Claims
[1] An apparatus for recycling waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries, the apparatus comprising: a first hopper (100) storing an iron coated battery of the collected waste zinc- carbon and alkaline batteries; a second hopper (110) storing a non-iron coated battery of the collected waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries; a crusher (120) the iron coated battery transferred from the first hopper (100); a first pulverizer (130) pulverizing the iron coated battery crushed by the crusher (120); a first vibrating screen (140) separating waste battery powder, iron scraps for a battery outer cover, and final remnants of the iron coated battery from the pulverized materials of the iron coated battery micronized by the first pulverizer (130) using a screen wire net to recover the waste battery powder; a magnetic separator (150) recovering the iron scraps for the battery outer cover from the iron scraps for the battery outer cover filtered by the first vibrating screen (140) and the final remnants of the iron coated battery using a magnetic separation to filter the final remnants of the iron coated battery; a pyrolysis furnace (160) completely carbonizing the non-iron coated battery stored in the second hopper (120) and the final remnants of the iron coated battery filtered by the magnetic separator (150) through a pyrolysis process using indirect heat, not direct heat, i.e., radiant heat in a state where oxygen is not supplied; a second pulverizer (170) primarily pulverizing a waste battery carbide pyrolyzed by the pyrolysis furnace (160) to exfoliate the pulverized waste battery carbide into a carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery and a primary pulverization waste battery carbide; a second vibrating screen (180) separating the primary pulverization waste battery carbide from the discharged material of the primary pulverization waster battery exfoliated and discharged by the second pulverizer (170) and recovering the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery; a third pulverizer (190) secondarily pulverizing the separated primary pulverization waste battery carbide to micronize the pulverized primary pulverization waste battery carbide; and a third vibrating screen (200) separating and recovering waste battery powder, a zinc ingot for an anode of the non-iron coated battery, and a terminal spring of the non-iron coated battery from the secondary pulverization waste battery carbide micronized by the third pulverizer (190) using a screen wire net.
[2] The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first pulverizer (130) includes a high-speed horizontal shaft impact shear pulverizer, and the second pulverizer (170) and the third pulverizer (190) include a roll pulverizer.
[3] The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second pulverizer (170) includes a roll pulverizer in which the waste battery carbide pyrolyzed by the pyrolysis furnace (160) passes through a space between an upper roll and a lower roll that are spaced a predetermined distance from each other is primarily pulverized to separate the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery and the primary pulverization waste battery carbide from the waste battery carbide and recover the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery.
[4] A method for recycling waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries, the method comprising: a first process (SlOO) of storing an iron coated battery of collected waste zinc- carbon and alkaline batteries in a first hopper (100); a second process (Sl 10) of storing a non-iron coated battery of the collected waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries in a second hopper (110); a third process (S 120) of crushing the iron coated battery transferred from the first hopper (100) using a crusher (120); a fourth process (S 130) of pulverizing and micronizing the iron coated battery crushed by the crusher (120); a fifth process (S 140) of separating waster battery powder, iron scraps for a battery outer cover, and final remnants of the iron coated battery from the pulverized materials of the iron coated battery micronized by the first pulverizer (130) using a first vibrating screen (140) including a screen wire net to recover the waste battery powder; a sixth process (S 150) of separating and recovering the iron scraps for the battery outer cover from the iron scraps for the battery outer cover filtered by the first vibrating screen (140) and the final remnants of the iron coated battery using a magnetic separator (150) to filter the final remnants of the iron coated battery; a seventh process (S 160) of throwing the non-iron coated battery stored in the second hopper (120) and the final remnants of the iron coated battery filtered by the first magnetic separator (140) into a pyrolysis furnace (160) to completely carbonize them through a pyrolysis process using indirect heat, not direct heat, i.e., radiant heat in a state where oxygen is not supplied; an eighth process (S 170) of primarily pulverizing a waste battery carbide pyrolyzed by the pyrolysis furnace (160) using a second pulverizer (170) to exfoliate and discharge the waste battery carbide into a carbon rod of the non- iron coated battery and a primary pulverization waste battery carbide; a ninth process (S 180) of separating the primary pulverization waste battery carbide from the discharged material of the primary pulverization waster battery exfoliated and discharged by the second pulverizer (170) using a second vibrating screen (180) and recovering the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery; a tenth process (S 190) of secondarily pulverizing the primary pulverization waste battery carbide separated by the second vibrating screen (180) using a third pulverizer (190) to micronize the pulverized primary pulverization waste battery carbide; and an eleventh process (S200) of separating and recovering waste battery powder, a zinc ingot for an anode of the non-iron coated battery, and a terminal spring of the non-iron coated battery from the secondary pulverization waste battery carbide micronized by the third pulverizer (190) using the third pulverizer (190) including a screen wire net.
