CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority under 35 USC §119(e) from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/297,902, filed on January 10, 2022 (“the provisional application”); the content of the provisional patent application is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention is directed to 5G, which is the 5 ^th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables networks designed to connect machines, objects and devices.

[0003] The invention is more specifically directed to systems and/or methods for enhancing the resource allocation processes for efficient data transmission to or from user equipments in the RRC inactive state, that is, with minimum latency, power consumption and/or signalling overhead. Example embodiments enhance the resource allocation processes for efficient data transmission in the RRC inactive state.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of resource allocation for mobile terminated (MT) data transmission. The method includes steps or acts of receiving, by a user equipment (UE), at least one message comprising configuration parameters for the MT data transmission in a radio resource control (RRC) inactive state, determining, based on the configuration parameters, radio resources associated with the MT data and receiving the MT data based on the radio resources and while the UE is in the RRC inactive state. [0005] The user equipment (UE) may receive the at least one message while in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state. In that case, the at least one message may comprise a first radio resource control (RRC) message. The first radio resource control (RRC) message may be a RRC release message indicating transitioning from the RRC connected state to the RRC inactive state. The radio resource control (RRC) release message may comprise the configuration parameters. The radio resource control (RRC) release message also or alternatively may comprise a suspend config information element (IE) indicating the transitioning from the RRC connected state to the RRC inactive state. The suspend config information element (IE) may comprise the configuration parameters. The suspend config information element (IE) may also or alternatively comprise first parameters for operation of the user equipment (UE) in the radio resource control (RRC) inactive state.

[0006] The configuration parameters may indicate radio resources of at least one downlink grant for receiving the mobile terminated (MT) data. The configuration parameters may comprise semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) configuration parameters such that determining the radio resources can be based on the SPS configuration parameters. For that matter, the semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) configuration parameters may comprise a periodicity parameter indicating a separation between two consecutive downlink grants. Also, or alternatively, the semi- persistent scheduling (SPS) configuration parameters may indicate a frequency domain resource allocation used in determining the at least one downlink grant. The configuration parameters may indicate a frequency domain resource allocation used in determining the at least one downlink grant. The at least one downlink grant may start on or after an offset from the at least one message. The offset may be based on a processing time of the at least one message. The processing time is based on a user equipment (UE) capability. The offset also or alternatively may be based on a configuration parameter. The offset may be a pre-configured value.

[0007] The method also may include receiving a notification message wherein the at least one downlink grant starts on or after an offset from the notification message. In that case, the offset may be based on a processing time of the at least one message. The processing time may be based on a user equipment (UE) capability. The offset also or alternatively may be based on a configuration parameter. Preferably, the offset is a pre-configured value. The method may include transmitting a user equipment (UE) feedback in response to receiving the notification message.

[0008] The method may include receiving control information wherein the at least one downlink grant starts on or after an offset from the control information. The control information may be based on a downlink control information (DCI) received via a downlink control channel. The control information may also or alternatively be based on a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE). The method may include transmitting a user equipment (UE) feedback in response to receiving mobile terminated (MT) data based on a downlink grant of the at least one downlink grant. The at least one message may be received while the user equipment (UE) is in the radio resource control (RRC) inactive state. The at least one message may comprise a mobile terminated (MT) notification messages. The mobile terminated (MT) notification message may be a paging message. The configuration parameters, in the notification message, may indicate radio resources of at least one downlink grant for receiving the mobile terminated (MT) data. The method may include transmitting a radio resource control (RRC) resume request message in response to receiving the mobile terminated (MT) notification message and receiving an RRC release message comprising the mobile terminated (MT) data. [0009] In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of resource allocation for mobile terminated (MT) data transmission. The method includes receiving, by a user equipment (UE) in a radio resource control (RRC) inactive state, a downlink control information (DCI) comprising scheduling information for a paging message and receiving the paging message based on the DCI, wherein the paging message comprises an upper layer container comprising a small data transmission (SDT) payload for the UE.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] FIG. 1 shows an example of a system of mobile communications according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[001 1] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B show examples of radio protocol stacks for user plane and control plane, respectively, according to some aspects of some of various exemplaiy embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0012] FIG. 3A, FIG. 3B and FIG. 3C show example mappings between logical channels and transport channels in downlink, uplink and sidelink, respectively, according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B and FIG. 4C show example mappings between transport channels and physical channels in downlink, uplink and sidelink, respectively, according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0014] FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D show examples of radio protocol stacks for NR sidelink communication according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 6 shows example physical signals in downlink, uplink and sidelink according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. [0016] FIG. 7 shows examples of Radio Resource Control (RRC) states and transitioning between different RRC states according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 8 shows example frame structure and physical resources according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 9 shows example component carrier configurations in different carrier aggregation scenarios according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 10 shows example bandwidth part configuration and switching according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 11 shows example four-step contention-based and contention-free random access processes according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 12 shows example two-step contention-based and contention- free random access processes according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 13 shows example time and frequency structure of Synchronization Signal and Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Block (SSB) according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 14 shows example SSB burst transmissions according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 15 shows example components of a user equipment and a base station for transmission and/or reception according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 16 shows an example process according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. [0026] FIG. 17 shows an example process according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 18 shows an example process according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 19 shows an example process according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 20 shows an example process according to some aspects of some of various exemplaiy embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 21 shows an example process according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 22 shows an example process according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 23 shows an example process according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] FIG. 1 shows an example of a system of mobile communications 100 according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The system of mobile communication 100 may be operated by a wireless communications system operator such as a Mobile Network Operator (MNO), a private network operator, a Multiple System Operator (MSO), an Internet of Things (IOT) network operator, etc., and may offer services such as voice, data (e.g., wireless Internet access), messaging, vehicular communications services such as Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications services, safety services, mission critical service, services in residential, commercial or industrial settings such as loT, industrial IOT (HOT), etc.

