TARGETING LONG NON-CODING RNA

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/243,565, filed on October 19, 2015, entitled "REDUCED SIZE

SELF-DELIVERING NUCLEIC ACID COMPOUNDS TARGETING LONG NON-

CODING RNA", the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates, at least in part, to the use of nucleic acid molecules with improved in vivo delivery properties and their use to reduce the expression of long non- coding RNAs (IncRNAs).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Complementary oligonucleotide sequences are promising therapeutic agents and useful research tools in elucidating gene functions. However, prior art oligonucleotide molecules suffer from several problems that may impede their clinical development, and frequently make it difficult to achieve intended efficient inhibition or increase of gene expression (including protein synthesis) using such compositions in vivo.

A major problem has been the delivery of these compounds to cells and tissues.

Conventional double-stranded RNAi compounds, 19-29 bases long, form a highly negatively- charged rigid helix of approximately 1.5 by 10-15 nm in size. This rod type molecule cannot get through the cell-membrane and as a result has very limited efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. As a result, all conventional RNAi compounds require some kind of delivery vehicle to promote their tissue distribution and cellular uptake. This is considered to be a major limitation of the RNAi technology.

There have been previous attempts to apply chemical modifications to

oligonucleotides to improve their cellular uptake properties. One such modification was the attachment of a cholesterol molecule to the oligonucleotide. A first report on this approach was by Letsinger et al., in 1989. Subsequently, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Carlsbad, CA) reported on more advanced techniques in attaching the cholesterol molecule to the oligonucleotide (Manoharan, 1992). With the discovery of siRNAs in the late nineties, similar types of modifications were attempted on these molecules to enhance their delivery profiles. Cholesterol molecules conjugated to slightly modified (Soutschek, 2004) and heavily modified (Wolfrum, 2007) siRNAs appeared in the literature. Yamada et ah, 2008 also reported on the use of advanced linker chemistries which further improved cholesterol mediated uptake of siRNAs. In spite of all this effort, the uptake of these types of compounds impaired to be inhibited in the presence of biological fluids resulting in highly limited efficacy in gene silencing in vivo, limiting the applicability of these compounds in a clinical setting.

Following the sequencing of the mammalian genome, -20,000 protein-coding genes were identified; however, 99% of the genome was thought to contain non-functional and repetitive sequences. More recently, researchers utilizing transcriptome profiling approaches have discovered that -60,000 of these non-functional sequences of the genome are transcribed into long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs), many of which are functional (Iyer et al. (2015)). Long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs), containing >200 nucleotides, were found to function in the following biological processes: cell proliferation, differentiation, regulation of transcription, epigenetic regulation, post transcriptional regulation, organization of protein complexes, cell to cell communication and allosteric regulation of proteins (Chen, 2015; Geisler et al. 2013).

IncRNAs can be located throughout the cell; however, a majority of IncRNAs are localized in the nucleus (Cabili, 2015). Considering the machinery for RNAi is located in the cytoplasm and not the nucleus, it is believed that using RNAi compounds to reduce levels of IncRNAs (located in the nucleus) would not work. Indeed, researchers have shown that siRNAs can be used to target cytoplasmic-based IncRNAs; however, they have not been demonstrated to work to target nuclear IncRNAs.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for the silencing of IncRNAs. The invention is based, at least in part, on the surprising discovery that self- delivering RNAi compounds are able to robustly and potently reduce levels of IncRNAs in cells, both in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Silencing of nuclear IncRNAs by the RNAi compounds described herein is particularly surprising since it had previously been demonstrated that siRNAs could be used to target cytoplasmic based IncRNAs, but not nuclear IncRNAs. Furthermore, self-delivering RNAi compounds described herein surprisingly mediate silencing of nuclear targets without the use of delivery vehicles (e.g., lipid-mediated transfection agents).

Accordingly, in some aspects, the disclosure provides an isolated, double stranded nucleic acid molecule comprising a guide strand of 18-23 nucleotides in length that has complementarity to a IncRNA sequence, and a passenger strand of 8- 16 nucleotides in length, wherein the molecule comprises a double stranded region and a single stranded region, wherein the single stranded region is the 3' end of the guide strand, is 2- 13 nucleotides in length, and comprises at least two phosphorothioate modifications, and wherein at least 50% of the pyrimidines in the nucleic acid molecule are modified.

In some embodiments, the first nucleotide relative to the 5'end of the guide strand has a 2'-0-methyl modification, optionally wherein the 2'-0-methyl modification is a 5Ρ-2Ό- methyl U modification, or a 5' vinyl phosphonate 2'-0-methyl U modification.

In some embodiments, at least 60%, at least 80%, at least 90% or wherein 100% of the pyrimidines in the nucleic acid molecule are modified. In some embodiments, the modified pyrimidines are 2'-fluoro or 2'-0-methyl modified.

In some embodiments, at least one U or C includes a hydrophobic modification, optionally wherein a plurality of U's and/or C's include a hydrophobic modification. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic modification is a methyl or ethyl hydrophobic base modification.

In some embodiments, the guide strand comprises 6-8 phosphorothioate

modifications. In some embodiments, the guide strand comprises at least eight

phosphorothioate modifications located within the first 10 nucleotides relative to the 3 'end of the guide strand. In some embodiments, the guide strand includes 4-14 phosphate

modifications. In some embodiments, the single stranded region of the guide strand is 6 nucleotides long to 8 nucleotides long.

In some embodiments, the double stranded region is 13 nucleotides long. In some embodiments, the double stranded nucleic acid molecule has one end that is blunt or includes a one nucleotide overhang.

In some embodiments, the passenger strand is linked at the 3' end to a lipophilic group. In some embodiments, the lipophilic group is a sterol, optionally wherein the sterol is cholesterol.

In some embodiments, the isolated double stranded nucleic acid molecule is an sd- rxRNA and wherein the guide strand is complementary to a IncRNA, optionally wherein the IncRNA is selected from the group consisting of ENST00000585065, ENST00000602414, ENST00000607352, ENST00000456581, ENST00000340510, ENST00000605920, ENST00000455699, ENST00000555578, ENST00000565493, ENST00000580048 and MALAT1.

In some embodiments, the isolated double stranded nucleic acid molecule is an sd- rxRNA and wherein the guide strand is complementary to MALAT1.

In some embodiments, the isolated double stranded nucleic acid molecule is a IncRNA inhibitor and wherein the IncRNA sequence to which the guide strand is

complementary is an antisense strand of a mature IncRNA. In some embodiments, the guide strand of a double stranded nucleic acid molecule IncRNA inhibitor is at least 50% chemically modified.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is directed against at least 12 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence within Table 1 or Table 2.

In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method for modulating IncRNA expression and/or activity in a cell, comprising contacting a cell with a double stranded nucleic acid molecule as described herein (e.g., an sd-rxRNA) in an amount effective to modulate IncRNA expression and/or activity.

In some embodiments of the method, the IncRNA is localized in the nucleus of the cell. In some embodiments, of the method, the IncRNA is localized in the cytoplasm of the cell. In some embodiments of the method, the IncRNA is localized both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a bacterial cell or a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cell is selected from the group consisting of plant cell, arthropod cell, and animal cell). In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell, such as a human cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a stem cell, optionally a human stem cell.

In some embodiments of the method, the cell is contacted with the isolated nucleic acid molecule in vivo or ex vivo.

In some aspects, the disclosure relates to double stranded molecules configured to treat diseases associated with dysregulation of IncRNA expression. Dysregulation or alteration in IncRNAs levels has been shown to be associated with the progression of many diseases including: cancers (lung, breast, prostate, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc.), cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, diabetes, and HIV. Therefore in some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of treating a subject having a disease associated with dysregulation of IncRNA expression, the method comprising administering to the subject a double stranded nucleic acid molecule as described herein in an amount effective to modulate the expression level or activity of a target IncRNA.

Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the sense strand of the double stranded molecules described herein (e.g. , sd-rxRNA sense strand) is not limited to delivery of the guide strand of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule. Rather, in some

embodiments, a passenger strand described herein is joined (e.g. , covalently bound, non- covalently bound, conjugated, etc.) to certain molecules (e.g., antisense oligonucleotides, ASO) for the purpose of targeting said other molecule to the nucleus of a cell. Accordingly, in some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of delivering a nucleic acid molecule to a cell, the method comprising administering an isolated nucleic acid molecule to a cell, wherein the isolated nucleic acid comprises a sense strand which is complementary to an anti-sense oligonucleotide (ASO), wherein the sense strand is between 8-15 nucleotides in length, comprises at least two phosphorothioate modifications, at least 50% of the pyrimidines in the sense strand are modified, and wherein the molecule comprises a hydrophobic conjugate.

Each of the limitations of the invention can encompass various embodiments of the invention. It is, therefore, anticipated that each of the limitations of the invention involving any one element or combinations of elements can be included in each aspect of the invention. This invention is not limited in its application to the details of

construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing.

FIG. 1 shows the identification of potent sd-rxRNAs targeting IncRNA

(ENST0000060241). sd-rxRNAs were screened against 11 IncRNA targets. Potent sd- rxRNAs (> 60% silencing) for 10 out of 11 IncRNAs, with an overall hit rate of 21% were identified. The lncRNA-targeting sd-rxRNAs described in this particular assay significantly reduced target gene IncRNA levels in vitro in a human hepatocarcinoma cell line.

FIG. 2 shows the identification of potent sd-rxRNAs targeting MALAT1 in a human colorectal carcinoma cell line. The MALAT1 -targeting sd-rxRNAs described in this particular assay significantly reduced target gene IncRNA levels in vitro in a human hepatocarcinoma cell line.

FIG. 3 shows identification of potent sd-rxRNAs targeting IncRNAs. The lncRNA- targeting sd-rxRNAs described in this particular assay significantly reduced target gene IncRNA levels in vitro in a human hepatocarcinoma cell line or a human colorectal carcinoma cell line.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates, in part, to compositions and methods for the silencing of long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs) by double stranded nucleic acid molecules.

As used herein, a "long non-coding RNA" or "IncRNA" refers to a transcribed RNA molecule containing greater than 200 nucleotides that do not code for protein. LncRNAs are usually located within intergenic spaces of the genome. Generally, IncRNAs are a diverse class of molecules that play a variety of roles in modulation of gene function. For example IncRNAs are known to regulate gene transcription (for example, as described by Goodrichet al. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 7 (8): 612-6, 2006), translation (for example, as described by Tiedge et al. PNAS 88:(6): 2093-7, 1991), and epigenetic regulation (for example, as described by Wutz et al. Nature Genetics, 30 (2): 167-74, 2002). Examples of IncRNAs include, but are not limited to Kcnqlotl, Xlsirt, Xist, ANRIL and MALAT1.

Further examples of IncRNAs are described, for example, in Amaralet al. Nucleic Acids Research 39((Database issue)): D146-D151, (2010).

The disclosure is based, at least in part, on the surprising discovery that the double stranded nucleic acid molecules described herein are able to robustly and potently reduce levels of long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs) in cells, both in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Silencing of nuclear IncRNAs by the molecules described herein is particularly surprising in light of the fact that the prior art has demonstrated that siRNAs were not effective in targeting nuclear IncRNAs.

Accordingly, in some aspects, the disclosure provides an isolated, double stranded nucleic acid molecule comprising a guide strand of 18-23 nucleotides in length that has complementarity to a IncRNA sequence, and a passenger strand of 8-16 nucleotides in length, wherein the molecule comprises a double stranded region and a single stranded region, wherein the single stranded region is the 3' end of the guide strand, is 2-13 nucleotides in length, and comprises at least two phosphorothioate modifications, and wherein at least 50% of the pyrimidines in the nucleic acid molecule are modified. As used herein, "nucleic acid molecule" includes but is not limited to: sd-rxRNA, rxRNAori, oligonucleotides, ASO, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, ncRNA, cp-lasiRNA, aiRNA, BMT-101, RXI-109, EXC-001, single- stranded nucleic acid molecules, double-stranded nucleic acid molecules, RNA and DNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is a chemically modified nucleic acid molecule, such as a chemically modified oligonucleotide. Double stranded nucleic acid molecules of the invention are described in further detail below and in the Examples section.

Without wishing to be bound by any theory, dysregulation or alteration in IncRNAs levels has been shown to be associated with the progression of many diseases including: cancers (lung, breast, prostate, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc.), cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, diabetes, and HIV (Chen, 2015). Therefore in some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of treating a subject having a disease associated with dysregulation of IncRNA expression, the method comprising administering to the subject a double stranded nucleic acid molecule as described herein in an amount effective to modulate the expression level or activity of a target IncRNA. sd-rxRNA molecules

Aspects of the invention relate to sd-rxRNA molecules. As used herein, an "sd- rxRNA" or an "sd-rxRNA molecule" refers to a self-delivering RNA molecule such as those described in, and incorporated by reference from, US Patent No. 8,796,443, granted on

August 5, 2014, entitled "REDUCED SIZE SELF-DELIVERING RNAI COMPOUNDS", US Patent No. 9,175,289, granted on November 3, 2015, entitled "REDUCED SIZE SELF- DELIVERING RNAI COMPOUNDS", and PCT Publication No. WO2010/033247

(Application No. PCT/US2009/005247), filed on September 22, 2009, and entitled

"REDUCED SIZE SELF-DELIVERING RNAI COMPOUNDS." Briefly, an sd-rxRNA, (also referred to as an sd-rxRNA ^nano ) is an isolated asymmetric double stranded nucleic acid molecule comprising a guide strand, with a minimal length of 16 nucleotides, and a passenger strand of 8-18 nucleotides in length, wherein the double stranded nucleic acid molecule has a double stranded region and a single stranded region, the single stranded region having 4-12 nucleotides in length and having at least three nucleotide backbone modifications. In preferred embodiments, the double stranded nucleic acid molecule has one end that is blunt or includes a one or two nucleotide overhang. sd-rxRNA molecules can be optimized through chemical modification, and in some instances through attachment of hydrophobic conjugates. In some embodiments, an sd-rxRNA comprises an isolated double stranded nucleic acid molecule comprising a guide strand and a passenger strand, wherein the region of the molecule that is double stranded is from 8-15 nucleotides long, wherein the guide strand contains a single stranded region that is 4-12 nucleotides long, wherein the single stranded region of the guide strand contains 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 phosphorothioate modifications, and wherein at least 40% of the nucleotides of the double stranded nucleic acid are modified.

The polynucleotides of the invention are referred to herein as isolated double stranded or duplex nucleic acids, oligonucleotides or polynucleotides, nano molecules, nano RNA, sd- rxRNA ^nano , sd-rxRNA or RNA molecules of the invention.

sd-rxRNAs are much more effectively taken up by cells compared to conventional siRNAs. These molecules are highly efficient in silencing of target gene expression and offer significant advantages over previously described RNAi molecules including high activity in the presence of serum, efficient self-delivery, compatibility with a wide variety of linkers, and reduced presence or complete absence of chemical modifications that are associated with toxicity.

In contrast to single- stranded polynucleotides, duplex polynucleotides have traditionally been difficult to deliver to a cell as they have rigid structures and a large number of negative charges which makes membrane transfer difficult. sd-rxRNAs however, although partially double-stranded, are recognized in vivo as single-stranded and, as such, are capable of efficiently being delivered across cell membranes. As a result the polynucleotides of the invention are capable in many instances of self-delivery. Thus, the polynucleotides of the invention may be formulated in a manner similar to conventional RNAi agents or they may be delivered to the cell or subject alone (or with non-delivery type carriers) and allowed to self-deliver. In one embodiment of the present invention, self-delivering asymmetric double- stranded RNA molecules are provided in which one portion of the molecule resembles a conventional RNA duplex and a second portion of the molecule is single stranded.

The oligonucleotides of the invention in some aspects have a combination of asymmetric structures including a double stranded region and a single stranded region of 5 nucleotides or longer, specific chemical modification patterns and are conjugated to lipophilic or hydrophobic molecules. In some embodiments, this class of RNAi like compounds have superior efficacy in vitro and in vivo. It is believed that the reduction in the size of the rigid duplex region in combination with phosphorothioate modifications applied to a single stranded region contribute to the observed superior efficacy. Methods of effectively administering sd-rxRNA to the skin and silencing gene expression have been demonstrated in US Patent No. 8,664,189, granted on March 4, 2014 and entitled "RNA INTERFERENCE IN SKIN INDICATIONS," US Patent Publication No. US2014/0113950, filed on April 4, 2013 and entitled "RNA INTERFERENCE IN DERMAL AND FIBROTIC INDICATIONS," PCT Publication No. WO 2010/033246, filed on

September 22, 2009 and entitled "RNA INTERFERENCE IN SKIN INDICATIONS" and PCT Publication No. WO2011/119887, filed on March 24, 2011 and entitled "RNA

INTERFERENCE IN DERMAL AND FIBROTIC INDICATIONS." Each of the above- referenced patents and publications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. It should be appreciated that the sd-rxRNA molecules disclosed herein can be administered to the skin in the same manner as the sd-rxRNA molecules disclosed in US Patent Publication No. US2014/0113950, incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In a preferred embodiment the RNAi compounds of the invention comprise an asymmetric compound comprising a duplex region (required for efficient RISC entry of 8-15 bases long) and single stranded region of 4-12 nucleotides long. In some embodiments, the duplex region is 13 or 14 nucleotides long. A 6 or 7 nucleotide single stranded region is preferred in some embodiments. The single stranded region of the new RNAi compounds also comprises 2-12 phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages (referred to as

phosphorothioate modifications). 6-8 phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages are preferred in some embodiments. Additionally, the RNAi compounds of the invention also include a unique chemical modification pattern, which provides stability and is compatible with RISC entry. In some embodiments, the combination of these elements has resulted in unexpected properties which are highly useful for delivery of RNAi reagents in vitro and in vivo.

The chemical modification pattern, which provides stability and is compatible with RISC entry includes modifications to the sense, or passenger, strand as well as the antisense, or guide, strand. For instance the passenger strand can be modified with any chemical entities which confirm stability and do not interfere with activity. Such modifications include 2' ribo modifications (O-methyl, 2' F, 2 deoxy and others) and backbone modification like phosphorothioate modifications. A preferred chemical modification pattern in the passenger strand includes O-methyl modification of C and U nucleotides within the passenger strand or alternatively the passenger strand may be completely O-methyl modified.

The guide strand, for example, may also be modified by any chemical modification which confirms stability without interfering with RISC entry. A preferred chemical modification pattern in the guide strand includes the majority of C and U nucleotides being 2' F modified and the 5' end being phosphorylated. Another preferred chemical modification pattern in the guide strand includes 2'0-methyl modification of position 1 and C/U in positions 11-18 and 5' end chemical phosphorylation. Yet another preferred chemical modification pattern in the guide strand includes 2'0-methyl modification of position 1 and C/U in positions 11-18 and 5' end chemical phosphorylation and 2'F modification of C/U in positions 2-10. In some embodiments the passenger strand and/or the guide strand contains at least one 5-methyl C or U modifications.

In some embodiments, at least 30% of the nucleotides in the sd-rxRNA are modified. For example, at least 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the nucleotides in the sd- rxRNA are modified. In some embodiments, 100% of the nucleotides in the sd-rxRNA are modified.

The above-described chemical modification patterns of the oligonucleotides of the invention are well tolerated and actually improved efficacy of asymmetric RNAi compounds. In some embodiments, elimination of any of the described components (Guide strand stabilization, phosphorothioate stretch, sense strand stabilization and hydrophobic conjugate) or increase in size in some instances results in sub-optimal efficacy and in some instances complete loss of efficacy. The combination of elements results in development of a compound, which is fully active following passive delivery to cells such as HeLa cells.

The sd-rxRNA can be further improved in some instances by improving the hydrophobicity of compounds using of novel types of chemistries. For example, one chemistry is related to use of hydrophobic base modifications. Any base in any position might be modified, as long as modification results in an increase of the partition coefficient of the base. The preferred locations for modification chemistries are positions 4 and 5 of the pyrimidines. The major advantage of these positions is (a) ease of synthesis and (b) lack of interference with base-pairing and A form helix formation, which are essential for RISC complex loading and target recognition. A version of sd-rxRNA compounds where multiple deoxy Uridines are present without interfering with overall compound efficacy was used. In addition major improvement in tissue distribution and cellular uptake might be obtained by optimizing the structure of the hydrophobic conjugate. In some of the preferred embodiment the structure of sterol is modified to alter (increase/ decrease) C17 attached chain. This type of modification results in significant increase in cellular uptake and improvement of tissue uptake prosperities in vivo.

dsRNA formulated according to the invention also includes rxRNAori. rxRNAori refers to a class of RNA molecules described in and incorporated by reference from PCT Publication No. WO2009/102427 (Application No. PCT/US2009/000852), filed on February 11, 2009, and entitled, "MODIFIED RNAI POLYNUCLEOTIDES AND USES THEREOF," and US Patent Publication No. 2011/0039914, filed on November 1, 2010, and entitled "MODIFIED RNAI POLYNUCLEOTIDES AND USES THEREOF."

In some embodiments, an rxRNAori molecule comprises a double-stranded RNA

(dsRNA) construct of 12-35 nucleotides in length, for inhibiting expression of a target gene, comprising: a sense strand having a 5'-end and a 3'-end, wherein the sense strand is highly modified with 2'-modified ribose sugars, and wherein 3-6 nucleotides in the central portion of the sense strand are not modified with 2'-modified ribose sugars and, an antisense strand having a 5'-end and a 3 '-end, which hybridizes to the sense strand and to mRNA of the target gene, wherein the dsRNA inhibits expression of the target gene in a sequence-dependent manner.

rxRNAori can contain any of the modifications described herein. In some

embodiments, at least 30% of the nucleotides in the rxRNAori are modified. For example, at least 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the nucleotides in the rxRNAori are modified. In some embodiments, 100% of the nucleotides in the sd-rxRNA are modified. In some embodiments, only the passenger strand of the rxRNAori contains modifications.

This invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of "including," "comprising," or "having," "containing," "involving," and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Thus, aspects of the invention relate to isolated double stranded nucleic acid molecules comprising a guide (antisense) strand and a passenger (sense) strand. As used herein, the term "double- stranded" refers to one or more nucleic acid molecules in which at least a portion of the nucleomonomers are complementary and hydrogen bond to form a double-stranded region. In some embodiments, the length of the guide strand ranges from 16-29 nucleotides long. In certain embodiments, the guide strand is 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29 nucleotides long. The guide strand has complementarity to a target gene. Complementarity between the guide strand and the target gene may exist over any portion of the guide strand. Complementarity as used herein may be perfect

complementarity or less than perfect complementarity as long as the guide strand is sufficiently complementary to the target that it mediates RNAi. In some embodiments complementarity refers to less than 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% mismatch between the guide strand and the target. Perfect complementarity refers to 100%

complementarity. In some embodiments, siRNA sequences with insertions, deletions, and single point mutations relative to the target sequence have also been found to be effective for inhibition. Moreover, not all positions of a siRNA contribute equally to target recognition. Mismatches in the center of the siRNA are most critical and essentially abolish target RNA cleavage. Mismatches upstream of the center or upstream of the cleavage site referencing the antisense strand are tolerated but significantly reduce target RNA cleavage. Mismatches downstream of the center or cleavage site referencing the antisense strand, preferably located near the 3' end of the antisense strand, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 nucleotides from the 3' end of the antisense strand, are tolerated and reduce target RNA cleavage only slightly.

While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, in some embodiments, the guide strand is at least 16 nucleotides in length and anchors the Argonaute protein in RISC. In some embodiments, when the guide strand loads into RISC it has a defined seed region and target mRNA cleavage takes place across from position 10-11 of the guide strand. In some embodiments, the 5' end of the guide strand is or is able to be phosphorylated. The nucleic acid molecules described herein may be referred to as minimum trigger RNA.

In some embodiments, the length of the passenger strand ranges from 8-15 nucleotides long. In certain embodiments, the passenger strand is 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 nucleotides long. The passenger strand has complementarity to the guide strand.

Complementarity between the passenger strand and the guide strand can exist over any portion of the passenger or guide strand. In some embodiments, there is 100% complementarity between the guide and passenger strands within the double stranded region of the molecule.

Aspects of the invention relate to double stranded nucleic acid molecules with minimal double stranded regions. In some embodiments the region of the molecule that is double stranded ranges from 8-15 nucleotides long. In certain embodiments, the region of the molecule that is double stranded is 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 nucleotides long. In certain embodiments the double stranded region is 13 or 14 nucleotides long. There can be 100% complementarity between the guide and passenger strands, or there may be one or more mismatches between the guide and passenger strands. In some embodiments, on one end of the double stranded molecule, the molecule is either blunt-ended or has a one-nucleotide overhang. The single stranded region of the molecule is in some embodiments between 4-12 nucleotides long. For example the single stranded region can be 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 nucleotides long. However, in certain embodiments, the single stranded region can also be less than 4 or greater than 12 nucleotides long. In certain embodiments, the single stranded region is at least 6 or at least 7 nucleotides long.

RNAi constructs associated with the invention can have a thermodynamic stability (AG) of less than -13 kkal/mol. In some embodiments, the thermodynamic stability (AG) is less than -20 kkal/mol. In some embodiments there is a loss of efficacy when (AG) goes below -21 kkal/mol. In some embodiments a (AG) value higher than -13 kkal/mol is compatible with aspects of the invention. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, in some embodiments a molecule with a relatively higher (AG) value may become active at a relatively higher concentration, while a molecule with a relatively lower (AG) value may become active at a relatively lower concentration. In some embodiments, the (AG) value may be higher than -9 kkcal/mol. The gene silencing effects mediated by the RNAi constructs associated with the invention, containing minimal double stranded regions, are unexpected because molecules of almost identical design but lower thermodynamic stability have been demonstrated to be inactive (Rana et al 2004).

Without wishing to be bound by any theory, results described herein suggest that a stretch of 8-10 bp of dsRNA or dsDNA will be structurally recognized by protein

components of RISC or co-factors of RISC. Additionally, there is a free energy requirement for the triggering compound that it may be either sensed by the protein components and/or stable enough to interact with such components so that it may be loaded into the Argonaute protein. If optimal thermodynamics are present and there is a double stranded portion that is preferably at least 8 nucleotides then the duplex will be recognized and loaded into the RNAi machinery.

In some embodiments, thermodynamic stability is increased through the use of LNA bases. In some embodiments, additional chemical modifications are introduced. Several non-limiting examples of chemical modifications include: 5' Phosphate, 2'-0-methyl, 2'-0- ethyl, 2'-fluoro, ribothymidine, C-5 propynyl-dC (pdC) and C-5 propynyl-dU (pdU); C-5 propynyl-C (pC) and C-5 propynyl-U (pU); 5-methyl C, 5-methyl U, 5-methyl dC, 5-methyl dU methoxy, (2,6-diaminopurine), 5'-Dimethoxytrityl-N4-ethyl-2'-deoxyCytidine and MGB (minor groove binder). It should be appreciated that more than one chemical modification can be combined within the same molecule.

Molecules associated with the invention are optimized for increased potency and/or reduced toxicity. For example, nucleotide length of the guide and/or passenger strand, and/or the number of phosphorothioate modifications in the guide and/or passenger strand, can in some aspects influence potency of the RNA molecule, while replacing 2'-fluoro (2'F) modifications with 2'-0-methyl (2'OMe) modifications can in some aspects influence toxicity of the molecule. Specifically, reduction in 2'F content of a molecule is predicted to reduce toxicity of the molecule. Furthermore, the number of phosphorothioate modifications in an RNA molecule can influence the uptake of the molecule into a cell, for example the efficiency of passive uptake of the molecule into a cell. Preferred embodiments of molecules described herein have no 2'F modification and yet are characterized by equal efficacy in cellular uptake and tissue penetration. Such molecules represent a significant improvement over prior art, such as molecules described by Accell and Wolfrum, which are heavily modified with extensive use of 2'F.

In some embodiments, a guide strand is approximately 18-19 nucleotides in length and has approximately 2-14 phosphate modifications. For example, a guide strand can contain 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or more than 14 nucleotides that are phosphate- modified. The guide strand may contain one or more modifications that confer increased stability without interfering with RISC entry. The phosphate modified nucleotides, such as phosphorothioate modified nucleotides, can be at the 3' end, 5' end or spread throughout the guide strand. In some embodiments, the 3' terminal 10 nucleotides of the guide strand contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 phosphorothioate modified nucleotides. The guide strand can also contain 2'F and/or 2'OMe modifications, which can be located throughout the molecule. In some embodiments, the nucleotide in position one of the guide strand (the nucleotide in the most 5' position of the guide strand) is 2'OMe modified and/or phosphorylated. C and U nucleotides within the guide strand can be 2'F modified. For example, C and U nucleotides in positions 2-10 of a 19 nt guide strand (or corresponding positions in a guide strand of a different length) can be 2'F modified. C and U nucleotides within the guide strand can also be 2'OMe modified. For example, C and U nucleotides in positions 11-18 of a 19 nt guide strand (or corresponding positions in a guide strand of a different length) can be 2'OMe modified. In some embodiments, the nucleotide at the most 3' end of the guide strand is unmodified. In certain embodiments, the majority of Cs and Us within the guide strand are 2'F modified and the 5' end of the guide strand is phosphorylated. In other embodiments, position 1 and the Cs or Us in positions 11-18 are 2'OMe modified and the 5' end of the guide strand is phosphorylated. In other embodiments, position 1 and the Cs or Us in positions 11-18 are 2'OMe modified, the 5' end of the guide strand is phosphorylated, and the Cs or Us in position 2-10 are 2'F modified.

In some aspects, an optimal passenger strand is approximately 11-14 nucleotides in length. The passenger strand may contain modifications that confer increased stability. One or more nucleotides in the passenger strand can be 2'OMe modified. In some embodiments, one or more of the C and/or U nucleotides in the passenger strand is 2'OMe modified, or all of the C and U nucleotides in the passenger strand are 2'OMe modified. In certain embodiments, all of the nucleotides in the passenger strand are 2'OMe modified. One or more of the nucleotides on the passenger strand can also be phosphate-modified such as phosphorothioate modified. The passenger strand can also contain 2' ribo, 2'F and 2 deoxy modifications or any combination of the above. Chemical modification patterns on both the guide and passenger strand can be well tolerated and a combination of chemical

modifications can lead to increased efficacy and self-delivery of RNA molecules.

Aspects of the invention relate to RNAi constructs that have extended single- stranded regions relative to double stranded regions, as compared to molecules that have been used previously for RNAi. The single stranded region of the molecules may be modified to promote cellular uptake or gene silencing. In some embodiments, phosphorothioate modification of the single stranded region influences cellular uptake and/or gene silencing. The region of the guide strand that is phosphorothioate modified can include nucleotides within both the single stranded and double stranded regions of the molecule. In some embodiments, the single stranded region includes 2-12 phosphorothioate modifications. For example, the single stranded region can include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12

phosphorothioate modifications. In some instances, the single stranded region contains 6-8 phosphorothioate modifications. Molecules associated with the invention are also optimized for cellular uptake. In RNA molecules described herein, the guide and/or passenger strands can be attached to a conjugate. In certain embodiments the conjugate is hydrophobic. The hydrophobic conjugate can be a small molecule with a partition coefficient that is higher than 10. The conjugate can be a sterol-type molecule such as cholesterol, or a molecule with an increased length polycarbon chain attached to C17, and the presence of a conjugate can influence the ability of an RNA molecule to be taken into a cell with or without a lipid transfection reagent. The conjugate can be attached to the passenger or guide strand through a hydrophobic linker. In some embodiments, a hydrophobic linker is 5-12C in length, and/or is hydroxypyrrolidine- based. In some embodiments, a hydrophobic conjugate is attached to the passenger strand and the CU residues of either the passenger and/or guide strand are modified. In some embodiments, at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% of the CU residues on the passenger strand and/or the guide strand are modified. In some aspects, molecules associated with the invention are self-delivering (sd). As used herein, "self- delivery" refers to the ability of a molecule to be delivered into a cell without the need for an additional delivery vehicle such as a transfection reagent.

Aspects of the invention relate to selecting molecules for use in RNAi. In some embodiments, molecules that have a double stranded region of 8-15 nucleotides can be selected for use in RNAi. In some embodiments, molecules are selected based on their thermodynamic stability (AG). In some embodiments, molecules will be selected that have a (AG) of less than -13 kkal/mol. For example, the (AG) value may be -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, - 18, -19, -21, -22 or less than -22 kkal/mol. In other embodiments, the (AG) value may be higher than -13 kkal/mol. For example, the (AG) value may be -12, -11, -10, -9, -8, -7 or more than -7 kkal/mol. It should be appreciated that AG can be calculated using any method known in the art. In some embodiments AG is calculated using Mfold, available through the Mfold internet site (mfold.bioinfo.rpi.edu/cgi-bin/rna-forml.cgi). Methods for calculating AG are described in, and are incorporated by reference from, the following references: Zuker, M. (2003) Nucleic Acids Res., 31(13):3406-15; Mathews, D. H., Sabina, J., Zuker, M. and Turner, D. H. (1999) J. Mol. Biol. 288:911-940; Mathews, D. H., Disney, M. D., Childs, J. L., Schroeder, S. J., Zuker, M., and Turner, D. H. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101:7287- 7292; Duan, S., Mathews, D. H., and Turner, D. H. (2006) Biochemistry 45:9819-9832; Wuchty, S., Fontana, W., Hofacker, I. L., and Schuster, P. (1999) Biopolymers 49: 145-165.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide contains 5'- and/or 3'-end overhangs. The number and/or sequence of nucleotides overhang on one end of the polynucleotide may be the same or different from the other end of the polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, one or more of the overhang nucleotides may contain chemical modification(s), such as phosphorothioate or 2'-OMe modification.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is unmodified. In other embodiments, at least one nucleotide is modified. In further embodiments, the modification includes a 2'-H or 2' -modified ribose sugar at the 2nd nucleotide from the 5 '-end of the guide sequence. The "2nd nucleotide" is defined as the second nucleotide from the 5'-end of the polynucleotide.

