BACKGROUND

[0001] The present invention relates to field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology. More particularly, the present invention relates to programmable elements for use in FPGA devices, and specifically to programmable elements configured from resistive random access memories

(ReRAMs) formed from individual ReRAM devices.

[0002] FPGA integrated circuits are versatile, but are large therefore are cost sensitive and consume considerable amounts of power. Making them area efficient has been a major goal.

[0003] ReRAMs have been proposed for fabricating multiplexers in FPGA devices. A ReRAM device is a two-terminal device including an ion source layer and a solid electrolyte layer. To program a ReRAM device a voltage potential placed across the two terminals of the device causes metal ions from the ion source layer to migrate into the solid electrolyte layer to form a conductive path across the entire device. The ReRAM device is erased by applying a voltage potential across the two terminals of the device opposite in polarity to the potential that was used to program the device. This causes the metal ions to migrate back into the ion source layer from the solid electrolyte layer to eliminate the conductive path across the entire device. Most proposals suggest using a pair of ReRAM devices in back-to-back orientation (in which either the ion source layers or the solid electrolyte layers of the two ReRAM devices are connected together) so that one device is always in the reverse bias condition to avoid disturb

(unintentional programming of the ReRAM memory device to its on state) during logic switching.

[0004] FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a prior-art ReRAM memory cell 10 formed from a pair of ReRAM devices 12 and 14 arranged in a back-to-back configuration. The terminal of each of ReRAM devices 12 and 14 having the angled end is the ion-source terminal of the device. A programming transistor 16 has its drain coupled to the common node 18 of the ion- source ends of the ReRAM devices 12 and 14. The source of programming transistor 16 is coupled to a Y-decode line 20 and its gate is coupled to an X-decode line 22. [0005] During normal circuit operation, a first end 24 of the memory cell 10 is connected to a first circuit node of the circuit in which the memory cell 10 is used and a second end 26 of the memory cell 10 is connected to a second circuit node of the circuit in which the memory cell 10 is used. When the ReRAM devices 12 and 14 are erased, the first node 24 remains unconnected to the second node 26 and when the ReRAM devices 12 and 14 are programmed, the first node 24 is connected to the second node 26 through the memory cell 10. As will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art, the first node 24 and the second node 26 may be any nodes in the integrated circuit that the ReRAM cell 10 will programmably connect to one another. Non-limiting examples include inputs and outputs of clocked or static logic function circuits, or interconnect conductors in a circuit routing architecture of an integrated circuit that has user- programmable connections.

[0006] To program memory cell 10, the ReRAM devices are individually programmed. A first programming potential is placed on Y-decode line 20, a second programming potential is placed on first and second ends 24 and 26 of the ReRAM cell 10, and programming transistor 16 is turned on by applying an appropriate voltage to its gate from X-decode line 20. To erase memory cell 10, the ReRAM devices are individually erased. A first erase potential is placed on Y-decode line 20, a second erase potential is placed on first and second ends 24 and 26 of the ReRAM cell 10, and programming transistor 16 is turned on by applying an appropriate voltage to its gate from X-decode line 20. ReRAM cells 12 and 14 can be programmed and erased either simultaneously, as described above, or individually by controlling the voltage potentials delivered to first and second ends 24 and 26 of ReRAM cell 10 and to X-decode line 22 and Y-decode line 20. The design of circuits for supplying such program and erase voltages at appropriate voltage levels, polarities, and timings for resistive random access memory devices formed using particular materials and having specific geometries are well within the level of ordinary skill in the art. [0007] FIG. IB is a cross-sectional diagram of an illustrative embodiment of an implementation of the memory cell 10 of FIG. 1A. The semiconductor substrate, or well, 30 includes diffused regions 32 and 34 that serve as the drain and source, respectively, of transistor 16 of FIG. 1. The source 34 is connected to the Y-decode line 20 of FIG. 1. Polysilicon line 36 forms the gate of transistor 16 of FIG. 1A and can also serve as the X-decode line 22 (shown in FIG. 1) for programming the memory cell 10. [0008] A contact 38 connects the drain region 32 of the transistor 16 to a segment 40 of a first metal interconnect line over which the ReRAM devices 12 and 14 of FIG. 1A will be formed. A contact 42 connects the segment 40 of the first metal interconnect line to the solid electrolyte layer 44 of ReRAM device 12 (shown in dashed lines in FIG. IB). The ion source 46 of the first ReRAM device 12 is connected by contact 48 to segment 50 of a second metal interconnect line. Similarly, a contact 52 connects the segment 40 of the first metal interconnect line to the solid electrolyte layer 54 of ReRAM device 14 (shown in dashed lines in FIG. IB). The ion source 56 of the first ReRAM device 14 is connected by contact 58 to segment 60 of the second metal interconnect line. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the designations of first and second metal interconnect lines are used for convenience. [0009] Referring now to FIG. 2, a typical top view of a prior- art pair of 4: 1 multiplexers 70 using prior-art ReRAM cells as described above is shown. Segments 72, 74, 76, and 78 of a second metal interconnect line form Input 1 , Input 2, Input 3, and Input 4 of the multiplexers. Segments 80 and 82 of the second metal interconnect line form Output 1 and Output 2 of the multiplexers. Segments 84, 86, 88, and 90 of a first metal interconnect line form the first metal line segment 40 for each of the ReRAM cells depicted in FIG. IB used to connect Input 1 , Input 2, Input 3, and Input 4 of the multiplexers to Output 1 of the first multiplexer and segments 92, 94, 96, and 98 of the first metal interconnect line form the first metal line segment 40 for each of the ReRAM cells depicted in FIG. IB used to connect Input 1 , Input 2, Input 3, and Input 4 of the multiplexers to Output 2 of the second multiplexer. [0010] The small squares in dashed lines represent the ReRAM devices 12 and 14 for each ReRAM cell used in the multiplexers 70 of FIG. 2. To connect an input to an output, both ReRAM devices 12 and 14 in the selected multiplexer input/output pair must be programmed to make connections. For the first multiplexer, ReRAM devices 12-1-1 and 14-1-1 are