[0034] The system of mobile communications 100 may enable various types of applications with different requirements in terms of latency, reliability, throughput, etc. Example supported applications include enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra- Reliable Low- Latency Communications (URLLC) , and massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). eMBB may support stable connections with high peak data rates, as well as moderate rates for cell-edge users. URLLC may support application with strict requirements in terms of latency and reliability and moderate requirements in terms of data rate. Example mMTC application includes a network of a massive number of loT devices, which are only sporadically active and send small data payloads.

[0035] The system of mobile communications 100 may include a Radio Access Network (RAN) portion and a core network portion. The example shown in FIG. 1 illustrates a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 105 and a 5G Core Network (5GC) 110 as examples of the RAN and core network, respectively. Other examples of RAN and core network may be implemented without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Other examples of RAN include Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN), Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), etc. Other examples of core network include Evolved Packet Core (EPC), UMTS Core Network (UCN), etc. The RAN implements a Radio Access Technology (RAT) and resides between User Equipments (UEs) 125 and the core network. Examples of such RATs include New Radio (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE) also known as Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), etc. The RAT of the example system of mobile communications 100 may be NR. The core network resides between the RAN and one or more external networks (e.g., data networks) and is responsible for functions such as mobility management, authentication, session management, setting up bearers and application of different Quality of Services (QoSs). The functional layer between the UE 125 and the RAN (e.g., the NG-RAN 105) may be referred to as Access Stratum (AS) and the functional layer between the UE 125 and the core network (e.g., the 5GC 110) may be referred to as Non-access Stratum (NAS).

[0036] The UEs 125 may include wireless transmission and reception means for communications with one or more nodes in the RAN, one or more relay nodes, or one or more other UEs, etc. Example of UEs include, but are not limited to, smartphones, tablets, laptops, computers, wireless transmission and/or reception units in a vehicle, V2X or Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) devices, wireless sensors, loT devices, IIOT devices, etc. Other names may be used for UEs such as a Mobile Station (MS), terminal equipment, terminal node, client device, mobile device, etc.

[0037] The RAN may include nodes (e.g., base stations) for communications with the UEs. For example, the NG-RAN 105 of the system of mobile communications 100 may comprise nodes for communications with the UEs 125. Different names for the RAN nodes may be used, for example depending on the RAT used for the RAN. A RAN node may be referred to as Node B (NB) in a RAN that uses the UMTS RAT. A RAN node may be referred to as an evolved Node B (eNB) in a RAN that uses LTE/EUTRA RAT. For the illustrative example of the system of mobile communications 100 in FIG. 1 , the nodes of an NG-RAN 105 may be either a next generation Node B (gNB) 115 or a next generation evolved Node B (ng-eNB) 120. In this specification, the terms base station, RAN node, gNB and ng-eNB may be used interchangeably. The gNB 115 may provide NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE 125. The ng-eNB 120 may provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE 125. An interface between the gNB 1 15 and the UE 125 or between the ng- eNB 120 and the UE 125 may be referred to as a Uu interface. The Uu interface may be established with a user plane protocol stack and a control plane protocol stack. For a Uu interface, the direction from the base station (e.g., the gNB 115 or the ng-eNB 120) to the UE 125 may be referred to as downlink and the direction from the UE 125 to the base station (e.g., gNB 1 15 or ng-eNB 120) may be referred to as uplink.

[0038] The gNBs 1 15 and ng-eNBs 120 may be interconnected with each other by means of an Xn interface. The Xn interface may comprise an Xn User plane (Xn-U) interface and an Xn Control plane (Xn-C) interface. The transport network layer of the Xn-U interface may be built on Internet Protocol (IP) transport and GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) may be used on top of User Datagram Protocol (UDP)/IP to carry the user plane protocol data units (PDUs). Xn-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs and may support data forwarding and flow control. The transport network layer of the Xn-C interface may be built on Stream Control Transport Protocol (SCTP) on top of IP. The application layer signaling protocol may be referred to as XnAP (Xn Application Protocol). The SCTP layer may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, point-to- point transmission may be used to deliver the signaling PDUs. The Xn-C interface may support Xn interface management, UE mobility management, including context transfer and RAN paging, and dual connectivity.

[0039] The gNBs 1 15 and ng-eNBs 120 may also be connected to the 5GC 1 10 by means of the NG interfaces, more specifically to an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 130 of the 5GC 110 by means of the NG-C interface and to a User Plane Function (UPF) 135 of the 5GC 1 10 by means of the NG-U interface. The transport network layer of the NG-U interface may be built on IP transport and GTP protocol may be used on top of UDP/IP to carry the user plane PDUs between the NG- RAN node (e.g., gNB 1 15 or ng-eNB 120 ) and the UPF 135. NG-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs between the NG- RAN node and the UPF. The transport network layer of the NG-C interface may be built on IP transport. For the reliable transport of signaling messages, SCTP may be added on top of IP. The application layer signaling protocol may be referred to as NGAP (NG Application Protocol). The SCTP layer may provide guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport, IP layer point-to-point transmission may be used to deliver the signaling PDUs. The NG-C interface may provide the following functions: NG interface management; UE context management; UE mobility management; transport of NAS messages; paging; PDU Session Management; configuration transfer; and warning message transmission.