As used herein, "2' -modified ribose sugar" includes those ribose sugars that do not have a 2'-OH group. "2'-modified ribose sugar" does not include 2'-deoxyribose (found in unmodified canonical DNA nucleotides). For example, the 2' -modified ribose sugar may be 2'-0-alkyl nucleotides, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides, 2'-deoxy nucleotides, or combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the 2' -modified nucleotides are pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., C /U). Examples of 2'-0-alkyl nucleotides include 2'-0-methyl nucleotides, or 2'-0-allyl nucleotides.

In certain embodiments, the sd-rxRNA polynucleotide of the invention with the above-referenced 5'-end modification exhibits significantly (e.g., at least about 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or more) less "off- target" gene silencing when compared to similar constructs without the specified 5'-end modification, thus greatly improving the overall specificity of the RNAi reagent or therapeutics.

As used herein, "off-target" gene silencing refers to unintended gene silencing due to, for example, spurious sequence homology between the antisense (guide) sequence and the unintended target mRNA sequence.

According to this aspect of the invention, certain guide strand modifications further increase nuclease stability, and/or lower interferon induction, without significantly decreasing RNAi activity (or no decrease in RNAi activity at all).

Certain combinations of modifications may result in further unexpected advantages, as partly manifested by enhanced ability to inhibit target gene expression, enhanced serum stability, and/or increased target specificity, etc.

In certain embodiments, the guide strand comprises a 2'-0-methyl modified nucleotide at the 2 ⁿ nucleotide on the 5 '-end of the guide strand and no other modified nucleotides.

In other aspects, the sd-rxRNA structures of the present invention mediates sequence- dependent gene silencing by a microRNA mechanism. As used herein, the term

"microRNA" ("miRNA"), also referred to in the art as "small temporal RNAs" ("stRNAs"), refers to a small (10-50 nucleotide) RNA which are genetically encoded (e.g., by viral, mammalian, or plant genomes) and are capable of directing or mediating RNA silencing. An "miRNA disorder" shall refer to a disease or disorder characterized by an aberrant expression or activity of an miRNA.

microRNAs are involved in down-regulating target genes in critical pathways, such as development and cancer, in mice, worms and mammals. Gene silencing through a microRNA mechanism is achieved by specific yet imperfect base-pairing of the miRNA and its target messenger RNA (mRNA). Various mechanisms may be used in microRNA- mediated down-regulation of target mRNA expression.

miRNAs are noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides which can regulate gene expression at the post transcriptional or translational level during plant and animal development. One common feature of miRNAs is that they are all excised from an approximately 70 nucleotide precursor RNA stem-loop termed pre-miRNA, probably by Dicer, an RNase Ill-type enzyme, or a homolog thereof. Naturally-occurring miRNAs are expressed by endogenous genes in vivo and are processed from a hairpin or stem-loop precursor (pre-miRNA or pri-miRNAs) by Dicer or other RNAses. miRNAs can exist transiently in vivo as a double- stranded duplex but only one strand is taken up by the RISC complex to direct gene silencing.

In some embodiments a version of sd-rxRNA compounds, which are effective in cellular uptake and inhibiting of miRNA activity are described. Essentially the compounds are similar to RISC entering version but large strand chemical modification patterns are optimized in the way to block cleavage and act as an effective inhibitor of the RISC action. For example, the compound might be completely or mostly O-methyl modified with the phosphorothioate content described previously. For these types of compounds the 5' phosphorylation is not necessary in some embodiments. The presence of double stranded region is preferred as it is promotes cellular uptake and efficient RISC loading.

Another pathway that uses small RNAs as sequence- specific regulators is the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, which is an evolutionarily conserved response to the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the cell. The dsRNAs are cleaved into ~20-base pair (bp) duplexes of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by Dicer. These small RNAs get assembled into multiprotein effector complexes called RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs). The siRNAs then guide the cleavage of target mRNAs with perfect

complementarity.

Some aspects of biogenesis, protein complexes, and function are shared between the siRNA pathway and the miRNA pathway. Single-stranded polynucleotides may mimic the dsRNA in the siRNA mechanism, or the microRNA in the miRNA mechanism.

In certain embodiments, the modified RNAi constructs may have improved stability in serum and/or cerebral spinal fluid compared to an unmodified RNAi constructs having the same sequence.

In certain embodiments, the structure of the RNAi construct does not induce interferon response in primary cells, such as mammalian primary cells, including primary cells from human, mouse and other rodents, and other non-human mammals. In certain embodiments, the RNAi construct may also be used to inhibit expression of a target gene in an invertebrate organism.

To further increase the stability of the subject constructs in vivo, the 3 '-end of the structure may be blocked by protective group(s). For example, protective groups such as inverted nucleotides, inverted abasic moieties, or amino-end modified nucleotides may be used. Inverted nucleotides may comprise an inverted deoxynucleotide. Inverted abasic moieties may comprise an inverted deoxyabasic moiety, such as a 3',3'-linked or 5',5'-linked deoxyabasic moiety.

The RNAi constructs of the invention are capable of inhibiting the synthesis of any target protein encoded by target gene(s). The invention includes methods to inhibit expression of a target gene either in a cell in vitro, or in vivo. As such, the RNAi constructs of the invention are useful for treating a patient with a disease characterized by the overexpression of a target gene.

The target gene can be endogenous or exogenous (e.g., introduced into a cell by a virus or using recombinant DNA technology) to a cell. Such methods may include introduction of RNA into a cell in an amount sufficient to inhibit expression of the target gene. By way of example, such an RNA molecule may have a guide strand that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the target gene, such that the composition inhibits expression of the target gene. The invention also relates to vectors expressing the nucleic acids of the invention, and cells comprising such vectors or the nucleic acids. The cell may be a mammalian cell in vivo or in culture, such as a human cell.

The invention further relates to compositions comprising the subject RNAi constructs, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

The method may be carried out in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, in, for example, mammalian cells in culture, such as a human cell in culture.

The target cells (e.g., mammalian cell) may be contacted in the presence of a delivery reagent, such as a lipid (e.g., a cationic lipid) or a liposome.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method for inhibiting the expression of a target gene in a mammalian cell, comprising contacting the mammalian cell with a vector expressing the subject RNAi constructs.

In one aspect of the invention, a longer duplex polynucleotide is provided, including a first polynucleotide that ranges in size from about 16 to about 30 nucleotides; a second polynucleotide that ranges in size from about 26 to about 46 nucleotides, wherein the first polynucleotide (the antisense strand) is complementary to both the second polynucleotide (the sense strand) and a target gene, and wherein both polynucleotides form a duplex and wherein the first polynucleotide contains a single stranded region longer than 6 bases in length and is modified with alternative chemical modification pattern, and/or includes a conjugate moiety that facilitates cellular delivery. In this embodiment, between about 40% to about 90% of the nucleotides of the passenger strand between about 40% to about 90% of the nucleotides of the guide strand, and between about 40% to about 90% of the nucleotides of the single stranded region of the first polynucleotide are chemically modified nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the chemically modified nucleotide in the polynucleotide duplex may be any chemically modified nucleotide known in the art, such as those discussed in detail above. In a particular embodiment, the chemically modified nucleotide is selected from the group consisting of 2' F modified nucleotides ,2'-0-methyl modified and 2'deoxy nucleotides. In another particular embodiment, the chemically modified nucleotides results from "hydrophobic modifications" of the nucleotide base. In another particular embodiment, the chemically modified nucleotides are phosphorothioates. In an additional particular embodiment, chemically modified nucleotides are combination of phosphorothioates, 2'-0- methyl, 2'deoxy, hydrophobic modifications and phosphorothioates. As these groups of modifications refer to modification of the ribose ring, back bone and nucleotide, it is feasible that some modified nucleotides will carry a combination of all three modification types.

In another embodiment, the chemical modification is not the same across the various regions of the duplex. In a particular embodiment, the first polynucleotide (the passenger strand), has a large number of diverse chemical modifications in various positions. For this polynucleotide up to 90% of nucleotides might be chemically modified and/or have mismatches introduced.

In another embodiment, chemical modifications of the first or second polynucleotide include, but not limited to, 5' position modification of Uridine and Cytosine (4-pyridyl, 2- pyridyl, indolyl, phenyl (C ₆ H ₅ OH); tryptophanyl (C8H6N)CH2CH(NH2)CO), isobutyl, butyl, aminobenzyl; phenyl; naphthyl, etc), where the chemical modification might alter base pairing capabilities of a nucleotide. For the guide strand an important feature of this aspect of the invention is the position of the chemical modification relative to the 5' end of the antisense and sequence. For example, chemical phosphorylation of the 5' end of the guide strand is usually beneficial for efficacy. O-methyl modifications in the seed region of the sense strand (position 2-7 relative to the 5' end) are not generally well tolerated, whereas 2'F and deoxy are well tolerated. The mid part of the guide strand and the 3' end of the guide strand are more permissive in a type of chemical modifications applied. Deoxy modifications are not tolerated at the 3' end of the guide strand.

A unique feature of this aspect of the invention involves the use of hydrophobic modification on the bases. In one embodiment, the hydrophobic modifications are preferably positioned near the 5' end of the guide strand, in other embodiments, they localized in the middle of the guides strand, in other embodiment they localized at the 3' end of the guide strand and yet in another embodiment they are distributed thought the whole length of the polynucleotide. The same type of patterns is applicable to the passenger strand of the duplex.

The other part of the molecule is a single stranded region. The single stranded region is expected to range from 7 to 40 nucleotides.

In one embodiment, the single stranded region of the first polynucleotide contains modifications selected from the group consisting of between 40% and 90% hydrophobic base modifications, between 40%-90% phosphorothioates, between 40% -90% modification of the ribose moiety, and any combination of the preceding.

Efficiency of guide strand (first polynucleotide) loading into the RISC complex might be altered for heavily modified polynucleotides, so in one embodiment, the duplex polynucleotide includes a mismatch between nucleotide 9, 11, 12, 13, or 14 on the guide strand (first polynucleotide) and the opposite nucleotide on the sense strand (second polynucleotide) to promote efficient guide strand loading.

More detailed aspects of the invention are described in the sections below.

Duplex Characteristics

Double-stranded oligonucleotides of the invention may be formed by two separate complementary nucleic acid strands. Duplex formation can occur either inside or outside the cell containing the target gene.

As used herein, the term "duplex" includes the region of the double- stranded nucleic acid molecule(s) that is (are) hydrogen bonded to a complementary sequence. Double- stranded oligonucleotides of the invention may comprise a nucleotide sequence that is sense to a target gene and a complementary sequence that is antisense to the target gene. The sense and antisense nucleotide sequences correspond to the target gene sequence, e.g., are identical or are sufficiently identical to effect target gene inhibition {e.g., are about at least about 98% identical, 96% identical, 94%, 90% identical, 85% identical, or 80% identical) to the target gene sequence.

In certain embodiments, the double- stranded oligonucleotide of the invention is double-stranded over its entire length, i.e., with no overhanging single- stranded sequence at either end of the molecule, i.e., is blunt-ended. In other embodiments, the individual nucleic acid molecules can be of different lengths. In other words, a double-stranded oligonucleotide of the invention is not double- stranded over its entire length. For instance, when two separate nucleic acid molecules are used, one of the molecules, e.g., the first molecule comprising an antisense sequence, can be longer than the second molecule hybridizing thereto (leaving a portion of the molecule single- stranded). Likewise, when a single nucleic acid molecule is used a portion of the molecule at either end can remain single-stranded.

In one embodiment, a double- stranded oligonucleotide of the invention contains mismatches and/or loops or bulges, but is double-stranded over at least about 70% of the length of the oligonucleotide. In another embodiment, a double-stranded oligonucleotide of the invention is double-stranded over at least about 80% of the length of the oligonucleotide. In another embodiment, a double-stranded oligonucleotide of the invention is double- stranded over at least about 90%-95% of the length of the oligonucleotide. In another embodiment, a double- stranded oligonucleotide of the invention is double-stranded over at least about 96%-98% of the length of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the double-stranded oligonucleotide of the invention contains at least or up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 mismatches.

Modifications

The nucleotides of the invention may be modified at various locations, including the sugar moiety, the phosphodiester linkage, and/or the base.

In some embodiments, the base moiety of a nucleoside may be modified. For example, a pyrimidine base may be modified at the 2, 3, 4, 5, and/or 6 position of the pyrimidine ring. In some embodiments, the exocyclic amine of cytosine may be modified. A purine base may also be modified. For example, a purine base may be modified at the 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, or 8 position. In some embodiments, the exocyclic amine of adenine may be modified. In some cases, a nitrogen atom in a ring of a base moiety may be substituted with another atom, such as carbon. A modification to a base moiety may be any suitable modification. Examples of modifications are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the base modifications include alkylated purines or pyrimidines, acylated purines or pyrimidines, or other heterocycles.

In some embodiments, a pyrimidine may be modified at the 5 position. For example, the 5 position of a pyrimidine may be modified with an alkyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkenyl group, an acyl group, or substituted derivatives thereof. In other examples, the 5 position of a pyrimidine may be modified with a hydroxyl group or an alkoxyl group or substituted derivative thereof. Also, the N ⁴ position of a pyrimidine may be alkylated. In still further examples, the pyrimidine 5-6 bond may be saturated, a nitrogen atom within the pyrimidine ring may be substituted with a carbon atom, and/or the O 2 and O 4 atoms may be substituted with sulfur atoms. It should be understood that other modifications are possible as well.

In other examples, the N 7 position and/or N 2 and/or N 3 position of a purine may be modified with an alkyl group or substituted derivative thereof. In further examples, a third ring may be fused to the purine bicyclic ring system and/or a nitrogen atom within the purine ring system may be substituted with a carbon atom. It should be understood that other modifications are possible as well.

Non-limiting examples of pyrimidines modified at the 5 position are disclosed in U.S.

Patent 5591843, U.S. Patent 7,205,297, U.S. Patent 6,432,963, and U.S. Patent 6,020,483; non-limiting examples of pyrimidines modified at the N ⁴ position are disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,580,731; non-limiting examples of purines modified at the 8 position are disclosed in U.S. Patent 6,355,787 and U.S. Patent 5,580,972; non-limiting examples of purines modified at the N ⁶ position are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,853,386, U.S. Patent 5,789,416, and U.S. Patent 7,041,824; and non-limiting examples of purines modified at the 2 position are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,201,860 and U.S. Patent 5,587,469, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Non-limiting examples of modified bases include N^A^-ethanocytosine, 7- deazaxanthosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxo-A^-methyladenine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5- (carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5- carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl uracil, dihydrouracil, inosine, A^-isopentenyl-adenine, 1-methyladenine, 1-methylpseudouracil, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N ⁶ -methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyl uracil, 5- methoxy aminomethyl-2-thiouracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N ⁶ -isopentenyladenine, pseudouracil, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, 2-thiocytosine, and 2,6-diaminopurine. In some embodiments, the base moiety may be a heterocyclic base other than a purine or pyrimidine. The heterocyclic base may be optionally modified and/or substituted.

Sugar moieties include natural, unmodified sugars, e.g. , monosaccharide (such as pentose, e.g. , ribose, deoxyribose), modified sugars and sugar analogs. In general, possible modifications of nucleo monomers, particularly of a sugar moiety, include, for example, replacement of one or more of the hydroxyl groups with a halogen, a heteroatom, an aliphatic group, or the functionalization of the hydroxyl group as an ether, an amine, a thiol, or the like.

One particularly useful group of modified nucleomonomers are 2'-0-methyl nucleotides. Such 2'-0-methyl nucleotides may be referred to as "methylated," and the corresponding nucleotides may be made from unmethylated nucleotides followed by alkylation or directly from methylated nucleotide reagents. Modified nucleomonomers may be used in combination with unmodified nucleomonomers. For example, an oligonucleotide of the invention may contain both methylated and unmethylated nucleomonomers.

Some exemplary modified nucleomonomers include sugar- or backbone-modified ribonucleotides. Modified ribonucleotides may contain a non-naturally occurring base (instead of a naturally occurring base), such as uridines or cytidines modified at the 5'- position, e.g. , 5'-(2-amino)propyl uridine and 5'-bromo uridine; adenosines and guanosines modified at the 8-position, e.g. , 8-bromo guanosine; deaza nucleotides, e.g. , 7-deaza- adenosine; and N-alkylated nucleotides, e.g., N6-methyl adenosine. Also, sugar-modified ribonucleotides may have the 2' -OH group replaced by a H, alxoxy (or OR), R or alkyl, halogen, SH, SR, amino (such as NH ₂ , NHR, NR _2, ), or CN group, wherein R is lower alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl.

Modified ribonucleotides may also have the phosphodiester group connecting to adjacent ribonucleotides replaced by a modified group, e.g., of phosphorothioate group. More generally, the various nucleotide modifications may be combined.

Although the antisense (guide) strand may be substantially identical to at least a portion of the target gene (or genes), at least with respect to the base pairing properties, the sequence need not be perfectly identical to be useful, e.g., to inhibit expression of a target gene's phenotype. Generally, higher homology can be used to compensate for the use of a shorter antisense gene. In some cases, the antisense strand generally will be substantially identical (although in antisense orientation) to the target gene.

The use of 2'-0-methyl modified RNA may also be beneficial in circumstances in which it is desirable to minimize cellular stress responses. RNA having 2'-0-methyl nucleomonomers may not be recognized by cellular machinery that is thought to recognize unmodified RNA. The use of 2'-0-methylated or partially 2'-0-methylated RNA may avoid the interferon response to double-stranded nucleic acids, while maintaining target RNA inhibition. This may be useful, for example, for avoiding the interferon or other cellular stress responses, both in short RNAi (e.g., siRNA) sequences that induce the interferon response, and in longer RNAi sequences that may induce the interferon response.

Overall, modified sugars may include D-ribose, 2'-0-alkyl (including 2'-0-methyl and 2'-0-ethyl), i.e., 2'-alkoxy, 2'-amino, 2'-S-alkyl, 2'-halo (including 2'-fluoro), 2'- methoxyethoxy, 2'-allyloxy (-OCH ₂ CH=CH ₂ ), 2'-propargyl, 2'-propyl, ethynyl, ethenyl, propenyl, and cyano and the like. In one embodiment, the sugar moiety can be a hexose and incorporated into an oligonucleotide as described (Augustyns, K., et ah, Nucl. Acids. Res. 18:4711 (1992)). Exemplary nucleomonomers can be found, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,902, incorporated by reference herein.

Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75 ^th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and irans-isomers, R- and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.

Isomeric mixtures containing any of a variety of isomer ratios may be utilized in accordance with the present invention. For example, where only two isomers are combined, mixtures containing 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90: 10, 95:5, 96:4, 97:3, 98:2, 99: 1, or 100:0 isomer ratios are all contemplated by the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that analogous ratios are contemplated for more complex isomer mixtures.

If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of the present invention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers. Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basic functional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as carboxyl,

diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate optically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or chromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides of the invention comprise 3 ' and 5' termini (except for circular oligonucleotides). In one embodiment, the 3' and 5' termini of an oligonucleotide can be substantially protected from nucleases e.g. , by modifying the 3 Or 5' linkages (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,902 and WO 98/13526). For example, oligonucleotides can be made resistant by the inclusion of a "blocking group." The term "blocking group" as used herein refers to substituents (e.g., other than OH groups) that can be attached to oligonucleotides or nucleomonomers, either as protecting groups or coupling groups for synthesis (e.g. , FITC, propyl (CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₃ ), glycol (-0-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -0-) phosphate (P0 ₃ ^2~ ), hydrogen phosphonate, or phosphoramidite). "Blocking groups" also include "end blocking groups" or "exonuclease blocking groups" which protect the 5' and 3 ' termini of the oligonucleotide, including modified nucleotides and non-nucleotide exonuclease resistant structures.

Exemplary end-blocking groups include cap structures (e.g., a 7-methylguanosine cap), inverted nucleomonomers, e.g., with 3 '-3 ' or 5 '-5' end inversions (see, e.g. , Ortiagao et al. 1992. Antisense Res. Dev. 2: 129), methylphosphonate, phosphoramidite, non-nucleotide groups (e.g. , non-nucleotide linkers, amino linkers, conjugates) and the like. The 3' terminal nucleomonomer can comprise a modified sugar moiety. The 3 ' terminal nucleomonomer comprises a 3 '-0 that can optionally be substituted by a blocking group that prevents 3 '- exonuclease degradation of the oligonucleotide. For example, the 3 '-hydroxyl can be esterified to a nucleotide through a 3'→3 ' internucleotide linkage. For example, the alkyloxy radical can be methoxy, ethoxy, or isopropoxy, and preferably, ethoxy. Optionally, the 3 '→3 linked nucleotide at the 3 ' terminus can be linked by a substitute linkage. To reduce nuclease degradation, the 5' most 3 '→5' linkage can be a modified linkage, e.g. , a

phosphorothioate or a P-alkyloxyphosphotriester linkage. Preferably, the two 5' most 3 '→5' linkages are modified linkages. Optionally, the 5' terminal hydroxy moiety can be esterified with a phosphorus containing moiety, e.g., phosphate, phosphorothioate, or P- ethoxypho sphate .

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the synthetic methods, as described herein, utilize a variety of protecting groups. By the term "protecting group," as used herein, it is meant that a particular functional moiety, e.g. , O, S, or N, is temporarily blocked so that a reaction can be carried out selectively at another reactive site in a multifunctional compound. In certain embodiments, a protecting group reacts selectively in good yield to give a protected substrate that is stable to the projected reactions; the protecting group should be selectively removable in good yield by readily available, preferably non-toxic reagents that do not attack the other functional groups; the protecting group forms an easily separable derivative (more preferably without the generation of new stereogenic centers); and the protecting group has a minimum of additional functionality to avoid further sites of reaction. As detailed herein, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon protecting groups may be utilized. Hydroxyl protecting groups include methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), i-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), /?-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM), i-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM), siloxymethyl, 2- methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3- bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4- methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP), 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4- methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl S ,S -dioxide, 1 - [(2-chloro-4-methyl)phenyl] -4- methoxypiperidin-4-yl (CTMP), l,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzo furan-2-yl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 1- (2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1 -methyl- 1-methoxyethyl, 1 -methyl- 1-benzyloxyethyl, 1 -methyl- 1- benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, t- butyl, allyl, /?-chlorophenyl, /?-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl, /?-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, /?-nitrobenzyl, /?-halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p- cyanobenzyl, /?-phenylbenzyl, 2-picolyl, 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl N-oxido,

diphenylmethyl, /?,//-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl, a- naphthyldiphenylmethyl, /?-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p- methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri( ?-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4'- bromophenacyloxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl, 4,4',4"-tris(4,5- dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl, 4,4',4"-tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4,4',4"- tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 3-(imidazol-l-yl)bis(4',4"-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl, 1, 1- bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-l '-pyrenylmethyl, 9-anthryl, 9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-phenyl-10- oxo)anthryl, l,3-benzodithiolan-2-yl, benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxido, trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), dimethylisopropylsilyl (IPDMS),

diethylisopropylsilyl (DEIPS), dimethylthexylsilyl, i-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t- butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tribenzylsilyl, tri-/?-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl,

diphenylmethylsilyl (DPMS), i-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl (TBMPS), formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, /?-chlorophenoxyacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, 4- oxopentanoate (levulinate), 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate (levulinoyldithioacetal), pivaloate, adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, /?-phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6- trimethylbenzoate (mesitoate), alkyl methyl carbonate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate (Fmoc), alkyl ethyl carbonate, alkyl 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbonate (TMSEC), 2-(phenylsulfonyl) ethyl carbonate (Psec), 2-(triphenylphosphonio) ethyl carbonate (Peoc), alkyl isobutyl carbonate, alkyl vinyl carbonate alkyl allyl carbonate, alkyl /?-nitrophenyl carbonate, alkyl benzyl carbonate, alkyl /?-methoxybenzyl carbonate, alkyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl carbonate, alkyl o-nitrobenzyl carbonate, alkyl /?-nitrobenzyl carbonate, alkyl S-benzyl thiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy- l-napththyl carbonate, methyl

dithiocarbonate, 2-iodobenzoate, 4-azidobutyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o- (dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2-formylbenzenesulfonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl, 4- (methylthiomethoxy)butyrate, 2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate, 2,6-dichloro-4- methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-dichloro-4-(l, l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4-bis(l, l- dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate, isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (£)-2- methyl-2-butenoate, o-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoate, a-naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl Ν,Ν,Ν',Ν'- tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, alkyl N-phenylcarbamate, borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate, sulfate, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate (Ts). For protecting 1,2- or 1,3-diols, the protecting groups include methylene acetal, ethylidene acetal, 1-i-butylethylidene ketal, 1-phenylethylidene ketal,

(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylidene acetal, 2,2,2-trichloroethylidene acetal, acetonide,

cyclopentylidene ketal, cyclohexylidene ketal, cycloheptylidene ketal, benzylidene acetal, p- methoxybenzylidene acetal, 2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene ketal, 3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene acetal, 2-nitrobenzylidene acetal, methoxymethylene acetal, ethoxymethylene acetal, dimethoxymethylene ortho ester, 1-methoxyethylidene ortho ester, 1-ethoxyethylidine ortho ester, 1,2-dimethoxyethylidene ortho ester, a-methoxybenzylidene ortho ester, l-(N,N- dimethylamino)ethylidene derivative, a-(N,N'-dimethylamino)benzylidene derivative, 2- oxacyclopentylidene ortho ester, di-i-butylsilylene group (DTBS), 1,3-(1, 1,3,3- tetraisopropyldisiloxanylidene) derivative (TIPDS), tetra-i-butoxydisiloxane- l,3-diylidene derivative (TBDS), cyclic carbonates, cyclic boronates, ethyl boronate, and phenyl boronate. Amino-protecting groups include methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamante, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-di-i-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo- 10,10, 10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1- (l-adamantyl)-l-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc), l, l-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1, 1- dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl carbamate (DB-i-BOC), l,l-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (TCBOC), 1 -methyl- l-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc), l-(3,5-di-i- butylphenyl)-l-methylethyl carbamate (i-Bumeoc), 2-(2'- and 4'-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pyoc), 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl carbamate, i-butyl carbamate (BOC), 1- adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinyl carbamate (Voc), allyl carbamate (Alloc), 1- isopropylallyl carbamate (Ipaoc), cinnamyl carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc), 8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithio carbamate, benzyl carbamate (Cbz), /?-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz), /?-nitobenzyl carbamate, p- bromobenzyl carbamate, /?-chlorobenzyl carbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4- methylsulfinylbenzyl carbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl carbamate, 2-(p- toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, [2-(l,3-dithianyl)]methyl carbamate (Dmoc), 4- methylthiophenyl carbamate (Mtpc), 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc), 2- phosphonioethyl carbamate (Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl carbamate (Ppoc), 1,1- dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate, m-chloro-/?-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p- (dihydroxyboryl)benzyl carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate, 2-(trifluoromethyl)- 6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc), m-nitrophenyl carbamate, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl(o- nitrophenyl)methyl carbamate, phenothiazinyl-(10)-carbonyl derivative, N'-p- toluenesulfonylaminocarbonyl derivative, N'-phenylaminothiocarbonyl derivative, i-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, /?-cyanobenzyl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, p- decyloxybenzyl carbamate, 2,2-dimethoxycarbonylvinyl carbamate, o-(N,N- dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl carbamate, l,l-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate, 2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate, p-(p '-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl carbamate, 1- methylcyclohexyl carbamate, 1 -methyl- 1 -cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, 1 -methyl- 1 -(3,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1 -methyl- l-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1- methyl- l-phenylethyl carbamate, 1 -methyl- l-(4-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate, /?-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-tri-i-butylphenyl carbamate, 4- (trimethylammonium)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate, formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3- phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, /?-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (N'-dithiobenzyloxycarbonylamino)acetamide,

3-( ?-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o- nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide,

4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethionine derivative, o-nitrobenzamide, o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide, 4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2- one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5- dimethylpyrrole, N-l, l,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5- substituted l,3-dimethyl- l,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted l,3-dibenzyl- l,3,5- triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1 -substituted 3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, N-methylamine, N-allylamine, N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine (SEM), N-3-acetoxypropylamine, N-(l-isopropyl-4- nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary ammonium salts, N-benzylamine, N-di(4- methoxyphenyl)methylamine, N-5-dibenzosuberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr), N- [(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr), N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF), N-2,7- dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino (Fcm), N-2-picolylamino N'- oxide, N-l,l-dimethylthiomethyleneamine, N-benzylideneamine, N-p- methoxybenzylideneamine, N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N-[(2- pyridyl)mesityl]methyleneamine, N-(N',N'-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, Ν,Ν'- isopropylidenediamine, N-/?-nitrobenzylideneamine, N-salicylideneamine, N-5- chlorosalicylideneamine, N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine, N- cyclohexylideneamine, N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-l-cyclohexenyl)amine, N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinic acid derivative, N-[phenyl(pentacarbonylchromium- or

tungsten)carbonyl] amine, N-copper chelate, N-zinc chelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine, amine N-oxide, diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp), dimethylthiophosphinamide (Mpt), diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt), dialkyl phosphoramidates, dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate, benzenesulfenamide,

o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps), 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide,

pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide,

triphenylmethylsulfenamide, 3-nitropyridinesulfenamide (Npys), /?-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6,-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6- trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4- methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7, 8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide (Ms), β-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES), 9- anthracenesulfonamide, 4-(4',8'-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS), benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and phenacylsulfonamide. Exemplary protecting groups are detailed herein. However, it will be appreciated that the present invention is not intended to be limited to these protecting groups; rather, a variety of additional equivalent protecting groups can be readily identified using the above criteria and utilized in the method of the present invention. Additionally, a variety of protecting groups are described in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Ed. Greene, T.W. and Wuts, P.G., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 1999, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

It will be appreciated that the compounds, as described herein, may be substituted with any number of substituents or functional moieties. In general, the term "substituted" whether preceded by the term "optionally" or not, and substituents contained in formulas of this invention, refer to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent. When more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. As used herein, the term "substituted" is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms. Furthermore, this invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable compounds useful in the treatment, for example, of infectious diseases or proliferative disorders. The term "stable", as used herein, preferably refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintain the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be detected and preferably for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein.

The term "aliphatic," as used herein, includes both saturated and unsaturated, straight chain (i.e., unbranched), branched, acyclic, cyclic, or polycyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are optionally substituted with one or more functional groups. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, "aliphatic" is intended herein to include, but is not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and cycloalkynyl moieties. Thus, as used herein, the term "alkyl" includes straight, branched and cyclic alkyl groups. An analogous convention applies to other generic terms such as "alkenyl," "alkynyl," and the like. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms "alkyl," "alkenyl," "alkynyl," and the like encompass both substituted and unsubstituted groups. In certain embodiments, as used herein, "lower alkyl" is used to indicate those alkyl groups (cyclic, acyclic, substituted, unsubstituted, branched, or unbranched) having 1-6 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-20 aliphatic carbon atoms. In certain other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-10 aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-8 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-4 carbon atoms. Illustrative aliphatic groups thus include, but are not limited to, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, -CH ₂ -cyclopropyl, vinyl, allyl, n-butyl, sec- butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, cyclobutyl, -CH ₂ -cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, isopentyl, tert- pentyl, cyclopentyl, -CH ₂ -cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, sec-hexyl, cyclohexyl, -CH ₂ -cyclohexyl moieties and the like, which again, may bear one or more substituents. Alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, l-methyl-2-buten-l- yl, and the like. Representative alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 2- propynyl (propargyl), 1-propynyl, and the like.

Some examples of substituents of the above-described aliphatic (and other) moieties of compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to aliphatic; heteroaliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy;

alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; -F; -CI; -Br; -I; -OH; -NO ₂ ; -CN; -CF ₃ ; - CH ₂ CF ₃ ; -CHCI ₂ ; -CH ₂ OH; -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH; -CH ₂ NH ₂ ; -CH ₂ S0 ₂ CH ₃ ; -C(0)R _x ; -C0 ₂ (R _x ); - CON(R _x ) ₂ ; -OC(0)R _x ; -OC0 ₂ R _x ; -OCON(R _x ) ₂ ; -N(R _X ) ₂ ; -S(0) ₂ R _x ; -NR _x (CO)R _x wherein each occurrence of R _x independently includes, but is not limited to, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, wherein any of the aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl substituents described above and herein may be substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclic, and wherein any of the aryl or heteroaryl substituents described above and herein may be substituted or unsubstituted. Additional examples of generally applicable substituents are illustrated by the specific embodiments described herein.

The term "heteroaliphatic," as used herein, refers to aliphatic moieties that contain one or more oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon atoms, e.g., in place of carbon atoms. Heteroaliphatic moieties may be branched, unbranched, cyclic or acyclic and include saturated and unsaturated heterocycles such as morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, etc. In certain embodiments, heteroaliphatic moieties are substituted by independent replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon with one or more moieties including, but not limited to aliphatic; heteroaliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; alkoxy; aryloxy;

heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; -F; -CI; -Br; -I; -OH; -N0 ₂ ; -CN; -CF ₃ ; -CH ₂ CF ₃ ; -CHC1 ₂ ; -CH ₂ OH; -CH ₂ CH ₂ OH; -CH ₂ NH ₂ ; - CH ₂ S0 ₂ CH ₃ ; -C(0)R _x ; -C0 ₂ (R _x ); -CON(R _x ) ₂ ; -OC(0)R _x ; -OC0 ₂ R _x ; -OCON(R _x ) ₂ ; -N(R _X ) ₂ ; - S(0) ₂ R _x ; -NR _x (CO)R _x , wherein each occurrence of R _x independently includes, but is not limited to, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, wherein any of the aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl substituents described above and herein may be substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclic, and wherein any of the aryl or heteroaryl substituents described above and herein may be substituted or unsubstituted. Additional examples of generally applicable substituents are illustrated by the specific embodiments described herein.