programmed to connect Input 1 to Output 1 ; ReRAM devices 12-1-2 and 14-1-2 are

programmed to connect Input 2 to Output 1 ; ReRAM devices 12-1-3 and 14-1-3 are

programmed to connect Input 3 to Output 1 ; and ReRAM devices 12-1-4 and 14-1-4 are programmed to connect Input 4 to Output 1. For the second multiplexer, ReRAM devices 12-2- 1 and 14-2-1 are programmed to connect Input 1 to Output 2; ReRAM devices 12-2-2 and 14- 2-2 are programmed to connect Input 2 to Output 2; ReRAM devices 12-2-3 and 14-2-3 are programmed to connect Input 3 to Output 2; and ReRAM devices 12-2-4 and 14-2-4 are programmed to connect Input 4 to Output 2. Bitlines 22a and 22b are used to turn on the programming transistors (not shown) to program the ReRAM cells for the first and second multiplexers, respectively. [0011] A major issue that arises when using ReRAM memory cells formed from pairs of

ReRAM devices in back- to-back orientation is the possible failure of a memory cell due to one of the ReRAM devices either becoming short circuited or losing its ability to be switched off once it is programmed. With one of the devices stuck in the on state, the probability that disturb is likely to eventually cause an erased ReRAM memory cell, in which both ReRAM devices are supposed to be switched to their erased state, to fail by disturbing the working erased ReRAM device to its programmed state during normal use of the FPGA device creates a significant endurance issue for integrated circuits incorporating these memory cells, particularly in circuits such as, but not limited to, multiplexers and look-up tables (LUTs) where unpredictable logic level voltages will appear at one end of ReRAM cells disposed in unselected circuit paths.

[0012] In the exemplary prior-art multiplexer circuit shown in FIG. 2, assume Input 1 is programmably connected to Output 1 by programming the ReRAM memory cell formed by ReRAM devices 14-1-1 and 12-1-1 , and further that Input 1 carries a ground potential associated with a logic 0 state. If it is further assumed that Input 2 is connected to a circuit node the carries a VDD potential representing a logic 1 state, a potential device disturb problem will arise if either ReRAM device 14-1-2 or 12-1-2 shorts or fails to erase because then the entire logic potential of VDD will exist across the erased one of ReRAM devices 14-1-2 or 12-1-2.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

[0013] In accordance with the present invention, a third ReRAM device is connected in series with two back-to-back ReRAM devices. This third device becomes a redundant element in case one of the three devices fails to erase (become open circuited). The remaining two functioning ReRAM devices are still able to provide the function. The orientation of the third device is not important because the logic voltage is so low ( - 0.8V) that dividing it across any two ReRAM devices reduces the stress on each of the devices to 0.4V, a value below which the stress threatens the integrity of the programmed device.