[5] The method of claim 4, wherein the first pulverizer (130) utilizes a high-speed horizontal shaft impact shear pulverizer in the fourth process (S 130), and the second pulverizer (170) and the third pulverizer (190) utilize a roll pulverizer in the eighth and tenth processes (S 170 and S 190).
[6] The method of claim 4, wherein, in eighth process (S 170), the second pulverizer
(170) utilizes a roll pulverizer in which the waste battery carbide pyrolyzed by the pyrolysis furnace (160) passes through a space between an upper roll and a lower roll, which are spaced a predetermined distance from each other, of the second pulverizer (170) and is primarily pulverized to exfoliate and discharge the pulverized waste battery carbide such that the pulverized waste battery carbide is separated into the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery and the primary pulverization waste battery carbide without damaging the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery. |
Description
RECYCLING APPARATUS FOR USED ZINC-CARBON AND ALKALINE BATTERIES AND METHOD THEREOF
Technical Field
[1] The present invention relates to a waste battery recycling technique, and more particularly, an apparatus and method for recycling waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries. Background Art
[2] General batteries are classified into a disposable primary battery and a rechargeable secondary battery. Representative of the primary battery is a zinc-carbon battery and an alkaline battery. The primary battery constitutes more than 90% of batteries thrown away with household refuse except an industrial battery.
[3] A significant amount of waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries is mainly buried under the ground. Thus, since the generation of social costs due to the burial of the zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries as well as environmental problems such as soil pollution and underground water pollution are caused, various recycling techniques for recovering and rendering harmless valuable metals (e.g., iron, manganese, and zinc) contained in the waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries instead of the simple burial are being developed in recent.
[4] For example, in a wet separation method, the waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries are crushed at a time regardless of their shapes to recover iron scraps using a magnetic separation. Thereafter, remaining iron, zinc and manganese components are leached and precipitated using a sulfuric acid leaching method to manufacture a soft ferrite. Thus, recycled metal materials having a high purity can be obtained using the wet separation method.
[5] In a mild thermal treating method, the waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries are thermally treated at a time at a temperature of about 700 0 C regardless of their shapes. Thereafter, resin-based and vinyl-based components are burned, and then the waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries are crushed to recover iron scraps. Remaining fine powder and zinc oxide are treated in a recycling company. Thus, a volume of a final waste material can be reduced and the zinc oxide can be recycled using the mild thermal treating method.
[6] In a high temperature treating method, various waste batteries (e.g., domestic waste batteries such as a silver oxide battery) including the waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries are subjected to reduction roasting at a temperature of about 1,000 0 C to condense zinc vapor. Thereafter, mercury is separated, and remnants and ferro
manganese are recovered. Thus, the treating process can be simplified, and massive treatment can be easily performed. Disclosure of Invention
Technical Problem
[7] However, in the above-described wet separation method, as the recycled metal materials having the high purity is obtained, treating costs increase, and thus economical efficiency decreases. In addition, a carbon rod recyclable as a conductive carbon is losses, and a large amount of final waste materials and wastewater are generated.