The terms "halo" and "halogen" as used herein refer to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The term "alkyl" includes saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl groups (e.g. , methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, etc.), branched-chain alkyl groups (isopropyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, etc.), cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups (cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl), alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 6 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C _\ - C for straight chain, C ₃ -C ₆ for branched chain), and more preferably 4 or fewer. Likewise, preferred cycloalkyls have from 3-8 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5 or 6 carbons in the ring structure. The term Ci-C ₆ includes alkyl groups containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Moreover, unless otherwise specified, the term alkyl includes both "unsubstituted alkyls" and "substituted alkyls," the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties having independently selected substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,

aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl,

aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,

trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Cycloalkyls can be further substituted, e.g., with the substituents described above. An "alkylaryl" or an "arylalkyl" moiety is an alkyl substituted with an aryl (e.g. , phenylmethyl (benzyl)). The term "alkyl" also includes the side chains of natural and unnatural amino acids. The term "n-alkyl" means a straight chain (i.e., unbranched) unsubstituted alkyl group.

The term "alkenyl" includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double bond. For example, the term "alkenyl" includes straight-chain alkenyl groups (e.g. , ethylenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, etc.), branched- chain alkenyl groups, cycloalkenyl (alicyclic) groups (cyclopropenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl), alkyl or alkenyl substituted cycloalkenyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkenyl groups. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkenyl group has 6 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C ₂ - C ₆ for straight chain, C3-C6 for branched chain). Likewise, cycloalkenyl groups may have from 3-8 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5 or 6 carbons in the ring structure. The term C ₂ -C ₆ includes alkenyl groups containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

Moreover, unless otherwise specified, the term alkenyl includes both "unsubstituted alkenyls" and "substituted alkenyls," the latter of which refers to alkenyl moieties having independently selected substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example, alkyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogens, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl,

aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,

trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

The term "alkynyl" includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but which contain at least one triple bond. For example, the term "alkynyl" includes straight-chain alkynyl groups (e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, etc.), branched- chain alkynyl groups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkynyl groups. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkynyl group has 6 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C ₂ -C ₆ for straight chain, C3-C ₆ for branched chain). The term C ₂ -C ₆ includes alkynyl groups containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

Moreover, unless otherwise specified, the term alkynyl includes both "unsubstituted alkynyls" and "substituted alkynyls," the latter of which refers to alkynyl moieties having independently selected substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example, alkyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogens, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl,

aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,

trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, "lower alkyl" as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from one to five carbon atoms in its backbone structure. "Lower alkenyl" and "lower alkynyl" have chain lengths of, for example, 2-5 carbon atoms.

The term "alkoxy" includes substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups covalently linked to an oxygen atom. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy, and pentoxy groups. Examples of substituted alkoxy groups include halogenated alkoxy groups. The alkoxy groups can be substituted with independently selected groups such as alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino

(including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulffiydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfmyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties. Examples of halogen substituted alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy,

dichloromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, etc. The term "heteroatom" includes atoms of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus.

The term "hydroxy" or "hydroxyl" includes groups with an -OH or -0 ^~ (with an appropriate counterion).

The term "halogen" includes fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine, etc. The term

"perhalogenated" generally refers to a moiety wherein all hydrogens are replaced by halogen atoms.

The term "substituted" includes independently selected substituents which can be placed on the moiety and which allow the molecule to perform its intended function.

Examples of substituents include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, (CR'R")o- ₃ NR'R", (CR'R")o- ₃ CN, N0 ₂ , halogen, (CR'R")o- ₃ C(halogen) ₃ , (CR'R")o- ₃ CH(halogen) ₂ , (CR'R")o- ₃ CH ₂ (halogen), (CR'R")o- ₃ CONR'R", (CR'R")o- ₃ S(0)i_ ₂ NR'R", (CR'R")o- ₃ CHO, (CR'R")o- ₃ 0(CR'R")o- ₃ H, (CR'R")o- ₃ S(0)o- ₂ R', (CR'R")o- ₃ 0(CR'R")o- ₃ H, (CR'R")o- ₃ COR', (CR'R")o- ₃ C0 ₂ R', or (CR'R")o- ₃ OR' groups; wherein each R' and R" are each independently hydrogen, a C ₁ -C5 alkyl, C ₂ -Cs alkenyl, C ₂ -Cs alkynyl, or aryl group, or R' and R" taken together are a benzylidene group or a— (CH ₂ ) ₂ 0(CH ₂ ) ₂ - group.

The term "amine" or "amino" includes compounds or moieties in which a nitrogen atom is covalently bonded to at least one carbon or heteroatom. The term "alkyl amino" includes groups and compounds wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one additional alkyl group. The term "dialkyl amino" includes groups wherein the nitrogen atom is bound to at least two additional alkyl groups.

The term "ether" includes compounds or moieties which contain an oxygen bonded to two different carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For example, the term includes "alkoxyalkyl," which refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group covalently bonded to an oxygen atom which is covalently bonded to another alkyl group.

The terms "polynucleotide," "nucleotide sequence," "nucleic acid," "nucleic acid molecule," "nucleic acid sequence," and "oligonucleotide" refer to a polymer of two or more nucleotides. The polynucleotides can be DNA, RNA, or derivatives or modified versions thereof. The polynucleotide may be single- stranded or double-stranded. The polynucleotide can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone, for example, to improve stability of the molecule, its hybridization parameters, etc. The polynucleotide may comprise a modified base moiety which is selected from the group including but not limited to 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4- acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2- thiouridine, 5- carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2- dimethylguanine, 2- methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5- methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7- methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5- methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D- mannosylqueosine, 5'- methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6- isopentenyladenine, wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2- thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil- 5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil- 5 -oxy acetic acid, 5-methyl-2- thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, and 2,6-diaminopurine. The olynucleotide may compirse a modified sugar moiety (e.g., 2'- fluororibose, ribose, 2'-deoxyribose, 2'-0-methylcytidine, arabinose, and hexose), and/or a modified phosphate moiety (e.g. , phosphorothioates and 5' -N-phosphoramidite linkages). A nucleotide sequence typically carries genetic information, including the information used by cellular machinery to make proteins and enzymes. These terms include double- or single- stranded genomic and cDNA, RNA, any synthetic and genetically manipulated

polynucleotide, and both sense and antisense polynucleotides. This includes single- and double-stranded molecules, i.e. , DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, and RNA-RNA hybrids, as well as "protein nucleic acids" (PNA) formed by conjugating bases to an amino acid backbone.

The term "base" includes the known purine and pyrimidine heterocyclic bases, deazapurines, and analogs (including heterocyclic substituted analogs, e.g., aminoethyoxy phenoxazine), derivatives (e.g. , 1-alkyl-, 1-alkenyl-, heteroaromatic- and 1-alkynyl derivatives) and tautomers thereof. Examples of purines include adenine, guanine, inosine, diaminopurine, and xanthine and analogs (e.g., 8-oxo-N ⁶ -methyladenine or 7-diazaxanthine) and derivatives thereof. Pyrimidines include, for example, thymine, uracil, and cytosine, and their analogs (e.g., 5-methylcytosine, 5-methyluracil, 5-(l-propynyl)uracil, 5-(l- propynyl)cytosine and 4,4-ethanocytosine). Other examples of suitable bases include non- purinyl and non-pyrimidinyl bases such as 2-aminopyridine and triazines.

In a preferred embodiment, the nucleomonomers of an oligonucleotide of the invention are RNA nucleotides. In another preferred embodiment, the nucleomonomers of an oligonucleotide of the invention are modified RNA nucleotides. Thus, the oligonucleotides contain modified RNA nucleotides.

The term "nucleoside" includes bases which are covalently attached to a sugar moiety, preferably ribose or deoxyribose. Examples of preferred nucleosides include ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides. Nucleosides also include bases linked to amino acids or amino acid analogs which may comprise free carboxyl groups, free amino groups, or protecting groups. Suitable protecting groups are well known in the art (see P. G. M. Wuts and T. W. Greene, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", 2 ^nd Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1999).

The term "nucleotide" includes nucleosides which further comprise a phosphate group or a phosphate analog.

The nucleic acid molecules may be associated with a hydrophobic moiety for targeting and/or delivery of the molecule to a cell. In certain embodiments, the hydrophobic moiety is associated with the nucleic acid molecule through a linker. In certain embodiments, the association is through non-covalent interactions. In other embodiments, the association is through a covalent bond. Any linker known in the art may be used to associate the nucleic acid with the hydrophobic moiety. Linkers known in the art are described in published international PCT applications, WO 92/03464, WO 95/23162, WO 2008/021157, WO

2009/021157, WO 2009/134487, WO 2009/126933, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2005/0107325, U.S. Patent 5,414,077, U.S. Patent 5,419,966, U.S. Patent 5,512,667, U.S. Patent 5,646,126, and U.S. Patent 5,652,359, which are incorporated herein by reference. The linker may be as simple as a covalent bond to a multi-atom linker. The linker may be cyclic or acyclic. The linker may be optionally substituted. In certain embodiments, the linker is capable of being cleaved from the nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the linker is capable of being hydrolyzed under physiological conditions. In certain embodiments, the linker is capable of being cleaved by an enzyme (e.g. , an esterase or phosphodiesterase). In certain embodiments, the linker comprises a spacer element to separate the nucleic acid from the hydrophobic moiety. The spacer element may include one to thirty carbon or

heteroatoms. In certain embodiments, the linker and/or spacer element comprises

protonatable functional groups. Such protonatable functional groups may promote the endosomal escape of the nucleic acid molecule. The protonatable functional groups may also aid in the delivery of the nucleic acid to a cell, for example, neutralizing the overall charge of the molecule. In other embodiments, the linker and/or spacer element is biologically inert (that is, it does not impart biological activity or function to the resulting nucleic acid molecule).

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule with a linker and hydrophobic moiety is of the formulae described herein. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is of the formula:

wherein

X is N or CH;

A is a bond; substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched aliphatic; or substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

R ¹ is a hydrophobic moiety;

R is hydrogen; an oxygen-protecting group; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or

unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; and

R is a nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, the molecule is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, the molecule is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, the molecule is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, the molecule is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, X is N. In certain embodiments, X is CH.

In certain embodiments, A is a bond. In certain embodiments, A is substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched aliphatic. In certain

embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic. In certain embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic. In certain embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted, unbranched aliphatic. In certain embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted, unbranched alkyl. In certain embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted, unbranched Ci_ ₂ o alkyl. In certain embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted, unbranched C _1-12 alkyl. In certain embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted, unbranched Ci_io alkyl. In certain embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted, unbranched C _1-8 alkyl. In certain embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted, unbranched Ci_ ₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, A is substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic. In certain embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched

heteroaliphatic. In certain embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic. In certain embodiments, A is acyclic, substituted, unbranched

heteroaliphatic.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula: In certain embodiments, A is of one of the formulae:

43 In certain embodiments, A is of one of the formulae:

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

wherein each occurrence of R is independently the side chain of a natural or unnatural amino acid; and

n is an integer between 1 and 20, inclusive. In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, each occurrence of R is independently the side chain of a natural amino acid. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 15, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 5, inclusive.

In certain embo

wherein n is an integer between 1 and 20, inclusive. In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 15, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 5, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

wherein n is an integer between 1 and 20, inclusive. In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 15, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, n is an integer between 1 and 5, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the molecule is of the formula:

wherein X, R 1 , R2 , and R 3 are as defined herein; and

A' is substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched aliphatic; or substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic. In certain embodiments, A' is of one of the formulae:

 In certain embodiments, A is of one of the formulae:

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, A is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, R is a steroid. In certain embodiments, R is a cholesterol. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is a lipophilic vitamin. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is a vitamin A. In certain embodiments, R ¹ is a vitamin E.

In certain embodiments, R is of the formula:

wherein R ^A is substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched aliphatic; or substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic.

In certain embodiments, R ¹ is of the formula:

In cert

In certain embodiments, R is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is of the formula:

wherein

X is N or CH;

A is a bond; substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched aliphatic; or substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

R ¹ is a hydrophobic moiety;

R is hydrogen; an oxygen-protecting group; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or

unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; and

R is a nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is of the formula:

wherein

X is N or CH;

A is a bond; substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched aliphatic; or substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

R ¹ is a hydrophobic moiety;

R is hydrogen; an oxygen-protecting group; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or

unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; and

R is a nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is of the formula:

wherein

X is N or CH;

A is a bond; substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched aliphatic; or substituted or unsubstituted, cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

R ¹ is a hydrophobic moiety;

R is hydrogen; an oxygen-protecting group; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or

unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; and R is a nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule formula:

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is of the formula:

wherein R is a nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is of the formula:

wherein R is a nucleic acid; and

n is an integer between 1 and 20, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is of the formula:

In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is of the formula:

As used herein, the term "linkage" includes a naturally occurring, unmodified phosphodiester moiety (-0-(PO )-0-) that covalently couples adjacent nucleomonomers. As used herein, the term "substitute linkage" includes any analog or derivative of the native phosphodiester group that covalently couples adjacent nucleomonomers. Substitute linkages include phosphodiester analogs, e.g. , phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, and P- ethyoxyphosphodiester, P-ethoxyphosphodiester, P-alkyloxyphosphotriester,

methylphosphonate, and nonphosphorus containing linkages, e.g. , acetals and amides. Such substitute linkages are known in the art (e.g. , Bjergarde et al. 1991. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:5843; Caruthers et al. 1991. Nucleosides Nucleotides. 10:47). In certain embodiments, non-hydrolizable linkages are preferred, such as phosphorothiate linkages.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides of the invention comprise hydrophobically modified nucleotides or "hydrophobic modifications." As used herein "hydrophobic modifications" refers to bases that are modified such that (1) overall hydrophobicity of the base is significantly increased, and/or (2) the base is still capable of forming close to regular Watson -Crick interaction. Several non-limiting examples of base modifications include 5- position uridine and cytidine modifications such as phenyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyridyl, indolyl, and isobutyl, phenyl (C6H50H); tryptophanyl (C8H6N)CH2CH(NH2)CO), Isobutyl, butyl, aminobenzyl; phenyl; and naphthyl.

Another type of conjugates that can be attached to the end (3' or 5' end), the loop region, or any other parts of the sd-rxRNA might include a sterol, sterol type molecule, peptide, small molecule, protein, etc. In some embodiments, a sd-rxRNA may contain more than one conjugates (same or different chemical nature). In some embodiments, the conjugate is cholesterol.

Another way to increase target gene specificity, or to reduce off-target silencing effect, is to introduce a 2 '-modification (such as the 2'-0 methyl modification) at a position corresponding to the second 5 '-end nucleotide of the guide sequence. Antisense (guide) sequences of the invention can be "chimeric oligonucleotides" which comprise an RNA-like and a DNA-like region.

The language "RNase H activating region" includes a region of an oligonucleotide, e.g. , a chimeric oligonucleotide, that is capable of recruiting RNase H to cleave the target RNA strand to which the oligonucleotide binds. Typically, the RNase activating region contains a minimal core (of at least about 3-5, typically between about 3-12, more typically, between about 5- 12, and more preferably between about 5-10 contiguous nucleomonomers) of DNA or DNA-like nucleomonomers. (See, e.g. , U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,902). Preferably, the RNase H activating region comprises about nine contiguous deoxyribose containing nucleomonomers.

The language "non-activating region" includes a region of an antisense sequence, e.g., a chimeric oligonucleotide, that does not recruit or activate RNase H. Preferably, a non- activating region does not comprise phosphorothioate DNA. The oligonucleotides of the invention comprise at least one non-activating region. In one embodiment, the non-activating region can be stabilized against nucleases or can provide specificity for the target by being complementary to the target and forming hydrogen bonds with the target nucleic acid molecule, which is to be bound by the oligonucleotide.

In one embodiment, at least a portion of the contiguous polynucleotides are linked by a substitute linkage, e.g. , a phosphorothioate linkage.

In certain embodiments, most or all of the nucleotides beyond the guide sequence (2'- modified or not) are linked by phosphorothioate linkages. Such constructs tend to have improved pharmacokinetics due to their higher affinity for serum proteins. The

phosphorothioate linkages in the non-guide sequence portion of the polynucleotide generally do not interfere with guide strand activity, once the latter is loaded into RISC. In some embodiments, high levels of phosphorothioate modification can lead to improved delivery. In some embodiments, the guide and/or passenger strand is completely phosphorothioated.

Antisense (guide) sequences of the present invention may include "morpholino oligonucleotides." Morpholino oligonucleotides are non-ionic and function by an RNase H- independent mechanism. Each of the 4 genetic bases (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine/Uracil) of the morpholino oligonucleotides is linked to a 6-membered morpholine ring. Morpholino oligonucleotides are made by joining the 4 different subunit types by, e.g., non-ionic phosphorodiamidate inter-subunit linkages. Morpholino oligonucleotides have many advantages including: complete resistance to nucleases (Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev. 1996. 6:267); predictable targeting (Biochemica Biophysica Acta. 1999. 1489: 141); reliable activity in cells (Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev. 1997. 7:63); excellent sequence specificity (Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev. 1997. 7: 151); minimal non-antisense activity (Biochemica Biophysica Acta. 1999. 1489: 141); and simple osmotic or scrape delivery (Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev. 1997. 7:291). Morpholino oligonucleotides are also preferred because of their non-toxicity at high doses. A discussion of the preparation of morpholino oligonucleotides can be found in Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev. 1997. 7: 187.

The chemical modifications described herein are believed, based on the data described herein, to promote single stranded polynucleotide loading into the RISC. Single stranded polynucleotides have been shown to be active in loading into RISC and inducing gene silencing. However, the level of activity for single stranded polynucleotides appears to be 2 to 4 orders of magnitude lower when compared to a duplex polynucleotide.

The present invention provides a description of the chemical modification patterns, which may (a) significantly increase stability of the single stranded polynucleotide (b) promote efficient loading of the polynucleotide into the RISC complex and (c) improve uptake of the single stranded nucleotide by the cell. The chemical modification patterns may include combination of ribose, backbone, hydrophobic nucleoside and conjugate type of modifications. In addition, in some of the embodiments, the 5' end of the single

polynucleotide may be chemically phosphorylated.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a description of the chemical modifications patterns, which improve functionality of RISC inhibiting

polynucleotides. Single stranded polynucleotides have been shown to inhibit activity of a preloaded RISC complex through the substrate competition mechanism. For these types of molecules, conventionally called antagomers, the activity usually requires high concentration and in vivo delivery is not very effective. The present invention provides a description of the chemical modification patterns, which may (a) significantly increase stability of the single stranded polynucleotide (b) promote efficient recognition of the polynucleotide by the RISC as a substrate and/or (c) improve uptake of the single stranded nucleotide by the cell. The chemical modification patterns may include combination of ribose, backbone, hydrophobic nucleoside and conjugate type of modifications. The modifications provided by the present invention are applicable to all polynucleotides. This includes single stranded RISC entering polynucleotides, single stranded RISC inhibiting polynucleotides, conventional duplexed polynucleotides of variable length (15- 40 bp),asymmetric duplexed polynucleotides, and the like. Polynucleotides may be modified with wide variety of chemical modification patterns, including 5' end, ribose, backbone and hydrophobic nucleoside modifications.

Synthesis

Oligonucleotides of the invention can be synthesized by any method known in the art, e.g., using enzymatic synthesis and/or chemical synthesis. The oligonucleotides can be synthesized in vitro {e.g., using enzymatic synthesis and chemical synthesis) or in vivo (using recombinant DNA technology well known in the art).

In a preferred embodiment, chemical synthesis is used for modified polynucleotides. Chemical synthesis of linear oligonucleotides is well known in the art and can be achieved by solution or solid phase techniques. Preferably, synthesis is by solid phase methods.

Oligonucleotides can be made by any of several different synthetic procedures including the phosphoramidite, phosphite triester, H-phosphonate, and phosphotriester methods, typically by automated synthesis methods.

Oligonucleotide synthesis protocols are well known in the art and can be found, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,653; WO 98/13526; Stec et al. 1984. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:6077; Stec et al. 1985. J. Org. Chem. 50:3908; Stec et al. J. Chromatog. 1985. 326:263; LaPlanche et al. 1986. Nucl. Acid. Res. 1986. 14:9081; Fasman G. D., 1989. Practical Handbook of

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1989. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.; Lamone. 1993. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21: 1; U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,830; U.S. Pat. No. 5,214,135; U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,719; Kawasaki et al. 1993. J. Med. Chem. 36:831; WO 92/03568; U.S. Pat. No.

5,276,019; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,423.

The synthesis method selected can depend on the length of the desired oligonucleotide and such choice is within the skill of the ordinary artisan. For example, the phosphoramidite and phosphite triester method can produce oligonucleotides having 175 or more nucleotides, while the H-phosphonate method works well for oligonucleotides of less than 100

nucleotides. If modified bases are incorporated into the oligonucleotide, and particularly if modified phosphodiester linkages are used, then the synthetic procedures are altered as needed according to known procedures. In this regard, Uhlmann et al. (1990, Chemical Reviews 90:543-584) provide references and outline procedures for making oligonucleotides with modified bases and modified phosphodiester linkages. Other exemplary methods for making oligonucleotides are taught in Sonveaux. 1994. "Protecting Groups in

Oligonucleotide Synthesis"; Agrawal. Methods in Molecular Biology 26: 1. Exemplary synthesis methods are also taught in "Oligonucleotide Synthesis - A Practical Approach" (Gait, M. J. IRL Press at Oxford University Press. 1984). Moreover, linear oligonucleotides of defined sequence, including some sequences with modified nucleotides, are readily available from several commercial sources.

The oligonucleotides may be purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or by any of a number of chromatographic methods, including gel chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography. To confirm a nucleotide sequence, especially unmodified nucleotide sequences, oligonucleotides may be subjected to DNA sequencing by any of the known procedures, including Maxam and Gilbert sequencing, Sanger sequencing, capillary electrophoresis sequencing, the wandering spot sequencing procedure or by using selective chemical degradation of oligonucleotides bound to Hybond paper. Sequences of short oligonucleotides can also be analyzed by laser desorption mass spectroscopy or by fast atom bombardment (McNeal, et al., 1982, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104:976; Viari, et al., 1987, Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectrom. 14:83; Grotjahn et al., 1982, Nuc. Acid Res. 10:4671). Sequencing methods are also available for RNA oligonucleotides.

The quality of oligonucleotides synthesized can be verified by testing the

oligonucleotide by capillary electrophoresis and denaturing strong anion HPLC (SAX-HPLC) using, e.g., the method of Bergot and Egan. 1992. . Chrom. 599:35.

Other exemplary synthesis techniques are well known in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual, Second Edition (1989); DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (DN Glover Ed. 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M J Gait Ed, 1984; Nucleic Acid Hybridisation (B D Hames and S J Higgins eds. 1984); A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning (1984); or the series, Methods in Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc.)).

In certain embodiments, the subject RNAi constructs or at least portions thereof are transcribed from expression vectors encoding the subject constructs. Any art recognized vectors may be use for this purpose. The transcribed RNAi constructs may be isolated and purified, before desired modifications (such as replacing an unmodified sense strand with a modified one, etc.) are carried out.

Delivery/Carrier The invention is based, in part, on the surprising discovery that the double stranded nucleic acid molecules described herein are able to robustly and potently reduce levels of long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs) in cells, both in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the inventors believe that the particular patterns of modifications on the passenger strand and guide strand of the double stranded nucleic acid molecules described herein (e.g., sd-rxRNAs) facilitate entry of the guide strand into the nucleus, where the guide strand mediates gene silencing (e.g. , silencing of IncRNAs).

Without wishing to be bound by any theory, several potential mechanisms of action could account for this activity. For example, in some embodiments, the guide strand (e.g. , antisense strand) of the nucleic acid molecule (e.g., sd-rxRNA) may dissociate from the passenger strand and enter into the nucleus as a single strand. Once in the nucleus the single stranded guide strand may associate with RNAse H or another ribonuclease and cleave the target (e.g., IncRNA) ("Antisense mechanism of action"). In some embodiments, the guide strand (e.g. , antisense strand) of the nucleic acid molecule (e.g., sd-rxRNA) may associate with an Argonaute (Ago) protein in the cytoplasm or outside the nucleus, forming a loaded Ago complex. This loaded Ago complex may translocate into the nucleus and then cleave the target (e.g., IncRNA). In some embodiments, both strands (e.g. a duplex) of the nucleic acid molecule (e.g. , sd-rxRNA) may enter the nucleus and the guide strand may associate with RNAse H, an Ago protein or another ribonuclease and cleaves the target (e.g., IncRNA).

The skilled artisan appreciates that the sense strand of the double stranded molecules described herein (e.g. , sd-rxRNA sense strand) is not limited to delivery of a guide strand of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule described herein. Rather, in some embodiments, a passenger strand described herein is joined (e.g., covalently bound, non-covalently bound, conjugated, hybridized via a region of complementarity, etc.) to certain molecules (e.g. , antisense oligonucleotides, ASO) for the purpose of targeting said other molecule to the nucleus of a cell. In some embodiments, the molecule joined to a sense strand described herein is a synthetic antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). In some embodiments, the sense strand joined to an anti-sense oligonucleotide is between 8-15 nucleotides long, chemically modified, and comprises a hydrophobic conjugate.

Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, an ASO can be joined to a complementary passenger strand by hydrogen bonding. Accordingly, in some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of delivering a nucleic acid molecule to a cell, the method comprising administering an isolated nucleic acid molecule to a cell, wherein the isolated nucleic acid comprises a sense strand which is complementary to an anti-sense oligonucleotide (ASO), wherein the sense strand is between 8-15 nucleotides in length, comprises at least two phosphorothioate modifications, at least 50% of the pyrimidines in the sense strand are modified, and wherein the molecule comprises a hydrophobic conjugate. Uptake of Oligonucleotides by Cells

Oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide compositions are contacted with {i.e., brought into contact with, also referred to herein as administered or delivered to) and taken up by one or more cells or a cell lysate. The term "cells" includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, preferably vertebrate cells, and, more preferably, mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide compositions of the invention are contacted with bacterial cells. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide compositions of the invention are contacted with eukaryotic cells {e.g., plant cell, mammalian cell, arthropod cell, such as insect cell). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide compositions of the invention are contacted with stem cells. In a preferred embodiment, the oligonucleotide compositions of the invention are contacted with human cells.

Oligonucleotide compositions of the invention can be contacted with cells in vitro, e.g., in a test tube or culture dish, (and may or may not be introduced into a subject) or in vivo, e.g., in a subject such as a mammalian subject. In some embodiments, Oligonucleotides are administered topically or through electroporation. Oligonucleotides are taken up by cells at a slow rate by endocytosis, but endocytosed oligonucleotides are generally sequestered and not available, e.g., for hybridization to a target nucleic acid molecule. In one embodiment, cellular uptake can be facilitated by electroporation or calcium phosphate precipitation.

However, these procedures are only useful for in vitro or ex vivo embodiments, are not convenient and, in some cases, are associated with cell toxicity.

In another embodiment, delivery of oligonucleotides into cells can be enhanced by suitable art recognized methods including calcium phosphate, DMSO, glycerol or dextran, electroporation, or by transfection, e.g., using cationic, anionic, or neutral lipid compositions or liposomes using methods known in the art (see e.g., WO 90/14074; WO 91/16024; WO 91/17424; U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,355; Bergan et al. 1993. Nucleic Acids Research. 21:3567). Enhanced delivery of oligonucleotides can also be mediated by the use of vectors (See e.g., Shi, Y. 2003. Trends Genet 2003 Jan. 19:9; Reichhart J M et al. Genesis. 2002. 34(1-2): 1604, Yu et al. 2002. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 99:6047; Sui et al. 2002. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 99:5515) viruses, polyamine or polycation conjugates using compounds such as polylysine, protamine, or Ni, N12-bis (ethyl) spermine (see, e.g., Bartzatt, R. et al.1989. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 11: 133; Wagner E. et al. 1992. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:4255).

In certain embodiments, the sd-rxRNA of the invention may be delivered by using various beta-glucan containing particles, referred to as GeRPs (glucan encapsulated RNA loaded particle), described in, and incorporated by reference from, US Provisional

Application No. 61/310,611, filed on March 4, 2010 and entitled "Formulations and Methods for Targeted Delivery to Phagocyte Cells." Such particles are also described in, and incorporated by reference from US Patent Publications US 2005/0281781 Al, and US 2010/0040656, and in PCT publications WO 2006/007372, and WO 2007/050643. The sd- rxRNA molecule may be hydrophobically modified and optionally may be associated with a lipid and/or amphiphilic peptide. In certain embodiments, the beta-glucan particle is derived from yeast. In certain embodiments, the payload trapping molecule is a polymer, such as those with a molecular weight of at least about 1000 Da, 10,000 Da, 50,000 Da, 100 kDa, 500 kDa, etc. Preferred polymers include (without limitation) cationic polymers, chitosans, or PEI (polyethylenimine), etc.

Glucan particles can be derived from insoluble components of fungal cell walls such as yeast cell walls. In some embodiments, the yeast is Baker's yeast. Yeast-derived glucan molecules can include one or more of B-(1,3)-Glucan, B-(1,6)-Glucan, mannan and chitin. In some embodiments, a glucan particle comprises a hollow yeast cell wall whereby the particle maintains a three dimensional structure resembling a cell, within which it can complex with or encapsulate a molecule such as an RNA molecule. Some of the advantages associated with the use of yeast cell wall particles are availability of the components, their

biodegradable nature, and their ability to be targeted to phagocytic cells.

In some embodiments, glucan particles can be prepared by extraction of insoluble components from cell walls, for example by extracting Baker's yeast (Fleischmann's) with 1M NaOH/pH 4.0 H20, followed by washing and drying. Methods of preparing yeast cell wall particles are discussed in, and incorporated by reference from U.S. Patents 4,810,646, 4,992,540, 5,082,936, 5,028,703, 5,032,401, 5,322,841, 5,401,727, 5,504,079, 5,607,677, 5,968,811, 6,242,594, 6,444,448, 6,476,003, US Patent Publications 2003/0216346,

2004/0014715 and 2010/0040656, and PCT published application WO02/12348.

Protocols for preparing glucan particles are also described in, and incorporated by reference from, the following references: Soto and Ostroff (2008), "Characterization of multilayered nanoparticles encapsulated in yeast cell wall particles for DNA delivery." Bioconjug Chem 19(4):840-8; Soto and Ostroff (2007), "Oral Macrophage Mediated Gene Delivery System," Nanotech, Volume 2, Chapter 5 ("Drug Delivery"), pages 378-381; and Li et al. (2007), "Yeast glucan particles activate murine resident macrophages to secrete proinflammatory cytokines via MyD88-and Syk kinase-dependent pathways." Clinical Immunology 124(2): 170- 181.

Glucan containing particles such as yeast cell wall particles can also be obtained commercially. Several non-limiting examples include: Nutricell MOS 55 from Biorigin (Sao Paolo, Brazil), SAF-Mannan (SAF Agri, Minneapolis, Minn.), Nutrex (Sensient

Technologies, Milwaukee, Wis.), alkali-extracted particles such as those produced by Nutricepts (Nutricepts Inc., Burnsville, Minn.) and ASA Biotech, acid-extracted WGP particles from Biopolymer Engineering, and organic solvent-extracted particles such as Adjuvax™from Alpha-beta Technology, Inc. (Worcester, Mass.) and microparticulate glucan from Novogen (Stamford, Conn.).

Glucan particles such as yeast cell wall particles can have varying levels of purity depending on the method of production and/or extraction. In some instances, particles are alkali-extracted, acid-extracted or organic solvent-extracted to remove intracellular components and/or the outer mannoprotein layer of the cell wall. Such protocols can produce particles that have a glucan (w/w) content in the range of 50% - 90%. In some instances, a particle of lower purity, meaning lower glucan w/w content may be preferred, while in other embodiments, a particle of higher purity, meaning higher glucan w/w content may be preferred.

Glucan particles, such as yeast cell wall particles, can have a natural lipid content. For example, the particles can contain 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20% or more than 20% w/w lipid. In the Examples section, the effectiveness of two glucan particle batches are tested: YGP SAF and YGP SAF + L (containing natural lipids). In some instances, the presence of natural lipids may assist in complexation or capture of RNA molecules.

Glucan containing particles typically have a diameter of approximately 2-4 microns, although particles with a diameter of less than 2 microns or greater than 4 microns are also compatible with aspects of the invention.

The RNA molecule(s) to be delivered are complexed or "trapped" within the shell of the glucan particle. The shell or RNA component of the particle can be labeled for visualization, as described in, and incorporated by reference from, Soto and Ostroff (2008) Bioconjug Chem 19:840. Methods of loading GeRPs are discussed further below. The optimal protocol for uptake of oligonucleotides will depend upon a number of factors, the most crucial being the type of cells that are being used. Other factors that are important in uptake include, but are not limited to, the nature and concentration of the oligonucleotide, the confluence of the cells, the type of culture the cells are in (e.g., a suspension culture or plated) and the type of media in which the cells are grown.

Encapsulating Agents

Encapsulating agents entrap oligonucleotides within vesicles. In another embodiment of the invention, an oligonucleotide may be associated with a carrier or vehicle, e.g., liposomes or micelles, although other carriers could be used, as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. Liposomes are vesicles made of a lipid bilayer having a structure similar to biological membranes. Such carriers are used to facilitate the cellular uptake or targeting of the oligonucleotide, or improve the oligonucleotide's pharmacokinetic or toxicologic properties.