[0014] According to one aspect of the present invention, a resistive random access memory cell includes three resistive random access memory devices, each resistive random access memory device having an ion source layer and a solid electrolyte layer. The first and second resistive random access memory devices are connected in series such that either both ion source layers or both solid electrolyte layers are adjacent to one another. A third resistive random access memory device is connected in series with the first and second resistive random access memory devices. [0015] According to another aspect of the present invention, the ReRAM cell of the present invention is connected between a first circuit node and a second circuit node and may be used to programmably connect the first circuit node to the second circuit node.

[0016] According to other aspects of the present invention, methods are disclosed for forming integrated circuit including the resistive random access memory devices of the present invention.

[0017] Employing a ReRAM cell formed from three ReRAM devices connected in series to configure programmable circuits is a significant advantage of the present invention because it is a good solution to the endurance issue raised by the disturb phenomenon to which ReRAM memory cells configured from a pair of back-to-back ReRAM devices are susceptible and still represents a major improvement in density over prior solutions employing other programmable device technologies. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

[0018] The invention will be explained in more detail in the following with reference to embodiments and to the drawing in which are shown:

[0019] FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a prior-art ReRAM memory cell formed from a pair of ReRAM devices arranged in a back-to-back configuration; [0020] FIG. IB is a cross-sectional diagram of an illustrative embodiment of an implementation of the memory cell of FIG. 1A;

[0021] FIG. 2 is a typical top view of a prior-art pair of 4: 1 multiplexers using prior-art ReRAM cells;

[0022] FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of an illustrative ReRAM memory cell in accordance with one aspect of the present invention;

[0023] FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional diagram of an illustrative embodiment of an implementation of the memory cell of FIG. 1A;

[0024] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary scheme for programming the ReRAM devices in a multiplexer configured from ReRAM memory cells in accordance with the present invention;

[0025] FIG. 5is a top view of an illustrative layout of a multiplexer in accordance with one aspect of the present invention; and

[0026] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing an illustrative 4-input LUT that can be implemented using the ReRAM cells according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] Persons of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the following description of the present invention is illustrative only and not in any way limiting. Other embodiments of the invention will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons.

[0028] Referring first of all to FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B, ReRAM cell 100 includes ReRAM devices 102 and 104 connected together in series in a back-to-back configuration with their ion- source ends connected together. A third ReRAM device 106 is connected in series with the combination of ReRAM devices 102 and 104. The particular embodiment shown in FIG. 3 A has the solid electrolyte end of the ReRAM device 102 in contact with the solid electrolyte end of ReRAM device 104, and the ion source of ReRam device 104 is connected to the ion source end of third ReRAM device 106, but the orientation of the third ReRAM device 106 is not important because the logic voltage at which the circuit will operate during normal use is so low ( - 0.8V) that, in the event of failure of one of the ReRAM devices, dividing the logic voltage across any two of the remaining functional ReRAM devices 102, 104, and 106 reduces the voltage stress to 0.4V across any one of the devices.

[0029] The series string of ReRAM devices 102, 104, and 106 is connected to a conductor 108. Conductor 108 may be any circuit node in an integrated circuit that can be programmably connected to another circuit node in the integrated circuit. In the non-limiting example of FIG. 3A, conductor 108 is shown being associated with the input of a buffer associated with another device on the integrated circuit such as a multiplexer or other circuit, but persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that conductor 108 can be any conductor in the integrated circuit to which it is desired to make a programmable connection using the ReRAM cell of the present invention. Non-limiting examples include inputs and outputs of programmable or hardwired clocked or static logic function circuits, inputs and outputs of hardwired dedicated function circuits in the integrated circuit, or interconnect conductors in a circuit routing architecture of an integrated circuit that employs user-programmable connections between programmable or hardwired circuits on the integrated circuit.

[0030] A first programming transistor 110 has its drain connected to conductor 112, which represents any conductor, such as a programmable routing resource or the output node of some circuit element in the FPGA or other integrated circuit that will be connected to the circuit node represented by conductor 108 using the ReRAM cell 100. The ion source end of ReRAM device 102 is connected to the conductor 112. The source of the first programming transistor 110 is connected to a programming voltage node 114, and its gate is connected to a word line 116.

