Phosphate esters of propylene oxide/ethylene oxide block copolymers (hereinafter PO/EO polymers) where the ester group is attached to EO are already known to the art.

The known phosphate esters include both the alkyl end-capped PO/EO block copolymers and also EO/PO/EO block copolymers carrying phosphate ester groups at both ends of the polymer.

US 4,613,445 discloses phosphate esters of end-capped block copolymers of formula AOPOEO wherein A is inter alia C124-alkyl and their use as corrosion inhibitors.

This patent also discloses compositions comprising the phosphate esters, a buffer and an alcohol.

CA 2027302 discloses aqueous coolant compositions containing phosphate esters derived from fatty alcohol PO/EO polymers and EO/PO/EO block copolymers.

US 3,658,959 discloses carbamate insecticidal compositions containing phosphate esters of EO/PO/EO block copolymers and aqueous solutions or dispersions derived therefrom.

DE 3542441 discloses bis-monophosphate esters of EO/PO/EO block copolymers and their use in the manufacture of plant protection formulations which are essentially solvent-free.

These publications disclose either aqueous compositions containing the phosphate esters of PO/EO copolymers or concentrates for use in aqueous systems and none envisage the use of such esters to disperse particulate solids, especially pigments, in non-aqueous media.

It has now been found that phosphate esters of PO/EO block copolymers wherein the phosphate ester is attached to EO are useful in the preparation of reduced shade paints and inks.

According to the present invention there is provided a reduced shade paint or ink comprising (a) a base paint or ink comprising a base pigment, a film-forming resin and a non- polar solvent; (b) two or more dispersants which are phosphate esters of a compound of formula 1 wherein Y is a group RO-or a group H- (EO) q; R is C110-alkyl;

m and q are each, independently, from 5 to 50; n is from 5 to 70; and (c) a tinter composition comprising a coloured pigment, water and/or a water-miscible solvent.

The dispersants which are phosphate esters of the compound of formula 1 are hereinafter referred to as"Phosphate Dispersants".

When Y is the group RO-, the dispersant is a phosphate ester of an end-capped PO/EO block copolymer which preferably contains either 1 or 2 groups of formula RO (PO) n (EO) m attached to each phosphorus atom and especially mixtures thereof.

When Y is the group H- (EO) q- the compound of formula 1 is a diol and the dispersant is a phosphate ester which preferably contains a phosphate group at each end of the diol. It is also preferred that each phosphorus atom forms an ester linkage with either 1 or 2 diols of formula H- (EO) q (PO) n (EO) m-H and it is especially preferred that the dispersant is a mixture of such esters.

R may be linear or branched but is preferably linear.

R is preferably C16-alkyl, more preferably C14-alkyl and especially methyl.

When Y is the group RO-, n and m are preferably and independently from 5 to 40 and especially from 5 to 25. It is also preferred that the ratio of m to n is from 3: 1 to 1: 5 more preferably from 2: 1 to 1: 5 and especially from 2: 1 to 1: 2.

The MW of the end-capped block copolymer of formula RO (PO) n (EO) m-H from which the dispersant is derived is preferably not less than 500 and more preferably not less than 1000. It is also preferred that the MW of this end-capped copolymer is not greater than 3,000 and especially not greater than 2,000.

When Y is the group H- (EO) q-, m and q are preferably the same and are preferably, independently, from 5 to 20. In the case of the diol of formula H- (EO) q (PO) n (EO) m-H it is also preferred that the ratio of (q + m) to n is from 2: 1 to 1: 5 and especially from 1: 1 to 1: 5. The MW of the diol of formula H- (EO) q (PO) n (EO) m-H from which the dispersant is derived is preferably less than 5,000 and especially less than 4,000.

The reduced shade paint or ink may contain other ingredients such as binders, fillers, fluidising agents, anti-sedimentation agents, plasticisers, humectants, coalescents, co-solvents, thickeners and preservatives. These ingredients may be soluble in, partially soluble in, insoluble in or dispersed in the non-polar solvent.

The base pigment and the coloured pigment may be organic or inorganic and may come from any of the recognised classes of pigments described, for example, in the Third Edition of the Colour Index (1971) and subsequent revisions and supplements thereto, under the chapter headed"Pigments".