For example, the oligonucleotides of the present invention may also be administered encapsulated in liposomes, pharmaceutical compositions wherein the active ingredient is contained either dispersed or variously present in corpuscles consisting of aqueous concentric layers adherent to lipidic layers. The oligonucleotides, depending upon solubility, may be present both in the aqueous layer and in the lipidic layer, or in what is generally termed a liposomic suspension. The hydrophobic layer, generally but not exclusively, comprises phopholipids such as lecithin and sphingomyelin, steroids such as cholesterol, more or less ionic surfactants such as diacetylphosphate, stearylamine, or phosphatidic acid, or other materials of a hydrophobic nature. The diameters of the liposomes generally range from about 15 nm to about 5 microns.

The use of liposomes as drug delivery vehicles offers several advantages. Liposomes increase intracellular stability, increase uptake efficiency and improve biological activity. Liposomes are hollow spherical vesicles composed of lipids arranged in a similar fashion as those lipids which make up the cell membrane. They have an internal aqueous space for entrapping water soluble compounds and range in size from 0.05 to several microns in diameter. Several studies have shown that liposomes can deliver nucleic acids to cells and that the nucleic acids remain biologically active. For example, a lipid delivery vehicle originally designed as a research tool, such as Lipofectin or LIPOFECT AMINE™ 2000, can deliver intact nucleic acid molecules to cells. Specific advantages of using liposomes include the following: they are non-toxic and biodegradable in composition; they display long circulation half-lives; and recognition molecules can be readily attached to their surface for targeting to tissues. Finally, cost- effective manufacture of liposome-based pharmaceuticals, either in a liquid suspension or lyophilized product, has demonstrated the viability of this technology as an acceptable drug delivery system.

In some aspects, formulations associated with the invention might be selected for a class of naturally occurring or chemically synthesized or modified saturated and unsaturated fatty acid residues. Fatty acids might exist in a form of triglycerides, diglycerides or individual fatty acids. In another embodiment, the use of well-validated mixtures of fatty acids and/or fat emulsions currently used in pharmacology for parenteral nutrition may be utilized.

Liposome based formulations are widely used for oligonucleotide delivery. However, most of commercially available lipid or liposome formulations contain at least one positively charged lipid (cationic lipids). The presence of this positively charged lipid is believed to be essential for obtaining a high degree of oligonucleotide loading and for enhancing liposome fusogenic properties. Several methods have been performed and published to identify optimal positively charged lipid chemistries. However, the commercially available liposome formulations containing cationic lipids are characterized by a high level of toxicity. In vivo limited therapeutic indexes have revealed that liposome formulations containing positive charged lipids are associated with toxicity (i.e. elevation in liver enzymes) at concentrations only slightly higher than concentration required to achieve RNA silencing.

Nucleic acids associated with the invention can be hydrophobically modified and can be encompassed within neutral nanotransporters. Further description of neutral

nanotransporters is incorporated by reference from PCT Application PCT/US2009/005251, filed on September 22, 2009, and entitled "Neutral Nanotransporters." Such particles enable quantitative oligonucleotide incorporation into non-charged lipid mixtures. The lack of toxic levels of cationic lipids in such neutral nanotransporter compositions is an important feature.

As demonstrated in PCT/US2009/005251, oligonucleotides can effectively be incorporated into a lipid mixture that is free of cationic lipids and such a composition can effectively deliver a therapeutic oligonucleotide to a cell in a manner that it is functional. For example, a high level of activity was observed when the fatty mixture was composed of a phosphatidylcholine base fatty acid and a sterol such as a cholesterol. For instance, one preferred formulation of neutral fatty mixture is composed of at least 20% of DOPC or DSPC and at least 20% of sterol such as cholesterol. Even as low as 1:5 lipid to oligonucleotide ratio was shown to be sufficient to get complete encapsulation of the oligonucleotide in a non-charged formulation.

The neutral nanotransporters compositions enable efficient loading of oligonucleotide into neutral fat formulation. The composition includes an oligonucleotide that is modified in a manner such that the hydrophobicity of the molecule is increased (for example a hydrophobic molecule is attached (covalently or no-covalently) to a hydrophobic molecule on the oligonucleotide terminus or a non-terminal nucleotide, base, sugar, or backbone), the modified oligonucleotide being mixed with a neutral fat formulation (for example containing at least 25 % of cholesterol and 25% of DOPC or analogs thereof). A cargo molecule, such as another lipid can also be included in the composition. This composition, where part of the formulation is built into the oligonucleotide itself, enables efficient encapsulation of oligonucleotide in neutral lipid particles.

In some aspects, stable particles ranging in size from 50 to 140 nm can be formed upon complexing of hydrophobic oligonucleotides with preferred formulations. It is interesting to mention that the formulation by itself typically does not form small particles, but rather, forms agglomerates, which are transformed into stable 50-120 nm particles upon addition of the hydrophobic modified oligonucleotide.

The neutral nanotransporter compositions of the invention include a hydrophobic modified polynucleotide, a neutral fatty mixture, and optionally a cargo molecule. A

"hydrophobic modified polynucleotide" as used herein is a polynucleotide of the invention (i.e. sd-rxRNA) that has at least one modification that renders the polynucleotide more hydrophobic than the polynucleotide was prior to modification. The modification may be achieved by attaching (covalently or non-covalently) a hydrophobic molecule to the polynucleotide. In some instances the hydrophobic molecule is or includes a lipophilic group.

The term "lipophilic group" means a group that has a higher affinity for lipids than its affinity for water. Examples of lipophilic groups include, but are not limited to, cholesterol, a cholesteryl or modified cholesteryl residue, adamantine, dihydrotesterone, long chain alkyl, long chain alkenyl, long chain alkynyl, olely-lithocholic, cholenic, oleoyl-cholenic, palmityl, heptadecyl, myrisityl, bile acids, cholic acid or taurocholic acid, deoxycholate, oleyl litocholic acid, oleoyl cholenic acid, glycolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, isoprenoids, such as steroids, vitamins, such as vitamin E, fatty acids either saturated or unsaturated, fatty acid esters, such as triglycerides, pyrenes, porphyrines, Texaphyrine, adamantane, acridines, biotin, coumarin, fluorescein, rhodamine, Texas-Red, digoxygenin, dimethoxytrityl, t- butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, cyanine dyes (e.g. Cy3 or Cy5), Hoechst 33258 dye, psoralen, or ibuprofen. The cholesterol moiety may be reduced (e.g. as in cholestan) or may be substituted (e.g. by halogen). A combination of different lipophilic groups in one molecule is also possible.

The hydrophobic molecule may be attached at various positions of the polynucleotide. As described above, the hydrophobic molecule may be linked to the terminal residue of the polynucleotide such as the 3' of 5 '-end of the polynucleotide. Alternatively, it may be linked to an internal nucleotide or a nucleotide on a branch of the polynucleotide. The hydrophobic molecule may be attached, for instance to a 2'-position of the nucleotide. The hydrophobic molecule may also be linked to the heterocyclic base, the sugar or the backbone of a nucleotide of the polynucleotide.

The hydrophobic molecule may be connected to the polynucleotide by a linker moiety. Optionally the linker moiety is a non-nucleotidic linker moiety. Non-nucleotidic linkers are e.g. abasic residues (dSpacer), oligoethyleneglycol, such as triethyleneglycol (spacer 9) or hexaethylenegylcol (spacer 18), or alkane-diol, such as butanediol. The spacer units are preferably linked by phosphodiester or phosphorothioate bonds. The linker units may appear just once in the molecule or may be incorporated several times, e.g. via phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, methylphosphonate, or amide linkages.

Typical conjugation protocols involve the synthesis of polynucleotides bearing an amino linker at one or more positions of the sequence, however, a linker is not required. The amino group is then reacted with the molecule being conjugated using appropriate coupling or activating reagents. The conjugation reaction may be performed either with the

polynucleotide still bound to a solid support or following cleavage of the polynucleotide in solution phase. Purification of the modified polynucleotide by HPLC typically results in a pure material.

In some embodiments the hydrophobic molecule is a sterol type conjugate, a

PhytoSterol conjugate, cholesterol conjugate, sterol type conjugate with altered side chain length, fatty acid conjugate, any other hydrophobic group conjugate, and/or hydrophobic modifications of the internal nucleoside, which provide sufficient hydrophobicity to be incorporated into micelles.

For purposes of the present invention, the term "sterols", refers or steroid alcohols are a subgroup of steroids with a hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the A-ring. They are amphipathic lipids synthesized from acetyl-coenzyme A via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. The overall molecule is quite flat. The hydroxyl group on the A ring is polar. The rest of the aliphatic chain is non-polar. Usually sterols are considered to have an 8 carbon chain at position 17.

For purposes of the present invention, the term "sterol type molecules", refers to steroid alcohols, which are similar in structure to sterols. The main difference is the structure of the ring and number of carbons in a position 21 attached side chain.

For purposes of the present invention, the term "PhytoSterols" (also called plant sterols) are a group of steroid alcohols, phytochemicals naturally occurring in plants. There are more than 200 different known PhytoSterols

For purposes of the present invention, the term "Sterol side chain" refers to a chemical composition of a side chain attached at the position 17 of sterol-type molecule. In a standard definition sterols are limited to a 4 ring structure carrying a 8 carbon chain at position 17. In this invention, the sterol type molecules with side chain longer and shorter than conventional are described. The side chain may branched or contain double back bones.

Thus, sterols useful in the invention, for example, include cholesterols, as well as unique sterols in which position 17 has attached side chain of 2-7 or longer than 9 carbons. In a particular embodiment, the length of the polycarbon tail is varied between 5 and 9 carbons. Such conjugates may have significantly better in vivo efficacy, in particular delivery to liver. These types of molecules are expected to work at concentrations 5 to 9 fold lower then oligonucleotides conjugated to conventional cholesterols.

Alternatively the polynucleotide may be bound to a protein, peptide or positively charged chemical that functions as the hydrophobic molecule. The proteins may be selected from the group consisting of protamine, dsRNA binding domain, and arginine rich peptides. Exemplary positively charged chemicals include spermine, spermidine, cadaverine, and putrescine.

In another embodiment hydrophobic molecule conjugates may demonstrate even higher efficacy when it is combined with optimal chemical modification patterns of the polynucleotide (as described herein in detail), containing but not limited to hydrophobic modifications, phosphorothioate modifications, and 2' ribo modifications.

In another embodiment the sterol type molecule may be a naturally occurring PhytoSterols. The polycarbon chain may be longer than 9 and may be linear, branched and/or contain double bonds. Some PhytoSterol containing polynucleotide conjugates may be significantly more potent and active in delivery of polynucleotides to various tissues. Some PhytoSterols may demonstrate tissue preference and thus be used as a way to delivery RNAi specifically to particular tissues.

The hydrophobic modified polynucleotide is mixed with a neutral fatty mixture to form a micelle. The neutral fatty acid mixture is a mixture of fats that has a net neutral or slightly net negative charge at or around physiological pH that can form a micelle with the hydrophobic modified polynucleotide. For purposes of the present invention, the term

"micelle" refers to a small nanoparticle formed by a mixture of non-charged fatty acids and phospholipids. The neutral fatty mixture may include cationic lipids as long as they are present in an amount that does not cause toxicity. In preferred embodiments the neutral fatty mixture is free of cationic lipids. A mixture that is free of cationic lipids is one that has less than 1% and preferably 0% of the total lipid being cationic lipid. The term "cationic lipid" includes lipids and synthetic lipids having a net positive charge at or around physiological pH. The term "anionic lipid" includes lipids and synthetic lipids having a net negative charge at or around physiological pH.

The neutral fats bind to the oligonucleotides of the invention by a strong but non- covalent attraction (e.g., an electrostatic, van der Waals, pi-stacking, etc. interaction).

The neutral fat mixture may include formulations selected from a class of naturally occurring or chemically synthesized or modified saturated and unsaturated fatty acid residues. Fatty acids might exist in a form of triglycerides, diglycerides or individual fatty acids. In another embodiment the use of well-validated mixtures of fatty acids and/or fat emulsions currently used in pharmacology for parenteral nutrition may be utilized.

The neutral fatty mixture is preferably a mixture of a choline based fatty acid and a sterol. Choline based fatty acids include for instance, synthetic phosphocholine derivatives such as DDPC, DLPC, DMPC, DPPC, DSPC, DOPC, POPC, and DEPC. DOPC (chemical registry number 4235-95-4) is dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (also known as

dielaidoylphosphatidylcholine, dioleoyl-PC, dioleoylphosphocholine, dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine, dioleylphosphatidylcholine). DSPC (chemical registry number 816-94-4) is distearoylphosphatidylcholine (also known as l,2-Distearoyl-sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine).

The sterol in the neutral fatty mixture may be for instance cholesterol. The neutral fatty mixture may be made up completely of a choline based fatty acid and a sterol or it may optionally include a cargo molecule. For instance, the neutral fatty mixture may have at least 20% or 25% fatty acid and 20% or 25% sterol. For purposes of the present invention, the term "Fatty acids" relates to conventional description of fatty acid. They may exist as individual entities or in a form of two-and triglycerides. For purposes of the present invention, the term "fat emulsions" refers to safe fat formulations given intravenously to subjects who are unable to get enough fat in their diet. It is an emulsion of soy bean oil (or other naturally occurring oils) and egg phospholipids. Fat emulsions are being used for formulation of some insoluble anesthetics. In this disclosure, fat emulsions might be part of commercially available preparations like Intralipid, Liposyn, Nutrilipid, modified commercial preparations, where they are enriched with particular fatty acids or fully de novo- formulated combinations of fatty acids and phospholipids.

In one embodiment, the cells to be contacted with an oligonucleotide composition of the invention are contacted with a mixture comprising the oligonucleotide and a mixture comprising a lipid, e.g., one of the lipids or lipid compositions described supra for between about 12 hours to about 24 hours. In another embodiment, the cells to be contacted with an oligonucleotide composition are contacted with a mixture comprising the oligonucleotide and a mixture comprising a lipid, e.g., one of the lipids or lipid compositions described supra for between about 1 and about five days. In one embodiment, the cells are contacted with a mixture comprising a lipid and the oligonucleotide for between about three days to as long as about 30 days. In another embodiment, a mixture comprising a lipid is left in contact with the cells for at least about five to about 20 days. In another embodiment, a mixture comprising a lipid is left in contact with the cells for at least about seven to about 15 days.

50%-60% of the formulation can optionally be any other lipid or molecule. Such a lipid or molecule is referred to herein as a cargo lipid or cargo molecule. Cargo molecules include but are not limited to intralipid, small molecules, fusogenic peptides or lipids or other small molecules might be added to alter cellular uptake, endosomal release or tissue distribution properties. The ability to tolerate cargo molecules is important for modulation of properties of these particles, if such properties are desirable. For instance the presence of some tissue specific metabolites might drastically alter tissue distribution profiles. For example use of Intralipid type formulation enriched in shorter or longer fatty chains with various degrees of saturation affects tissue distribution profiles of these type of formulations (and their loads).

An example of a cargo lipid useful according to the invention is a fusogenic lipid. For instance, the zwiterionic lipid DOPE (chemical registry number 4004-5- 1, 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn- Glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) is a preferred cargo lipid. Intralipid may be comprised of the following composition: 1 000 mL contain:

purified soybean oil 90 g, purified egg phospholipids 12 g, glycerol anhydrous 22 g, water for injection q.s. ad 1 000 mL. pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide to pH approximately 8. Energy content/L: 4.6 MJ (190 kcal). Osmolality (approx.): 300 mOsm/kg water. In another embodiment fat emulsion is Liposyn that contains 5% safflower oil, 5% soybean oil, up to 1.2% egg phosphatides added as an emulsifier and 2.5% glycerin in water for injection. It may also contain sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. pH 8.0 (6.0 - 9.0). Liposyn has an osmolarity of 276 m Osmol/liter (actual).

Variation in the identity, amounts and ratios of cargo lipids affects the cellular uptake and tissue distribution characteristics of these compounds. For example, the length of lipid tails and level of saturability will affect differential uptake to liver, lung, fat and

cardiomyocytes. Addition of special hydrophobic molecules like vitamins or different forms of sterols can favor distribution to special tissues which are involved in the metabolism of particular compounds. In some embodiments, vitamin A or E is used. Complexes are formed at different oligonucleotide concentrations, with higher concentrations favoring more efficient complex formation.

In another embodiment, the fat emulsion is based on a mixture of lipids. Such lipids may include natural compounds, chemically synthesized compounds, purified fatty acids or any other lipids. In yet another embodiment the composition of fat emulsion is entirely artificial. In a particular embodiment, the fat emulsion is more than 70% linoleic acid. In yet another particular embodiment the fat emulsion is at least 1% of cardiolipin. Linoleic acid (LA) is an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid made of a carboxylic acid with an 18-carbon chain and two cis double bonds.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the alteration of the composition of the fat emulsion is used as a way to alter tissue distribution of hydrophobicly modified polynucleotides. This methodology provides for the specific delivery of the polynucleotides to particular tissues.

In another embodiment the fat emulsions of the cargo molecule contain more than 70% of Linoleic acid (C18H3202) and/or cardiolipin.

Fat emulsions, like intralipid have been used before as a delivery formulation for some non-water soluble drugs (such as Propofol, re-formulated as Diprivan). Unique features of the present invention include (a) the concept of combining modified polynucleotides with the hydrophobic compound(s), so it can be incorporated in the fat micelles and (b) mixing it with the fat emulsions to provide a reversible carrier. After injection into a blood stream, micelles usually bind to serum proteins, including albumin, HDL, LDL and other. This binding is reversible and eventually the fat is absorbed by cells. The polynucleotide, incorporated as a part of the micelle will then be delivered closely to the surface of the cells. After that cellular uptake might be happening though variable mechanisms, including but not limited to sterol type delivery.

Complexing Agents

Complexing agents bind to the oligonucleotides of the invention by a strong but non- covalent attraction {e.g., an electrostatic, van der Waals, pi-stacking, etc. interaction). In one embodiment, oligonucleotides of the invention can be complexed with a complexing agent to increase cellular uptake of oligonucleotides. An example of a complexing agent includes cationic lipids. Cationic lipids can be used to deliver oligonucleotides to cells. However, as discussed above, formulations free in cationic lipids are preferred in some embodiments.

The term "cationic lipid" includes lipids and synthetic lipids having both polar and non-polar domains and which are capable of being positively charged at or around

physiological pH and which bind to polyanions, such as nucleic acids, and facilitate the delivery of nucleic acids into cells. In general cationic lipids include saturated and

unsaturated alkyl and alicyclic ethers and esters of amines, amides, or derivatives thereof.

Straight-chain and branched alkyl and alkenyl groups of cationic lipids can contain, e.g., from 1 to about 25 carbon atoms. Preferred straight chain or branched alkyl or alkene groups have six or more carbon atoms. Alicyclic groups include cholesterol and other steroid groups.

Cationic lipids can be prepared with a variety of counterions (anions) including, e.g., CI , Br ,

I , F , acetate, trifluoroacetate, sulfate, nitrite, and nitrate.

Examples of cationic lipids include polyethylenimine, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) starburst dendrimers, Lipofectin (a combination of DOTMA and DOPE), Lipofectase, LIPOFECT AMINE™ {e.g., LIPOFECTAMINE™ 2000), DOPE, Cytofectin (Gilead

Sciences, Foster City, Calif.), and Eufectins (JBL, San Luis Obispo, Calif.). Exemplary cationic liposomes can be made from N-[l-(2,3-dioleoloxy)-propyl]-N,N,N- trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA), N-[l -(2,3-dioleoloxy)-propyl]-N,N,N- trimethylammonium methylsulfate (DOTAP), 3β-[Ν-(Ν',Ν'- dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl]cholesterol (DC-Choi), 2,3,-dioleyloxy-N- [2(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-l-propanaminium trifluoroacetate (DOSPA), l,2-dimyristyloxypropyl-3-dimethyl-hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide; and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB). The cationic lipid N-(l-(2,3- dioleyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA), for example, was found to increase 1000-fold the antisense effect of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide. (Vlassov et al., 1994, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1197:95-108). Oligonucleotides can also be complexed with, e.g., poly (L-lysine) or avidin and lipids may, or may not, be included in this mixture, e.g., steryl-poly (L-lysine).

Cationic lipids have been used in the art to deliver oligonucleotides to cells (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,855,910; 5,851,548; 5,830,430; 5,780,053; 5,767,099; Lewis et al. 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:3176; Hope et al. 1998. Molecular Membrane Biology 15: 1). Other lipid compositions which can be used to facilitate uptake of the instant oligonucleotides can be used in connection with the claimed methods. In addition to those listed supra, other lipid compositions are also known in the art and include, e.g., those taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,871; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,501,728; 4,837,028; 4,737,323.

In one embodiment lipid compositions can further comprise agents, e.g., viral proteins to enhance lipid-mediated transfections of oligonucleotides (Kamata, et al., 1994. Nucl.

Acids. Res. 22:536). In another embodiment, oligonucleotides are contacted with cells as part of a composition comprising an oligonucleotide, a peptide, and a lipid as taught, e.g., in U.S. patent 5,736,392. Improved lipids have also been described which are serum resistant (Lewis, et al., 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:3176). Cationic lipids and other complexing agents act to increase the number of oligonucleotides carried into the cell through

endocytosis.

In another embodiment N-substituted glycine oligonucleotides (peptoids) can be used to optimize uptake of oligonucleotides. Peptoids have been used to create cationic lipid-like compounds for transfection (Murphy, et al., 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95: 1517). Peptoids can be synthesized using standard methods {e.g., Zuckermann, R. N., et al. 1992. J. Am.

Chem. Soc. 114: 10646; Zuckermann, R. N., et al. 1992. Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 40:497). Combinations of cationic lipids and peptoids, liptoids, can also be used to optimize uptake of the subject oligonucleotides (Hunag, et al., 1998. Chemistry and Biology. 5:345). Liptoids can be synthesized by elaborating peptoid oligonucleotides and coupling the amino terminal submonomer to a lipid via its amino group (Hunag, et al., 1998. Chemistry and Biology. 5:345).

It is known in the art that positively charged amino acids can be used for creating highly active cationic lipids (Lewis et al. 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US.A. 93:3176). In one embodiment, a composition for delivering oligonucleotides of the invention comprises a number of arginine, lysine, histidine or ornithine residues linked to a lipophilic moiety (see e.g. , U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,153).

In another embodiment, a composition for delivering oligonucleotides of the invention comprises a peptide having from between about one to about four basic residues. These basic residues can be located, e.g., on the amino terminal, C-terminal, or internal region of the peptide. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine (can also be considered non-polar), asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g. , threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Apart from the basic amino acids, a majority or all of the other residues of the peptide can be selected from the non-basic amino acids, e.g. , amino acids other than lysine, arginine, or histidine. Preferably a preponderance of neutral amino acids with long neutral side chains are used.

In one embodiment, a composition for delivering oligonucleotides of the invention comprises a natural or synthetic polypeptide having one or more gamma carboxyglutamic acid residues, or γ-Gla residues. These gamma carboxyglutamic acid residues may enable the polypeptide to bind to each other and to membrane surfaces. In other words, a polypeptide having a series of γ-Gla may be used as a general delivery modality that helps an RNAi construct to stick to whatever membrane to which it comes in contact. This may at least slow RNAi constructs from being cleared from the blood stream and enhance their chance of homing to the target.

The gamma carboxyglutamic acid residues may exist in natural proteins (for example, prothrombin has 10 γ-Gla residues). Alternatively, they can be introduced into the purified, recombinantly produced, or chemically synthesized polypeptides by carboxylation using, for example, a vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. The gamma carboxyglutamic acid residues may be consecutive or non-consecutive, and the total number and location of such gamma carboxyglutamic acid residues in the polypeptide can be regulated / fine-tuned to achieve different levels of "stickiness" of the polypeptide.

In one embodiment, the cells to be contacted with an oligonucleotide composition of the invention are contacted with a mixture comprising the oligonucleotide and a mixture comprising a lipid, e.g., one of the lipids or lipid compositions described supra for between about 12 hours to about 24 hours. In another embodiment, the cells to be contacted with an oligonucleotide composition are contacted with a mixture comprising the oligonucleotide and a mixture comprising a lipid, e.g., one of the lipids or lipid compositions described supra for between about 1 and about five days. In one embodiment, the cells are contacted with a mixture comprising a lipid and the oligonucleotide for between about three days to as long as about 30 days. In another embodiment, a mixture comprising a lipid is left in contact with the cells for at least about five to about 20 days. In another embodiment, a mixture comprising a lipid is left in contact with the cells for at least about seven to about 15 days.

For example, in one embodiment, an oligonucleotide composition can be contacted with cells in the presence of a lipid such as cytofectin CS or GSV (available from Glen Research; Sterling, Va.), GS3815, GS2888 for prolonged incubation periods as described herein.

In one embodiment, the incubation of the cells with the mixture comprising a lipid and an oligonucleotide composition does not reduce the viability of the cells. Preferably, after the transfection period the cells are substantially viable. In one embodiment, after transfection, the cells are between at least about 70% and at least about 100% viable. In another embodiment, the cells are between at least about 80% and at least about 95% viable. In yet another embodiment, the cells are between at least about 85% and at least about 90% viable.

In one embodiment, oligonucleotides are modified by attaching a peptide sequence that transports the oligonucleotide into a cell, referred to herein as a "transporting peptide." In one embodiment, the composition includes an oligonucleotide which is complementary to a target nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein, and a covalently attached transporting peptide.

The language "transporting peptide" includes an amino acid sequence that facilitates the transport of an oligonucleotide into a cell. Exemplary peptides which facilitate the transport of the moieties to which they are linked into cells are known in the art, and include, e.g., HIV TAT transcription factor, lactoferrin, Herpes VP22 protein, and fibroblast growth factor 2 (Pooga et al. 1998. Nature Biotechnology. 16:857; and Derossi et al. 1998. Trends in Cell Biology. 8:84; Elliott and O'Hare. 1997. Cell 88:223).

Oligonucleotides can be attached to the transporting peptide using known techniques, e.g., ( Prochiantz, A. 1996. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6:629; Derossi et al. 1998. Trends Cell Biol. 8:84; Troy et al. 1996. J. Neurosci. 16:253), Vives et al. 1997. J. Biol. Chem.

272: 16010). For example, in one embodiment, oligonucleotides bearing an activated thiol group are linked via that thiol group to a cysteine present in a transport peptide {e.g., to the cysteine present in the β turn between the second and the third helix of the antennapedia homeodomain as taught, e.g., in Derossi et al. 1998. Trends Cell Biol. 8:84; Prochiantz. 1996. Current Opinion in Neurobiol. 6:629; Allinquant et al. 1995. J Cell Biol. 128:919). In another embodiment, a Boc-Cys-(Npys)OH group can be coupled to the transport peptide as the last (N-terminal) amino acid and an oligonucleotide bearing an SH group can be coupled to the peptide (Troy et al. 1996. J. Neurosci. 16:253).

In one embodiment, a linking group can be attached to a nucleomonomer and the transporting peptide can be covalently attached to the linker. In one embodiment, a linker can function as both an attachment site for a transporting peptide and can provide stability against nucleases. Examples of suitable linkers include substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C ₂ o alkyl chains, C ₂ -C ₂₀ alkenyl chains, C ₂ -C ₂₀ alkynyl chains, peptides, and heteroatoms {e.g., S, O, NH, etc.). Other exemplary linkers include bifinctional crosslinking agents such as sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(maleimidophenyl)-butyrate (SMPB) (see, e.g., Smith et al. Biochem J 1991.276: 417-2).

In one embodiment, oligonucleotides of the invention are synthesized as molecular conjugates which utilize receptor-mediated endocytotic mechanisms for delivering genes into cells (see, e.g., Bunnell et al. 1992. Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics. 18:559, and the references cited therein).

Targeting Agents

The delivery of oligonucleotides can also be improved by targeting the

oligonucleotides to a cellular receptor. The targeting moieties can be conjugated to the oligonucleotides or attached to a carrier group {i.e., poly(L-lysine) or liposomes) linked to the oligonucleotides. This method is well suited to cells that display specific receptor- mediated endocytosis.

For instance, oligonucleotide conjugates to 6-phosphomannosylated proteins are internalized 20-fold more efficiently by cells expressing mannose 6-phosphate specific receptors than free oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides may also be coupled to a ligand for a cellular receptor using a biodegradable linker. In another example, the delivery construct is mannosylated streptavidin which forms a tight complex with biotinylated oligonucleotides. Mannosylated streptavidin was found to increase 20-fold the internalization of biotinylated oligonucleotides. (Vlassov et al. 1994. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1197:95-108).

In addition specific ligands can be conjugated to the polylysine component of polylysine-based delivery systems. For example, transferrin-polylysine, adenovirus- polylysine, and influenza virus hemagglutinin HA-2 N-terminal fusogenic peptides- polylysine conjugates greatly enhance receptor-mediated DNA delivery in eukaryotic cells. Mannosylated glycoprotein conjugated to poly(L-lysine) in alveolar macrophages has been employed to enhance the cellular uptake of oligonucleotides. Liang et al. 1999. Pharmazie 54:559-566.

Because malignant cells have an increased need for essential nutrients such as folic acid and transferrin, these nutrients can be used to target oligonucleotides to cancerous cells. For example, when folic acid is linked to poly(L-lysine) enhanced oligonucleotide uptake is seen in promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells and human melanoma (M-14) cells. Ginobbi et al. 1997 '. Anticancer Res. 17:29. In another example, liposomes coated with maleylated bovine serum albumin, folic acid, or ferric protoporphyrin IX, show enhanced cellular uptake of oligonucleotides in murine macrophages, KB cells, and 2.2.15 human hepatoma cells. Liang et al. 1999. Pharmazie 54:559-566.

Liposomes naturally accumulate in the liver, spleen, and reticuloendothelial system (so-called, passive targeting). By coupling liposomes to various ligands such as antibodies are protein A, they can be actively targeted to specific cell populations. For example, protein A-bearing liposomes may be pretreated with H-2K specific antibodies which are targeted to the mouse major histocompatibility complex-encoded H-2K protein expressed on L cells. (Vlassov et al. 1994. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1197:95-108).

Other in vitro and/or in vivo delivery of RNAi reagents are known in the art, and can be used to deliver the subject RNAi constructs. See, for example, U.S. patent application publications 20080152661, 20080112916, 20080107694, 20080038296, 20070231392, 20060240093, 20060178327, 20060008910, 20050265957, 20050064595, 20050042227, 20050037496, 20050026286, 20040162235, 20040072785, 20040063654, 20030157030, WO 2008/036825, WO04/065601, and AU2004206255B2, just to name a few (all incorporated by reference).

Treatment Indications

In some aspects, the instant disclosure relates to the use of sd-rxRNA to target a IncRNA associated with disease. In some embodiments, the IncRNA associated with disease is associated with a neoplasm (e.g., cancer). Examples of cancers include lung,

hepatocellular carcinoma, uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma, cervical cancer, breast cancer, osteosarcoma and colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the IncRNA associated with disease is associated with alcoholism (see, for example, Eipmann et al. 2012). In some embodiments, the IncRNA associated with disease is associated with viral infections (see, for example, Eipmann et al. 2012). In some embodiments, the IncRNA associated with disease is associated with diabetes (see, for example, Liu et al. Cell Death and Disease 2014, 5).

In some instances, an sd-rxRNA is targeted to a neoplasm or a neoplastic tissue and is used to ameliorate at least one symptom of a condition or disorder associated with neoplasia. Neoplasia refers to the abnormal proliferation of cells, often resulting in an abnormal mass of tissue (i.e. , a neoplasm). Neoplasm may be benign, pre-malignant (e.g., a carcinoma in situ), or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms include uterine fibroids and melanocytic nevi ( i.e. , skin moles) that do not transform into cancer. Potentially malignant, or pre-cancerous, neoplasms include carcinoma in situ, which is an early form of carcinoma that does not invade surrounding tissue, but rather proliferate in their normal environment. Malignant neoplasms are commonly referred to as cancer, and they invade and destroy surrounding tissue, may form metastases, and eventually may be fatal to the host.

In some instances, the sd-rxRNA is targeted to a neoplasm or neoplastic cells of epithelial origin. Epithelial cells reside in one or more layers which cover the entire surface of the body and which line most of the hollow structures of the body, excluding the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart interior, which are lined with endothelium, and the chest and abdominal cavities which are lined with mesothelium.

Epithelial neoplasms include, but are not limited to, benign and premalignant epithelial tumors, such as breast fibroadenoma and colon adenoma, and malignant epithelial tumors. Malignant epithelial tumors include primary tumors, also referred to as carcinomas, and secondary tumors, also referred to as metastases of epithelial origin. Carcinomas include, but are not limited to, acinar carcinoma, acinous carcinoma, alveolar adenocarcinoma (also called adenocystic carcinoma, adenomyoepithelioma, cribriform carcinoma and cylindroma), carcinoma adenomatosum, adenocarcinoma, carcinoma of adrenal cortex, alveolar carcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma (also called bronchiolar carcinoma, alveolar cell tumor and pulmonary adenomatosis), basal cell carcinoma, carcinoma basocellulare (also called basaloma, or basiloma, and hair matrix carcinoma), basaloid carcinoma, basosquamous cell carcinoma, breast carcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cerebriform carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma (also called cholangioma and cholangiocarcinoma), chorionic carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, corpus carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, carcinoma en cuirasse, carcinoma cutaneum, cylindrical carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, duct carcinoma, carcinoma durum, embryonal carcinoma, encephaloid carcinoma, epibulbar carcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma, carcinoma epitheliale adenoides, carcinoma exulcere, carcinoma fibrosum, gelatiniform carcinoma, gelatinous carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma, gigantocellulare, glandular carcinoma, granulosa cell carcinoma, hair-matrix carcinoma, hematoid carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (also called hepatoma, malignant hepatoma and hepatocarcinoma), Hurthle cell carcinoma, hyaline carcinoma, hypernephroid carcinoma, infantile embryonal carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, intraepidermal carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma,

Krompecher's carcinoma, Kulchitzky-cell carcinoma, lenticular carcinoma, carcinoma lenticulare, lipomatous carcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, carcinoma mastitoides, carcinoma medullare, medullary carcinoma, carcinoma melanodes, melanotic carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, carcinoma muciparum, carcinoma mucocellulare, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, carcinoma mucosum, mucous carcinoma, carcinoma myxomatodes,

nasopharyngeal carcinoma, carcinoma nigrum, oat cell carcinoma, carcinoma ossificans, osteoid carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, periportal carcinoma, preinvasive carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma of kidney (also called adenocarcinoma of kidney and hypernephoroid carcinoma), reserve cell carcinoma, carcinoma sarcomatodes, scheinderian carcinoma, scirrhous carcinoma, carcinoma scroti, signet-ring cell carcinoma, carcinoma simplex, small-cell carcinoma, solanoid carcinoma, spheroidal cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, carcinoma spongiosum, squamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, string carcinoma, carcinoma telangiectaticum, carcinoma telangiectodes, transitional cell carcinoma, carcinoma tuberosum, tuberous carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, carcinoma vilosum.