[0031] A second programming transistor 118 has its drain connected to the common solid electrolyte ends of ReRAM devices 102 and 104, its source connected to a programming voltage at bit line node 120, and its gate connected to a word line 122. A third programming transistor 124 has its drain connected to the ion source end of ReRAM device 104 and to the ion source end of ReRAM device 106, its source connected to a programming voltage bit line node 126, and its gate connected to a word line 128. A fourth programming transistor 130 has its drain connected to the common connection between the solid electrolyte end of ReRAM device 106 and the gate of the input buffer 108, its source connected to a programming voltage at bit line node 132, and its gate connected to a word line 134. Word lines 122, 128, and 134 may be connected in common with one another and configured from, for example, a single strip of polysilicon gate material.

[0032] Referring now to FIG. 3B, a cross-sectional diagram shows an illustrative embodiment of an implementation of the memory cell 100 of FIG. 2A. The semiconductor substrate, or well, 140 includes diffused regions 142 and 144 that serve as the source and drain,

respectively, of second programming transistor 118 of FIG. 3A (shown in FIG. 3B within dashed lines 118). Polysilicon line 146 forms the gate of transistor 118 of FIG. 3A and can also serve as a common bit line as mentioned above for programming the memory cell 100. The source 142 is connected to the bit line 120 of FIG. 3A.

[0033] A contact 148 connects the drain region 144 of the transistor 118 to a segment 150 of a first metal interconnect line over which the ReRAM devices 102 and 104 of FIG. 3 A will be formed. A contact 152 connects the segment 150 of the first metal interconnect line to the solid electrolyte layer 154 of ReRAM device 102 (shown within dashed lines 102 of FIG. 3B). The ion source layer 156 of the first ReRAM device 102 is connected by contact 158 to segment 160 of a second metal interconnect line. Similarly, a contact 162 connects the segment 150 of the first metal interconnect line to the solid electrolyte layer 164 of the second ReRAM device 104. The ion source layer 166 of the second ReRAM device 104 is connected by contact 168 to segment 170 of the second metal interconnect line. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the designations first and second metal interconnect lines are used for convenience.

[0034] Diffused regions 172 and 174 serve as the source and drain, respectively, of transistor 124 of FIG. 3A (shown in FIG. 3B within dashed lines 124). Polysilicon line 176 forms the gate of transistor 124 of FIG. 3A and can also serve as a common bit line as mentioned above for programming the memory cell 100. The source 172 of third programming transistor 124 is connected to the bit line 126 of FIG. 3 A.

[0035] The drain 174 of third programming transistor 124 is connected by contact 178 to segment 180 of the first metal interconnect line. Contact 182 connects the segment 180 of the first metal interconnect line to segment 170 of the second metal interconnect line. Contact 184 connects segment 170 of the second metal interconnect line to the ion source layerl86 of third ReRAM device 106. The solid electrolyte layer 188 of ReRAM device 106 is connected by contact 190 to segment 192 of the first metal interconnect layer. Contact 194 connects segment 192 of the first metal interconnect layer to diffused region 196 which acts as the drain of fourth programming transistor 130. The source 198 of fourth programming transistor 130 is connected to the bit line 132 of FIG. 3A. Polysilicon line 200 forms the gate of transistor 130 of FIG. 3A and can also serve as a common bit line 134 as mentioned above for programming the memory cell 100.

[0036] In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 3B, segment 192 of the first metal interconnect layer (representing conductor 108 in FIG. 3A) is connected by contact 202 to gate 204 which is associated with a device such as buffer as is shown in the non-limiting example of FIG. 3A.

[0037] First programming transistor 110 of FIG. 3A is not shown in the cross-sectional diagram of FIG. 3B but persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that segment 160 of second metal interconnect layer can serve as the conductor 112 in FIG. 3A, which represents the output node of a circuit element in the FPGA that will be connected to another circuit node using the ReRAM cell 100.