[0040] The gNB 115 or the ng-eNB 120 may host one or more of the following functions: Radio Resource Management functions such as Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink (e.g., scheduling); IP and Ethernet header compression, encryption and integrity protection of data; Selection of an AMF at UE attachment when no routing to an AMF can be determined from the information provided by the UE; Routing of User Plane data towards UPF(s); Routing of Control Plane information towards AMF; Connection setup and release; Scheduling and transmission of paging messages; Scheduling and transmission of system broadcast information (e.g., originated from the AMF); Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling; Transport level packet marking in the uplink; Session Management; Support of Network Slicing; QoS Flow management and mapping to data radio bearers; Support of UEs in RRC Inactive state; Distribution function for NAS messages; Radio access network sharing; Dual Connectivity; Tight interworking between NR and E-UTRA; and Maintaining security and radio configuration for User Plane 5G system (5GS) Cellular loT (CIoT) Optimization.

[0041] The AMF 130 may host one or more of the following functions: NAS signaling termination; NAS signaling security; AS Security control; Inter CN node signaling for mobility between 3GPP access networks; Idle mode UE Reachability (including control and execution of paging retransmission); Registration Area management; Support of intra- system and inter-system mobility; Access Authentication; Access Authorization including check of roaming rights; Mobility management control (subscription and policies); Support of Network Slicing; Session Management Function (SMF) selection; Selection of 5GS CIoT optimizations .

[0042] The UPF 135 may host one or more of the following functions: Anchor point for Intra- /Inter- RAT mobility (when applicable); External PDU session point of interconnect to Data Network; Packet routing & forwarding; Packet inspection and User plane part of Policy rule enforcement; Traffic usage reporting; Uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network; Branching point to support multi-homed PDU session; QoS handling for user plane, e.g. packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement; Uplink Traffic verification (Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping); Downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering.

[0043] As shown in FIG. 1, the NG-RAN 105 may support the PC5 interface between two UEs 125 (e.g., UE 125A and UE125B). In the PC5 interface, the direction of communications between two UEs (e.g. , from UE 125A to UE 125B or vice versa) may be referred to as sidelink. Sidelink transmission and reception over the PC5 interface may be supported when the UE 125 is inside NG-RAN 105 coverage, irrespective of which RRC state the UE is in, and when the UE 125 is outside NG- RAN 105 coverage. Support of V2X services via the PC5 interface may be provided by NR sidelink communication and/or V2X sidelink communication .

[0044] PC5-S signaling may be used for unicast link establishment with Direct Communication Request/ Accept message. A UE may self-assign its source Layer-2 ID for the PC5 unicast link for example based on the V2X service type. During unicast link establishment procedure, the UE may send its source Layer-2 ID for the PC5 unicast link to the peer UE, e.g., the UE for which a destination ID has been received from the upper layers. A pair of source Layer-2 ID and destination Layer-2 ID may uniquely identify a unicast link. The receiving UE may verify that the said destination ID belongs to it and may accept the Unicast link establishment request from the source UE. During the PC5 unicast link establishment procedure, a PC5-RRC procedure on the Access Stratum may be invoked for the purpose of UE sidelink context establishment as well as for AS layer configurations, capability exchange etc. PC5-RRC signaling may enable exchanging UE capabilities and AS layer configurations such as Sidelink Radio Bearer configurations between pair of UEs for which a PC5 unicast link is established.

[0045] NR sidelink communication may support one of three types of transmission modes (e.g., Unicast transmission, Groupcast transmission, and Broadcast transmission) for a pair of a Source Layer-2 ID and a Destination Layer-2 ID in the AS. The Unicast transmission mode may be characterized by: Support of one PC5-RRC connection between peer UEs for the pair; Transmission and reception of control information and user traffic between peer UEs in sidelink; Support of sidelink HARQ feedback; Support of sidelink transmit power control; Support of RLC Acknowledged Mode (AM); and Detection of radio link failure for the PC5-RRC connection. The Groupcast transmission may be characterized by: Transmission and reception of user traffic among UEs belonging to a group in sidelink; and Support of sidelink HARQ feedback. The Broadcast transmission may be characterized by: Transmission and reception of user traffic among UEs in sidelink.

[0046] A Source Layer-2 ID, a Destination Layer-2 ID and a PC5 Link Identifier may be used for NR sidelink communication. The Source Layer- 2 ID may be a link-layer identity that identifies a device or a group of devices that are recipients of sidelink communication frames. The Destination Layer-2 ID may be a link-layer identity that identifies a device that originates sidelink communication frames. In some examples, the Source Layer-2 ID and the Destination Layer-2 ID may be assigned by a management function in the Core Network. The Source Layer-2 ID may identify the sender of the data in NR sidelink communication. The Source Layer-2 ID may be 24 bits long and may be split in the MAC layer into two bit strings: One bit string may be the LSB part (8 bits) of Source Layer-2 ID and forwarded to physical layer of the sender. This may identify the source of the intended data in sidelink control information and may be used for filtering of packets at the physical layer of the receiver; and the Second bit string may be the MSB part (16 bits) of the Source Layer-2 ID and may be carried within the Medium Access Control (MAC) header. This may be used for filtering of packets at the MAC layer of the receiver. The Destination Layer-2 ID may identify the target of the data in NR sidelink communication. For NR sidelink communication, the Destination Layer-2 ID may be 24 bits long and may be split in the MAC layer into two bit strings: One bit string may be the LSB part (16 bits) of Destination Layer-2 ID and forwarded to physical layer of the sender. This may identify the target of the intended data in sidelink control information and may be used for filtering of packets at the physical layer of the receiver; and the Second bit string may be the MSB part (8 bits) of the Destination Layer-2 ID and may be carried within the MAC header. This may be used for filtering of packets at the MAC layer of the receiver. The PC5 Link Identifier may uniquely identify the PC5 unicast link in a UE for the lifetime of the PC5 unicast link. The PC5 Link Identifier may be used to indicate the PC5 unicast link whose sidelink Radio Link failure (RLF) declaration was made and PC5-RRC connection was released.