[8] Also, in the mild thermal treating method, the carbon rod recyclable as the conductive carbon is losses, and the large amount of final waste materials is generated. Particularly, the recovery rate of the iron is reduced due to the thermal treatment.
[9] Also, although the separation costs decrease in the high temperature treating method, the purity of the recovered zinc decrease. In addition, it is difficult to find a market of the ferro manganese having lower quality.
[10] The present invention can solve a limitation of cost increase generated when the conventional methods as described above do not respond sufficiently to a suitable disassembling process according to the different shapes of the waste batteries and a limitation in which the purity of the valuable metals is reduced. An object of the present invention is to provide a apparatus and method for recycling waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries in which an iron coated battery and an International Standard 4R25 lantern battery or an American National Standard 4FM lantern battery (hereinafter, referred to as a "non-iron coated battery") that is called a lantern battery are separated from the waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries, wherein iron scraps and waste battery powder are separated from the iron coated battery as valuable metals through crushing, pulverizing, screening, magnetic separation processes to recover and recycle the valuable metals, and wherein a zinc ingot, a carbon rod, an iron terminal spring, and waste battery powder mainly including manganese dioxide that is a total mixture of the other remaining materials are separated from inflammable remnants of the iron coated battery and the non-iron coated battery as valuable metals through pyrolysis carbonization, primary crushing, primary screening, secondary crushing, and secondary screening processes to recover the valuable metals. Technical Solution
[11] To achieve these objects of the invention, there is provided an apparatus for recycling waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries, the apparatus including: a first hopper storing an iron coated battery of the collected waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries; a second hopper storing a non-iron coated battery of the collected waste zinc-carbon and
alkaline batteries; a crusher the iron coated battery transferred from the first hopper; a first pulverizer pulverizing the iron coated battery crushed by the crusher; a first vibrating screen separating waste battery powder, iron scraps for a battery outer cover, and final remnants of the iron coated battery from the pulverized materials of the iron coated battery micronized by the first pulverizer using a screen wire net to recover the waste battery powder; a magnetic separator recovering the iron scraps for the battery outer cover from the iron scraps for the battery outer cover filtered by the first vibrating screen and the final remnants of the iron coated battery using a magnetic separation to filter the final remnants of the iron coated battery; a pyrolysis furnace completely carbonizing the non-iron coated battery stored in the second hopper and the final remnants of the iron coated battery filtered by the magnetic separator through a pyrolysis process using indirect heat, not direct heat, i.e., radiant heat in a state where oxygen is not supplied; a second pulverizer primarily pulverizing a waste battery carbide pyrolyzed by the pyrolysis furnace to exfoliate the pulverized waste battery carbide into a carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery and a primary pulverization waste battery carbide; a second vibrating screen separating the primary pulverization waste battery carbide from the discharged material of the primary pulverization waster battery exfoliated and discharged by the second pulverizer and recovering the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery; a third pulverizer secondarily pulverizing the separated primary pulverization waste battery carbide to micronize the pulverized primary pulverization waste battery carbide; and a third vibrating screen separating and recovering waste battery powder, a zinc ingot for an anode of the non-iron coated battery, and a terminal spring of the non-iron coated battery from the secondary pulverization waste battery carbide micronized by the third pulverizer using a screen wire net.
[12] In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for recycling waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries, the method including: a first process of storing an iron coated battery of collected waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries in a first hopper; a second process of storing a non-iron coated battery of the collected waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries in a second hopper; a third process of crushing the iron coated battery transferred from the first hopper using a crusher; a fourth process of pulverizing and micronizing the iron coated battery crushed by the crusher; a fifth process of separating waster battery powder, iron scraps for a battery outer cover, and final remnants of the iron coated battery from the pulverized materials of the iron coated battery micronized by the first pulverizer using a first vibrating screen including a screen wire net to recover the waste battery powder; a sixth process of separating and recovering the iron scraps for the battery outer cover from the iron scraps for the battery outer cover filtered by the first vibrating screen and the final
remnants of the iron coated battery using a magnetic separator to filter the final remnants of the iron coated battery; a seventh process of throwing the non-iron coated battery stored in the second hopper and the final remnants of the iron coated battery filtered by the first magnetic separator into a pyrolysis furnace to completely carbonize them through a pyrolysis process using indirect heat, not direct heat, i.e., radiant heat in a state where oxygen is not supplied; an eighth process of primarily pulverizing a waste battery carbide pyrolyzed by the pyrolysis furnace using a second pulverizer to exfoliate and discharge the waste battery carbide into a carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery and a primary pulverization waste battery carbide; a ninth process of separating the primary pulverization waste battery carbide from the discharged material of the primary pulverization waster battery exfoliated and discharged by the second pulverizer using a second vibrating screen and recovering the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery; a tenth process of secondarily pulverizing the primary pulverization waste battery carbide separated by the second vibrating screen using a third pulverizer to micronize the pulverized primary pulverization waste battery carbide; and an eleventh process of separating and recovering waste battery powder, a zinc ingot for an anode of the non-iron coated battery, and a terminal spring of the non-iron coated battery from the secondary pulverization waste battery carbide micronized by the third pulverizer using the third pulverizer including a screen wire net.
Advantageous Effects
[13] As described above, the generation of social costs and environmental problems due to the burial of the zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries according to a conventional recycling method can be solved. When compared with a conventional technique for recycling the waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries, the conductive carbon rod that is not recovered using the conventional technique, the iron scraps, the zinc ingot, and the valuable materials such as the waste battery powder mainly including the manganese dioxide that is a total mixed material of the rest materials can be recovered with relatively inexpensive costs.
[14] In addition, the waste heat of the exhaust gas generated by performing the pyrolysis carbonization process on the inflammable remnants of the iron coated battery and the lantern battery is recovered to utilize the recovered exhaust gas for the heating and the hot water. Brief Description of the Drawings
[15] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an apparatus for recycling waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries according to the present invention.
[16] FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method for recycling waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries according to the present invention.
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
[17] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[18] Referring to FIG. 1, an iron coated battery of collected waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries is stored in a first hopper 100.
[19] A non-iron coated battery of the collected waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries is stored in a second hopper 110.
[20] A crusher 120 crushes the iron coated battery transferred from the first hopper 100.
[21] A first pulverizer 130 pulverizes the iron coated battery crushed by the crusher 120 to micronize the pulverized iron coated battery.
[22] Various pulverizers may be used for the first pulverizer 130. Preferably, a high-speed horizontal shaft impact shear pulverizer is used for the first pulverizer 130.
[23] A first vibrating screen 140 separates waste battery powder, iron scraps for a battery outer cover, and final remnants of the iron coated battery from the iron coated battery micronized by the first pulverizer 130 using a screen wire net to recover the waster battery powder.
[24] A magnetic separator 150 recovers the iron scraps for the battery outer cover of the iron scraps for the battery outer cover filtered by the first vibrating screen 140 and the final remnants of the iron coated battery using a magnetic separation to filter the final remnants of the iron coated battery.
[25] A pyrolysis furnace 160 completely carbonize the non-iron coated battery stored in the second hopper 120 and the final remnants of the iron coated battery filtered by the magnetic separator 150 through a pyrolysis process using indirect heat, not direct heat, i.e., radiant heat in a state where oxygen is not supplied.
[26] Preferably, a pyrolysis furnace introduced as a primary waste battery recycling apparatus according to Korean patent application No. 10-2007-0032554, filed by the same inventor is used for the pyrolysis furnace 160.
[27] The pyrolysis furnace 160 applies the radiant heat ranging from about 600 0 C to about
700 0 C for a time period ranging from approximately one hour to approximately two hours to completely carbonize the non-iron coated battery and the final remnants of the iron coated battery filtered by the magnetic separator 150. Polypropylene (P.P) resins, tars, and papers that are materials for maintaining an external form of the non-iron coated battery maintaining their shape in this process are carbonized and dismantled. The generated inflammable gas flows into a burner of the pyrolysis furnace 160 and is again used as a fuel decomposing oneself. Preferably, an imperfect combustion gas exhausted from the pyrolysis furnace 160 is completely burned at a temperature of more than 1,25O 0 C using an exhaust gas imperfect combustion system that is separately
installed. Furthermore, waste heat generated in this process may be recovered to recycle the waste heat for other purposes such as hot water and heating.
[28] The non-iron coated battery and the final remnants that are inflammable materials of the iron coated battery filtered by the magnetic separator 150 may be thrown into a general waste incinerator instead of the pyrolysis furnace 160 to burn only the battery outer cover.
[29] A second pulverizer 170 primarily pulverizes a waste battery carbide pyrolyzed by the pyrolysis furnace 160 to exfoliate and discharge the pulverized waste battery carbide in order to separate the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery and a primary pulverization waste battery carbide from the waste battery carbide.
[30] Various pulverizers may be used for the second pulverizer 170. Preferably, a roll pulverizer is used for the second pulverizer 170.
[31] For example, it is preferable that a roll pulverizer in which the waste battery carbide pyrolyzed by the pyrolysis furnace 160 passes through a space between an upper roll and a lower roll that are spaced a predetermined distance (the carbon rod is not damaged) from each other and is primarily pulverized to exfoliate and discharge the pulverized waste battery carbide in order to separate the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery and a primary pulverization waste battery carbide from the waste battery carbide is used.
[32] A second vibrating screen 180 includes a screen wire net. The second vibrating screen 180 separates the primary pulverization waste battery carbide from materials exfoliated and discharged by the second pulverizer 170 and recovers the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery.
[33] Various screens may be used for the second vibrating screen 180. Preferably, a vibrating screen is used for the second vibrating screen 180.
[34] A third pulverizer 190 performs a secondary pulverization in which the primary pulverization waste battery carbide separated by the second vibrating screen 180 is further micronized in order to use the micronized carbide as recycling materials.
[35] Various pulverizers may be used for the third pulverizer 190. Preferably, a roll pulverizer is used for the third pulverizer 190.
[36] A third vibrating screen 200 separates and recovers waste battery powder contained in the secondary pulverization waste battery carbide micronized by the third pulverizer, a zinc ingot in which a zinc pipe for the battery outer cover is melted and again cooled/ solidified, and a terminal spring of the non-iron coated battery.
[37] An operation of an apparatus for recycling the waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries having the constitutions as described above according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 2.
[38] The iron coated battery and the non-iron coated battery are separated from the waste
zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries according to their outer form. Thereafter, the following valuable materials are finally recovered from the iron coated battery through the crushing, pulverizing, screening, magnetic separation processes and from the final remnants of the iron coated battery and the non-iron coated battery through the pyrolysis carbonization, primary crushing, primary screening, secondary crushing, and secondary screening processes to use the valuable materials as the recycling materials. The valuable materials that are the final recycling materials recovered from the waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries include the following materials: first, iron scraps (e.g., the iron scraps for the outer cover of the iron coated battery and the terminal spring of the non-iron coated battery); second, the carbon rod (the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery); third, the zinc ingot (the zinc pipe of the non-iron coated battery is melted in the pyrolysis process and again cooled/solidified); and fourth, the waste battery powder (total mixed powder of the rest materials except the first, second, and third recycling materials, - it is generated from the iron coated battery and the non- iron coated battery).
[39] Here, the non-iron coated battery denotes the lantern battery that constitutes approximately 20% of the waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries thrown away with household refuse and includes four zinc pipes sealed with a tar therein. In the separation of the non-iron coated battery, when the non-iron coated battery is crushed, pulverized, and vibratingly screened using the same process as that of the iron coated battery, a paper fiber and tar expanded in the pulverization process are stickily attached to a mesh of the pulverizer and the wire net of the vibrating screen to prevent their functions. In addition, it is difficult to separate a non-magnetic flake zinc and the damaged carbon rod, thereby significantly reducing reduce the recovery rate. Thus, the non-iron coated battery according to the present invention is separated using the pyrolysis carbonization process different from that of the iron coated battery. Therefore, it is prevented that the components of the outer cover is treated as impurities in the recycling process.
[40] Referring to FIG. 2, collected waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries are separated into an iron coated battery and a non-iron coated battery according their shape. In operation SlOO, the iron coated battery is stored in a first hopper 100. In operation Sl 10, the non-iron coated battery is stored in a second hopper 110.
[41] Thereafter, a treating process for recycling the iron coated battery is performed. The iron coated battery stored in the first hopper 100 is transferred to a crusher 120. In operations S 120 and S 130, the transferred iron coated battery is crushed by the crusher 120 and micronized by a first pulverizer 130.
[42] The iron coated battery micronized by the first pulverizer 130 is thrown into a screen wire netting of a first vibrating screen 140 including the screen wire netting. In
operation S 140, a fine powder passing through the wire net is recovered. Iron scraps for a battery outer cover remaining on the wire net and final remnants of the iron coated battery including inflammable remnants with thick carbon powder that does not pass through the wire net are thrown into a magnetic separator 150.
[43] The waste battery powder recovered from the first vibrating screen includes powder mainly containing manganese dioxide. The powder may be utilized as a coloring agent of bricks or flooring materials. In fact, the powder is utilized as the coloring agent for manufacturing the bricks as introduced in a method of manufacturing a clay brick using waste battery pulverization powder according to Korean patent application No. 10-2007-0021344, filed by the same inventor.
[44] In operation S 150, the iron scraps for the battery outer cover filtered by the first vibrating screen 140 and the iron scraps for the battery outer cover of the final remnants of the iron coated battery are recovered using a magnetic separation by the magnetic separator 150, and the final remnants of the iron coated battery are filtered.
[45] The iron scraps for the battery outer cover recovered by the magnetic separator 150 are used as important recycling materials throwing in an iron manufacture of an iron foundry.
[46] In operation S 160, a treating process for recycling the non-iron coated battery is performed. The non-iron coated battery stored in the second hopper 110 and the final remnants of the iron coated battery filtered by the magnetic separator are thrown into a pyrolysis furnace 160 to completely carbonize them through a pyrolysis process using indirect heat, not direct heat, i.e., radiant heat in a state where oxygen is not supplied.
[47] In operation S 170, a waste battery carbide pyrolyzed by the pyrolysis furnace 160 is exfoliated and discharged to a carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery and a primary pulverization waste battery carbide while it passes through a space between an upper roll and a lower roll, which are spaced a predetermined distance from each other, of a second pulverizer 170.
[48] The distance between the upper roll and the lower roll can be adjusted to a space through which the carbon rod contained in the waste battery carbide is recovered without damage.
[49] In operation S 180, the primary pulverization waste battery carbide exfoliated and discharged by the second pulverizer 170 is transferred to a second vibrating screen 180 and vibratingly screened by a screen wire net disposed inside the second vibrating screen 180 to separate a primary pulverization waster battery carbide passing through the screen wire net, and then the carbon rod of the non-iron coated battery is recovered.
[50] In operation S 190, the primary pulverization waster battery carbide separated by the second vibrating screen 180 is transferred to a third pulverizer 190 and secondarily pulverized to form micronized waster battery carbide. In operation S200, waste battery
powder, a zinc ingot for an anode pipe of the non-iron coated battery, and a terminal spring of the non-iron coated battery are separated and recovered by a third vibrating screen 200 including a screen wire net.
[51] The waste battery powder recovered from the third vibrating screen includes powder mainly containing manganese dioxide. The powder may be utilized as a coloring agent of bricks and flooring materials. In fact, the powder is utilized as the coloring agent for manufacturing the bricks as introduced in a method of manufacturing a clay brick using waste battery pulverization powder according to Korean patent application No. 10-2007-0021344, filed by the same inventor.
[52] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.