[0038] Methods for fabricating the ReRAM cells of the present invention are readily apparent to integrated circuit designers from an examination of FIG. 3B. Basically, a method for forming a programmable connection in an integrated circuit involves forming a first metal interconnect layer having at least first and second segments electrically insulated from one another, forming first and second resistive random access memory devices over and in electrical contact with the first segment of the first metal interconnect layer, each of the first and second resistive random access memory devices having an ion source layer and a solid electrolyte layer such that both ion source layers are adjacent to the first segment of the first metal interconnect layer, forming a third resistive random access memory device having an ion source layer and a solid electrolyte layer over and in electrical contact with the second segment of the first metal interconnect layer such that the ion source layer is adjacent to the second segment of the first metal interconnect layer, forming a second metal interconnect layer over the first and second resistive random access memory devices, the second metal interconnect layer having at least first and second segments electrically insulated from one another, the first segment of the second metal interconnect layer in electrical contact with the first resistive random access memory device such that the solid electrolyte layer of the first resistive random access memory device is adjacent to the first segment of the second metal interconnect layer, the second segment of the second metal interconnect layer in electrical contact with the second and third resistive random access memory device such that the solid electrolyte layers of the second and third resistive random access memory devices are adjacent to the second segment of the second metal interconnect layer. In alternate embodiments, the positions of the ion source layers and solid electrolyte layers of the individual ReRAM devices can be reversed as taught herein.

[0039] Initially, all of the ReRAM devices 102, 104 and 106 in ReRAM memory cell 100 will be in an erased (i.e. , non-conducting) state. ReRAM devices 104 and 106 are preferably programmed first. ReRAM device 104 is programmed by applying a programming potential (e.g. , about 4V) between bit lines 120 and 126 and turning on second and third programming transistors 118 and 124 by applying appropriate voltages to the word lines 122 and 128.

Similarly, ReRAM device 106 is programmed by applying a programming potential (e.g. , about 4V) between bit lines 126 and 132 and turning on third and fourth programming transistors 124 and 130 by applying appropriate voltages to the word lines 128 and 134.

ReRAM device 102 may be programmed by applying a programming potential between bit lines 114 and 120 and applying it to ReRAM device 102 by turning on first and second programming transistors 110 and 118 by applying appropriate voltages to the word lines 116 and 122. Erasing of the ReRAM devices 102, 104, and 106 is performed in the same manner as programming of these devices, except that the polarities of the programming potentials are reversed. The design of circuits for supplying such program and erase voltages at appropriate voltage levels, polarities, and timings for resistive random access memory devices formed using particular materials and having specific geometries are well within the level of ordinary skill in the art.

[0040] Referring now to FIG. 4, a schematic diagram illustrates a circuit 220 that represents one exemplary scheme for programming the ReRAM devices in a multiplexer configured from ReRAM memory cells in accordance with the present invention. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other schemes are possible.

[0041] Circuit 220 includes a 4: 1 multiplexer having inputs In 1 (indicated at reference numeral 222), In 2 (indicated at reference numeral 224), In 3 indicated at reference numeral (226), and In 4 (indicated at reference numeral 228). The output of the multiplexer is indicated at reference numeral 230 at the output of buffer 232.

[0042] In 1 at reference numeral 222 is connectable to the input of output buffer 232 by programming the ReRAM memory cell indicated within dashed lines 234 and including

ReRAM devices 236, 238, and 240. In 2 at reference numeral 224 is connectable to the input of output buffer 232 by programming the ReRAM memory cell indicated within dashed lines 242 and including ReRAM devices 244, 246, and 248. In 3 at reference numeral 226 is connectable to the input of output buffer 232 by programming the ReRAM memory cell indicated within dashed lines 250 and including ReRAM devices 252, 254, and 256. In 4 at reference numeral 228 is connectable to the input of output buffer 232 by programming the ReRAM memory cell indicated within dashed lines 260 and including ReRAM devices 262, 264, and 266. In each case, the three ReRAM devices correspond to ReRAM devices 102, 104, and 106, respectively, shown in FIG. 3A. Similarly, the transistors (e.g. , 268, 270 and 272) correspond to the second, third, and fourth programming transistors depicted in FIG. 3A with the understanding that transistor 272 is the fourth programming transistor of FIG. 3A shared amongst the four ReRAM memory cells 234, 242, 250 and 260 in FIG. 4. Transistors 296, 298, 300, and 302 correspond to the first programming transistor 110 depicted in FIG. 3A, one for each of the multiplexer inputs 222, 224, 226, and 228 depicted in FIG. 4.