Examples of organic pigments are those from the azo, disazo, condensed azo, thioindigo, indanthrone, isoindanthrone, anthanthrone, anthraquinone, isodibenzanthrone,

triphendioxazine, quinacridone and phthalocyanine series, especially copper phthalocyanine and its nuclear halogenated derivatives and also lakes of acid, basic and mordant dyes.

Examples of inorganic pigments are titanium dioxide (including Anatase and Rutile forms, and high UV absorbing ultra-fine titanium dioxide), zinc oxide, Prussian Blue, cadmium sulphide, iron oxides (including transparent iron oxides), ultramarine, mica (including pearlescent pigments made by surface treating mica with, for example fine titanium dioxide) and the chrome pigments, including chromates, molybdates, and mixed chromates and sulphates of lead, zinc, barium, calcium and mixtures and modifications thereof which are commercially available as greenish-yellow to red pigments under the names of primrose, lemon, middle, orange, scarlet and red chromes.

It is to be understood that the term inorganic pigment also includes carbon black, especially the chemically modified or coated versions of carbon black used in the printing and paint industries.

Examples of metallic pigments are aluminium flake, copper powder and copper flake.

Examples of metal salts of organic dyestuffs are the azo metal salt pigments such as Cl Pigment Red 48 (also known as 2B Toner or Permanent Red 2B), Cl Pigment Red 53 (also known as Lake Red C or Red Lake C), Cl Pigment Red 52, Cl Pigment Red 57 (also known as 4B Toner, Lithol Rubine, Rubine Toner or Permanent Red 4B), Cl Pigment Red 58, Cl Pigment Red 247, Cl Pigment Yellow 61, Cl Pigment Yellow 62, Cl Pigment Yellow 183 and Cl Pigment Yellow 191.

Examples of fillers are calcium carbonate, hydrated alumina, talc, quartz, silica (precipitated, pyrogenic and synthetic), metal silicates, barium and calcium sulphate, china clay, antimony oxide, powdered slate, wollastonite and chopped glass fibre.

Preferably the base pigment is inorganic, for example, iron oxide and especially a white inorganic pigment, for example, titanium dioxide.

The coloured pigment may be any pigment which is capable of altering the colour of the base paint or ink and may be inorganic or organic (including carbon black).

Examples of the coloured pigments which have been found particularly suitable in the reduced shade paints and inks are carbon black, red iron oxide, phthalocyanine and dioxazine pigments.

The non-polar solvent is an organic liquid which is immiscible with water and includes aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and their halogenated analogues.

Examples are pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, benzene, toluene, xylene and paraffin.

It is particularly preferred that the non-polar solvent is an aliphatic or aromatic petroleum distillate such as white spirits.

Examples of water-miscible solvents are polar organic liquids which are capable of forming moderate or strong hydrogen bonds as described in the article entitled"A three

dimensional approach to solubility"by Crowley et al in Journal of Paint Technology, Volume 38,1966 at page 269. Such organic liquids have a hydrogen bonding number of 5 or more as defined in this article.

Examples of polar organic liquids are amines, ethers, especially C16-alkyl ethers, organic acids, esters, ketones, glycols, alcohols and amides including mixtures thereof.

Numerous examples of such moderately and strongly hydrogen bonding liquids are given in the book entitled"Compatibility and Solubility"by Ibert Mellan (published 1968 by Noyer Development Corporation) in Table 2.14 on pages 28 and 40 and these organic liquids all fall within the scope of polar organic liquids as used in the present description.

Preferably the water-miscible solvent is a glycol such as ethylene diglycol, propylene glycol, hexyleneglycol and especially ethylene glycol. Other preferred water miscible solvents are the mono-alkyl ethers of ethylene and propylene glycols, particularly the C, _s-alkyl ethers and especially methoxyethoxyethanol.