[0047] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B show examples of radio protocol stacks for user plane and control plane, respectively, according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2A, the protocol stack for the user plane of the Uu interface (between the UE 125 and the gNB 115) includes Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) 201 and SDAP 21 1 , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 202 and PDCP 212, Radio Link Control (RLC) 203 and RLC 213, MAC 204 and MAC 214 sublayers of layer 2 and Physical (PHY) 205 and PHY 215 layer (layer 1 also referred to as LI).

[0048] The PHY 205 and PHY 215 offer transport channels 244 to the MAC 204 and MAC 214 sublayer. The MAC 204 and MAC 214 sublayer offer logical channels 243 to the RLC 203 and RLC 213 sublayer. The RLC 203 and RLC 213 sublayer offer RLC channels 242 to the PDCP 202 and PCP 212 sublayer. The PDCP 202 and PDCP 212 sublayer offer radio bearers 241 to the SDAP 201 and SDAP 21 1 sublayer. Radio bearers may be categorized into two groups: Data Radio Bearers (DRBs) for user plane data and Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) for control plane data. The SDAP 201 and SDAP 211 sublayer offers QoS flows 240 to 5GC.

[0049] The main services and functions of the MAC 204 or MAC 214 sublayer include: mapping between logical channels and transport channels; Multiplexing/ demultiplexing of MAC Service Data Units (SDUs) belonging to one or different logical channels into/ from Transport Blocks (TB) delivered to /from the physical layer on transport channels;

Scheduling information reporting; Error correction through Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) (one HARQ entity per cell in case of carrier aggregation (CA)); Priority handling between UEs by means of dynamic scheduling; Priority handling between logical channels of one UE by means of Logical Channel Prioritization (LCP); Priority handling between overlapping resources of one UE; and Padding. A single MAC entity may support multiple numerologies, transmission timings and cells. Mapping restrictions in logical channel prioritization control which numerology (ies) , cell(s), and transmission timing(s) a logical channel may use.

[0050] The HARQ functionality may ensure delivery between peer entities at Layer 1 . A single HARQ process may support one TB when the physical layer is not configured for downlink/ uplink spatial multiplexing, and when the physical layer is configured for downlink/ uplink spatial multiplexing, a single HARQ process may support one or multiple TBs.

[0051] The RLC 203 or RLC 213 sublayer may support three transmission modes: Transparent Mode (TM); Unacknowledged Mode (UM); and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC configuration may be per logical channel with no dependency on numerologies and / or transmission durations, and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) may operate on any of the numerologies and/or transmission durations the logical channel is configured with.

[0052] The main services and functions of the RLC 203 or RLC 213 sublayer depend on the transmission mode (e.g., TM, UM or AM) and may include: Transfer of upper layer PDUs; Sequence numbering independent of the one in PDCP (UM and AM); Error Correction through ARQ (AM only); Segmentation (AM and UM) and re-segmentation (AM only) of RLC SDUs; Reassembly of SDU (AM and UM); Duplicate Detection (AM only); RLC SDU discard (AM and UM); RLC reestablishment; and Protocol error detection (AM only).

[0053] The automatic repeat request within the RLC 203 or RLC 213 sublayer may have the following characteristics: ARQ retransmits RLC SDUs or RLC SDU segments based on RLC status reports; Polling for RLC status report may be used when needed by RLC; RLC receiver may also trigger RLC status report after detecting a missing RLC SDU or RLC SDU segment.

[0054] The main services and functions of the PDCP 202 or PDCP 212 sublayer may include: Transfer of data (user plane or control plane); Maintenance of PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs); Header compression and decompression using the Robust Header Compression (ROHC) protocol; Header compression and decompression using EHC protocol; Ciphering and deciphering; Integrity protection and integrity verification; Timer based SDU discard; Routing for split bearers; Duplication; Reordering and in-order delivery; Out-of-order delivery; and Duplicate discarding.

[0055] The main services and functions of SDAP 201 or SDAP 211 include: Mapping between a QoS flow and a data radio bearer; and Marking QoS Flow ID (QFI) in both downlink and uplink packets. A single protocol entity of SDAP may be configured for each individual PDU session.

[0056] As shown in FIG. 2B, the protocol stack of the control plane of the Uu interface (between the UE 125 and the gNB 115) includes PHY layer (layer 1), and MAC, RLC and PDCP sublayers of layer 2 as described above and in addition, the RRC 206 sublayer and RRC 216 sublayer. The main services and functions of the RRC 206 sublayer and the RRC 216 sublayer over the Uu interface include: Broadcast of System Information related to AS and NAS; Paging initiated by 5GC or NG-RAN;

Establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and NG-RAN (including Addition, modification and release of carrier aggregation; and Addition, modification and release of Dual Connectivity in NR or between E-UTRA and NR); Security functions including key management; Establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of SRBs and DRBs; Mobility functions (including Handover and context transfer; UE cell selection and reselection and control of cell selection and reselection; and Inter-RAT mobility); QoS management functions; UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting;

Detection of and recoveiy from radio link failure; and NAS message transfer to/from NAS from/to UE. The NAS 207 and NAS 227 layer is a control protocol (terminated in AMF on the network side) that performs the functions such as authentication, mobility management, security control, etc.

[0057] The sidelink specific services and functions of the RRC sublayer over the Uu interface include: Configuration of sidelink resource allocation via system information or dedicated signaling; Reporting of UE sidelink information; Measurement configuration and reporting related to sidelink; and Reporting of UE assistance information for SL traffic pattern (s).

[0058] FIG. 3A, FIG. 3B and FIG. 3C show example mappings between logical channels and transport channels in downlink, uplink and sidelink, respectively, according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. Different kinds of data transfer services may be offered by MAC. Each logical channel type may be defined by what type of information is transferred. Logical channels may be classified into two groups: Control Channels and Traffic Channels. Control channels may be used for the transfer of control plane information only. The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) is a downlink channel for broadcasting system control information. The Paging Control Channel (PCCH) is a downlink channel that carries paging messages. The Common Control Channel (CCCH) is channel for transmitting control information between UEs and network. This channel may be used for UEs having no RRC connection with the network. The Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) is a point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network and may be used by UEs having an RRC connection. Traffic channels may be used for the transfer of user plane information only. The Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) is a point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user information. A DTCH may exist in both uplink and downlink. Sidelink Control Channel (SCCH) is a sidelink channel for transmitting control information (e.g., PC5-RRC and PC5-S messages) from one UE to other UE(s). Sidelink Traffic Channel (STCH) is a sidelink channel for transmitting user information from one UE to other UE(s). Sidelink Broadcast Control Channel (SBCCH) is a sidelink channel for broadcasting sidelink system information from one UE to other UE(s).

[0059] The downlink transport channel types include Broadcast Channel (BCH), Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH), and Paging Channel (PCH). The BCH may be characterized by: fixed, pre-defined transport format; and requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell, either as a single message or by beamforming different BCH instances. The DL-SCH may be characterized by: support for HARQ; support for dynamic link adaptation by varying the modulation, coding and transmit power; possibility to be broadcast in the entire cell; possibility to use beamforming; support for both dynamic and semi-static resource allocation; and the support for UE Discontinuous Reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving. The DL-SCH may be characterized by: support for HARQ; support for dynamic link adaptation by varying the modulation, coding and transmit power; possibility to be broadcast in the entire cell; possibility to use beamforming; support for both dynamic and semi-static resource allocation; support for UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving. The PCH may be characterized by: support for UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving (DRX cycle is indicated by the network to the UE) ; requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell, either as a single message or by beamforming different BCH instances; mapped to physical resources which can be used dynamically also for traffic/ other control channels.

[0060] In downlink, the following connections between logical channels and transport channels may exist: BCCH may be mapped to BCH; BCCH may be mapped to DL-SCH; PCCH may be mapped to PCH; CCCH may be mapped to DL-SCH; DCCH may be mapped to DL-SCH; and DTCH may be mapped to DL-SCH.

[0061] The uplink transport channel types include Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) and Random Access Channel(s) (RACH). The UL-SCH may be characterized by possibility to use beamforming; support for dynamic link adaptation by varying the transmit power and potentially modulation and coding; support for HARQ; support for both dynamic and semi-static resource allocation. The RACH may be characterized by limited control information; and collision risk.

[0062] In Uplink, the following connections between logical channels and transport channels may exist: CCCH may be mapped to UL-SCH; DCCH may be mapped to UL- SCH; and DTCH may be mapped to UL-SCH.

[0063] The sidelink transport channel types include: Sidelink broadcast channel (SL-BCH) and Sidelink shared channel (SL-SCH). The SL-BCH may be characterized by pre-defined transport format. The SL-SCH may be characterized by support for unicast transmission, groupcast transmission and broadcast transmission; support for both UE autonomous resource selection and scheduled resource allocation by NG-RAN; support for both dynamic and semi-static resource allocation when UE is allocated resources by the NG-RAN; support for HARQ; and support for dynamic link adaptation by varying the transmit power, modulation and coding.

[0064] In the sidelink, the following connections between logical channels and transport channels may exist: SCCH may be mapped to SL-SCH; STCH may be mapped to SL-SCH; and SBCCH may be mapped to SL- BCH.

[0065] FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B and FIG. 4C show example mappings between transport channels and physical channels in downlink, uplink and sidelink, respectively, according to some aspects of some of various exemplaiy embodiments of the present disclosure. The physical channels in downlink include Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH). The PCH and DL-SCH transport channels are mapped to the PDSCH. The BCH transport channel is mapped to the PBCH. A transport channel is not mapped to the PDCCH but Downlink Control Information (DCI) is transmitted via the PDCCH.

[0066] The physical channels in the uplink include Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). The UL-SCH transport channel may be mapped to the PUSCH and the RACH transport channel may be mapped to the PRACH. A transport channel is not mapped to the PUCCH but Uplink Control Information (UCI) is transmitted via the PUCCH.