[0043] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the word line 286 is shared by transistors 268 and 270, the word line 288 is shared by transistors 274 and 276, the word line 290 is shared by transistors 278 and 280, and the word line 292 is shared by transistors 282 and 284. As previously noted, this is not required, but significantly simplifies the metal line layout of the integrated circuit. The word lines 304, 306, 308, and 310 for first programming transistors 296, 298, 300, and 302, respectively are shown separately, as is the Muxln bit line 312 at the source of the common fourth programming transistor 272. From the discusions accompanying FIGS. 3 A and 3B, the programming and erasing process for the ReRAM memory cells of the circuit configuration shown in FIG. 4 may be easily understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art.

[0044] Referring now to FIG. 5, a top view of an illustrative layout of a multiplexer in accordance with one aspect of the present invention is shown. In order to provide an understanding of the layout shown in FIG. 5, reference numerals from the cross-sectional view of FIG. 4 have been included in FIG. 5 to show the path from the first input of the multiplexer at segment 160 of the second metal layer to the poly silicon gate 200 of the fourth programming transistor for the ReRAM cell of the first input of the multiplexer. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that all of the features in the top view of FIG. 5 are not necessarily aligned laterally with the corresponding features of the cross sectional view of FIG. 4.

[0045] The path proceeds from segment 160 of the second metal interconnect layer through ReRAM device 102 (contacts 152 and 158 not shown) to segment 150 of the first metal interconnect layer. From there, the path proceeds to segment 170 of the second metal interconnect layer through ReRAM device 104 (contacts 162 and 168 not shown). Segment 150 of the first metal interconnect layer is shown connected to drain diffusion 144 of the second programming transistor 118 through contact 148. ReRAM device 106 is disposed between segment 170 of the second metal interconnect layer and segment 192 of the first metal interconnect layer (contacts 186 and 190 not shown). Contact 194 connects segment 192 of the first metal interconnect layer to drain diffusion 196 of the fourth programming transistor 130. Polysilicon line 200 forms the gate of the fourth programming transistor 130. The source diffusion 198 of the fourth programming transistor is shown connected through a contact to a Muxln bitline 312 (shown in FIG. 4) formed from a segment of the second metal interconnect conductor. [0046] Referring now to FIG. 6, a schematic diagram shows an illustrative 4-input LUT 320 that can be implemented using the ReRAM cells according to the present invention. The LUT 320 has input A (identified by reference numeral 322), input B (identified by reference numeral 324), input C (identified by reference numeral 326), and input D (identified by reference numeral 328). Complements of inputs A, B, C, and D are generated, respectively, by inverters 330, 332, 334, and 336.

[0047] The LUT 320 is formed using sets of four CMOS passgates, the first set of which is shown inside dashed lines 338. Each passgate in each set is formed from a pair of n-channel and p-channel transistors as illustrated by n-channel transistor 340 and p-channel transistor 342 connected in parallel. Each set of four passgates can be coupled between an input line and the output of the LUT depending on the states of the four inputs A, B, C, and D.

[0048] The gates of the n channel and p-channel transistors in the passgates of each set are uniquely connected to the inputs A, B, C, and D and their complements to decode a one-of- sixteen state arrangement. The ones of the sets of CMOS passgates decoding the inputs (0000), (0001), (1110), and (1111) are shown. Thus when the states of inputs A, B, C, and D are all 0, all four passgates in only the first set 342 of passgates are turned on, connecting input line 344 to output line 346. Input line 344 is programmably connected to either VDD on line 348 or GND on line 350 using a ReRAM memory cell 352 or 354, respectively. From the above discussion, the operation of the other passgate sets (including the ones not shown in FIG. 6) is intuitively obvious to any person of ordinary skill in the art, e.g. , by programming one of the pair of ReRAM cells 358 and 360, one of the pair of ReRAM cells 364 and 366, and one of the pair of ReRAM cells 370 and 372, either VDD or ground will be passed from input lines 356, 362, and 368 to output line 346 when the passgate set addressed by inputs A, B, C, and D is

appropriately activated.

[0049] From an examination of FIG. 6, persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the one of ReRAM cells 352 or 354 that is not programmed will have the full VDD voltage across it. Because of this condition, use of the ReRAM memory cells disclosed herein is advantageous because even if one of the three ReRAM memory devices in the memory cell is stuck in its programmed state, the stress of the operating voltage VDD is shared across the other two ReRAM memory devices. This reduces the disturb voltage across each ReRAM device, thus reducing the failure rate of the ReRAM memory cells.

[0050] While embodiments and applications of this invention have been shown and described, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications than mentioned above are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The invention, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims.