered E. coli gene fadA (Uniprot P21151) encoding thiolase (EC 2.3.1.9); (2) wild type or engineered E. coli gene fadB (Uniprot P21 177) encoding acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.35); (3) wild type or engineered C. acetobutylicum gene crt (Uniprot P52046) encoding crotonase (EC 4.2.1.55); (4) an engineered variant of FAR enzyme (EC 1.1.1 *) derived from rhw Marinobacter a!gicola DG893 gene FAR maa (SEQ ID NO: 3 ) which is capable of crotonyi-CoA reduction to crotonol. Before synthesis, the genes that are not from E. coli are optimized with a codon bias for expression in E. coli. The synthesized polynucleotides encoding the genes are ligated into an E. coli vector pCKl 10900 under the control of a lac promoter (as described in International patent publication WO 201 1/ 008535).

[0176] The resulting plasmid containing the genes is used to transform E. coli strain K12 using routine transformation methods. Transformed E. coli cells are pre-cultured in LB medium (Difco) with 0.4% glucose and 30 g ml chloramphenicol, incubated at 37°C and 200 rpm with a 2" throw for 18 hours. Growth is monitored by measuring the optical density at 600nm. Fresh LB liquid medium including 0.2% glucose and 30 μζ/τηΐ chloramphenicol is inoculated with sufficient cells from the pre- culture to obtain a starting optical density of 0.1. After approximately 2 to 3 hours of growth at 37°C and 250 rpm with a 2" throw, an optical density of approximately 0,6 is obtained,

Isopropyithioglycoside (IPTG) is added to the cells to a final concentration of 1 mM and the cells are incubated at 30°C and 200 rpm with a 2" throw for 30-90 minutes until an OD of approximately 1.2 is obtained. Glucose is added to the cells to a final concentration of 2%, the containers are sealed and crotonol production is monitored by extraction of samples from the fermentation medium into organic solvent followed by crotonol analysis of the organic extract using HPLC or a comparable analysis technique.

[0177] The resulting recombinant host cell comprises an engineered pathway of FIG. 1 , Steps A-D and is able to convert acetyl-CoA to crotonol. The recombinant E. coli host cell is grown up in a bioreactor containing a medium comprising the fermentable sugar glucose and produces the crotonol product into the fermentation medium. The crotonol product is isolated from the bioreactor by extraction of the alcohol into an organic layer (e.g., toluene), and/or is isolated by distillation of the crotonol front the aqueous based fermentation medium.

[0178] This isolated crotonol product recovered from the bioreactor is converted to 1,3 -butadiene by dehydration over a solid acid chemical catalyst (FIG. 2, Step C), for example, aluminosilicate.

General conditions for earning out the dehydration are as described in icliikawa et al., J. MoL Cat. A 2006, 256: 106.

EXAMPLE 2: Preparation of a Recombinant E. coli Host Ceil that Produces 1 ,3- Butadiene via a Fully Biosynthetic Process

[0179] This Example illustrates the preparation of a recombinant E. coli host cell that expresses the genes in the engineered pathways of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 for the production of 1,3 -butadiene from fermentable sugar in a fully biosynthetic process.

[0180] The following genes of the engineered pathway of FIG. 1, Steps A-D and FIG. 2, Steps A-B, are synthesized: (1 ) wild type or engineered E. coil gene fadA (Uniprot P21 351) encoding thiolase (EC 2.3.1.9); (2) wild type or engineered E. coli gene fadB (Uniprot P21 177) encoding acetoacetyl- CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.35); (3) wild type or engineered C. acetobutylicum gene crt (Uniprot P52046) encoding crotonase (EC 4.2.1 .55); (4) an engineered variant of FAR enzyme (EC 1.1.1 *) derived from rhw Marinobacter algicola DG893 gene FAR maa (SEQ ID NO: 1 ) which is capable of crotonyl-CoA reduction to crotonol; (5) engineered variant of kinase (EC 2.7. ! .x) from S. cerevisiae gene ERG! 2 (Uniprot P07277) which is capable phosphorylating crotonol to but-2-enyl phosphate: and (6) an engineered variant of a isoprene synthase (EC 4.2.3.x) derived from P. alba gene ISPS (Uniprot Q50L36), which is capable phosphate elimination of but-2-enyl phosphate to produce 1,3- buiadiene. Before synthesis, the genes that are not from E, coli are optimized with a codon bias for expression in E. coli. The synthesized polynucleotides encoding the genes are ligated into an E. coli vector pCKl 10900 under the control of a lac promoter (as described in International patent publication WO 201 1/008535).

[0181] The resulting plasrmd containing the genes is used to transform E. coli strain K12 using routine transformation methods. Transformed E. coli ceils are pre-cultured in LB medium (Difco) with 0.4% glucose and 30 ^ig/ml chloramphenicol, incubated at 37 ^C C and 200 rpm with a 2" throw for 18 hours. Growth is monitored by measuring the optical density at 600nm. Fresh LB liquid medium including 0.2% glucose and 30 ^ig/rnl chloramphenicol is inoculated with sufficient cells from the pre- culture to obtain a starting optical density of 0.1. After approximately 2 to 3 hours of growth at 37°C and 250 rpm with a 2" throw, an optical density of approximately 0.6 is obtained.

Isopropylthioglycoside (IPTG) is added to the cells to a final concentration of 1 mM and the cells are incubated at 30°C and 200 rpm with a 2" throw for 30-90 minutes until an OD of approximately 1.2 is obtained. Glucose is added to the cells to a final concentration of 2%, the containers are sealed and 1,3-butadiene production is monitored using GC-FID (Agilent GC-GasPro column, 1 ml head space injection, split 10; Method- 203°C for 2.5 min, 250°C for 2.5 min (ramp 50°C/min), 203°C for 2 min) with butadie e eiuting at 1 ,9 minutes.

EXAMPLE 3: Production and Isolation of 1,3-Butadiene Produced by a

Recombinant E. coli Host Ceil.

[0182] This Example illustrates methods and conditions for the large scale production of 1,3- butadiene using a recombinant E. coli host cell of Example 2 comprising an engineered pathway of

FIG, 1 and FIG. 2, The E. coli host cell is cultured in a femienter, either in a batch or continuous mode, using a medium containing a fermentable sugar, such as glucose, that is known to support growth of the host cell under anaerobic, aerobic or microaerobic conditions. The expression of the genes encoding the enzymes in the engineered pathway of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are induced after the prescribed cell density is reached. Alternatively, a constitutive promoter is used and no induction is necessary'. The desired product i ,3 -butadiene is a gas under the conditions used in the fermentation, and the amount of 1,3-butadiene produced is monitored by GC sampling of the off-gas from the bioreactor (as generally described in Example 2),

[0183] The i ,3-butadiene is isolated by directing the fermentation off-gas using a gentle nitrogen sweep, first through a chilled scrubber at 0°C to condense by-products, primarily water vapor, and then to a cryogenic condenser/trap at -20°C to collect the 1 ,3-butadiene as a liquid. The remaining by-product gases, primarily nitrogen and CO _¾ then are vented into the atmosphere.

EXAMPLE 4: Optimization of a Recombinant E. coli Host Ceil to Increase Crotonol and/or 1,3-Butadiene Production.

[0184] This Example illustrates how a recombinant E. coli host cell of Example 1 or 2 comprising an engineered pathway of FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, which is capable of fermenting sugars to produce crotonol and/or 1 ,3-butadiene, respectively, can be further optimized to increase the productivity (titer and yield) of the desired product.

[0 85] Briefly, the engineered strain is analyzed as to determine which recombinant gene's expression and/or which enzyme's activity is limiting the production of crotonol and/or 1 ,3-butadiene. A limiting gene's expression can be increased by increasing the copy number in the host cell, if enzyme activity is limiting, it can also be increased by increased copy number of the gene encoding it. Alternatively, the enzyme's gene is engineered via directed evolution to provide a gene encoding an enzyme having increased activity and ihe host cell is transformed with thai recombinant gene. This general process of identifying the limiting gene and/or enzyme followed by increasing copy number and/or enzyme engineering is iterated until the desired amount of production is achieved from ihe E. coli host cell.

[0186] Additionally, metabolic modeling (Biotechnol. Bioengin 2003, 84, 647-657) is utilized to optimize the recombinant E. coli host cell's growth conditions and to knock out genes in the recombinant host cell that are responsible for metabolic leakage/inefficiencies in ihe engineered pathways of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. Also, adaptive evolution is used to further optim ize production by increasing recombinant host cell's tolerance to inhibitors (see e.g.. Science 314, 1565-1568 (2006)).

EXAMPLE S: Recombinant FAR Enzyme (Adhe2) Construct in E. coli Capable of Converting Crotonyl-CoA to Crotonol

[0187] This Example illustrates how a recombinant E. coli host ceil expressing a FAR enzyme construct is capable of converting the non-natural substrate crotonyl-CoA to crotonol.

[0188] Premntiio The wild-type gene acihe2 ^' encodes the enzyme Ad e2 reported as an aldehyde alcohol dehydrogenase from £. coli P12B (GenBank access. AFG40749.1 Gi:383103240). The wild-type gene adhel was cloned m a pCK-900 vector and transformed into E. coli. The recombinant E. coli containing adhel (or E.coli transformed with empty pCK-900 vector) were grown for 16 h in 2xYT with 30 ^tg/niL chloramphenicol, then diluted in a 50 mL conical tube to OD 0.2 in 2xYT with 30 ug/ ^' mL chioramphenicol, 20 mM Μ§(¾, and 0.25% glucose, (50 mL total volume). The tubes were sealed and shaken at 250 rpm, 3(TC for 2 h, then 1 mM 1PTG was added and the E. coli grown for an additional 2 hours under the same conditions. The cells were centrifuged (2800 x g, lO min), the supernatant discarded, and the cell pellets were iysed via addition of 2 mL of 100 mM Tns pH 7.5 with 1 mM DTT, 1 mM MgCi ₂ , 0.5 mg/mL polymixin B sulfate, and 0.5 mg/mL lysozyme, with shaking at room temperature for 2 h. The resulting lysates were centrifuged for 30 min at 12,800 x g, and the pellets were discarded. The supernatants were analyzed by SDS-PAGE revealing an overexpressed band at ~92 kDa consistent with the expected molecular weight of the enzyme, Ad e2.

[0189] Enzymatic Activity Assay: 2-fold serial dilutions of lysate (30 uJL) from E. coli expressing Adhe2 or E. coli control (pCK-900 empty vector) were incubated with 1 mM NADH (20 μΕ), buffer (100 mM Tris pH 7.5, ! mM DTT, 20 uL), and 1 mM crotonyi-CoA, 1 mM butyryl-CoA (a natural substrate), or water (as control). Adhe2 enzymatic activity was quantified as the rate of NADH consumption by measuring the UV absorbance at 340 nm.

Results: As shown by the activity assay results in Table 13 below, the consumption of NADH was significantly increased in the solutions containing the Adhe2 expressing lysate and either the natural substrate butyryl-CoA, or the unnatural substrate, crotonyl-CoA, relative to the consumption in the presence of water (i.e., no substrate).

Table 13

Amount of lysate in reaction (v/v)

Substrate Sample lysate 0.0375 0.075 0.15 0.3

Empty Vector 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.51

Crotonyl-CoA

Adhe2 0.53 0.81 2.07 1.57

Empty Vector 0.13 0.30 0.39 0.88

Butyryl-CoA

Adhe2 1.78 3.29 5.68 6.66 [01 0] Further, the amount of NADH consumption increased with the amount of Adhe2 expressing lysate added. Additionally, there was no difference in the consumption of NADH in the solutions containing the empty vector lysates with any of butyryl-CoA, crotonyl-CoA, or water. (The very small increases in activity with the empty vector likely correspond to the expression of endogenous Adhe2 enzyme that is present in E. coVi). Thus, the results shown in Table 13 indicate that the wild- type Adhe2 is capable of reducing the non-natural substrate crotonyl-CoA, although with slightly less activity than it reduces the natural substrate, butyryl-CoA.

[0191] Each publication, patent, patent application, or other document cited in this application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each were individually indicated to be incorporated by reference for all purposes in the specification directly adjacent the citation.

[0192] While various specific embodiments have been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention(s).