The film-forming resin may be any resin known to the art, particularly those used in the preparation of printing and packaging inks and especially those used in the preparation of solvent-based paints. Examples of film-forming resins which are used in the preparation of solvent-based paints are natural and synthetic resins such as alkyd resins, alkyd/melamine formaldehyde resins, air-drying alkyd resins, resins obtained by (co) polymerising ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as styrene-butadiene resins, styrenated acrylics, long oil alkyd resins, urethane long oil resins and epoxy resins.

The reduced shade paint or ink may contain other adjuvants which are commonly added to paints and inks such as extenders and other materials which improve the flow characteristics of the ink or paint during application such as esters of aliphatic acids.

Examples of such esters are di-octylphthalate, di-isohexylphthalate, didecylphthalate, di- undecylphthalate, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and dioctyladipate.

The base paint or ink preferably contains at least 5% and preferably at least 10% by weight of pigment based on the total weight of base paint or ink. It is also preferred that the base paint or ink contains less than 60%, more preferably less than 40% and especially less than 20% base pigment relative to the total weight of the base paint or ink.

It is also preferred that the base paint or ink contains not less than 1%, more preferably not less than 5% and especially not less than 10% film-forming resin based on the total weight of the base paint or ink. Preferably, the amount of film-forming resin is less than 50%, more preferably less than 30% and especially less than 20% by weight relative to the total weight of base paint or ink.

The amount of Phosphate Dispersant is preferably at least 0.2%, more preferably at least 0.5% and especially at least 1 % by weight relative to the amount of base pigment.

Preferably, the amount of Phosphate Dispersant is not greater than 100%, more preferably not greater than 50%, even more preferably not greater than 20% and especially not greater than 10% relative to the amount of base pigment.

The base paint or ink may be made by any method known to the art. Thus, it may be made by mixing together the dispersant, base pigment and non-polar liquid, optionally in the presence of a film forming resin, and grinding or milling the pigment until the mean particle size is less than 15p diameter, more preferably less than 10p and especially less than 3|Li.

The tinter composition may also contain a dispersant which may be other than a Phosphate Dispersant. The amount of dispersant and coloured pigment in the tinter formulation is preferably similar to that described hereinbefore for the base paint or ink.

The tinter composition is preferably added to the base paint or ink which has already been formulated.

The ratio of the base paint or ink which is component (a) to the tinter composition which is component (c) of the reduced shade paint or ink is preferably from 5: 1 to 50: 1 and especially from 10: 1 to 50: 1 based on the total weight of the reduced shade paint or ink.

The base pigment may be dispersed in the non-polar solvent in the presence of a dispersant which is other than a Phosphate Dispersant. In such a case the tinter pigment or composition containing the tinter pigment is preferably added to the base paint or ink after the addition of two or more Phosphate Dispersants. It is also possible to add the tinter pigment or composition containing the tinter pigment together with the Phosphate Dispersants.

However, it is preferred to disperse the base pigment in the non-polar solvent using two or more Phosphate Dispersants. In one case, it is preferred to disperse the base pigment in the non-polar solvent in the presence of two or more Phosphate Dispersants wherein in at least one dispersant, Y is the group RO-and in at least one other dispersant, Y is the group (H- (EO)-q. More preferably, the base pigment is dispersed in the non-polar solvent in the presence of two or more Phosphate Dispersants wherein Y is the group H- (EO)-q and the dispersants have different n: (m+q) ratios. When the base pigment is dispersed in the non-polar solvent in the presence of only one Phosphate Dispersant, it is preferable to add another different Phosphate Dispersant prior to adding the tinter pigment or tinter pigment composition.

When the base pigment is dispersed in the non-polar solvent in the presence of two or more Phosphate Dispersants it is preferable to add the dispersants simultaneously.

As a further aspect of the invention there is provided a composition comprising two Phosphate Dispersants wherein in one dispersant, Y is the group RO-and in the other dispersant, Y is the group H- (EO)-q As a still further aspect of the invention there is provided a composition comprising two Phosphate Dispersants where Y is the group H- (EO)-q wherein the ratio of n: (q+m) for each dispersant is different.

As disclosed hereinbefore the Phosphate Dispersants are already known in the art and are typically prepared by heating a compound of formula 1 in an inert atmosphere with a phosphating agent such as phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid or phosphorus pentoxide at a temperature between 70 and 150°C. The dispersants are obtained as pourable liquids or low melting gums and waxes.