In other instances, the sd-rxRNA is targeted to a neoplasm or neoplastic cells of mesenchymal origin, for example, neoplastic cells forming a sarcoma. Sarcomas are rare mesenchymal neoplasms that arise in bone and soft tissues. Different types of sarcomas are recognized, including liposarcomas (including myxoid liposarcomas and pleiomorphic liposarcomas), leiomyosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (also called malignant schwannomas, neurofibrosarcomas, or neurogenic sarcomas), Ewing's tumors (including Ewing's sarcoma of bone, extra skeletal [not bone] Ewing's sarcoma, and primitive neuroectodermal tumor [PNET]), synovial sarcoma, angiosarcomas, hemangiosarcomas, lymphangio sarcomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, hemangioendothelioma, fibrosarcoma, desmoid tumor (also called aggressive fibromatosis), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), hemangiopericytoma, malignant mesenchymoma, alveolar soft-part sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, clear cell sarcoma, desmoplastic small cell tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) (also known as GI stromal sarcoma), osteosarcoma (also known as osteogenic sarcoma)-skeletal and extra skeletal, and chondrosarcoma.

In yet other instances, the sd-rxRNA targets neoplasms or neoplastic cells of melanocytic origin. Melanomas are tumors arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and other organs. Examples of melanoma include lentigo maligna melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, and acral lentiginous melanoma.

In still other instances, the sd-rxRNA targets malignant neoplasms or neoplastic cells including, but not limited to, those found in biliary tract cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, intraepithelial neoplasms, including Bowen's disease and Paget's disease, liver cancer, oral cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, sarcomas, including fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma, skin cancer, including melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, testicular cancer, including germinal tumors (seminoma, non-seminoma (teratomas, choriocarcinomas)), stromal tumors and germ cell tumors, thyroid cancer, including thyroid adenocarcinoma and medullar carcinoma, and renal cancer including adenocarcinoma and Wilms tumor.

In other instances, the sd-rxRNA targets neoplasms or neoplastic cells originating in bone, muscle or connective tissue. The neoplastic cells may be found in primary tumors (e.g., sarcomas) of bone and connective tissue.

In some instances, the sd-rxRNA is delivered directly to a neoplasm, for example, by injection using a needle and syringe. Injection into the neoplasm permits large quantities of the sd-rxRNA to be delivered directly to the target cells while minimizing delivery to systemic sites. By direct injection into the neoplasm, an effective amount to promote RNA interference by the sd-rxRNA is distributed throughout at least a substantial volume of the neoplasm. In some instances, delivery of the sd-rxRNA requires a single injection into the neoplasm. In other instances, delivery of the sd-rxRNA requires multiple injections into separate regions of the neoplasm such that the entire mass of the neoplasm is invested with an effective amount to promote RNA interference by the sd-rxRNA. See U.S. Patent Nos. 5,162,115 and 5,051,257, and Livraghi et al, Tumori 72 (1986), pp. 81-87, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The total dose, concentration, volume of the sd-rxRNA delivered, and rate of delivery can be optimized for a given neoplasm type, size and architecture. The zone of RNA interference can be controlled by optimizing these parameters. The volume and

concentration of the sd-rxRNA delivered into the neoplasm must be sufficient to promote RNA interference throughout the tumor. Depending on the number of injections, and their placement with respect to neoplasm architecture, it can be useful to administer total sd- rxRNA volumes less than the neoplasm volume, greater than the neoplasm volume, or approximately equal to the neoplasm volume.

In some instances, the sd-rxRNA is delivered directly to the neoplasm using an implantable device.

In some instances sd-rxRNA injection into a neoplasm can be accompanied by ultrasound guidance.

In other instances, the sd-rxRNA is administered systemically, for example, intravenously, intraarterially, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously.

The sd-rxRNA that is targeted to a neoplasm, in some instances target a IncRNA that regulates or modulates a proliferative gene or a gene that is expressed at higher levels in a neoplastic tissue than in other tissues. In some embodiments, the sd-rxRNA is targeted to a IncRNA associated with a neoplasm. As used herein, a IncRNA "associated with a neoplasm" is a IncRNA that is dysregulated in a subject having a neoplasm {e.g.,

overexpressed or under expressed in the subject relative to the expression level in a subject not having a neoplasm).

IncRNAs have been shown to be involved in several different cancer types including: neuroblastoma , acute lymphocytic leukemia , melanoma , prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma , colorectal cancer , breast cancer, ovarian cancer and non- small-cell lung cancer.

For example, the IncRNA MALAT1 is known to be dysregulated in several cancers, such as lung, hepatocellular carcinoma, uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma, cervical cancer, breast cancer, osteosarcoma and colorectal cancer (see, for example, Eipmann et al. RNA Biology, 2012 Aug 1 ; 9(8): 1076-1087).

MALAT1 has also been found to be upregulated in diabetes-induced microvascular dysfunction (Liu et al. 2014). In some embodiments, Malatl is a target for anti- angiogenic therapy for diabetes-related microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy. MALAT1 has also been linked to viral infection and alcoholism. In some embodiments, MALAT1 is a target for treatment of viral infection or alcoholism.

In some aspects, the disorder to be treated according to methods described herein is selected from the group consisting of: cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, stroke, hypertrophy and heart failure; neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, dipolar disorder, major depression and autistic disorders; metabolic diseases; and diseases associated with immune dysfunction or inflammation. Administration

The optimal course of administration or delivery of the oligonucleotides may vary depending upon the desired result and/or on the subject to be treated. As used herein

"administration" refers to contacting cells with oligonucleotides and can be performed in vitro or in vivo. The dosage of oligonucleotides may be adjusted to optimally reduce expression of a protein translated from a target nucleic acid molecule, e.g., as measured by a readout of RNA stability or by a therapeutic response, without undue experimentation.

For example, expression of the protein encoded by the nucleic acid target can be measured to determine whether or not the dosage regimen needs to be adjusted accordingly. In addition, an increase or decrease in RNA or protein levels in a cell or produced by a cell can be measured using any art recognized technique. By determining whether transcription has been decreased, the effectiveness of the oligonucleotide in inducing the cleavage of a target RNA can be determined.

Any of the above-described oligonucleotide compositions can be used alone or in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes appropriate solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, it can be used in the therapeutic compositions. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a composition (e.g., pharmaceutical composition) comprising an oligonucleotide (e.g., an isolated double stranded nucleic acid molecule). In some embodiments, the composition comprises an additional therapeutic agent. Non-limiting examples of additional therapeutic agents include but are not limited to nucleic acids (e.g., sd-rxRNA, etc.), small molecules (e.g. , small molecules useful for treating cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, etc.), peptides (e.g. , peptides useful for treating cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, etc.), and polypeptides (e.g., antibodies useful for treating cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, etc.). Compositions of the disclosure can have, in some embodiments, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more additional therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, a composition comprises more than 10 additional therapeutic agents.

Oligonucleotides may be incorporated into liposomes or liposomes modified with polyethylene glycol or admixed with cationic lipids for parenteral administration.

Incorporation of additional substances into the liposome, for example, antibodies reactive against membrane proteins found on specific target cells, can help target the oligonucleotides to specific cell types.

With respect to in vivo applications, the formulations of the present invention can be administered to a patient in a variety of forms adapted to the chosen route of administration, e.g. , parenterally, orally, or intraperitoneally. Parenteral administration, which is preferred, includes administration by the following routes: intravenous; intramuscular; interstitially; intraarterially; subcutaneous; intra ocular; intrasynovial; trans epithelial, including

transdermal; pulmonary via inhalation; ophthalmic; sublingual and buccal; topically, including ophthalmic; dermal; ocular; rectal; and nasal inhalation via insufflation. In preferred embodiments, the sd-rxRNA molecules are administered by intradermal injection or subcutaneously.

With respect to in vivo applications, in some embodiments, the formulations of the present invention can be administered to a patient in a variety of forms adapted to deliver the construct to the eye. In some embodiments, parenteral administration is ocular. Ocular administration can be intravitreal, intracameral, subretinal, subconjunctival, or subtenon.

The sd-rxRNA molecules, when it is desirable to deliver them systemically, may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g. , by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Pharmaceutical preparations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble or water-dispersible form. In addition, suspensions of the active compounds as appropriate oily injection suspensions may be administered. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils, for example, sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, for example, ethyl oleate or triglycerides. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension include, for example, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran, optionally, the suspension may also contain stabilizers. The oligonucleotides of the invention can be formulated in liquid solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution or Ringer's solution. In addition, the oligonucleotides may be formulated in solid form and redissolved or suspended immediately prior to use. Lyophilized forms are also included in the invention.

Pharmaceutical preparations for topical administration include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, sprays, suppositories, liquids and powders. In addition, conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, or thickeners may be used in pharmaceutical preparations for topical administration.

Pharmaceutical preparations for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets or tablets. In addition, thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids, or binders may be used in pharmaceutical preparations for oral administration.

For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration bile salts and fusidic acid derivatives, and detergents. Transmucosal administration may be through nasal sprays or using suppositories. For oral administration, the oligonucleotides are formulated into conventional oral administration forms such as capsules, tablets, and tonics. For topical administration, the oligonucleotides of the invention are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as known in the art.

For administration by inhalation, such as by insufflation, the sd-rxRNA molecules for use according to the present invention may be conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g. gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

Also contemplated herein is pulmonary delivery of the sd-rxRNA molecules. The sd- rxRNA molecule is delivered to the lungs of a mammal while inhaling and traverses across the lung epithelial lining to the blood stream. Other reports of inhaled molecules include Adjei et al., 1990, Pharmaceutical Research, 7:565 569; Adjei et al., 1990, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 63: 135 144 (leuprolide acetate); Braquet et al., 1989, Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 13(suppl. 5): 143 146 (endothelin-1); Hubbard et al., 1989, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. Ill, pp. 206 212 (al antitrypsin); Smith et al., 1989, J. Clin. Invest. 84: 1145-1146 (a 1 -proteinase); Oswein et al., 1990, "Aerosolization of

Proteins", Proceedings of Symposium on Respiratory Drug Delivery II, Keystone, Colorado, March, (recombinant human growth hormone); Debs et al., 1988, J. Immunol. 140:3482 3488 (interferon g and tumor necrosis factor alpha) and Platz et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,284,656 (granulocyte colony stimulating factor). A method and composition for pulmonary delivery of drugs for systemic effect is described in, and incorporated by reference from, U.S. Patent No. 5,451,569, issued September 19, 1995 to Wong et al.

Contemplated for use in the practice of this invention are a wide range of mechanical devices designed for pulmonary delivery of therapeutic products, including but not limited to nebulizers, metered dose inhalers, and powder inhalers, all of which are familiar to those skilled in the art.

Some specific examples of commercially available devices suitable for the practice of this invention are the Ultravent nebulizer, manufactured by Mallinckrodt, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri; the Acorn II nebulizer, manufactured by Marquest Medical Products, Englewood, Colorado; the Ventolin metered dose inhaler, manufactured by Glaxo Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and the Spinhaler powder inhaler, manufactured by Fisons Corp., Bedford, Massachusetts.

All such devices require the use of formulations suitable for the dispensing of oligonucleotide (or derivative). Typically, each formulation is specific to the type of device employed and may involve the use of an appropriate propellant material, in addition to the usual diluents, adjuvants and/or carriers useful in therapy. Also, the use of liposomes, microcapsules or microspheres, inclusion complexes, or other types of carriers is

contemplated. Chemically modified oligonucleotide may also be prepared in different formulations depending on the type of chemical modification or the type of device employed.

Formulations suitable for use with a nebulizer, either jet or ultrasonic, will typically comprise oligonucleotide (or derivative) dissolved in water at a concentration of about 0.1 to 25 mg of biologically active oligonucleotide per mL of solution. The formulation may also include a buffer and a simple sugar (e.g., for oligonucleotide stabilization and regulation of osmotic pressure). The nebulizer formulation may also contain a surfactant, to reduce or prevent surface induced aggregation of the oligonucleotide caused by atomization of the solution in forming the aerosol.

Formulations for use with a metered dose inhaler device will generally comprise a finely divided powder, such as a dry powder formulation, containing the sd-rxRNA molecule suspended in a propellant with the aid of a surfactant. The propellant may be any

conventional material employed for this purpose, such as a chlorofluorocarbon, a

hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a hydrofluorocarbon, or a hydrocarbon, including

trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethanol, and 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane, or combinations thereof. Suitable surfactants include sorbitan trioleate and soya lecithin. Oleic acid may also be useful as a surfactant.

Formulations for dispensing from a powder inhaler device will comprise a finely divided dry powder containing oligonucleotide (or derivative) and may also include a bulking agent, such as lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, or mannitol in amounts which facilitate dispersal of the powder from the device, e.g., 50 to 90% by weight of the formulation. The sd-rxRNA molecule can be prepared in particulate form with an average particle size of less than 10 mm (or microns), most preferably 0.5 to 5 mm, for most effective delivery to the distal lung.

Nasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is also contemplated. Nasal delivery allows the passage of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to the blood stream directly after administering the therapeutic product to the nose, without the necessity for deposition of the product in the lung. Formulations for nasal delivery include those with dextran or cyclodextran.

For nasal administration, a useful device is a small, hard bottle to which a metered dose sprayer is attached. In one embodiment, the metered dose is delivered by drawing the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention solution into a chamber of defined volume, which chamber has an aperture dimensioned to aerosolize and aerosol formulation by forming a spray when a liquid in the chamber is compressed. The chamber is compressed to administer the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. In a specific embodiment, the chamber is a piston arrangement. Such devices are commercially available.

Alternatively, a plastic squeeze bottle with an aperture or opening dimensioned to aerosolize an aerosol formulation by forming a spray when squeezed is used. The opening is usually found in the top of the bottle, and the top is generally tapered to partially fit in the nasal passages for efficient administration of the aerosol formulation. Preferably, the nasal inhaler will provide a metered amount of the aerosol formulation, for administration of a measured dose of the drug.

Drug delivery vehicles can be chosen e.g., for in vitro, for systemic, or for topical administration. These vehicles can be designed to serve as a slow release reservoir or to deliver their contents directly to the target cell. An advantage of using some direct delivery drug vehicles is that multiple molecules are delivered per uptake. Such vehicles have been shown to increase the circulation half-life of drugs that would otherwise be rapidly cleared from the blood stream. Some examples of such specialized drug delivery vehicles which fall into this category are liposomes, hydrogels, cyclodextrins, biodegradable nanocapsules, and bioadhesive microspheres.

The described oligonucleotides may be administered systemically to a subject.

Systemic absorption refers to the entry of drugs into the blood stream followed by

distribution throughout the entire body. Administration routes which lead to systemic absorption include: intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intranasal. Each of these administration routes delivers the oligonucleotide to accessible diseased cells. Following subcutaneous administration, the therapeutic agent drains into local lymph nodes and proceeds through the lymphatic network into the circulation. The rate of entry into the circulation has been shown to be a function of molecular weight or size. The use of a liposome or other drug carrier localizes the oligonucleotide at the lymph node. The oligonucleotide can be modified to diffuse into the cell, or the liposome can directly participate in the delivery of either the unmodified or modified oligonucleotide into the cell.

The chosen method of delivery will result in entry into cells. In some embodiments, preferred delivery methods include liposomes (10-400 nm), hydrogels, controlled-release polymers, and other pharmaceutically applicable vehicles, and microinjection or

electroporation (for ex vivo treatments).

The pharmaceutical preparations of the present invention may be prepared and formulated as emulsions. Emulsions are usually heterogeneous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μιη in diameter. The emulsions of the present invention may contain excipients such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, dyes, fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, humectants, hydrophilic colloids, preservatives, and anti-oxidants may also be present in emulsions as needed. These excipients may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase.

Examples of naturally occurring emulsifiers that may be used in emulsion

formulations of the present invention include lanolin, beeswax, phosphatides, lecithin and acacia. Finely divided solids have also been used as good emulsifiers especially in combination with surfactants and in viscous preparations. Examples of finely divided solids that may be used as emulsifiers include polar inorganic solids, such as heavy metal hydroxides, nonswelling clays such as bentonite, attapulgite, hectorite, kaolin,

montrnorillonite, colloidal aluminum silicate and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, pigments and nonpolar solids such as carbon or glyceryl tristearate.

Examples of preservatives that may be included in the emulsion formulations include methyl paraben, propyl paraben, quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and boric acid. Examples of antioxidants that may be included in the emulsion formulations include free radical scavengers such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite, and antioxidant synergists such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin.

In one embodiment, the compositions of oligonucleotides are formulated as microemulsions. A microemulsion is a system of water, oil and amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solution. Typically microemulsions are prepared by first dispersing an oil in an aqueous surfactant solution and then adding a sufficient amount of a 4th component, generally an intermediate chain-length alcohol to form a transparent system.

Surfactants that may be used in the preparation of microemulsions include, but are not limited to, ionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, Brij 96, polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310), tetraglycerol monooleate (M0310), hexaglycerol monooleate (P0310), hexaglycerol pentaoleate (PO500),

decaglycerol monocaprate (MCA750), decaglycerol monooleate (MO750), decaglycerol sequioleate (S0750), decaglycerol decaoleate (DA0750), alone or in combination with co surfactants. The cosurfactant, usually a short-chain alcohol such as ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, serves to increase the interfacial fluidity by penetrating into the surfactant film and consequently creating a disordered film because of the void space generated among surfactant molecules.

Microemulsions may, however, be prepared without the use of cosurfactants and alcohol-free self-emulsifying microemulsion systems are known in the art. The aqueous phase may typically be, but is not limited to, water, an aqueous solution of the drug, glycerol, PEG300, PEG400, polyglycerols, propylene glycols, and derivatives of ethylene glycol. The oil phase may include, but is not limited to, materials such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Capmul MCM, fatty acid esters, medium chain (C ₈ -C ₁₂ ) mono, di, and tri-glycerides, polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C ₈ -Cio glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil.

Microemulsions are particularly of interest from the standpoint of drug solubilization and the enhanced absorption of drugs. Lipid based microemulsions (both oil/water and water/oil) have been proposed to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs.

Microemulsions offer improved drug solubilization, protection of drug from enzymatic hydrolysis, possible enhancement of drug absorption due to surfactant-induced alterations in membrane fluidity and permeability, ease of preparation, ease of oral administration over solid dosage forms, improved clinical potency, and decreased toxicity (Constantinides et ah, Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11: 1385; Ho et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85: 138-143). Microemulsions have also been effective in the transdermal delivery of active components in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. It is expected that the microemulsion compositions and formulations of the present invention will facilitate the increased systemic absorption of oligonucleotides from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as improve the local cellular uptake of oligonucleotides within the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, buccal cavity and other areas of administration.

In an embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to affect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides, to the skin of animals. Even non-lipophilic drugs may cross cell membranes if the membrane to be crossed is treated with a penetration enhancer. In addition to increasing the diffusion of non- lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also act to enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs.

Five categories of penetration enhancers that may be used in the present invention include: surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non- surfactants. Other agents may be utilized to enhance the penetration of the administered oligonucleotides include: glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, pyrrols such as 2-15 pyrrol, azones, and terpenes such as limonene, and menthone.

The oligonucleotides, especially in lipid formulations, can also be administered by coating a medical device, for example, a catheter, such as an angioplasty balloon catheter, with a cationic lipid formulation. Coating may be achieved, for example, by dipping the medical device into a lipid formulation or a mixture of a lipid formulation and a suitable solvent, for example, an aqueous-based buffer, an aqueous solvent, ethanol, methylene chloride, chloroform and the like. An amount of the formulation will naturally adhere to the surface of the device which is subsequently administered to a patient, as appropriate.

Alternatively, a lyophilized mixture of a lipid formulation may be specifically bound to the surface of the device. Such binding techniques are described, for example, in K. Ishihara et al., Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 27, pp. 1309-1314 (1993), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The useful dosage to be administered and the particular mode of administration will vary depending upon such factors as the cell type, or for in vivo use, the age, weight and the particular animal and region thereof to be treated, the particular oligonucleotide and delivery method used, the therapeutic or diagnostic use contemplated, and the form of the formulation, for example, suspension, emulsion, micelle or liposome, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Typically, dosage is administered at lower levels and increased until the desired effect is achieved. When lipids are used to deliver the oligonucleotides, the amount of lipid compound that is administered can vary and generally depends upon the amount of oligonucleotide agent being administered. For example, the weight ratio of lipid compound to oligonucleotide agent is preferably from about 1: 1 to about 15: 1, with a weight ratio of about 5: 1 to about 10: 1 being more preferred. Generally, the amount of cationic lipid compound which is administered will vary from between about 0.1 milligram (mg) to about 1 gram (g). By way of general guidance, typically between about 0.1 mg and about 10 mg of the particular oligonucleotide agent, and about 1 mg to about 100 mg of the lipid

compositions, each per kilogram of patient body weight, is administered, although higher and lower amounts can be used.

The agents of the invention are administered to subjects or contacted with cells in a biologically compatible form suitable for pharmaceutical administration. By "biologically compatible form suitable for administration" is meant that the oligonucleotide is administered in a form in which any toxic effects are outweighed by the therapeutic effects of the oligonucleotide. In one embodiment, oligonucleotides can be administered to subjects.

Examples of subjects include mammals, e.g., humans and other primates; cows, pigs, horses, and farming (agricultural) animals; dogs, cats, and other domesticated pets; mice, rats, and transgenic non-human animals.

Administration of an active amount of an oligonucleotide of the present invention is defined as an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary to achieve the desired result. For example, an active amount of an oligonucleotide may vary according to factors such as the type of cell, the oligonucleotide used, and for in vivo uses the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the oligonucleotide to elicit a desired response in the individual. Establishment of therapeutic levels of oligonucleotides within the cell is dependent upon the rates of uptake and efflux or degradation. Decreasing the degree of degradation prolongs the intracellular half-life of the oligonucleotide. Thus, chemically- modified oligonucleotides, e.g., with modification of the phosphate backbone, may require different dosing.

The exact dosage of an oligonucleotide and number of doses administered will depend upon the data generated experimentally and in clinical trials. Several factors such as the desired effect, the delivery vehicle, disease indication, and the route of administration, will affect the dosage. Dosages can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art and formulated into the subject pharmaceutical compositions. Preferably, the duration of treatment will extend at least through the course of the disease symptoms.

Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, the oligonucleotide may be repeatedly administered, e.g., several doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily be able to determine appropriate doses and schedules of administration of the subject oligonucleotides, whether the oligonucleotides are to be administered to cells or to subjects.

Ocular administration of sd-rxRNAs, including intravitreal, intracameral, subretinal, subconjunctival, and subtenon administration, can be optimized through testing of dosing regimens. In some embodiments, a single administration is sufficient. To further prolong the effect of the administered sd-rxRNA, the sd-rxRNA can be administered in a slow-release formulation or device, as would be familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art. The

hydrophobic nature of sd-rxRNA compounds can enable use of a wide variety of polymers, some of which are not compatible with conventional oligonucleotide delivery.

Intravenous administration of sd-rxRNAs can be optimized through testing of dosing regimens. In some instances, intravenous administration is achieved through infusion, for example through the use of an infusion pump to infuse molecules into the circulatory system of a subject. The infusion can be continuous or intermittent. In some instances, it is preferred if the dosing regimen involves repetitive administration of a short-term continuous infusion. For example, the continuous infusion can last for approximately 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 50 min, 1.0 hour, 1.1 hours, 1.2 hours, 1.3 hours, 1.4 hours, 1.5 hours, 1.6 hours, 1.7 hours, 1.8 hours, 1.9 hours, 2.0 hours, 2.1 hours, 2.2 hours, 2.3 hours, 2.4 hours, 2.5 hours, 2.6 hours, 2.7 hours, 2.8 hours, 2.9 hours, 3.0 hours, 3.1 hours, 3.2 hours, 3.3 hours, 3.4 hours. 3.5 hours, 3.6 hours, 3.7 hours, 3.8 hours, 3.9 hours, 4.0 hours, 4.1 hours, 4.2 hours, 4.3 hours, 4.4 hours, 4.5 hours, 4.6 hours, 4.7 hours, 4.8 hours, 4.9 hours, 5.0 hours, 5.1 hours, 5.2 hours, 5.3 hours, 5.4 hours, 5.5 hours, 5.6 hours, 5.7 hours, 5.8 hours, 5.9 hours, 6.0 hours, or more than 6.0 hours, including any intermediate values.

The infusion can be repetitive. In some instances it is administered daily, bi-weekly, weekly, every two weeks, every three weeks, monthly, every two months, every three months, every four months, every five months, every six months or less frequently than every six months. In some instances, it is administered multiple times per day, week, month and/or year. For example, it can be administered approximately every hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours 10 hours, 12 hours or more than twelve hours. It can be administered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more than 10 times per day.

Administration of sd-rxRNAs, such as through intradermal injection or subcutaneous delivery, can be optimized through testing of dosing regimens. In some embodiments, a single administration is sufficient. To further prolong the effect of the administered sd- rxRNA, the sd-rxRNA can be administered in a slow-release formulation or device, as would be familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art. The hydrophobic nature of sd-rxRNA compounds can enable use of a wide variety of polymers, some of which are not compatible with conventional oligonucleotide delivery.

In other embodiments, the sd-rxRNA is administered multiple times. In some instances it is administered daily, bi-weekly, weekly, every two weeks, every three weeks, monthly, every two months, every three months, every four months, every five months, every six months or less frequently than every six months. In some instances, it is administered multiple times per day, week, month and/or year. For example, it can be administered approximately every hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours 10 hours, 12 hours or more than twelve hours. It can be administered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more than 10 times per day.

Aspects of the invention relate to administering sd-rxRNA molecules to a subject. In some instances the subject is a patient and administering the sd-rxRNA molecule involves administering the sd-rxRNA molecule in a doctor's office. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, a continuous infusion may saturate the normal clearance mechanism and maintain relatively high compound levels in the blood to ensure tissue distribution. sd-rxRNA are well suited to such an approach due to their low levels of toxicity.

In some instances, the effective amount of sd-rxRNA that is delivered through ocular administration is at least approximately 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or more than 100 μg including any intermediate values.

sd-rxRNA molecules administered through methods described herein are effectively targeted to all the cell types in the eye.

In some embodiments, more than one sd-rxRNA molecule is administered

simultaneously. For example a composition may be administered that contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more than 10 different sd-rxRNA molecules. In certain embodiments, a composition comprises 2 or 3 different sd-rxRNA molecules. When a composition comprises more than one sd-rxRNA, the sd-rxRNA molecules within the composition can be directed to the same gene or to different genes.

In some instances, the effective amount of sd-rxRNA that is delivered by

subcutaneous administration is at least approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or more than 100 mg/kg including any intermediate values.

Subcutaneous administration can also be repetitive. In some instances it is administered daily, bi-weekly, weekly, every two weeks, every three weeks, monthly, every two months, every three months, every four months, every five months, every six months or less frequently than every six months. In some instances, it is administered multiple times per day, week, month and/or year. For example, it can be administered approximately every hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours 10 hours, 12 hours or more than twelve hours. It can be administered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more than 10 times per day.

In some instances, sd-rxRNA is administered through insufflation. In some instances, the effective amount of sd-rxRNA that is delivered by insufflation is at least approximately 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or more than 100 mg/kg including any intermediate values.

Administration by insufflation can also be repetitive. In some instances it is administered daily, bi-weekly, weekly, every two weeks, every three weeks, monthly, every two months, every three months, every four months, every five months, every six months or less frequently than every six months. In some instances, it is administered multiple times per day, week, month and/or year. For example, it can be administered approximately every hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours 10 hours, 12 hours or more than twelve hours. It can be administered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more than 10 times per day.

sd-rxRNA molecules administered by methods described herein including

intravenous, subcutaneous and insufflation, can be targeted to a variety of remote tissues in the body including liver, heart, lung, kidney, spleen and skin.

In some instances, the effective amount of sd-rxRNA that is delivered through intradermal injection is at least approximately 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or more than 950 μg including any intermediate values.

sd-rxRNA molecules administered through methods described herein are effectively targeted to all the cell types in the skin.

Various modalities of introducing nucleic acids into a subject (e.g., a cell of a subject) are contemplated by the disclosure. For example, nucleic acids (e.g., a solution containing the nucleic acids) can be injected into a subject (e.g., injected into a cell) or a subject (e.g., a cell) can be bombarded by particles covered by the nucleic acids. In some embodiments, the cell or organism is soaked in a solution of the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is introduced into an organism or cell by electroporation of cell membranes in the presence of the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a viral construct comprising the nucleic acid is packaged into a viral particle and accomplishes introduction of the nucleic acid into the cell and transcription of nucleic acid. Further examples of modalities for introducing nucleic acids into a subject (e.g., a cell of a subject) include but are not limited to lipid- mediated carrier transport, chemical-mediated transport (e.g. , calcium phosphate), etc.

Nucleic acids can be introduced with additional components. For example, in some embodiments, the nucleic acid is introduced with a component that enhances nucleic acid uptake by the cell. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is introduced with a component that inhibits annealing of single strands. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is introduced with a component that stabilizes the nucleic acid molecule, or other-wise increases inhibition of the target gene.

Nucleic acid may be directly introduced into the cell (i.e., intracellularly); or introduced extracellularly into a cavity, interstitial space, into the circulation of an organism, introduced orally, or may be introduced by bathing a cell or organism in a solution containing the nucleic acid. Vascular or extravascular circulation, the blood or lymph system, and the cerebrospinal fluid are sites where the nucleic acid may be introduced.

In some embodiments, the cell with the target gene may be derived from any organism. In some embodiments, the cell with the target gene may be contained in (e.g. , housed by, or present within) any organism. For example, the organism may a plant, animal, protozoan, bacterium, arthropod, virus, or fungus. The plant may be a monocot, dicot or gymnosperm; the animal may be a vertebrate or invertebrate. Preferred microbes are those used in agriculture or by industry, and those that are pathogenic for plants or animals.

Alternatively, vectors, e.g., transgenes encoding a siRNA of the invention can be engineered into a host cell or transgenic animal using art recognized techniques.

A further preferred use for the agents of the present invention (or vectors or transgenes encoding same) is a functional analysis to be carried out in eukaryotic cells, or eukaryotic non-human organisms, preferably mammalian cells or organisms and most preferably human cells, e.g. cell lines such as HeLa or 293 or rodents, e.g. rats and mice. By administering a suitable priming agent/RNAi agent which is sufficiently complementary to a target mRNA sequence to direct target- specific RNA interference, a specific knockout or knockdown phenotype can be obtained in a target cell, e.g. in cell culture or in a target organism.

Thus, a further subject matter of the invention is a eukaryotic cell or a eukaryotic non- human organism exhibiting a target gene- specific knockout or knockdown phenotype comprising a fully or at least partially deficient expression of at least one endogenous target gene wherein said cell or organism is transfected with at least one vector comprising DNA encoding an RNAi agent capable of inhibiting the expression of the target gene. It should be noted that the present invention allows a target- specific knockout or knockdown of several different endogenous genes due to the specificity of the RNAi agent.

Gene-specific knockout or knockdown phenotypes of cells or non-human organisms, particularly of human cells or non-human mammals may be used in analytic to procedures, e.g. in the functional and/or phenotypical analysis of complex physiological processes such as analysis of gene expression profiles and/or proteomes. Preferably the analysis is carried out by high throughput methods using oligonucleotide based chips.

Therapeutic use

By inhibiting the expression of a gene (e.g., a IncRNA), the oligonucleotide compositions of the present invention can be used to treat any disease involving the expression of a IncRNA. Examples of diseases that can be treated by oligonucleotide compositions, just to illustrate, include: cancer, retinopathies, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases (i.e., ICAM-1 related disorders, Psoriasis, Ulcerative Colitus, Crohn's disease), viral diseases (i.e., HIV, Hepatitis C), miRNA disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

In one embodiment, in vitro treatment of cells with oligonucleotides can be used for ex vivo therapy of cells removed from a subject (e.g., for treatment of leukemia or viral infection) or for treatment of cells which did not originate in the subject, but are to be administered to the subject (e.g., to eliminate transplantation antigen expression on cells to be transplanted into a subject). In addition, in vitro treatment of cells can be used in non- therapeutic settings, e.g., to evaluate gene function, to study gene regulation and protein synthesis or to evaluate improvements made to oligonucleotides designed to modulate gene expression or protein synthesis. In vivo treatment of cells can be useful in certain clinical settings where it is desirable to inhibit the expression of a protein. There are numerous medical conditions for which antisense therapy is reported to be suitable (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,653) as well as respiratory syncytial virus infection (WO 95/22,553) influenza virus (WO 94/23,028), and malignancies (WO 94/08,003). Other examples of clinical uses of antisense sequences are reviewed, e.g., in Glaser. 1996. Genetic Engineering News 16: 1. Exemplary targets for cleavage by oligonucleotides include, e.g., protein kinase Ca, ICAM-1, c-raf kinase, p53, c-myb, and the bcr/abl fusion gene found in chronic myelogenous leukemia.

The subject nucleic acids can be used in RNAi-based therapy in any animal having RNAi pathway, such as human, non-human primate, non-human mammal, non-human vertebrates, rodents (mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, etc.), domestic livestock animals, pets (cats, dogs, etc.), Xenopus, fish, insects (Drosophila, etc.), and worms (C. elegans), etc.

The invention provides methods for preventing in a subject, a disease or condition associated with an aberrant or unwanted target gene expression or activity, by administering to the subject a therapeutic agent (e.g., a RNAi agent or vector or transgene encoding same). If appropriate, subjects are first treated with a priming agent so as to be more responsive to the subsequent RNAi therapy. Subjects at risk for a disease which is caused or contributed to by aberrant or unwanted target gene expression or activity can be identified by, for example, any or a combination of diagnostic or prognostic assays as described herein. Administration of a prophylactic agent can occur prior to the manifestation of symptoms characteristic of the target gene aberrancy, such that a disease or disorder is prevented or, alternatively, delayed in its progression. Depending on the type of target gene aberrancy, for example, a target gene, target gene agonist or target gene antagonist agent can be used for treating the subject.

In another aspect, the invention pertains to methods of modulating target gene expression, protein expression or activity for therapeutic purposes. Accordingly, in an exemplary embodiment, the modulatory method of the invention involves contacting a cell capable of expressing target gene with a therapeutic agent of the invention that is specific for the target gene or protein (e.g., is specific for the mRNA encoded by said gene or specifying the amino acid sequence of said protein) such that expression or one or more of the activities of target protein is modulated. These modulatory methods can be performed in vitro (e.g., by culturing the cell with the agent), in vivo (e.g., by administering the agent to a subject), or ex vivo. Typically, subjects are first treated with a priming agent so as to be more responsive to the subsequent RNAi therapy. As such, the present invention provides methods of treating an individual afflicted with a disease or disorder characterized by aberrant or unwanted expression or activity of a target gene polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule. Inhibition of target gene activity is desirable in situations in which target gene is abnormally unregulated and/or in which decreased target gene activity is likely to have a beneficial effect.

The therapeutic agents of the invention can be administered to individuals to treat (prophylactically or therapeutically) disorders associated with aberrant or unwanted target gene (e.g., IncRNA) activity. In conjunction with such treatment, pharmacogenomics (i.e., the study of the relationship between an individual's genotype and that individual's response to a foreign compound or drug) may be considered. Differences in metabolism of therapeutics can lead to severe toxicity or therapeutic failure by altering the relation between dose and blood concentration of the pharmacologically active drug. Thus, a physician or clinician may consider applying knowledge obtained in relevant pharmacogenomics studies in determining whether to administer a therapeutic agent as well as tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic regimen of treatment with a therapeutic agent. Pharmacogenomics deals with clinically significant hereditary variations in the response to drugs due to altered drug disposition and abnormal action in affected persons. See, for example, Eichelbaum, M. et al. (1996) Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 23(10-11): 983-985 and Linder, M. W. et al. (1997) Clin. Chem. 43(2):254-266

RNAi in skin indications

Nucleic acid molecules, or compositions comprising nucleic acid molecules, described herein may in some embodiments be administered to pre-treat, treat or prevent compromised skin. As used herein "compromised skin" refers to skin which exhibits characteristics distinct from normal skin. Compromised skin may occur in association with a dermatological condition. Several non-limiting examples of dermatological conditions include rosacea, common acne, seborrheic dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, acneform rashes, transient acantholytic dermatosis, and acne necrotica miliaris. In some instances,

compromised skin may comprise a wound and/or scar tissue. In some instances, methods and compositions associated with the invention may be used to promote wound healing, prevention, reduction or inhibition of scarring, and/or promotion of re-epithelialisation of wounds.

A subject can be pre-treated or treated prophylactically with a molecule associated with the invention, prior to the skin of the subject becoming compromised. As used herein "pre-treatment" or "prophylactic treatment" refers to administering a nucleic acid to the skin prior to the skin becoming compromised. For example, a subject could be pre-treated 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days or more than 8 days prior to the skin becoming compromised. In other embodiments, a subject can be treated with a molecule associated with the invention immediately before the skin becomes compromised and/or simultaneous to the skin becoming compromised and/or after the skin has been compromised. In some embodiments, the skin is compromised through a medical procedure such as surgery, including elective surgery. In certain embodiments methods and compositions may be applied to areas of the skin that are believed to be at risk of becoming compromised. It should be appreciated that one of ordinary skill in the art would be able to optimize timing of administration using no more than routine experimentation.

In some aspects, methods associated with the invention can be applied to promote healing of compromised skin. Administration can occur at any time up until the

compromised skin has healed, even if the compromised skin has already partially healed. The timing of administration can depend on several factors including the nature of the compromised skin, the degree of damage within the compromised skin, and the size of the compromised area. In some embodiments administration may occur immediately after the skin is compromised, or 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, or more than 48 hours after the skin has been compromised. Methods and compositions of the invention may be administered one or more times as necessary. For example, in some embodiments, compositions may be administered daily or twice daily. In some instances, compositions may be administered both before and after formation of compromised skin.

Compositions associated with the invention may be administered by any suitable route. In some embodiments, administration occurs locally at an area of compromised skin. For example, compositions may be administered by intradermal injection. Compositions for intradermal injection may include injectable solutions. Intradermal injection may in some embodiments occur around the area of compromised skin or at a site where the skin is likely to become compromised. In some embodiments, compositions may also be administered in a topical form, such as in a cream or ointment. In some embodiments, administration of compositions described herein comprises part of an initial treatment or pre-treatment of compromised skin, while in other embodiments, administration of such compositions comprises follow-up care for an area of compromised skin.

The appropriate amount of a composition or medicament to be applied can depend on many different factors and can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art through routine experimentation. Several non-limiting factors that might be considered include biological activity and bioavailability of the agent, nature of the agent, mode of

administration, half-life, and characteristics of the subject to be treated.

In some aspects, nucleic acid molecules associated with the invention may also be used in treatment and/or prevention of fibrotic disorders, including pulmonary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, scleroderma and glomerulonephritis, lung fibrosis, liver fibrosis, skin fibrosis, muscle fibrosis, radiation fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, proliferative vitreoretinopathy and uterine fibrosis.

A therapeutically effective amount of a nucleic acid molecule described herein may in some embodiments be an amount sufficient to prevent the formation of compromised skin and/or improve the condition of compromised skin. In some embodiments, improvement of the condition of compromised skin may correspond to promotion of wound healing and/or inhibition of scarring and/or promotion of epithelial regeneration. The extent of prevention of formation of compromised skin and/or improvement to the condition of compromised skin may in some instances be determined by, for example, a doctor or clinician.

The ability of nucleic acid molecules associated with the invention to prevent the formation of compromised skin and/or improve the condition of compromised skin may in some instances be measured with reference to properties exhibited by the skin. In some instances, these properties may include rate of epithelialisation and/or decreased size of an area of compromised skin compared to control skin at comparable time points.

As used herein, prevention of formation of compromised skin, for example prior to a surgical procedure, and/or improvement of the condition of compromised skin, for example after a surgical procedure, can encompass any increase in the rate of healing in the compromised skin as compared with the rate of healing occurring in a control sample. In some instances, the condition of compromised skin may be assessed with respect to either comparison of the rate of re-epithelialisation achieved in treated and control skin, or comparison of the relative areas of treated and control areas of compromised skin at comparable time points. In some aspects, a molecule that prevents formation of compromised skin or promotes healing of compromised skin may be a molecule that, upon administration, causes the area of compromised skin to exhibit an increased rate of re-epithelialisation and/or a reduction of the size of compromised skin compared to a control at comparable time points. In some embodiments, the healing of compromised skin may give rise to a rate of healing that is 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% greater than the rate occurring in controls. In some aspects, subjects to be treated by methods and compositions associated with the invention may be subjects who will undergo, are undergoing or have undergone a medical procedure such as a surgery. In some embodiments, the subject may be prone to defective, delayed or otherwise impaired re-epithelialisation, such as dermal wounds in the aged. Other non-limiting examples of conditions or disorders in which wound healing is associated with delayed or otherwise impaired re-epithelialisation include patients suffering from diabetes, patients with polypharmacy, post-menopausal women, patients susceptible to pressure injuries, patients with venous disease, clinically obese patients, patients receiving

chemotherapy, patients receiving radiotherapy, patients receiving steroid treatment, and immuno-compromised patients. In some instances, defective re-epithelialisation response can contributes to infections at the wound site, and to the formation of chronic wounds such as ulcers.

In some embodiments, methods associated with the invention may promote the re- epithelialisation of compromised skin in chronic wounds, such as ulcers, and may also inhibit scarring associated with wound healing. In other embodiments, methods associated with the invention are applied to prevention or treatment of compromised skin in acute wounds in patients predisposed to impaired wound healing developing into chronic wounds. In other aspects, methods associated with the invention are applied to promote accelerated healing of compromised skin while preventing, reducing or inhibiting scarring for use in general clinical contexts. In some aspects, this can involve the treatment of surgical incisions and application of such methods may result in the prevention, reduction or inhibition of scarring that may otherwise occur on such healing. Such treatment may result in the scars being less noticeable and exhibiting regeneration of a more normal skin structure. In other embodiments, the compromised skin that is treated is not compromised skin that is caused by a surgical incision. The compromised skin may be subject to continued care and continued application of medicaments to encourage re-epithelialisation and healing.

In some aspects, methods associated with the invention may also be used in the treatment of compromised skin associated with grafting procedures. This can involve treatment at a graft donor site and/or at a graft recipient site. Grafts can in some

embodiments involve skin, artificial skin, or skin substitutes. Methods associated with the invention can also be used for promoting epithelial regeneration. As used herein, promotion of epithelial regeneration encompasses any increase in the rate of epithelial regeneration as compared to the regeneration occurring in a control-treated or untreated epithelium. The rate of epithelial regeneration attained can in some instances be compared with that taking place in control-treated or untreated epithelia using any suitable model of epithelial regeneration known in the art. Promotion of epithelial regeneration may be of use to induce effective re- epithelialisation in contexts in which the re-epithelialisation response is impaired, inhibited, retarded or otherwise defective. Promotion of epithelial regeneration may be also effected to accelerate the rate of defective or normal epithelial regeneration responses in patients suffering from epithelial damage.

Some instances where re-epithelialisation response may be defective include conditions such as pemphigus, Hailey-Hailey disease (familial benign pemphigus), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)/Lyell's syndrome, epidermolysis bullosa, cutaneous

leishmaniasis and actinic keratosis. Defective re-epithelialisation of the lungs may be associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or interstitial lung disease. Defective re- epithelialisation of the eye may be associated with conditions such as partial limbal stem cell deficiency or corneal erosions. Defective re-epithelialisation of the gastrointestinal tract or colon may be associated with conditions such as chronic anal fissures (fissure in ano), ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory bowel disorders.

In some aspects, methods associated with the invention are used to prevent, reduce or otherwise inhibit compromised skin associated with scarring. This can be applied to any site within the body and any tissue or organ, including the skin, eye, nerves, tendons, ligaments, muscle, and oral cavity (including the lips and palate), as well as internal organs (such as the liver, heart, brain, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, thoracic cavity, guts and reproductive tissue). In the skin, treatment may change the morphology and organization of collagen fibers and may result in making the scars less visible and blend in with the surrounding skin. As used herein, prevention, reduction or inhibition of scarring encompasses any degree of prevention, reduction or inhibition in scarring as compared to the level of scarring occurring in a control-treated or untreated wound.

Prevention, reduction or inhibition of compromised skin, such as compromised skin associated with dermal scarring, can be assessed and/or measured with reference to microscopic and/or macroscopic characteristics. Macroscopic characteristics may include color, height, surface texture and stiffness of the skin. In some instances, prevention, reduction or inhibition of compromised skin may be demonstrated when the color, height, surface texture and stiffness of the skin resembles that of normal skin more closely after treatment than does a control that is untreated. Microscopic assessment of compromised skin may involve examining characteristics such as thickness and/or orientation and/or composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers, and cellularity of the compromised skin. In some instances, prevention, reduction or inhibition of compromised skin may be demonstrated when the thickness and/or orientation and/or composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers, and/or cellularity of the compromised skin resembles that of normal skin more closely after treatment than does a control that is untreated.

In some aspects, methods associated with the invention are used for cosmetic purposes, at least in part to contribute to improving the cosmetic appearance of compromised skin. In some embodiments, methods associated with the invention may be used to prevent, reduce or inhibit compromised skin such as scarring of wounds covering joints of the body. In other embodiments, methods associated with the invention may be used to promote accelerated wound healing and/or prevent, reduce or inhibit scarring of wounds at increased risk of forming a contractile scar, and/or of wounds located at sites of high skin tension.

In some embodiments, methods associated with the invention can be applied to promoting healing of compromised skin in instances where there is an increased risk of pathological scar formation, such as hypertrophic scars and keloids, which may have more pronounced deleterious effects than normal scarring. In some embodiments, methods described herein for promoting accelerated healing of compromised skin and/or preventing, reducing or inhibiting scarring are applied to compromised skin produced by surgical revision of pathological scars.

Aspects of the invention can be applied to compromised skin caused by burn injuries. Healing in response to burn injuries can lead to adverse scarring, including the formation of hypertrophic scars. Methods associated with the invention can be applied to treatment of all injuries involving damage to an epithelial layer, such as injuries to the skin in which the epidermis is damaged. Other non-limiting examples of injuries to epithelial tissue include injuries involving the respiratory epithelia, digestive epithelia or epithelia surrounding internal tissues or organs.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following Examples, which in no way should be construed as further limiting. The entire contents of all of the references (including literature references, issued patents, published patent applications, and co pending patent applications) cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

EXAMPLES

Example 1; Identification of potent sd-rxRNAs targeting IncRNA ENST00000602414 sd-rxRNAs targeting IncRNA ENST00000602414 were designed, synthesized and screened in vitro to determine the ability of the sd-rxRNAs to reduce target IncRNA levels. The sd-rxRNAs were tested for activity in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (40,000 cells/well, 96 well plate). The cells were treated with a panel of ENST00000602414 lncRNA- targeting sd-rxRNAs or non-targeting control (#26247) in media containing 10% FCS. The concentration of sd-rxRNA tested was 5 μΜ. The non-targeting control sd-rxRNA (#26247) is of similar structure to the IncRNA-targeting sd-rxRNAs and contains similar stabilizing modifications throughout both strands. Forty eight hours post-administration, cells were lysed and IncRNA levels determined with IncRNA- specific SYBR Green I qPCR assays and SsoAdvanced Universal SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad) according to the manufacturer's protocol. FIG.l demonstrates the IncRNA-targeting sd-rxRNAs, comprising sense strands and antisense strands found in Tables 1 and 2, respectively, significantly reduce target gene IncRNA levels in vitro in a human hepatocarcinoma cell line. All sense sequences in Table 1 have the following modification: TEG-Chl, wherein Chi stands for cholesterol and TEG is a linker. Data were normalized, using geometric average to a panel of 4 house-keeping genes and graphed with respect to the mock (non-transfected) control. Samples were run in biological duplicates.

The human IncRNA sequence is represented by Ensembl transcript ID:

ENST00000602414 (SEQ ID NO: 1), as shown below.

GGAATAGCGTCATCAGTTCTATAAGAGAGCGTGTGCCGAAGGCCTCGGCCTTTCACA TTCGGGAAGCGTCGGGAT TAGGTGAAAGTACGTAGTTGTCTTTCGTAAGTTAAAATGATAATTGGGCCGAAACTTACT GCCTTACCTAAAAGG CAGCGCAGTCAGGATATTGGTAGGTCGGGGGCGGCTTTGGAAACCCTTAAGTTTACAAGC ATGCGCGGACTTGAG TGCTCATTAGGTCGCCGGGCGTCCACGTGCAGCCCTGGACCCTGAACCCCGGCGTGCGTG GGCCGTGGGCCCTCG GGGAAAGGTTCCGTGCACTCGGGGACTCCGGTGAAGCCTGTTCAGCCGTCTGTGTCATGT GGCCATCTTGAGTCT ACTCTGTCGCTCTTGTGCCCTAGCACCCCGAGAACCGTCAGTTTGAGCCAGATGGAAGCT GAGCTGAACACATTA CGATGGATGATGGAAACATAAGACTATCAAGAAATCCAAGTGGTAATGGGCGAAGTTTAT TCAGCATCCGGCAAT GGACTTATCGTAGTTGGGGAAACGGGTGTTCCGAATAATATCCTGGAAGTTATCAGGACA CCTATTTTAAATATA GGCCTGAATTTTGTAAAGTAATATTTAAGGTGGTCCGTGATAATTAAATAAAATGCTTAA TTCATGTGGCTA Example 2: Identification of potent sd-rxRNAs targeting IncRNA MALAT1

sd-rxRNAs targeting IncRNA MALAT1 were designed, synthesized and screened in vitro to determine the ability of the sd-rxRNAs to reduce target IncRNA levels. The sd- rxRNAs were tested for activity in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (40,000 cells/well, 96 well plate) and a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (40,000 cells/well). Cells were treated with a panel of MALAT1 -targeting sd-rxRNAs or non-targeting control (#26247) in media containing 10% FCS. The concentration of sd-rxRNA tested was 5 μΜ. The non-targeting control sd-rxRNA (#26247) is of similar structure to the MALAT1- targeting sd-rxRNAs and contains similar stabilizing modifications throughout both strands. Forty eight hours post-administration, cells were lysed and MALAT1 levels determined with MALAT1- specific SYBR Green I qPCR assays and SsoAdvanced Universal SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad) according to manufacturer's protocols. FIG. 2 demonstrates the MALAT1 -targeting sd-rxRNAs, comprising sense and antisense sequences found in Tables 1 and 2, respectively, significantly reduce target gene IncRNA levels in vitro in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. All sense sequences in Table 1 have the following modification: TEG-Chl, wherein Chi stands for cholesterol and TEG is a linker. Data were normalized, using geometric average, to a panel of 4 house-keeping genes and graphed with respect to the mock (non-transfected) control. Samples were run in biological duplicates.

The human MALAT1 sequence is represented by GenBank accession number EF177381 (SEQ ID NO: 2), as shown below.

GTAAAGGACTGGGGCCCCGCAACTGGCCTCTCCTGCCCTCTTAAGCGCAGCGCCATT TTAGCAACGCAGAAGCCC GGCGCCGGGAAGCCTCAGCTCGCCTGAAGGCAGGTCCCCTCTGACGCCTCCGGGAGCCCA GGTTTCCCAGAGTCC TTGGGACGCAGCGACGAGTTGTGCTGCTATCTTAGCTGTCCTTATAGGCTGGCCATTCCA GGTGGTGGTATTTAG ATAAAACCACTCAAACTCTGCAGTTTGGTCTTGGGGTTTGGAGGAAAGCTTTTATTTTTC TTCCTGCTCCGGTTC AGAAGGTCTGAAGCTCATACCTAACCAGGCATAACACAGAATCTGCAAAACAAAAACCCC TAAAAAAGCAGACCC AGAGCAGTGTAAACACTTCTGGGTGTGTCCCTGACTGGCTGCCCAAGGTCTCTGTGTCTT CGGAGACAAAGCCAT TCGCTTAGTTGGTCTACTTTAAAAGGCCACTTGAACTCGCTTTCCATGGCGATTTGCCTT GTGAGCACTTTCAGG AGAGCCTGGAAGCTGAAAAACGGTAGAAAAATTTCCGTGCGGGCCGTGGGGGGCTGGCGG CAACTGGGGGGCCGC AGATCAGAGTGGGCCACTGGCAGCCAACGGCCCCCGGGGCTCAGGCGGGGAGCAGCTCTG TGGTGTGGGATTGAG GCGTTTTCCAAGAGTGGGTTTTCACGTTTCTAAGATTTCCCAAGCAGACAGCCCGTGCTG CTCCGATTTCTCGAA CAAAAAAGCAAAACGTGTGGCTGTCTTGGGAGCAAGTCGCAGGACTGCAAGCAGTTGGGG GAGAAAGTCCGCCAT TTTGCCACTTCTCAACCGTCCCTGCAAGGCTGGGGCTCAGTTGCGTAATGGAAAGTAAAG CCCTGAACTATCACA CTTTAATCTTCCTTCAAAAGGTGGTAAACTATACCTACTGTCCCTCAAGAGAACACAAGA AGTGCTTTAAGAGGT ATTTTAAAAGTTCCGGGGGTTTTGTGAGGTGTTTGATGACCCGTTTAAAATATGATTTCC ATGTTTCTTTTGTCT AAAGTTTGCAGCTCAAATCTTTCCACACGCTAGTAATTTAAGTATTTCTGCATGTGTAGT TTGCATTCAAGTTCC ATAAGCTGTTAAGAAAAATCTAGAAAAGTAAAACTAGAACCTATTTTTAACCGAAGAACT ACTTTTTGCCTCCCT CACAAAGGCGGCGGAAGGTGATCGAATTCCGGTGATGCGAGTTGTTCTCCGTCTATAAAT ACGCCTCGCCCGAGC TGTGCGGTAGGCATTGAGGCAGCCAGCGCAGGGGCTTCTGCTGAGGGGGCAGGCGGAGCT TGAGGAAACCGCAGA TAAGTTTTTTTCTCTTTGAAAGATAGAGATTAATACAACTACTTAAAAAATATAGTCAAT AGGTTACTAAGATAT TGCTTAGCGTTAAGTTTTTAACGTAATTTTAATAGCTTAAGATTTTAAGAGAAAATATGA AGACTTAGAAGAGTA GCATGAGGAAGGAAAAGATAAAAGGTTTCTAAAACATGACGGAGGTTGAGATGAAGCTTC TTCATGGAGTAAAAA ATGTATTTAAAAGAAAATTGAGAGAAAGGACTACAGAGCCCCGAATTAATACCAATAGAA GGGCAATGCTTTTAG ATTAAAATGAAGGTGACTTAAACAGCTTAAAGTTTAGTTTAAAAGTTGTAGGTGATTAAA ATAATTTGAAGGCGA TCTTTTAAAAAGAGATTAAACCGAAGGTGATTAAAAGACCTTGAAATCCATGACGCAGGG AGAATTGCGTCATTT AAAGCCTAGTTAACGCATTTACTAAACGCAGACGAAAATGGAAAGATTAATTGGGAGTGG TAGGATGAAACAATT TGGAGAAGATAGAAGTTTGAAGTGGAAAACTGGAAGACAGAAGTACGGGAAGGCGAAGAA AAGAATAGAGAAGAT AGGGAAATTAGAAGATAAAAACATACTTTTAGAAGAAAAAAGATAAATTTAAACCTGAAA AGTAGGAAGCAGAAG AAAAAAGACAAGCTAGGAAACAAAAAGCTAAGGGCAAAATGTACAAACTTAGAAGAAAAT TGGAAGATAGAAACA AGATAGAAAATGAAAATATTGTCAAGAGTTTCAGATAGAAAATGAAAAACAAGCTAAGAC AAGTATTGGAGAAGT ATAGAAGATAGAAAAATATAAAGCCAAAAATTGGATAAAATAGCACTGAAAAAATGAGGA AATTATTGGTAACCA ATTTATTTTAAAAGCCCATCAATTTAATTTCTGGTGGTGCAGAAGTTAGAAGGTAAAGCT TGAGAAGATGAGGGT GTTTACGTAGACCAGAACCAATTTAGAAGAATACTTGAAGCTAGAAGGGGAAGTTGGTTA AAAATCACATCAAAA AGCTACTAAAAGGACTGGTGTAATTTAAAAAAAACTAAGGCAGAAGGCTTTTGGAAGAGT TAGAAGAATTTGGAA GGCCTTAAATATAGTAGCTTAGTTTGAAAAATGTGAAGGACTTTCGTAACGGAAGTAATT CAAGATCAAGAGTAA TTACCAACTTAATGTTTTTGCATTGGACTTTGAGTTAAGATTATTTTTTAAATCCTGAGG ACTAGCATTAATTGA CAGCTGACCCAGGTGCTACACAGAAGTGGATTCAGTGAATCTAGGAAGACAGCAGCAGAC AGGATTCCAGGAACC AGTGTTTGATGAAGCTAGGACTGAGGAGCAAGCGAGCAAGCAGCAGTTCGTGGTGAAGAT AGGAAAAGAGTCCAG GAGCCAGTGCGATTTGGTGAAGGAAGCTAGGAAGAAGGAAGGAGCGCTAACGATTTGGTG GTGAAGCTAGGAAAA AGGATTCCAGGAAGGAGCGAGTGCAATTTGGTGATGAAGGTAGCAGGCGGCTTGGCTTGG CAACCACACGGAGGA GGCGAGCAGGCGTTGTGCGTAGAGGATCCTAGACCAGCATGCCAGTGTGCCAAGGCCACA GGGAAAGCGAGTGGT TGGTAAAAATCCGTGAGGTCGGCAATATGTTGTTTTTCTGGAACTTACTTATGGTAACCT TTTATTTATTTTCTA ATATAATGGGGGAGTTTCGTACTGAGGTGTAAAGGGATTTATATGGGGACGTAGGCCGAT TTCCGGGTGTTGTAG GTTTCTCTTTTTCAGGCTTATACTCATGAATCTTGTCTGAAGCTTTTGAGGGCAGACTGC CAAGTCCTGGAGAAA TAGTAGATGGCAAGTTTGTGGGTTTTTTTTTTTTACACGAATTTGAGGAAAACCAAATGA ATTTGATAGCCAAAT TGAGACAATTTCAGCAAATCTGTAAGCAGTTTGTATGTTTAGTTGGGGTAATGAAGTATT TCAGTTTTGTGAATA GATGACCTGTTTTTACTTCCTCACCCTGAATTCGTTTTGTAAATGTAGAGTTTGGATGTG TAACTGAGGCGGGGG GGAGTTTTCAGTATTTTTTTTTGTGGGGGTGGGGGCAAAATATGTTTTCAGTTCTTTTTC CCTTAGGTCTGTCTA GAATCCTAAAGGCAAATGACTCAAGGTGTAACAGAAAACAAGAAAATCCAATATCAGGAT AATCAGACCACCACA GGTTTACAGTTTATAGAAACTAGAGCAGTTCTCACGTTGAGGTCTGTGGAAGAGATGTCC ATTGGAGAAATGGCT GGTAGTTACTCTTTTTTCCCCCCACCCCCTTAATCAGACTTTAAAAGTGCTTAACCCCTT AAACTTGTTATTTTT TACTTGAAGCATTTTGGGATGGTCTTAACAGGGAAGAGAGAGGGTGGGGGAGAAAATGTT TTTTTCTAAGATTTT CCACAGATGCTATAGTACTATTGACAAACTGGGTTAGAGAAGGAGTGTACCGCTGTGCTG TTGGCACGAACACCT TCAGGGACTGGAGCTGCTTTTATCCTTGGAAGAGTATTCCCAGTTGAAGCTGAAAAGTAC AGCACAGTGCAGCTT TGGTTCATATTCAGTCATCTCAGGAGAACTTCAGAAGAGCTTGAGTAGGCCAAATGTTGA AGTTAAGTTTTCCAA TAATGTGACTTCTTAAAAGTTTTATTAAAGGGGAGGGGCAAATATTGGCAATTAGTTGGC AGTGGCCTGTTACGG TTGGGATTGGTGGGGTGGGTTTAGGTAATTGTTTAGTTTATGATTGCAGATAAACTCATG CCAGAGAACTTAAAG TCTTAGAATGGAAAAAGTAAAGAAATATCAACTTCCAAGTTGGCAAGTAACTCCCAATGA TTTAGTTTTTTTCCC CCCAGTTTGAATTGGGAAGCTGGGGGAAGTTAAATATGAGCCACTGGGTGTACCAGTGCA TTAATTTGGGCAAGG AAAGTGTCATAATTTGATACTGTATCTGTTTTCCTTCAAAGTATAGAGCTTTTGGGGAAG GAAAGTATTGAACTG GGGGTTGGTCTGGCCTACTGGGCTGACATTAACTACAATTATGGGAAATGCAAAAGTTGT TTGGATATGGTAGTG TGTGGTTCTCTTTTGGAATTTTTTTCAGGTGATTTAATAATAATTTAAAACTACTATAGA AACTGCAGAGCAAAG GAAGTGGCTTAATGATCCTGAAGGGATTTCTTCTGATGGTAGCTTTTGTATTATCAAGTA AGATTCTATTTTCAG TTGTGTGTAAGCAAGTTTTTTTTTAGTGTAGGAGAAATACTTTTCCATTGTTTAACTGCA AAACAAGATGTTAAG GTATGCTTCAAAAATTTTGTAAATTGTTTATTTTAAACTTATCTGTTTGTAAATTGTAAC TGATTAAGAATTGTG ATAGTTCAGCTTGAATGTCTCTTAGAGGGTGGGCTTTTGTTGATGAGGGAGGGGAAACTT TTTTTTTTTCTATAG ACTTTTTTCAGATAACATCTTCTGAGTCATAACCAGCCTGGCAGTATGATGGCCTAGATG CAGAGAAAACAGCTC CTTGGTGAATTGATAAGTAAAGGCAGAAAAGATTATATGTCATACCTCCATTGGGGAATA AGCATAACCCTGAGA TTCTTACTACTGATGAGAACATTATCTGCATATGCCAAAAAATTTTAAGCAAATGAAAGC TACCAATTTAAAGTT ACGGAATCTACCATTTTAAAGTTAATTGCTTGTCAAGCTATAACCACAAAAATAATGAAT TGATGAGAAATACAA TGAAGAGGCAATGTCCATCTCAAAATACTGCTTTTACAAAAGCAGAATAAAAGCGAAAAG AAATGAAAATGTTAC ACTACATTAATCCTGGAATAAAAGAAGCCGAAATAAATGAGAGATGAGTTGGGATCAAGT GGATTGAGGAGGCTG TGCTGTGTGCCAATGTTTCGTTTGCCTCAGACAGGTATCTCTTCGTTATCAGAAGAGTTG CTTCATTTCATCTGG GAGCAGAAAACAGCAGGCAGCTGTTAACAGATAAGTTTAACTTGCATCTGCAGTATTGCA TGTTAGGGATAAGTG CTTATTTTTAAGAGCTGTGGAGTTCTTAAATATCAACCATGGCACTTTCTCCTGACCCCT TCCCTAGGGGATTTC AGGATTGAGAAATTTTTCCATCGAGCCTTTTTAAAATTGTAGGACTTGTTCCTGTGGGCT TCAGTGATGGGATAG TACACTTCACTCAGAGGCATTTGCATCTTTAAATAATTTCTTAAAAGCCTCTAAAGTGAT CAGTGCCTTGATGCC AACTAAGGAAATTTGTTTAGCATTGAATCTCTGAAGGCTCTATGAAAGGAATAGCATGAT GTGCTGTTAGAATCA GATGTTACTGCTAAAATTTACATGTTGTGATGTAAATTGTGTAGAAAACCATTAAATCAT TCAAAATAATAAACT ATTTTTATTAGAGAATGTATACTTTTAGAAAGCTGTCTCCTTATTTAAATAAAATAGTGT TTGTCTGTAGTTCAG TGTTGGGGCAATCTTGGGGGGGATTCTTCTCTAATCTTTCAGAAACTTTGTCTGCGAACA CTCTTTAATGGACCA GATCAGGATTTGAGCGGAAGAACGAATGTAACTTTAAGGCAGGAAAGACAAATTTTATTC TTCATAAAGTGATGA GCATATAATAATTCCAGGCACATGGCAATAGAGGCCCTCTAAATAAGGAATAAATAACCT CTTAGACAGGTGGGA GATTATGATCAGAGTAAAAGGTAATTACACATTTTATTTCCAGAAAGTCAGGGGTCTATA AATTGACAGTGATTA GAGTAATACTTTTTCACATTTCCAAAGTTTGCATGTTAACTTTAAATGCTTACAATCTTA GAGTGGTAGGCAATG TTTTACACTATTGACCTTATATAGGGAAGGGAGGGGGTGCCTGTGGGGTTTTAAAGAATT TTCCTTTGCAGAGGC ATTTCATCCTTCATGAAGCCATTCAGGATTTTGAATTGCATATGAGTGCTTGGCTCTTCC TTCTGTTCTAGTGAG TGTATGAGACCTTGCAGTGAGTTTATCAGCATACTCAAAATTTTTTTCCTGGAATTTGGA GGGATGGGAGGAGGG GGTGGGGCTTACTTGTTGTAGCTTTTTTTTTTTTTACAGACTTCACAGAGAATGCAGTTG TCTTGACTTCAGGTC TGTCTGTTCTGTTGGCAAGTAAATGCAGTACTGTTCTGATCCCGCTGCTATTAGAATGCA TTGTGAAACGACTGG AGTATGATTAAAAGTTGTGTTCCCCAATGCTTGGAGTAGTGATTGTTGAAGGAAAAAATC CAGCTGAGTGATAAA GGCTGAGTGTTGAGGAAATTTCTGCAGTTTTAAGCAGTCGTATTTGTGATTGAAGCTGAG TACATTTTGCTGGTG TATTTTTAGGTAAAATGCTTTTTGTTCATTTCTGGTGGTGGGAGGGGACTGAAGCCTTTA GTCTTTTCCAGATGC AACCTTAAAATCAGTGACAAGAAACATTCCAAACAAGCAACAGTCTTCAAGAAATTAAAC TGGCAAGTGGAAATG TTTAAACAGTTCAGTGATCTTTAGTGCATTGTTTATGTGTGGGTTTCTCTCTCCCCTCCC TTGGTCTTAATTCTT ACATGCAGGAACACTCAGCAGACACACGTATGCGAAGGGCCAGAGAAGCCAGACCCAGTA AGAAAAAATAGCCTA TTTACTTTAAATAAACCAAACATTCCATTTTAAATGTGGGGATTGGGAACCACTAGTTCT TTCAGATGGTATTCT TCAGACTATAGAAGGAGCTTCCAGTTGAATTCACCAGTGGACAAAATGAGGAAAACAGGT GAACAAGCTTTTTCT GTATTTACATACAAAGTCAGATCAGTTATGGGACAATAGTATTGAATAGATTTCAGCTTT ATGCTGGAGTAACTG GCATGTGAGCAAACTGTGTTGGCGTGGGGGTGGAGGGGTGAGGTGGGCGCTAAGCCTTTT TTTAAGATTTTTCAG GTACCCCTCACTAAAGGCACCGAAGGCTTAAAGTAGGACAACCATGGAGCCTTCCTGTGG CAGGAGAGACAACAA AGCGCTATTATCCTAAGGTCAAGAGAAGTGTCAGCCTCACCTGATTTTTATTAGTAATGA GGACTTGCCTCAACT CCCTCTTTCTGGAGTGAAGCATCCGAAGGAATGCTTGAAGTACCCCTGGGCTTCTCTTAA CATTTAAGCAAGCTG TTTTTATAGCAGCTCTTAATAATAAAGCCCAAATCTCAAGCGGTGCTTGAAGGGGAGGGA AAGGGGGAAAGCGGG CAACCACTTTTCCCTAGCTTTTCCAGAAGCCTGTTAAAAGCAAGGTCTCCCCACAAGCAA CTTCTCTGCCACATC GCCACCCCGTGCCTTTTGATCTAGCACAGACCCTTCACCCCTCACCTCGATGCAGCCAGT AGCTTGGATCCTTGT GGGCATGATCCATAATCGGTTTCAAGGTAACGATGGTGTCGAGGTCTTTGGTGGGTTGAA CTATGTTAGAAAAGG CCATTAATTTGCCTGCAAATTGTTAACAGAAGGGTATTAAAACCACAGCTAAGTAGCTCT ATTATAATACTTATC CAGTGACTAAAACCAACTTAAACCAGTAAGTGGAGAAATAACATGTTCAAGAACTGTAAT GCTGGGTGGGAACAT GTAACTTGTAGACTGGAGAAGATAGGCATTTGAGTGGCTGAGAGGGCTTTTGGGTGGGAA TGCAAAAATTCTCTG CTAAGACTTTTTCAGGTGAACATAACAGACTTGGCCAAGCTAGCATCTTAGCGGAAGCTG ATCTCCAATGCTCTT CAGTAGGGTCATGAAGGTTTTTCTTTTCCTGAGAAAACAACACGTATTGTTTTCTCAGGT TTTGCTTTTTGGCCT TTTTCTAGCTTAAAAAAAAAAAAAGCAAAAGATGCTGGTGGTTGGCACTCCTGGTTTCCA GGACGGGGTTCAAAT CCCTGCGGCGTCTTTGCTTTGACTACTAATCTGTCTTCAGGACTCTTTCTGTATTTCTCC TTTTCTCTGCAGGTG CTAGTTCTTGGAGTTTTGGGGAGGTGGGAGGTAACAGCACAATATCTTTGAACTATATAC ATCCTTGATGTATAA TTTGTCAGGAGCTTGACTTGATTGTATATTCATATTTACACGAGAACCTAATATAACTGC CTTGTCTTTTTCAGG TAATAGCCTGCAGCTGGTGTTTTGAGAAGCCCTACTGCTGAAAACTTAACAATTTTGTGT AATAAAAATGGAGAA GCTCTAAA

Example 3: Identification of sd-rxRNAs Targeting IncRNAs

sd-rxRNAs targeting the following IncRNAs; ENST00000585065,

ENST00000607352, ENST00000456581, ENST00000340510, ENST00000605920, ENST00000455699, ENST00000555578, ENST00000565493, 580048 were designed, synthesized and screened in vitro to determine the ability of the sd-rxRNAs to reduce target IncRNA levels. The sd-rxRNAs were tested for activity in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (40,000 cells/well, 96 well plate) or a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (40,000 cells/well, 96 well plate). Cells were treated with a panel of lncRNA-targeting sd-rxRNAs or non-targeting control (#26247) in media containing 10% FCS. The concentration of sd- rxRNA tested was 5 μΜ. The non-targeting control sd-rxRNA (#26247) is of similar structure to the lncRNA-targeting sd-rxRNAs and contains similar stabilizing modifications throughout both strands. Forty eight hours post-administration, cells were lysed and IncRNA levels determined with IncRNA- specific SYBR Green I qPCR assays and SsoAdvanced Universal SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad) according to manufacturer's protocol. FIG. 3 demonstrates the lncRNA-targeting sd-rxRNAs, comprising sense and antisense sequences found in Tables 1 and 2, respectively, significantly reduce target gene IncRNA levels in vitro in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line or a human colorectal carcinoma cell line. All sense sequences in Table 1 have the following modification: TEG-Chl, wherein Chi stands for cholesterol and TEG is a linker. Data were normalized, using geometric average, to a panel of 4 house-keeping genes and graphed with respect to the mock (non-transfected) control. Samples were run in biological duplicates. Table 1. Sense Strand Oligonucleotides

ENST00000 ACGAGCUUAA mmOOOmmmOOm 000000000

IncRalal 18 LNC Ralal 1662 20

340510 CACA Omm oosso

ENST00000 CGAGCUUAAC mmmOmmmOOm 000000000

IncRalal 19 LNC Ralal 1663 21

340510 ACGA Ommm oosso

ENST00000 GAGCUUAACA mmOmmmOOmO 000000000

IncRalal 20 LNC Ralal 1664 22

340510 CGCA mOmm oosso

ENST00000 CCUUUCGAAU mmmmmmOOOm 000000000

IncRalal 21 LNC Ralal 1205 23

340510 GCAA Ommm oosso

ENST00000 UUCGAAUGCA mmmOOOmOmOm 000000000

IncRalal 22 LNC Ralal 1208 24

340510 CUUA mmm oosso

ENST00000 UCAAGUCGAC mmOOOmmOOmO 000000000

IncRalal 23 LNC Ralal 1926 25

340510 GUCA mmm oosso

ENST00000 AGGCCCCGAA mmOmmmmOOO 000000000

IncRalal 24 LNC Ralal 2933 26

340510 CUUA mmmm oosso

ENST00000 CCAUCGUUAC mmOmmOmmOm 000000000

IncRalal 25 LNC Ralal 1857 27

340510 AAUA 00mm oosso

ENST00000 AUCCUUUCGA mmmmmmmmOO 000000000

IncRalal 26 LNC Ralal 1203 28

340510 AUGA Ommm oosso

ENST00000 GGCCCAUACC mmmmmOmOmm 000000000

IncRalal 27 LNC Ralal 1784 29

340510 CUAA mmmm oosso

ENST00000 UAUAGACCCU mmmOOOmmmm 000000000

IncRalal 28 LNC Ralal 99 30

340510 GAAA 00mm oosso

ENST00000 UAGUGCUAUC mmOmOmmOmm 000000000

IncRalal 29 LNC Ralal 1480 31

340510 ACAA Ommm oosso

ENST00000 GUUGACCACU mmmOOmmOmm 000000000

IncRalal 30 LNC Ralal 1154 32

340510 GCAA Ommm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 UCUGCCCGAA mmmOmmmOOO 000000000

588 33

1 ZBTB42 555578 UCUA mmmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 UGCCCGAAUC mmmmmOOOmm 000000000

590 34

2 ZBTB42 555578 UUCA mmmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 CCGAAUCUUC mmOOOmmmmm 000000000

593 35

3 ZBTB42 555578 ACAA Ommm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 AAUUCGACCC mmmmmOOmmm 000000000

801 36

4 ZBTB42 555578 GUAA Ommm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 UCGACCCGUA mmOOmmmOmOO 000000000

804 37

5 ZBTB42 555578 ACAA mmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 ACCCGUAACA mmmmOmOOmOO 000000000

807 38

6 ZBTB42 555578 GCUA mmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 UCCGAUGUGC mmmOOmOmOm 000000000

836 39

7 ZBTB42 555578 UUCA mmmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 ACGGACCUUU mmOOOmmmmm 000000000

960 40

8 ZBTB42 555578 AUUA Ommm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 UCUCCGAAGA mmmmmOOOmOO 000000000

1073 41

9 ZBTB42 555578 GAUA Omm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 UCCGAAGAGA mmmOOOmOOOm 000000000

1075 42

10 ZBTB42 555578 UUCA mmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 CCGAAGAGAU mmOOOmOOOmm 000000000

1076 43

11 ZBTB42 555578 UCCA mmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 AGCCGAUUAG mmmmOOmmOO 000000000

1281 44

12 ZBTB42 555578 CUGA mmmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 CUUAUCGCCA mmmOmmOmmO 000000000

1581 45

13 ZBTB42 555578 CACA mOmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 UGGACGUUUG mmOOmOmmmOO 000000000

2212 46

14 ZBTB42 555578 AAAA Omm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 GGACGUUUGA mmOmOmmmOO 000000000

2213 47

15 ZBTB42 555578 AAAA mOmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 UAGGCCUAAU mmOOmmmOOm 000000000

2137 48

16 ZBTB42 555578 CAAA mOmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 CCUAAUCAAC mmmOOmmOOmO 000000000

2141 49

17 ZBTB42 555578 GUAA mmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 UUCCCGUCUU mmmmmOmmm 000000000

636 50

18 ZBTB42 555578 UAUA mmOmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 ACACAAGCUU mmOmOOOmmmO 000000000

1574 51

19 ZBTB42 555578 AUCA mmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 CACAAGCUUA mmmOOOmmmO 000000000

1575 52

20 ZBTB42 555578 UCGA mmmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 CUCACCCUAA mmmOmmmmOO 000000000

694 53

21 ZBTB42 555578 CUUA mmmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 CCUAACUUGA mmmOOmmmOO 000000000

699 54

22 ZBTB42 555578 UGGA mOmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 AUCAACGUAA mmmOOmOmOOO 000000000

2145 55

23 ZBTB42 555578 AUCA mmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 ACGUAAAUCU mmOmOOOmmmO 000000000

2149 56

24 ZBTB42 555578 GUCA mmm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 CUAACUUGAU mmOOmmmOOmO 000000000

700 57

25 ZBTB42 555578 GGAA Omm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 AGUUAGGCCU mmmmOOOmmm 000000000

2134 58

26 ZBTB42 555578 AAUA 00mm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 GUGUAAGGAC mmOmOOmOOmm 000000000

1307 59

27 ZBTB42 555578 UGCA Omm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 CGUCUUUAUA mmmmmmmOmO 000000000

640 60

28 ZBTB42 555578 AGGA 00mm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 CCUGGAUUAC mmmOOOmmOmO 000000000

1616 61

29 ZBTB42 555578 AAGA Omm oosso lncZBTB42 LNC ENST00000 GAGUUAGGCC mmOmmOOOmm 000000000

2133 62

30 ZBTB42 555578 UAAA mOmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AUUGGAGCUC mmmOOmOmmm 000000000

174 63

1 PANK1 455699 AACA 00mm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 UGGAGCUCAA mmOOOmmmOOm 000000000

176 64

2 PANK1 455699 CUAA mmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AGCUCAACUA mmmmmOOmmO 000000000

179 65

3 PANK1 455699 CCGA mmmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 ACCGACUGUG mmmOOmmOmO 000000000

188 66

4 PANK1 455699 UCAA mmmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 GACUGUGUCA mmmmOmOmmO 000000000

191 67

5 PANK1 455699 AUCA Ommm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AGUAUCAGGU mmmOmmOOOm 000000000

211 68

6 PANK1 455699 UCCA mmmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 GGUCUAUAGU mmmmmOmOOm 000000000

419 69

7 PANK1 455699 CUUA mmmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 CUUGUAUCCG mmmOmOmmmO 000000000

565 70

8 PANK1 455699 UAAA mOmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 GUAUCCGUAA mmOmmmOmOOO 000000000

568 71

9 PANK1 455699 GUCA mmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 UCCGUAAGUC mmmOmOOOmmO 000000000

571 72

10 PANK1 455699 ACAA mmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 CGUAAGUCAC mmmOOOmmOmO 000000000

573 73

11 PANK1 455699 ACAA mmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AAAUGUCGAA mmOmOmmOOOm 000000000

636 74

12 PANK1 455699 AAGA Omm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 UGCAGGUCUA mmmOOOmmmO 000000000

415 75

13 PANK1 455699 UAGA mOmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AGGUCUAUAG mmOmmmOmOO 000000000

418 76

14 PANK1 455699 UCUA mmmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AGGAUUAUA mmOOmmOmOmO 000000000

505 77

15 PANK1 455699 UGCCA mmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AGACAAUACC mmOmOOmOmmO 000000000

259 78

16 PANK1 455699 AGAA Omm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 UCUAUAGUCU mmmOmOOmmm 000000000

421 79

17 PANK1 455699 UUAA mmmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 ACCAGGAUUA mmmOOmOmmO 000000000

502 80

18 PANK1 455699 UAUA mOmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AGUAAUAGCU mmmOOmOOmmO 000000000

341 81

19 PANK1 455699 GCAA mmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 GCAUAACCUU mmOmOOmmmm 000000000

351 82

20 PANK1 455699 GAGA 00mm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 GCAGACAAUA mmOOOmOOmOm 000000000

257 83

21 PANK1 455699 CCAA mmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 GAUACUGACU mmmOmmOOmm 000000000

367 84

22 PANK1 455699 GAGA 00mm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 UGAGUCUUAU mmOOmmmmOm 000000000

55 85

23 PANK1 455699 GUCA Ommm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AUAGUCUUUA mmOOmmmmmO 000000000

424 86

24 PANK1 455699 CUCA mmmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 CUUGGCAGAC mmmOOmOOOmO 000000000

253 87

25 PANK1 455699 AAUA Omm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AGGUUCCUGU mmOmmmmmOm 000000000

217 88

26 PANK1 455699 GCUA Ommm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AAGCCUCUAU mmOmmmmmOm 000000000

545 89

27 PANK1 455699 UGUA mOmm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 CCAAAUGUUA mmOOOmOmmOO 000000000

304 90

28 PANK1 455699 GGAA Omm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 AGGAUGUAG mmOOmOmOOmO 000000000

115 91

29 PANK1 455699 AAGUA Omm oosso lncPANKl LNC ENST00000 CAAAGCAUCU mmOOOmOmmm 000000000

150 92

30 PANK1 455699 CCAA mmmm oosso

ENST00000 UGGCGACUUU mmOmOOmmmm 000000000 lncEBF3 1 LNC EBF3 744 93

456581 UGUA mOmm oosso

ENST00000 GCGACUUUUG mmOOmmmmmO 000000000 lncEBF3 2 LNC EBF3 746 94

456581 UAUA mOmm oosso

ENST00000 UAAAGACGGA mmOmOOmOOOm 000000000 lncEBF3 3 LNC EBF3 1506 95

456581 UGAA Omm oosso ENST00000 UAAAGACGAA mmOOOOmOOOmO 000000000 lncEBF3 4 LNC EBF3 1593 96

456581 UAUA mm oosso

ENST00000 AGACGAAUAU mmOmOOOmOmO 000000000 lncEBF3 5 LNC EBF3 1596 97

456581 GCUA mmm oosso

ENST00000 AGGAAUCGUC mmOOOmmOmmO 000000000 lncEBF3 6 LNC EBF3 1652 98

456581 AACA Omm oosso

ENST00000 AAUCGUCAAC mmmmOmmOOm 000000000 lncEBF3 7 LNC EBF3 1655 99

456581 AUCA Ommm oosso

ENST00000 AUCGUCAACA mmmOmmOOmO 000000000 lncEBF3 8 LNC EBF3 1656 100

456581 UCUA mmmm oosso

ENST00000 UCGUCAACAU mmOmmOOmOm 000000000 lncEBF3 9 LNC EBF3 1657 101

456581 CUUA mmmm oosso

ENST00000 GAAGCCGUUG mmOOmmOmmO 000000000 lncEBF3 10 LNC EBF3 2032 102

456581 CAGA mOmm oosso

ENST00000 CCGUGGAAUU mmOmOOmOmmO 000000000 lncEBF3 11 LNC EBF3 2209 103

456581 GUGA mmm oosso

ENST00000 CAAUUUCGAA mmOmmmmOOO 000000000 lncEBF3 12 LNC EBF3 2593 104

456581 AGGA mOmm oosso

ENST00000 AUUUCGAAAG mmmmmOOOmOO 000000000 lncEBF3 13 LNC EBF3 2595 105

456581 GUUA mmm oosso

ENST00000 UUCGAAAGGU mmmOOOmOOmm 000000000 lncEBF3 14 LNC EBF3 2597 106

456581 UCCA mmm oosso

ENST00000 UGCUCGGCUU mmmmmOOmmm 000000000 lncEBF3 15 LNC EBF3 240 107

456581 UUUA mmmm oosso

ENST00000 ACAUCGUUCU mmOmmOmmmm 000000000 lncEBF3 16 LNC EBF3 2193 108

456581 CUUA mmmm oosso

ENST00000 CGUAAUGGUC mmmOOmOOmm 000000000 lncEBF3 17 LNC EBF3 1878 109

456581 CCAA mmmm oosso

ENST00000 UGCUCCGUGG mmmmmmOmOO 000000000 lncEBF3 18 LNC EBF3 2205 110

456581 AAUA mOmm oosso

ENST00000 ACGGAUGAUU mmOOOmOOmmO 000000000 lncEBF3 19 LNC EBF3 1511 111

456581 GUCA mmm oosso

ENST00000 GUACCAGAGG mmOmmOOmOmO 000000000 lncEBF3 20 LNC EBF3 1843 112

456581 UGAA mm oosso

ENST00000 GUAAUGGUCC mmOOmOOmmm 000000000 lncEBF3 21 LNC EBF3 1879 113

456581 CAGA mOmm oosso

ENST00000 UGACUGGUAC mmOmmOOmOmO 000000000 lncEBF3 22 LNC EBF3 1354 114

456581 AGAA Omm oosso

11 1 565493 GUUA mmm oosso

30 1 565493 AUGA Ommm oosso

C2 19 FAM69C2 580048 GCAA mmm oosso

8 VEZF1 585065 AGA mOmm oosso

27 VEZF1 585065 UUUA mmmm oosso

16 256 607352 UGAA mOmm oosso

5 NDST3 602414 GGAA Omm osso

24 NDST3 602414 UGAA mOmm osso

1 13 UCGA mmmm oosso

El 2 FAM22E1 605920 UAUA mOmm oosso

El 21 FAM22E1 605920 UCGA mmmm oosso

Figure 1 Legend:

o: phosphodiester s: phosphorothioate P: 5' phosphorylation 0: 2'-0H f: 2'-fluoro m: 2' O-methyl

Table 2: Antisense Strand Oligonucleotides

IncRalal ENST00000 UUAUUUACAGC PmfOfffOfOOfOO 000000000

LNC Ralal 370 339

7 340510 GGAAAAAG OmOmOO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UAAUUCCGCUU PmOOffffOfffOO 000000000

LNC Ralal 487 340

8 340510 GGCAAGAA fOOmOO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UAAAUUCCGCU PmOOOffffOfffO 000000000

LNC Ralal 488 341

9 340510 UGGCAAGA OfOOOO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UUAAAUUCCGC PmfOOOffffOfff 000000000

LNC Ralal 489 342

10 340510 UUGGCAAG OOfOOO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UUUAAAUUCCG PmffOOOffffOfff 000000000

LNC Ralal 490 343

11 340510 CUUGGCAA OOfOO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UUUUAAAUUCC PmfffOOOffffOff 000000000

LNC Ralal 491 344

12 340510 GCUUGGCA fOOfO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UAUUUAAAUUC PmOfffOOOffffO 000000000

LNC Ralal 492 345

13 340510 CGCUUGGC fffOOO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UUCUCUGCGGC PmfffffOfOOfffO 000000000

LNC Ralal 620 346

14 340510 UCAAAUGU OOfOO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UGAUCUCUGCG PmOOfffffOfOOf 000000000

LNC Ralal 622 347

15 340510 GCUCAAAU ffOOmO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UGACUGACGUG PmOOffOOfOfOO 000000000

LNC Ralal 852 348

16 340510 GUAGGAUU fOOmOfO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UAGACUGACGU PmOOOffOOfOfO 000000000

LNC Ralal 853 349

17 340510 GGUAGGAU OfOOmOO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UGUGUUAAGCU PmOfOffOOOfffO 000000000

LNC Ralal 1662 350

18 340510 CGUUUUCC fffffO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UCGUGUUAAGC PmfOfOffOOOfff 000000000

LNC Ralal 1663 351

19 340510 UCGUUUUC OffffO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UGCGUGUUAAG PmOfOfOffOOOff 000000000

LNC Ralal 1664 352

20 340510 CUCGUUUU fOfffO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UUGCAUUCGAA PmfOfOfffOmOO 000000000

LNC Ralal 1205 353

21 340510 AGGAUCCA mOOfffO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UAAGUGCAUUC PmOOOfOfOfffO 000000000

LNC Ralal 1208 354

22 340510 GAAAGGAU OOmOOmO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UGACGUCGACU PmOOfOffOOfffO 000000000

LNC Ralal 1926 355

23 340510 UGAGAAAG OOmOmO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UAAGUUCGGGG PmOOOfffOOOOf 000000000

LNC Ralal 2933 356

24 340510 CCUACAAA ffOfOOO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UAUUGUAACGA PmOffOfOOfOOf 000000000

LNC Ralal 1857 357

25 340510 UGGAGCUG OOOOffO ooosssssso IncRalal ENST00000 UCAUUCGAAAG PmfOfffOOOmO 000000000

LNC Ralal 1203 358

26 340510 GAUCCAUC OOfffOfO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UUAGGGUAUGG PmfOOmOfOfOO 000000000

LNC Ralal 1784 359

27 340510 GCCUAAAU OfffOOOO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UUUCAGGGUCU PmfffOOOOfffOf 000000000

LNC Ralal 99 360

28 340510 AUAUAAGA OfOOmO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UUGUGAUAGCA PmfOfOOfOOfOff 000000000

LNC Ralal 1480 361

29 340510 CUACUACA OffOfO ooosssssso

IncRalal ENST00000 UUGCAGUGGUC PmfOfOOfOOffO 000000000

LNC Ralal 1154 362

30 340510 AACUUGUA OfffOfO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UAGAUUCGGGC PmOOOfffOOOfO 000000000

588 363

42 1 ZBTB42 555578 AGAGAUUG mOOOffO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UGAAGAUUCGG PmOOmOOfffOO 000000000

590 364

42 2 ZBTB42 555578 GCAGAGAU OfOOOmOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UUGUGAAGAUU PmfOfOmOOOfff 000000000

593 365

42 3 ZBTB42 555578 CGGGCAGA OOOfOOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UUACGGGUCGA PmfOfOOOffOOO 000000000

801 366

42 4 ZBTB42 555578 AUUGUGUC ffOfOfO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UUGUUACGGGU PmfOffOfOOOffO 000000000

804 367

42 5 ZBTB42 555578 CGAAUUGU OOffOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UAGCUGUUACG PmOOffOffOfOO 000000000

807 368

42 6 ZBTB42 555578 GGUCGAAU OffOOOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UGAAGCACAUC PmmOOOfOfOff 000000000

836 369

42 7 ZBTB42 555578 GGAUGUGU OOOfOfOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UAAUAAAGGUC PmOOfOOOmOff 000000000

960 370

42 8 ZBTB42 555578 CGUGGAAA fOfOOOmO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UAUCUCUUCGG 000000000

1073 371

42 9 ZBTB42 555578 AGAGAUCC mOOOffO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UGAAUCUCUUC PmOOOfffffffOO 000000000

1075 372

42 10 ZBTB42 555578 GGAGAGAU OOOmOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UGGAAUCUCUU PmmOOOfffffff 000000000

1076 373

42 11 ZBTB42 555578 CGGAGAGA OOOOmOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UCAGCUAAUCG PmfOOffOOffOOf 000000000

1281 374

42 12 ZBTB42 555578 GCUAUGGA fOfOOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UGUGUGGCGAU PmOfOfOOfOOfO 000000000

1581 375

42 13 ZBTB42 555578 AAGCUUGU OOfffOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UUUUCAAACGU PmffffOOOfOfff 000000000

2212 376

42 14 ZBTB42 555578 CCAGCAGC OOfOOO ooosssssso IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UUUUUCAAACG PmfffffOOOfOfff 000000000

2213 377

42 15 ZBTB42 555578 UCCAGCAG OOfOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UUUGAUUAGGC PmffOOffOOOfff 000000000

2137 378

42 16 ZBTB42 555578 CUAACUCA OOfffO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UUACGUUGAUU PmfOfOffOOffOO 000000000

2141 379

42 17 ZBTB42 555578 AGGCCUAA OfffOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UAUAAAGACGG PmOfOOmOOfOO 000000000

636 380

42 18 ZBTB42 555578 GAAAUUUG OmOOfffO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UGAUAAGCUUG PmOOfOOOfffOf 000000000

1574 381

42 19 ZBTB42 555578 UGUCCAUC OfffOfO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UCGAUAAGCUU PmfOOfOOOfffOf 000000000

1575 382

42 20 ZBTB42 555578 GUGUCCAU OfffOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UAAGUUAGGGU PmOOOffOOmOf 000000000

694 383

42 21 ZBTB42 555578 GAGUCAUC OOOffOfO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UCCAUCAAGUU PmffOffOOOffO 000000000

699 384

42 22 ZBTB42 555578 AGGGUGAG mOOfOOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UGAUUUACGUU PmOOfffOfOffOO 000000000

2145 385

42 23 ZBTB42 555578 GAUUAGGC ffOOOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UGACAGAUUUA PmOOfOOOfffOf 000000000

2149 386

42 24 ZBTB42 555578 CGUUGAUU OffOOfO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UUCCAUCAAGU PmfffOffOOOffO 000000000

700 387

42 25 ZBTB42 555578 UAGGGUGA OOmfOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UAUUAGGCCUA PmOffOOOfffOOf 000000000

2134 388

42 26 ZBTB42 555578 ACUCACAG ffOfOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UGCAGUCCUUA PmOfOOfffffOfO 000000000

1307 389

42 27 ZBTB42 555578 CACAGAGU fOOOmO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UCCUUAUAAAG PmffffOfOmOOO 000000000

640 390

42 28 ZBTB42 555578 ACGGGAAA fOOOmOO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UCUUGUAAUCC PmfffOfOOfffO 000000000

1616 391

42 29 ZBTB42 555578 AGGGCCUU mOOfffO ooosssssso

IncZBTB LNC ENST00000 UUUAGGCCUAA PmffOOOfffOOff 000000000

2133 392

42 30 ZBTB42 555578 CUCACAGG fOfOOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UGUUGAGCUCC PmOffOOOffffOO 000000000

174 393

Kl 1 PANK1 455699 AAUGCUGA fOffOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UUAGUUGAGCU PmfOOffOOOffff 000000000

176 394

Kl 2 PANK1 455699 CCAAUGCU OOfOfO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UCGGUAGUUGA PmfOOfOOffOOO 000000000

179 395

Kl 3 PANK1 455699 GCUCCAAU ffffOOO ooosssssso IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UUGACACAGUC PmfOOfOfOOffO 000000000

188 396

Kl 4 PANK1 455699 GGUAGUUG OfOOffO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UGAUUGACACA PmOOffOOfOfOO 000000000

191 397

Kl 5 PANK1 455699 GUCGGUAG ffOOfOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UGGAACCUGAU PmmOOOfffOOf 000000000

211 398

Kl 6 PANK1 455699 ACUCUUAU OfffffOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UAAGACUAUAG PmmOOOffOfOO 000000000

419 399

Kl 7 PANK1 455699 ACCUGCAU OfffOfOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UUUACGGAUAC PmffOfOOOfOfO 000000000

565 400

Kl 8 PANK1 455699 AAGUGCUG OOfOffO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UGACUUACGGA PmOOfffOfOOOf 000000000

568 401

Kl 9 PANK1 455699 UACAAGUG OfOOOfO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UUGUGACUUAC PmfOfOOfffOfOO 000000000

571 402

Kl 10 PANK1 455699 GGAUACAA OfOfOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UUGUGUGACUU PmfOfOfOOfffOf 000000000

573 403

Kl 11 PANK1 455699 ACGGAUAC OOOfOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UCUUUUCGACA PmffffffOOfOfff 000000000

636 404

Kl 12 PANK1 455699 UUUUCCAU fffOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UCUAUAGACCU PmffOfOOOfffOf 000000000

415 405

Kl 13 PANK1 455699 GCAUUAAA OffOOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UAGACUAUAGA PmOOOffOfOOOf 000000000

418 406

Kl 14 PANK1 455699 CCUGCAUU ffOfOfO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UGGCAUAUAAU PmOOfOfOfOOfff 000000000

505 407

Kl 15 PANK1 455699 CCUGGUGC fOOfOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UUCUGGUAUUG PmfffOOfOffOfff 000000000

259 408

Kl 16 PANK1 455699 UCUGCCAA OffOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UUAAAGACUAU PmfOOmOOffOf 000000000

421 409

Kl 17 PANK1 455699 AGACCUGC OOOfffOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UAUAUAAUCCU PmOfOfOOffffOO 000000000

502 410

Kl 18 PANK1 455699 GGUGCCAA fOffOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UUGCAGCUAUU PmfOfOOffOffOf 000000000

341 411

Kl 19 PANK1 455699 ACUUGUCU ffOffO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UCUCAAGGUUA PmfffOOmOffOf 000000000

351 412

Kl 20 PANK1 455699 UGCAGCUA OfOOffO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UUGGUAUUGUC PmfOOfOffOfffO 000000000

257 413

Kl 21 PANK1 455699 UGCCAAGA ffOOOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UCUCAGUCAGU PmfffOOffOOfOf 000000000

367 414

Kl 22 PANK1 455699 AUCUUGCU fffOfO ooosssssso IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UGACAUAAGAC PmOOfOfOmOOf 000000000

55 415

Kl 23 PANK1 455699 UCAAUCCU ffOOfffO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UGAGUAAAGAC PmOOOfOOmOOf 000000000

424 416

Kl 24 PANK1 455699 UAUAGACC fOfOOOfO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UAUUGUCUGCC PmOffOfffOffOO 000000000

253 417

Kl 25 PANK1 455699 AAGAUGAU OOfOOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UAGCACAGGAA PmOOfOfOOmOO 000000000

217 418

Kl 26 PANK1 455699 CCUGAUAC fffOOfOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UACAAUAGAGG PmOfOOfOOmOO 000000000

545 419

Kl 27 PANK1 455699 CUUCAUAU ffffOfOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UUCCUAACAUU PmffffOOfOfffO 000000000

304 420

Kl 28 PANK1 455699 UGGUCACU OffOfO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UACUUCUACAU PmOfffffOfOffff 000000000

115 421

Kl 29 PANK1 455699 CCUGUUGU OffOO ooosssssso

IncPAN LNC ENST00000 UUGGAGAUGCU PmfOOmOOfOfff 000000000

150 422

Kl 30 PANK1 455699 UUGCACAC fOfOfOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UACAAAAGUCG PmOfOOmOOffO 000000000

LNC EBF3 744 423

1 456581 CCAGGCAU ffOOOfOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UAUACAAAAGU PmOfOfOOmOOf 000000000

LNC EBF3 746 424

2 456581 CGCCAGGC fOffOmOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UUCAUCCGUCU PmffOfffOfffffO 000000000

LNC EBF3 1506 425

3 456581 UUACCAGC ffOOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UAUAUUCGUCU PmOfOfffOfffffO 000000000

LNC EBF3 1593 426

4 456581 UUACUACC ffOfO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UAGCAUAUUCG PmOOfOfOfffOff 000000000

LNC EBF3 1596 427

5 456581 UCUUUACU fffOfO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UGUUGACGAUU PmOffOOfOOffff 000000000

LNC EBF3 1652 428

6 456581 CCUGCCAU fOffOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UGAUGUUGACG PmOOfOffOOfOO 000000000

LNC EBF3 1655 429

7 456581 AUUCCUGC fffffOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UAGAUGUUGAC PmOOOfOffOOfO 000000000

LNC EBF3 1656 430

8 456581 GAUUCCUG OfffffO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UAAGAUGUUGA PmmOOOfOffOO 000000000

LNC EBF3 1657 431

9 456581 CGAUUCCU fOOffffO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UCUGCAACGGC PmffOfOOfOOfff 000000000

LNC EBF3 2032 432

10 456581 UUCUUUGU ffffOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UCACAAUUCCA PmfOfOOffffOfO 000000000

LNC EBF3 2209 433

11 456581 CGGAGCAA OOOfOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UCCUUUCGAAA PmffffffOmOOff 000000000

LNC EBF3 2593 434

12 456581 UUGCUCAU OfffOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UAACCUUUCGA PmOOffffffOOm 000000000

LNC EBF3 2595 435

13 456581 AAUUGCUC OffOffO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UGGAACCUUUC PmmOOOffffffO 000000000

LNC EBF3 2597 436

14 456581 GAAAUUGC OOmffOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UAAAAAGCCGA PmOOOmOOffOO 000000000

LNC EBF3 240 437

15 456581 GCACUGGA OfOffOOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UAAGAGAACGA PmOOOmOOOfO 000000000

LNC EBF3 2193 438

16 456581 UGUUUGUG OfOfffOfO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UUGGGACCAUU PmfOmOOffOffO 000000000

LNC EBF3 1878 439

17 456581 ACGUGAAA fOfOOmO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UAUUCCACGGA PmOffffOfmOOO 000000000

LNC EBF3 2205 440

18 456581 GCAAGAGA fOOmOOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UGACAAUCAUC PmOOfOOffOfffO 000000000

LNC EBF3 1511 441

19 456581 CGUCUUUA fffffO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UUCACCUCUGG PmffOfffffOOfOf 000000000

LNC EBF3 1843 442

20 456581 UACAUCUA OfffO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UCUGGGACCAU PmffOOmOffOff 000000000

LNC EBF3 1879 443

21 456581 UACGUGAA OfOfOOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UUCUGUACCAG PmfffOfOffOOff 000000000

LNC EBF3 1354 444

22 456581 UCAUAGCC OfOOfO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UUGUGAGUCUU PmfOfOOOffffOf 000000000

LNC EBF3 2317 445

23 456581 ACUGCAGA fOfOOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UAAGCUUGGAC PmOOOfffOOOfff 000000000

LNC EBF3 1527 446

24 456581 CUCUAAGA ffOOmO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UACAAAGGCCU PmOfOOmOOfff 000000000

LNC EBF3 1544 447

25 456581 ACAGUAAA OfOOfOOO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UCAGAUACAUG PmfOOOfOfOfOO 000000000

LNC EBF3 1325 448

26 456581 GGCGAACA OfOOOfO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UCUCAAGUCAU PmfffOOOffOffO 000000000

LNC EBF3 2409 449

27 456581 CAGACUCU OOfffO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UUGAACUUACC PmfOOOfffOffOO 000000000

LNC EBF3 933 450

28 456581 AGAGACUU OmOffO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UAAAGGGGUUA PmOOOmOOOffO 000000000

LNC EBF3 1296 451

29 456581 UUACAAAA ffOfOOmO ooosssssso lncEBF3 ENST00000 UCAAAGGGGUU PmfOOOmOOOff 000000000

LNC EBF3 1297 452

30 456581 AUUACAAA OffOfOOO ooosssssso IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UAUCAUACGUC PmOffOfOfOffOO 000000000

849 453

1 1 1 565493 GGCAACCU fOOffO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UUUAUCAUACG PmffOffOfOfOff 000000000

851 454

1 2 1 565493 UCGGCAAC OOfOOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UAACGUGGACG PmOOfOfOOOfOf 000000000

985 455

1 3 1 565493 UAUCGCUU OffOffO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UAAAAUCGGGA PmmOOOffOmO 000000000

2663 456

1 4 1 565493 CUAAUUUG OffOOfffO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UUUUGUCCGCU PmfffOfffOffOfO 000000000

2971 457

1 5 1 565493 AUAUACAC fOfOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UAGUUUGUCCG PmOOfffOfffOff 000000000

2973 458

1 6 1 565493 CUAUAUAC OfOfOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UAUGUCCGCUU PmOfOfffOfffOf 000000000

3283 459

1 7 1 565493 AUAUACAC OfOfOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UCUAUGUCCGC PmffOfOfffOfffO 000000000

3285 460

1 8 1 565493 UUAUAUAC fOfOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UCUCCUAUGUC PmfffffOfOfffOf 000000000

3288 461

1 9 1 565493 CGCUUAUA ffOfO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UACAUCGACUA PmOfOffOOffOO 000000000

3312 462

1 10 1 565493 GACGUAAA OfOfOOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UAACAUCGACU PmOOfOffOOffO 000000000

3313 463

1 11 1 565493 AGACGUAA OOfOfOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UUAACAUCGAC PmfOOfOffOOffO 000000000

3314 464

1 12 1 565493 UAGACGUA OOfOfO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UCAACACGCCU PmfOOfOfOfffff 000000000

4972 465

1 13 1 565493 CUAGAUAA OOOfOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UCUCUUCCGAC PmfffffffOOfOOf 000000000

654 466

1 14 1 565493 AGCAAAGU OOmOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UCUCUCUUCCG PmfffffffffOOfO 000000000

656 467

1 15 1 565493 ACAGCAAA OfOOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UAUAAACGGCC PmOfOOOfOOffO 000000000

733 468

1 16 1 565493 AGUAAAUC OfOOOfO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UUCCAUAAACG PmfffOfOOOfOOf 000000000

736 469

1 17 1 565493 GCCAGUAA fOOfOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UUUAACAAACG PmffOOfOOOfOf 000000000

991 470

1 18 1 565493 UGGACGUA OOOfOfO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UCCAGUCUAGC PmffOOfffOOfOf 000000000

1057 471

1 19 1 565493 AUAGAACC OOmOfO ooosssssso IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UUCUUGCCUCG PmffffOffffOffO 000000000

1386 472

1 20 1 565493 CUGUAAAC fOOOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UUAGGACUCGU PmfOOmOfffOff 000000000

1459 473

1 21 1 565493 CUGUCCUU fOffffO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UCAUACAUCGG PmfOfOfOffOOOf 000000000

1778 474

1 22 1 565493 GCACUUCU OffffO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UUUUCCUACGA PmffffffOfOOOff 000000000

2158 475

1 23 1 565493 AUUUCAAC ffOOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UUUAGAGGGGU PmffOOOmOOOf 000000000

3981 476

1 24 1 565493 GUUACUUA OffOOffO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UGUCUGCAUUC PmOfffOfOfffOff 000000000

4064 477

1 25 1 565493 GCUCCUAA fffOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UCAAUGGUUAG PmfOOfOOffOOO 000000000

4168 478

1 26 1 565493 ACCAUCUG ffOfffO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UACCAUCGUCU PmOffOffOfffOO 000000000

4435 479

1 27 1 565493 AGAUAUGG OfOfOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UCUAAAACCAU PmffOOmOffOff 000000000

4440 480

1 28 1 565493 CGUCUAGA OfffOOO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UACUAAAAACG PmOffOOmOOfO 000000000

4474 481

1 29 1 565493 CUCUUGUA fffffOfO ooosssssso

IncScand LNC Scand ENSTOOOOO UCAUUCGUAAA PmfOfffOfOOOm 000000000

4535 482

1 30 1 565493 GCUUAGAU fffOOmO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENSTOOOOO UUAUCUCUUAG PmfOffffffOOfO 000000000

166 483

9C2 1 FAM69C2 580048 CGGCUUCC OffffO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENSTOOOOO UCGCUCAUCGA PmfOfffOffOOOf 000000000

240 484

9C2 2 FAM69C2 580048 AUUUAGAU ffOOOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENSTOOOOO UGCGCUCAUCG PmOfOfffOffOOO 000000000

241 485

9C2 3 FAM69C2 580048 AAUUUAGA fffOOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENSTOOOOO UCGCGCUCAUC PmfOfOfffOffOO 000000000

242 486

9C2 4 FAM69C2 580048 GAAUUUAG OfffOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENSTOOOOO UCUUGUCGAAC PmfffOffOOOfOf 000000000

764 487

9C2 5 FAM69C2 580048 GUUUUAAA fffOOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENSTOOOOO UUCCUUGUCGA PmfffffOffOOOf 000000000

766 488

9C2 6 FAM69C2 580048 ACGUUUUA OffffO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENSTOOOOO UAGUCCUUGUC PmOOfffffOffOO 000000000

768 489

9C2 7 FAM69C2 580048 GAACGUUU OfOffO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENSTOOOOO UGUGCCGUUAA PmOfOffOffOOfO 000000000

790 490

9C2 8 FAM69C2 580048 CGUUCAUA fffOfO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UAUGCUGUGCC PmOfOffOfOffOf 000000000

795 491

9C2 9 FAM69C2 580048 GUUAACGU fOOfOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UUUAUUCGUCU PmffOfffOfffOfO 000000000

932 492

9C2 10 FAM69C2 580048 ACACAGGU fOOOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UCCACUCGUUG PmffOfffOffOm 000000000

1391 493

9C2 11 FAM69C2 580048 GAAUGAUU OOfOOfO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UAAUGUCGUUA PmOOfOffOffOfO 000000000

1999 494

9C2 12 FAM69C2 580048 UAAACUUG OOfffO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UGCAAUGUCGU PmOfOOfOffOffO 000000000

2001 495

9C2 13 FAM69C2 580048 UAUAAACU fOOOfO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UUUUCUCGAAA PmffffffOOOOff 000000000

531 496

9C2 14 FAM69C2 580048 UCGGAGCG OmOOfO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UGUCAUUUCUC PmOffOffffffOO 000000000

535 497

9C2 15 FAM69C2 580048 GAAAUCGG OmffOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UGAGCCAUUCG PmOOOffOfffOO 000000000

597 498

9C2 16 FAM69C2 580048 AGAGAUUU OOOmffO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UUAACUCGAGG PmfOOfffOOOOff 000000000

876 499

9C2 17 FAM69C2 580048 UUCAUGAA fOfOOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UCUCUAACUCG PmffffOOfffOOO 000000000

879 500

9C2 18 FAM69C2 580048 AGGUUCAU OfffOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UUGCAUCUUCG PmfOfOfffffOfO 000000000

1573 501

9C2 19 FAM69C2 580048 CAGCUUAG OfffOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UUUUGCAUCUU PmfffOfOfffffOf 000000000

1575 502

9C2 20 FAM69C2 580048 CGCAGCUU OOffO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UCCACUAAGCA PmffOffOOOfOfO 000000000

1927 503

9C2 21 FAM69C2 580048 UAACCUAG OfffOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UCAUGGAGUGU PmfOfOOOOfOfO 000000000

2019 504

9C2 22 FAM69C2 580048 AGCAUCCA OfOfffO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UAGGUCCUUGA PmOOOfffffOOfO 000000000

2674 505

9C2 23 FAM69C2 580048 UACCAACA ffOOfO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UUUCAAUAGGG PmfffOOfOmOOf 000000000

2721 506

9C2 24 FAM69C2 580048 CAUUGAGA OffOmOO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UUACAAGUUGG PmfOfOOOffOOO 000000000

3316 507

9C2 25 FAM69C2 580048 GAUCCUCU OfffffO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UUUAUUUCGAU PmffOffffOOfOO 000000000

1749 508

9C2 26 FAM69C2 580048 AGUUUCUG fffffO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UCUCCUGGUAU PmfffffOOfOfOO 000000000

2532 509

9C2 27 FAM69C2 580048 AAGUGCUU OfOffO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UAUGUUCAAUA PmOfOfffOOfOO 000000000

2724 510

9C2 28 FAM69C2 580048 GGGCAUUG mOfOffO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UAGCCAUCUUA PmOOffOffffOff 000000000

2744 511

9C2 29 FAM69C2 580048 CUACAGCC OfOOfO ooosssssso lncFAM6 LNC ENST00000 UGCAGCUACAA PmOfOOffOfOOO 000000000

3321 512

9C2 30 FAM69C2 580048 GUUGGGAU ffOOOmO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UCAGUACUCGA PmfOOfOfffOOfO 000000000

239 513

1 1 VEZF1 585065 UAUAUCAA fOffOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUUUCUCGAGU PmffffffOOOfOf 000000000

2307 514

1 2 VEZF1 585065 ACAGAGGU OOmOOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UCCAACAAAUC PmffOOfOOOffOf 000000000

2637 515

1 3 VEZF1 585065 GCAAGUAA OOOfOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUCCAACAAAU PmfffOOfOOOffO 000000000

2638 516

1 4 VEZF1 585065 CGCAAGUA fOOOfO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UGGUAGUCGAG PmOOfOOffOOO 000000000

2863 517

1 5 VEZF1 585065 GGCUUUUA mOfffffO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUCUGCCGUUG PmfffOffOffOffO 000000000

3477 518

1 6 VEZF1 585065 UCAAUUAC OffOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UCUCUGCCGUU PmffffOffOffOff 000000000

3478 519

1 7 VEZF1 585065 GUCAAUUA OOffO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UCUAAGGUAAA PmffOOmOfOOO 000000000

3675 520

1 8 VEZF1 585065 CGGGCAAA fOOOfOOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUGUUAUCGAG PmfOffOffOOOfO 000000000

3804 521

1 9 VEZF1 585065 UGGUUCUA OffffO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UGUGUUAUCGA PmOfOffOffOOOf 000000000

3805 522

1 10 VEZF1 585065 GUGGUUCU OOfffO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UGGUGUUAUCG PmOOfOffOffOO 000000000

3806 523

1 11 VEZF1 585065 AGUGGUUC OfOOffO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUUGGUGUUAU PmffOOfOffOffO 000000000

3808 524

1 12 VEZF1 585065 CGAGUGGU OOfOOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UAGAUGGACGC PmOOOfOOOfOfO 000000000

4348 525

1 13 VEZF1 585065 AUUAUUUU ffOfffO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UCAGAUGGACG PmfOOOfOOOfOf 000000000

4349 526

1 14 VEZF1 585065 CAUUAUUU OffOffO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUCAGAUGGAC PmffOOOfOOOfO 000000000

4350 527

1 15 VEZF1 585065 GCAUUAUU fOffOfO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUUCAGAUGGA PmfffOOOfOOOf 000000000

4351 528

1 16 VEZF1 585065 CGCAUUAU OfOffOO ooosssssso IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UAGUUUCUCGA PmOOffffffOOOf 000000000

2309 529

1 17 VEZF1 585065 GUACAGAG OfOmOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UCAAAGUUUCU PmfOOmOffffff 000000000

2312 530

1 18 VEZF1 585065 CGAGUACA OOOfOfO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UGUAGGUAAUG PmOfOOOfOOfOO 000000000

2449 531

1 19 VEZF1 585065 GGUCACAC OffOfOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UACUCAUAGGC PmOfffOfOOOfOf 000000000

2539 532

1 20 VEZF1 585065 ACCAACAU fOOfOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UAUACUCAUAG PmOfOfffOfOOOf 000000000

2541 533

1 21 VEZF1 585065 GCACCAAC OffOOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUAAGGUAAAC PmfOOmOfOOOf 000000000

3674 534

1 22 VEZF1 585065 GGGCAAAG OOOfOmOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUACUUUCGCC PmfOfffffOffOO 000000000

3727 535

1 23 VEZF1 585065 AAGUGACA OfOOfO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUUUUACUUUC PmffffOfffffOff 000000000

3730 536

1 24 VEZF1 585065 GCCAAGUG OOOfO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UCUCUAGUCCA PmffffOOfffOm 000000000

4441 537

1 25 VEZF1 585065 AGACAUCU OOfOffO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUGUCUCUAGU PmfOfffffOOfffO 000000000

4444 538

1 26 VEZF1 585065 CCAAGACA OOmfO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UAAAAAUCGAA PmOOmOOffOOO 000000000

4650 539

1 27 VEZF1 585065 CUUCUGGU fffffOOO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UGCUAAACCUA PmOffOOOfffOff 000000000

2723 540

1 28 VEZF1 585065 UCAGCUUC OOfffO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UAAGCACACUA PmOOOfOfOffO 000000000

3116 541

1 29 VEZF1 585065 AGGGCUUU mOOOfffO ooosssssso

IncVEZF LNC ENST00000 UUAAUGGACCA PmfOOfOOOffOO 000000000

3369 542

1 30 VEZF1 585065 ACUCUUUA ffffffO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UGACGACAUAU PmOOfOOfOfOfO 000000000

198 543

1 FBXO 256 607352 AAACGGCC OOfOOfO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAGACGACAUA PmOOOfOOfOfOf 000000000

199 544

2 FBXO 256 607352 UAAACGGC OOOfOOO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UACUUACGACA PmOfffOfOOfOO 000000000

886 545

3 FBXO 256 607352 AAGCUACA mOffOfO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAACUUACGAC PmOOfffOfOOfO 000000000

887 546

4 FBXO 256 607352 AAAGCUAC mOOffOO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UUAACUUACGA PmfOOfffOfOOfO 000000000

888 547

5 FBXO 256 607352 CAAAGCUA OOOffO ooosssssso IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAUAACUUACG PmOfOOfffOfOOf 000000000

889 548

6 FBXO 256 607352 ACAAAGCU OOmOfO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UCAUAACUUAC PmfOfOOfffOfOO 000000000

890 549

7 FBXO 256 607352 GACAAAGC fOOmOO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAACAACGCUC PmOOfOOfOfffff 000000000

2596 550

8 FBXO 256 607352 UCAACCAG OOffOO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UUAAACAACGC PmfOOOfOOfOfff 000000000

2598 551

9 FBXO 256 607352 UCUCAACC ffOOfO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UUCAGUCGCAA PmffOOffOfOOO 000000000

2842 552

10 FBXO 256 607352 GACAGAAC mfOOmOO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UGAUCAGUCGC PmOOffOOffOfO 000000000

2844 553

11 FBXO 256 607352 AAGACAGA OmOfOOO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAAGAUCAGUC PmOOOOffOOffO 000000000

2846 554

12 FBXO 256 607352 GCAAGACA fOmOOfO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAGAUCAGUCG PmOOOffOOffOf 000000000

2845 555

13 FBXO 256 607352 CAAGACAG OOOOfOO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UGAAGAUCAGU PmOOmOOffOOf 000000000

2847 556

14 FBXO 256 607352 CGCAAGAC fOfOOmOO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAGUAACGGAU PmOOfOOfOOOfO 000000000

2871 557

15 FBXO 256 607352 AGGACAAC OOOfOOO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UUCAGUAACGG PmffOOfOOfOOO 000000000

2873 558

16 FBXO 256 607352 AUAGGACA fOOmOfO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UGGUGUUAUCG PmOOfOffOffOO 000000000

3806 559

17 FBXO 256 607352 AGUGGUUC OfOOffO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAGCUAGAUCU PmOOffOOOfffOf 000000000

685 560

18 FBXO 256 607352 ACCUCACA fffOfO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UGAAGCUAGAU PmmOOOffOOOf 000000000

687 561

19 FBXO 256 607352 CUACCUCA ffOffffO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAUGAAGCUAG PmOfOOmOffOO 000000000

689 562

20 FBXO 256 607352 AUCUACCU OfffOffO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UGGAUUGGAUA PmOOOffOOOfOf 000000000

1073 563

21 FBXO 256 607352 CCUUAAGA fffOOmO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAUUGGAUACC PmOffOOOfOffff 000000000

1071 564

22 FBXO 256 607352 UUAAGAUG OOOOfO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UACCUAUGCUA PmOfffOfOffOOf 000000000

2071 565

23 FBXO 256 607352 GUCAAGAG fOOOmO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UCAGACCUAUG PmfOOOfffOfOff 000000000

2074 566

24 FBXO 256 607352 CUAGUCAA OOffOO ooosssssso IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAACAGACCUA PmOOfOOOfffOf 000000000

2076 567

25 FBXO 256 607352 UGCUAGUC OffOOfO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAUUAAACAAC PmOffOOOfOOfO 000000000

2600 568

26 FBXO 256 607352 GCUCUCAA fffffOO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UGUAACGGAUA PmOfOOfOOOfOO 000000000

2870 569

27 FBXO 256 607352 GGACAACC mOfOOfO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UUUCAGUAACG PmfffOOfOOfOO 000000000

2874 570

28 FBXO 256 607352 GAUAGGAC OfOOOmO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UCUUUCAGUAA PmfffffOOfOOfO 000000000

2876 571

29 FBXO 256 607352 CGGAUAGG OOfOOO ooosssssso

IncFBXO LNC ENST00000 UAAGACGACAU PmmOOOfOOfOf 000000000

200 572

30 FBXO 256 607352 AUAAACGG OfOOOfOO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UAACUACGUAC PmOOffOfOfOfff 000000000

77 573

3 1 NDST3 602414 UUUCACCU ffOffO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UCAACUACGUA PmfOOffOfOfOff 000000000

78 574

3 2 NDST3 602414 CUUUCACC fffOfO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UACAACUACGU PmOfOOffOfOfOf 000000000

79 575

3 3 NDST3 602414 ACUUUCAC ffffOO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UAGACAACUAC PmOOOfOOffOfO 000000000

81 576

3 4 NDST3 602414 GUACUUUC fOffffO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UUCCAUCGUAA PmfffOffOfOOfO 000000000

440 577

3 5 NDST3 602414 UGUGUUCA fOfffO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UAUCCAUCGUA PmOfffOffOfOOf 000000000

441 578

3 6 NDST3 602414 AUGUGUUC OfOffO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UCAUCCAUCGU PmfOfffOffOfOO 000000000

442 579

3 7 NDST3 602414 AAUGUGUU fOfOfO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UUCAUCCAUCG PmffOfffOffOfO 000000000

443 580

3 8 NDST3 602414 UAAUGUGU OfOfOO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UAUCAUCCAUC PmOffOfffOffOf 000000000

444 581

3 9 NDST3 602414 GUAAUGUG OOfOfO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UCAUCAUCCAU PmfOffOfffOffOf 000000000

445 582

3 10 NDST3 602414 CGUAAUGU OOfOO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UAUUGCCGGAU PmOffOffOOOfOf 000000000

508 583

3 11 NDST3 602414 GCUGAAUA fOOOfO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UAACUACGAUA PmOOffOfOOfOO 000000000

523 584

3 12 NDST3 602414 AGUCCAUU OfffOfO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UCAACUACGAU PmfOOffOfOOfO 000000000

524 585

3 13 NDST3 602414 AAGUCCAU OOfffOO ooosssssso IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UUAUCACGGAC PmfOffOfOOOffO 000000000

625 586

3 14 NDST3 602414 CACCUUAA ffffOO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UUUAUCACGGA PmffOffOfOOOff 000000000

626 587

3 15 NDST3 602414 CCACCUUA OffffO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UAUUAUCACGG PmOffOffOfOOOf 000000000

627 588

3 16 NDST3 602414 ACCACCUU fOfffO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UAAUUAUCACG PmOOffOffOfOO 000000000

628 589

3 17 NDST3 602414 GACCACCU OffOffO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UUAAUUAUCAC PmfOOffOffOfOO 000000000

629 590

3 18 NDST3 602414 GGACCACC OffOfO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UAACUUACGAA PmOOfffOfOOO 000000000

91 591

3 19 NDST3 602414 AGACAACU mOOfOOfO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UUAACUUACGA PmfOOfffOfOOm 000000000

92 592

3 20 NDST3 602414 AAGACAAC OOOfOOO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UUAAGUCCAUU PmfOOOfffOffOf 000000000

515 593

3 21 NDST3 602414 GCCGGAUG fOOOfO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UGAUAUUAUUC PmOOfOffOfffO 000000000

550 594

3 22 NDST3 602414 GGAACACC mOOfOfO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UGGAUAUUAUU PmOOOfOffOfffO 000000000

551 595

3 23 NDST3 602414 CGGAACAC OmOfOO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UUCACGGACCA PmffOfOOOffOff 000000000

623 596

3 24 NDST3 602414 CCUUAAAU ffOOmO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UAUCACGGACC PmOffOfOOOffOf 000000000

624 597

3 25 NDST3 602414 ACCUUAAA fffOOO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UUUAAUUAUCA PmffOOffOffOfO 000000000

630 598

3 26 NDST3 602414 CGGACCAC OOffOO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UUUUAGGUAAG PmfffOOOfOmO 000000000

130 599

3 27 NDST3 602414 GCAGUAAG OfOOfOOO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UUUUUAGGUAA PmffffOOOfOOO 000000000

131 600

3 28 NDST3 602414 GGCAGUAA mfOOfOO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UAUAAGUCCAU PmOfOOOfffOffO 000000000

516 601

3 29 NDST3 602414 UGCCGGAU ffOOmO ooosssssso

IncNDST LNC ENST00000 UACGAUAAGUC PmOfOOfOOOfff 000000000

519 602

3 30 NDST3 602414 CAUUGCCG OffOffO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UCCAACUAAGC PmffOOffOOOfO 000000000

MALAT1 445 603

ATI 1 Malatl GAAUGGCU OOfOOfO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUCCAUUACGC PmfffOffOfOfOO 000000000

MALAT1 860 604

ATI 2 Malatl AACUGAGC ffOOmO ooosssssso IncMAL LNC UUUAAACGGGU PmffOOOfOOOfO 000000000

MALAT1 1006 605

ATI 3 Malatl CAUCAAAC OffOOmO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUUUAAACGGG PmfffOOOfOOOff 000000000

MALAT1 1007 606

ATI 4 Malatl UCAUCAAA OffOOO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUCGUCUGCGU PmffOfffOfOfffO 000000000

MALAT1 1818 607

ATI 5 Malatl UUAGUAAA OfOOO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUUUUCGUCUG PmfffffOfffOfOf 000000000

MALAT1 1821 608

ATI 6 Malatl CGUUUAGU ffOOO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UCUUCCGUUAC PmfffffOffOfOO 000000000

MALAT1 2513 609

ATI 7 Malatl GAAAGUCC OmOffO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UAAUCGUUAGC PmOOffOffOOfOf 000000000

MALAT1 2813 610

ATI 8 Malatl GCUCCUUC fffffO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UCACCUCAGUA PmfOffffOOfOfO 000000000

MALAT1 3087 611

ATI 9 Malatl CGAAACUC OmOfff ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUUGAAACCGA PmffOmOOffOOf 000000000

MALAT1 7883 612

ATI 10 Malatl UUAUGGAU fOfOOmO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UAUUAGGUUCU PmOffOOOfffffO 000000000

MALAT1 8585 613

ATI 11 Malatl CGUGUAAA fOfOOO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUCACCGGAAU PmffOffOmOOff 000000000

MALAT1 1218 614

ATI 12 Malatl UCGAUCAC fOOffOO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UCGAGGCGUAU PmfOOmOfOfOff 000000000

MALAT1 1251 615

ATI 13 Malatl UUAUAGAC fOfOOmO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UAACAUAUUGC PmOOfOfOffOffO 000000000

MALAT1 3014 616

ATI 14 Malatl CGACCUCA OffffO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UGUAGAUUCCG PmOfOOOffffOfO 000000000

MALAT1 5094 617

ATI 15 Malatl UAACUUUA OffffO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UCUGAGGCAAA PmffOOOOfOOOf 000000000

MALAT1 5338 618

ATI 16 Malatl CGAAACAU OOmOfOO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UAGUGUUCGCA PmOOfOfffOfOO 000000000

MALAT1 5970 619

ATI 17 Malatl GACAAAGU OfOOmOO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUCGUUCUUCC 000000000

MALAT1 6008 620

ATI 18 Malatl GCUCAAAU OOmO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UAUAGCAGCGG PmOfOOfOOfOO 000000000

MALAT1 6634 621

ATI 19 Malatl GAUCAGAA mOffOOmO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUACUCCAGUC PmfOffffOOffOff 000000000

MALAT1 6662 622

ATI 20 Malatl GUUUCACA ffOfO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUCACAAAUAC PmffOfOOOfOfO 000000000

MALAT1 6782 623

ATI 21 Malatl GACUGCUU OffOffO ooosssssso IncMAL LNC UUUAAGCCUUC PmffOOOfffffOO 000000000

MALAT1 7439 624

ATI 22 Malatl GGUGCCUU fOfffO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UAAGCACCGCU PmOOOfOffOfffO 000000000

MALAT1 7681 625

ATI 23 Malatl UGAGAUUU OOOffO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUCAGCUUCCG PmffOOfffffOffO 000000000

MALAT1 8219 626

ATI 24 Malatl CUAAGAUG OOmfO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUUUGGCCUAC PmfffOOfffOfffO 000000000

MALAT1 4012 627

ATI 25 Malatl UCAAGCUC OOffO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUUCUGGUCUA PmffffOOfffOfOf 000000000

MALAT1 2325 628

ATI 26 Malatl CGUAAACA OOOfO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UUCUUCACCAC PmfffffOffOfOO 000000000

MALAT1 2742 629

ATI 27 Malatl GAACUGCU OffOfO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UACUUAACGCU PmOfffOOfOffOO 000000000

MALAT1 1423 630

ATI 28 Malatl AAGCAAUA OfOOfO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UGUAUUAAUUC PmOfOffOOfffO 000000000

MALAT1 1610 631

ATI 29 Malatl GGGGCUCU mOOfffO ooosssssso

IncMAL LNC UAAAUGGCGGA PmOOOfOOfOOOf 000000000

MALAT1 810 632

ATI 30 Malatl cuuucucc ffffffO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UGGGAAUACCU PmOOmOOfOffff 000000000

509 633

2E1 1 FAM22E1 605920 CUAGUUCU fOOfffO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UAUAAAGCGCA PmOfOOmOfOfO 000000000

716 634

2E1 2 FAM22E1 605920 CGGAUGGA fOOOfOOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UGAUUUAAGGC PmOOfffOmOOff 000000000

1139 635

2E1 3 FAM22E1 605920 UGGUAUCC OOfOffO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UAGUCGGCUCG PmOOffOOfffOOf 000000000

1148 636

2E1 4 FAM22E1 605920 AUUUAAGG ffOOmO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UUAGUCGGCUC PmfOOffOOfffOO 000000000

1149 637

2E1 5 FAM22E1 605920 GAUUUAAG fffOOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UGUAGUCGGCU PmOfOOffOOfffO 000000000

1150 638

2E1 6 FAM22E1 605920 CGAUUUAA OfffOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UAUUCCGCUGA PmOffffOffOOm 000000000

1328 639

2E1 7 FAM22E1 605920 AGCCAACU OffOOfO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UGUAGGUAUUC PmOfOOOfOffffO 000000000

1334 640

2E1 8 FAM22E1 605920 CGCUGAAG OfOOmO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UAGUAGGUAUU PmOOfOOOfOffff 000000000

1335 641

2E1 9 FAM22E1 605920 CCGCUGAA OffOOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UCAAUCGGCUU PmfOOffOOfffOf 000000000

1362 642

2E1 10 FAM22E1 605920 GUUGAAUA fOOOfO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UUCAAUCGGCU PmffOOffOOfffO 000000000

1363 643

2E1 11 FAM22E1 605920 UGUUGAAU ffOOmO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UAUCAAUCGGC PmOffOOffOOfff 000000000

1364 644

2E1 12 FAM22E1 605920 UUGUUGAA OffOOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UGAUCAAUCGG PmOOffOOffOOff 000000000

1365 645

2E1 13 FAM22E1 605920 CUUGUUGA fOffOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UUGAUCAAUCG PmfOOffOOffOOf 000000000

1366 646

2E1 14 FAM22E1 605920 GCUUGUUG ffOffO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UGUGAUCAAUC PmOfOOffOOffO 000000000

1367 647

2E1 15 FAM22E1 605920 GGCUUGUU OfffOfO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UUGUGAUCAAU PmfOfOOffOOffO 000000000

1368 648

2E1 16 FAM22E1 605920 CGGCUUGU OfffOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UAUGUGAUCAA PmOfOfOOffOOff 000000000

1369 649

2E1 17 FAM22E1 605920 UCGGCUUG OOfffO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UAGCCAUAAGG PmOOffOfOmOO 000000000

1562 650

2E1 18 FAM22E1 605920 GUAAGGGA OfOOOmOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UUAGCCAUAAG PmfOOffOfOOO 000000000

1563 651

2E1 19 FAM22E1 605920 GGUAAGGG mOfOOOmO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UUUAGCCAUAA PmffOOffOfOOm 000000000

1564 652

2E1 20 FAM22E1 605920 GGGUAAGG OOfOOmO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UCGAUUUAAGG PmfOOfffOmOOf 000000000

1140 653

2E1 21 FAM22E1 605920 CUGGUAUC fOOfOfO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UUUUAGCCAUA PmfffOOffOfOm 000000000

1565 654

2E1 22 FAM22E1 605920 AGGGUAAG OOOfOOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UGAAUACCUCU PmOOOfOfffffOO 000000000

507 655

2E1 23 FAM22E1 605920 AGUUCUUC fffffO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UGGAAUACCUC PmOOmOfOfffff 000000000

508 656

2E1 24 FAM22E1 605920 UAGUUCUU OOffffO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UUCGAUUUAAG PmffOOfffOmOO 000000000

1141 657

2E1 25 FAM22E1 605920 GCUGGUAU ffOOfOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UCUCGAUUUAA PmfffOOfffOOm 000000000

1142 658

2E1 26 FAM22E1 605920 GGCUGGUA OffOOfO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UAAUGUGAUCA PmOOfOfOOffOO 000000000

1370 659

2E1 27 FAM22E1 605920 AUCGGCUU ffOOffO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UUGCACUGCUA PmfOfOffOffOm 000000000

1389 660

2E1 28 FAM22E1 605920 GAGCUGAA OOffOOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UUUGCACUGCU PmffOfOffOffm 000000000

1390 661

2E1 29 FAM22E1 605920 AGAGCUGA OOOffOO ooosssssso lncFAM2 LNC ENST00000 UUGCUGUCAUA PmfOffOffOfOm 000000000

1492 662

2E1 30 FAM22E1 605920 AGAUCAAA OOffOOO ooosssssso

Table 2 Legend:

o: phosphodiester s: phosphorothioate

P: 5' phosphorylation 0: 2'-0H

f: 2'-fluoro m: 2' O-methyl

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

All references, including patent documents, disclosed herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. This application incorporates by reference the entire contents, including all the drawings and all parts of the specification (including sequence listing or amino acid / polynucleotide sequences) of PCT Publication No. WO2010/033247

(Application No. PCT/US2009/005247), filed on September 22, 2009, and entitled

"REDUCED SIZE SELF-DELIVERING RNAI COMPOUNDS," US Patent No. 8,796,443, issued on August 5, 2014, published as US 2012/0040459 on February 16, 2012, entitled "REDUCED SIZE SELF-DELIVERING RNAI COMPOUNDS," PCT Publication No. WO2009/102427 (Application No. PCT/US2009/000852), filed on February 11, 2009, and entitled, "MODIFIED RNAI POLYNUCLEOTIDES AND USES THEREOF," and US Patent Publication No. 2011/0039914, published on February 17, 2011 and entitled

"MODIFIED RNAI POLYNUCLEOTIDES AND USES THEREOF," PCT Publication No. WO 2011/119887 (Application No. PCT/US2011/029867), filed on March 24, 2011, and entitled RNA INTERFERENCE IN DERMAL AND FIBROTIC INDICATIONS, and US Patent No. 8,664,189, issued on March 4, 2014, published as US 2011/0237648 on

September 29, 2011, entitled "RNA INTERFERENCE IN DERMAL AND FIBROTIC INDICATIONS."