The reaction between the phosphating agent and the compound of formula 1 may optionally be carried out in the presence of an alcohol or alkanolamine or the phosphate esters of the compound of formula 1 may be subsequently heated with an alcohol or alkanolamine. When the reaction involves an alcohol the phosphate end group (s) are further partially esterified. When the reaction involves an alkanolamine additional ester and/or amide groups and/or amine salts of the phosphate ester of the compound of formula 1 are formed. It is believed that the reaction product is mainly an amine salt.

The Phosphate Dispersant may also be present as the salt of an alkali metal or ammonia.

The following Phosphate Dispersants have been evaluated as dispersants in reduced shade paints and inks and the references to the various agents in the tables below are retained throughout the following examples: TABLE A A) Dispersants which are phosphate esters of a copolymer of general formula MeO (PO) n (EO) m-H. They were prepared by reacting the end-capped PO/EO polymer withP2Os. n m Polymer to Appearance Pros ratio Dispersant 1 10 20 2: 1 Brown waxy solid Dispersant 2 15 15 2: 1 Brown viscous liquid Dispersant 3 20 10 2: 1 Brown viscous liquid Dispersant 4 10 20 3: 1 Brown waxy solid Dispersant 5 15 15 3: 1 Brown viscous liquid Dispersant 6 20 10 3: 1 Brown viscous liquid

TABLE B B) Dispersants which are phosphate esters of a copolymer of general formula H- (EO) q (PO) n (EO) m-H. They were prepared by reacting the EO/PO/EO block copolymer withP205. q n m Polymer to Appearance P202 ratio Dispersant 7 9.7 16.4 1 Yellow oil Dispersant 8 13.1 30.2 1 Yellow oil Dispersant 9 6.25 56.0 1 Pale brown oil Dispersant 10 7.95 47.4 1 Brown liquid Dispersant 11 9.09 56.0 1 Brown liquid Dispersant 12 12.95 35.3 1 Yellow oil Dispersant 13 1 Brown liquid Footnote to Table B The EO/PO/EO block copolymers used to make Dispersants 7-12 were Synperonic PE/L35, Synperonic PE/L64, Pluronic L101, Synperonic PE/L92, Pluronic P102 and Pluronic L72 and Synperonic PE/L81 respectively.

When two or more Phosphate Dispersants are included in the reduced shade paint or ink the base paint or ink exhibits better acceptance of the tinter composition. This is irrespective as to whether the Phosphate Dispersants are added simultaneously or sequentially, whether the Phosphate Dispersants are used to disperse the base pigment in the base paint or ink, whether the Phosphate Dispersants are added together with the tinter composition or whether the Phosphate Dispersants are added at an intermediate stage in preparing the reduced shade paint or ink. The reduced shade paint or ink containing the Phosphate Dispersants also exhibit superior gloss compared with reduced shade paints and inks containing dispersants which are other than Phosphate Dispersants.

The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following examples wherein all amounts are given in parts by weight unless indicated to the contrary.

Examples 1 to 7 A flat styrene-butadiene masonry paint was prepared by mixing the following ingredients in a high speed mixer to give a white paint.

5.14 parts Styrene-butadiene resin (Pliolite AC80, ex Goodyear) 3.40 parts Styrene-butadiene resin (Pliolite AC4, ex Goodyear) 6.74 parts Chlorinated rubber polymer (Cereclor 54DP, ex ICI PLC) 1.0 part Dispersant

17.47 parts Titanium dioxide (Tioxide TR92, ex Tioxide) 27.95 parts Extender (Microdol H600, ex Norwegian Talc) 5.53 parts Extender (Celite 281, ex Celite (UK) Ltd 25.98 parts White spirits 6.79 parts Aromatic petroleum distillate (Solvesso 100, ex Esso) A universal tinter formulation was added in the weight ratio of 10 parts tinter formulation to 90 parts by weight white paint both with and without post-addition of a dispersant. Where a post-addition of dispersant was made, the weight of the added dispersant was 2.5 parts percentage based in the weight of the white paint.

The white paint containing the universal tinter was coated on to a card using a K- proofer and no. 6 K-bar to give a film thickness of 6011.

A drop of the final paint composition was also applied to the paint film and rubbed into the surface using finger pressure until the film became tacky. It was then dried at 20 to 25°C for 4 hours.

The L, a, b colour co-ordinates were then measured for the rubbed area and also the area of paint-film to which no additional paint had been applied. The difference between these two sets of measurements (AE) gives a measure of acceptance of the universal tinter by the base white paint. AL is L1-L2, ha is a-a2, Ab is b1-b2 where subscript 1 relates to the paint-film with no additional paint and subscript 2 relates to the area of paint-film to which additional paint was applied followed by finger rubbing.

AE = 5 (AL) 2 + (Aa) 2 + (Ab) 2 Low values of DE indicate good acceptance of the universal tinter.

The results are given in Tables 1,2,3 and 4 below. The term"flooding"means a floating of the tinter pigment to the surface giving a more intense colour.

TABLE 1 Tinter:- Nuodex high strength lamp black (ex. Huls) Ex. Dispersant in Post-added AL Sa Ab SE Visual base paint Dispersant assessment 1 Dispersant 6-1. 8 0.1 0.8 2.0 Flooding 2 Dispersant 8-2. 4 0.2 0.4 2.5 Flooding 3 Dispersant 8 + 13-1. 4 0.4-0. 2 1.5 Slight flooding 4 SL Dispersant 6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 Good 5 SL Dispersant 8-0. 6 0.5-0. 1 0.8 Slight flooding 6 Dispersant 8 Dispersant 6 0.4-0. 3 0.3 0.7 Good 7 Dispersant 8 + 13 Dispersant 8 + 13-0. 3 0.1 0.3 0.5 Good Control SL-4. 6 1.2 0.7 4.8 Severe flooding Footnote to Table 1 SL is Soya lecithin Dispersant 8 + 13 is a 50/50 mix by weight TABLE 2 Tinter: Nuodex Phthalocyanine Blue (ex. Huls) Ex. Dispersant in Post-addedALAaAbAEVisual base paint Dispersant assessment 8 Dispersant 6-0. 8 0-1. 1 1. 4 Severe flooding 9 Dispersant 8 0-0. 2 0. 1 0. 2 Good 10 Dispersant 8 + 13-0. 7-0. 1-0. 2 0. 7 Good 11 SL Dispersant 9 2. 0 Severe flooding 12 SL Dispersant 8-1.0-0.3-2.6 2. 8 Severe flooding 13 Dispersant 8 Dispersant 6 0. 1 Good Control SL-0.1-0.1-2.0 2. 2 Severe flooding Footnote to Table 2 SL and Dispersant 8 + 13 is as explained in the footnote to Table 1. TABLE 3 Tinter: Nuodex Red Iron Oxide (ex. Huls) Ex. Dispersant in Post-addedAL Aa Ab AE Visual base paint Dispersant assessment 14 Dispersant 6-0. 1 0.2 0.4 0.5 Good 15 Dispersant 8-1. 1 0.8 0.2 1.4 Slight flooding 16 Dispersant 8 + 13-0. 5-0. 1 0.3 0.6 Good 17 SL Dispersant 6-0.2 0.9 0.5 1.0 Yellower 18 SL Dispersant 8-2.8 2.0 2.0 4.0 Very blue 19 Dispersant 8 Dispersant 6-0.6-0. 1 0.9 1.1 Good Control SL 0. 2 1.5 1.3 2.0 Severe shade change

Footnote to Table 3 SL and Dispersant 8 + 13 is as explained in the footnote to Table 1.

TABLE 4 Tinter: Nuodex Dioxazine Violet (ex. Huls) Ex. Dispersant in Post-AL Aa Ab AE Visual base paint added assessment Dispersant 20 Dispersant 8 + 13--0. 8 1.3-1. 4 2.1 Good Control SL--1.2 2.7-4.0 5.0 Severe flooding Footnote to Table 4 SL and Dispersant 8 + 13 is as explained in the footnote to Table 1.