[0067] The physical channels in the sidelink include Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) and Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH). The Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH) may indicate resource and other transmission parameters used by a UE for PSSCH. The Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH) may transmit the TBs of data themselves, and control information for HARQ procedures and CSI feedback triggers, etc. At least 6 OFDM symbols within a slot may be used for PSSCH transmission. Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) may carry the HARQ feedback over the sidelink from a UE which is an intended recipient of a PSSCH transmission to the UE which performed the transmission. PSFCH sequence may be transmitted in one PRB repeated over two OFDM symbols near the end of the sidelink resource in a slot. The SL-SCH transport channel may be mapped to the PSSCH. The SL-BCH may be mapped to PSBCH. No transport channel is mapped to the PSFCH but Sidelink Feedback Control Information (SFCI) may be mapped to the PSFCH. No transport channel is mapped to PSCCH but Sidelink Control Information (SCI) may mapped to the PSCCH.

[0068] FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D show examples of radio protocol stacks for NR sidelink communication according to some aspects of some of various exemplaiy embodiments of the present disclosure. The AS protocol stack for user plane in the PC5 interface (i.e., for STCH) may consist of SDAP, PDCP, RLC and MAC sublayers, and the physical layer. The protocol stack of user plane is shown in FIG. 5A. The AS protocol stack for SBCCH in the PC5 interface may consist of RRC, RLC, MAC sublayers, and the physical layer as shown below in FIG. 5B. For support of PC5-S protocol, PC5-S is located on top of PDCP, RLC and MAC sublayers, and the physical layer in the control plane protocol stack for SCCH for PC5-S, as shown in FIG. 5C. The AS protocol stack for the control plane for SCCH for RRC in the PC5 interface consists of RRC, PDCP, RLC and MAC sublayers, and the physical layer. The protocol stack of control plane for SCCH for RRC is shown in FIG. 5D.

[0069] The Sidelink Radio Bearers (SLRBs) may be categorized into two groups: Sidelink Data Radio Bearers (SL DRB) for user plane data and Sidelink Signaling Radio Bearers (SL SRB) for control plane data. Separate SL SRBs using different SCCHs may be configured for PC5-RRC and PC5-S signaling, respectively.

[0070] The MAC sublayer may provide the following services and functions over the PC5 interface: Radio resource selection; Packet filtering; Priority handling between uplink and sidelink transmissions for a given UE; and Sidelink CSI reporting. With logical channel prioritization restrictions in MAC, only sidelink logical channels belonging to the same destination may be multiplexed into a MAC PDU for every unicast, groupcast and broadcast transmission which may be associated to the destination. For packet filtering, a SL-SCH MAC header including portions of both Source Layer-2 ID and a Destination Layer-2 ID may be added to a MAC PDU. The Logical Channel Identifier (LCID) included within a MAC subheader may uniquely identify a logical channel within the scope of the Source Layer-2 ID and Destination Layer-2 ID combination.

[0071] The services and functions of the RLC sublayer may be supported for sidelink. Both RLC Unacknowledged Mode (UM) and Acknowledged Mode (AM) may be used in unicast transmission while only UM may be used in groupcast or broadcast transmission. For UM, only unidirectional transmission may be supported for groupcast and broadcast. [0072] The services and functions of the PDCP sublayer for the Uu interface may be supported for sidelink with some restrictions: Out-of- order deliveiy may be supported only for unicast transmission; and Duplication may not be supported over the PC5 interface.

[0073] The SDAP sublayer may provide the following service and function over the PC 5 interface: Mapping between a QoS flow and a sidelink data radio bearer. There may be one SDAP entity per destination for one of unicast, groupcast and broadcast which is associated to the destination.

[0074] The RRC sublayer may provide the following services and functions over the PC5 interface: Transfer of a PC5-RRC message between peer UEs; Maintenance and release of a PC5-RRC connection between two UEs; and Detection of sidelink radio link failure for a PC5-RRC connection based on indication from MAC or RLC. A PC5-RRC connection may be a logical connection between two UEs for a pair of Source and Destination Layer-2 IDs which may be considered to be established after a corresponding PC5 unicast link is established. There may be one-to-one correspondence between the PC5-RRC connection and the PC5 unicast link. A UE may have multiple PC5-RRC connections with one or more UEs for different pairs of Source and Destination Layer-2 IDs. Separate PC5-RRC procedures and messages may be used for a UE to transfer UE capability and sidelink configuration including SL-DRB configuration to the peer UE. Both peer UEs may exchange their own UE capability and sidelink configuration using separate bi-directional procedures in both sidelink directions.

[0075] FIG. 6 shows example physical signals in downlink, uplink and sidelink according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The Demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS) may be used in downlink, uplink and sidelink and may be used for channel estimation. DM-RS is a UE-specific reference signal and may be transmitted together with a physical channel in downlink, uplink or sidelink and may be used for channel estimation and coherent detection of the physical channel. The Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PT-RS) may be used in downlink, uplink and sidelink and may be used for tracking the phase and mitigating the performance loss due to phase noise. The PT-RS may be used mainly to estimate and minimize the effect of Common Phase Error (CPE) on system performance. Due to the phase noise properties, PT-RS signal may have a low density in the frequency domain and a high density in the time domain. PT-RS may occur in combination with DM-RS and when the network has configured PT-RS to be present. The Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) may be used in downlink for positioning using different positioning techniques. PRS may be used to measure the delays of the downlink transmissions by correlating the received signal from the base station with a local replica in the receiver. The Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) may be used in downlink and sidelink. CSI-RS may be used for channel state estimation, Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurement for mobility and beam management, time / frequency tracking for demodulation among other uses. CSI-RS may be configured UE- specifically but multiple users may share the same CSI-RS resource. The UE may determine CSI reports and transit them in the uplink to the base station using PUCCH or PUSCH. The CSI report may be carried in a sidelink MAC CE. The Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and the Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) may be used for radio fame synchronization. The PSS and SSS may be used for the cell search procedure during the initial attach or for mobility purposes. The Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) may be used in uplink for uplink channel estimation. Similar to CSI-RS, the SRS may serve as QCL reference for other physical channels such that they can be configured and transmitted quasi-collocated with SRS. The Sidelink PSS (S-PSS) and Sidelink SSS (S-SSS) may be used in sidelink for sidelink synchronization . [0076] FIG. 7 shows examples of Radio Resource Control (RRC) states and transitioning between different RRC states according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. A UE may be in one of three RRC states: RRC Connected State 710, RRC Idle State 720 and RRC Inactive state 730. After power up, the UE may be in RRC Idle state 720 and the UE may establish connection with the network using initial access and via an RRC connection establishment procedure to perform data transfer and/or to make/receive voice calls. Once RRC connection is established, the UE may be in RRC Connected State 710. The UE may transition from the RRC Idle state 720 to the RRC connected state 710 or from the RRC Connected State 710 to the RRC Idle state 720 using the RRC connection Establishment/ Release procedures 740.

[0077] To reduce the signaling load and the latency resulting from frequent transitioning from the RRC Connected State 710 to the RRC Idle State 720 when the UE transmits frequent small data, the RRC Inactive State 730 may be used. In the RRC Inactive State 730, the AS context may be stored by both UE and gNB. This may result in faster state transition from the RRC Inactive State 730 to RRC Connected State 710. The UE may transition from the RRC Inactive State 730 to the RRC Connected State 710 or from the RRC Connected State 710 to the RRC Inactive State 730 using the RRC Connection Resume /Inactivation procedures 760. The UE may transition from the RRC Inactive State 730 to RRC Idle State 720 using an RRC Connection Release procedure 750.

[0078] FIG. 8 shows example frame structure and physical resources according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The downlink or uplink or sidelink transmissions may be organized into frames with 10 ms duration, consisting of ten 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may consist of 1 , 2, 4, ... slots, wherein the number of slots per subframe may depend on the subcarrier spacing of the carrier on which the transmission takes place. The slot duration may be 14 symbols with Normal Cyclic Prefix (CP) and 12 symbols with Extended CP and may scale in time as a function of the used sub-carrier spacing so that there is an integer number of slots in a subframe. FIG. 8 shows a resource grid in time and frequency domain. Each element of the resource grid, comprising one symbol in time and one subcarrier in frequency, is referred to as a Resource Element (RE). A Resource Block (RB) may be defined as 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain.

[0079] In some examples and with non-slot-based scheduling, the transmission of a packet may occur over a portion of a slot, for example during 2, 4 or 7 OFDM symbols which may also be referred to as minislots. The mini-slots may be used for low latency applications such as URLLC and operation in unlicensed bands. In some embodiments, the mini-slots may also be used for fast flexible scheduling of services (e.g., pre-emption of URLLC over eMBB).

[0080] FIG. 9 shows example component carrier configurations in different carrier aggregation scenarios according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In Carrier Aggregation (CA), two or more Component Carriers (CCs) may be aggregated. A UE may simultaneously receive or transmit on one or multiple CCs depending on its capabilities. CA may be supported for both contiguous and non-contiguous CCs in the same band or on different bands as shown in FIG. 9. A gNB and the UE may communicate using a serving cell. A serving cell may be associated at least with one downlink CC (e.g., may be associated only with one downlink CC or may be associated with a downlink CC and an uplink CC). A serving cell may be a Primary Cell (PCell) or a Secondary cCell (SCell) .

[0081] A UE may adjust the timing of its uplink transmissions using an uplink timing control procedure. A Timing Advance (TA) may be used to adjust the uplink frame timing relative to the downlink frame timing. The gNB may determine the desired Timing Advance setting and provides that to the UE. The UE may use the provided TA to determine its uplink transmit timing relative to the UE's observed downlink receive timing.

[0082] In the RRC Connected state, the gNB may be responsible for maintaining the timing advance to keep the LI synchronized. Serving cells having uplink to which the same timing advance applies and using the same timing reference cell are grouped in a Timing Advance Group (TAG). A TAG may contain at least one serving cell with configured uplink. The mapping of a serving cell to a TAG may be configured by RRC. For the primary TAG, the UE may use the PCell as timing reference cell, except with shared spectrum channel access where an SCell may also be used as timing reference cell in certain cases. In a secondary TAG, the UE may use any of the activated SCells of this TAG as a timing reference cell and may not change it unless necessary.

[0083] Timing advance updates may be signaled by the gNB to the UE via MAC CE commands. Such commands may restart a TAG-specific timer which may indicate whether the LI can be synchronized or not: when the timer is running, the LI may be considered synchronized, otherwise, the LI may be considered non-synchronized (in which case uplink transmission may only take place on PRACH).

[0084] A UE with single timing advance capability for CA may simultaneously receive and/or transmit on multiple CCs corresponding to multiple serving cells sharing the same timing advance (multiple serving cells grouped in one TAG). A UE with multiple timing advance capability for CA may simultaneously receive and/or transmit on multiple CCs corresponding to multiple serving cells with different timing advances (multiple serving cells grouped in multiple TAGs). The NG-RAN may ensure that each TAG contains at least one serving cell. A non-CA capable UE may receive on a single CC and may transmit on a single CC corresponding to one serving cell only (one serving cell in one TAG).

[0085] The multi-carrier nature of the physical layer in case of CA may be exposed to the MAC layer and one HARQ entity may be required per serving cell. When CA is configured, the UE may have one RRC connection with the network. At RRC connection establishment/ reestablishment/ handover, one serving cell (e.g., the PCell) may provide the NAS mobility information. Depending on UE capabilities, SCells may be configured to form together with the PCell a set of serving cells. The configured set of serving cells for a UE may consist of one PCell and one or more SCells. The reconfiguration, addition and removal of SCells may be performed by RRC.

[0086] In a dual connectivity scenario, a UE may be configured with a plurality of cells comprising a Master Cell Group (MCG) for communications with a master base station, a Secondary Cell Group (SCG) for communications with a secondary base station, and two MAC entities: one MAC entity and for the MCG for communications with the master base station and one MAC entity for the SCG for communications with the secondary base station.

[0087] FIG. 10 shows example bandwidth part configuration and switching according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The UE may be configured with one or more Bandwidth Parts (BWPs) 1010 on a given component carrier. In some examples, one of the one or more bandwidth parts may be active at a time. The active bandwidth part may define the UE's operating bandwidth within the cell's operating bandwidth. For initial access, and until the UE's configuration in a cell is received, initial bandwidth part 1020 determined from system information may be used. With Bandwidth Adaptation (BA), for example through BWP switching 1040, the receive and transmit bandwidth of a UE may not be as large as the bandwidth of the cell and may be adjusted. For example, the width may be ordered to change (e.g., to shrink during period of low activity to save power); the location may move in the frequency domain (e.g., to increase scheduling flexibility); and the subcarrier spacing may be ordered to change (e.g. to

T1 allow different services). The first active BWP 1020 may be the active BWP upon RRC (re-) configuration for a PCell or activation of an SCell.

[0088] For a downlink BWP or uplink BWP in a set of downlink BWPs or uplink BWPs, respectively, the UE may be provided the following configuration parameters: a Subcarrier Spacing (SCS); a cyclic prefix; a common RB and a number of contiguous RBs; an index in the set of downlink BWPs or uplink BWPs by respective BWP-Id; a set of BWP- common and a set of BWP-dedicated parameters. A BWP may be associated with an OFDM numerology according to the configured subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix for the BWP. For a serving cell, a UE may be provided by a default downlink BWP among the configured downlink BWPs. If a UE is not provided a default downlink BWP, the default downlink BWP may be the initial downlink BWP.

[0089] A downlink BWP may be associated with a BWP inactivity timer. If the BWP inactivity timer associated with the active downlink BWP expires and if the default downlink BWP is configured, the UE may perform BWP switching to the default BWP. If the BWP inactivity timer associated with the active downlink BWP expires and if the default downlink BWP is not configured, the UE may perform BWP switching to the initial downlink BWP.

[0090] FIG. 11 shows example four-step contention-based and contention-free random access processes according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 12 shows example two-step contention-based and contention-free random access processes according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The random access procedure may be triggered by a number of events, for example: Initial access from RRC Idle State; RRC Connection Re-establishment procedure; downlink or uplink data arrival during RRC Connected State when uplink synchronization status is "non-synchronized"; uplink data arrival during RRC Connected State when there are no PUCCH resources for Scheduling Request (SR) available; SR failure; Request by RRC upon synchronous reconfiguration (e.g. handover); Transition from RRC Inactive State; to establish time alignment for a secondary TAG; Request for Other System Information (SI); Beam Failure Recovery (BFR);

Consistent uplink Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) failure on PCell.

[0091] Two types of Random Access (RA) procedure may be supported: 4- step RA type with MSG1 and 2-step RA type with MSGA. Both types of RA procedure may support Contention-Based Random Access (CBRA) and Contention-Free Random Access (CFRA) as shown in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12.

[0092] The UE may select the type of random access at initiation of the random access procedure based on network configuration. When CFRA resources are not configured, a RSRP threshold may be used by the UE to select between 2-step RA type and 4-step RA type. When CFRA resources for 4-step RA type are configured, UE may perform random access with 4-step RA type. When CFRA resources for 2-step RA type are configured, UE may perform random access with 2-step RA type.

[0093] The MSG1 of the 4-step RA type may consist of a preamble on PRACH. After MSG1 transmission, the UE may monitor for a response from the network within a configured window. For CFRA, dedicated preamble for MSG1 transmission may be assigned by the network and upon receiving Random Access Response (RAR) from the network, the UE may end the random access procedure as shown in FIG. 11. For CBRA, upon reception of the random access response, the UE may send MSG3 using the uplink grant scheduled in the random access response and may monitor contention resolution as shown in FIG. 1 1. If contention resolution is not successful after MSG3 (re)transmission(s), the UE may go back to MSG1 transmission.

[0094] The MSGA of the 2-step RA type may include a preamble on PRACH and a payload on PUSCH. After MSGA transmission, the UE may monitor for a response from the network within a configured window. For CFRA, dedicated preamble and PUSCH resource may be configured for MSGA transmission and upon receiving the network response, the UE may end the random access procedure as shown in FIG. 12. For CBRA, if contention resolution is successful upon receiving the network response, the UE may end the random access procedure as shown in FIG. 12; while if fallback indication is received in MSGB, the UE may perform MSG3 transmission using the uplink grant scheduled in the fallback indication and may monitor contention resolution. If contention resolution is not successful after MSG3 (re)transmission(s), the UE may go back to MSGA transmission.

[0095] FIG. 13 shows example time and frequency structure of Synchronization Signal and Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Block (SSB) according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The SS/PBCH Block (SSB) may consist of Primary and Secondary Synchronization Signals (PSS, SSS), each occupying 1 symbol and 127 subcarriers (e.g., subcarrier numbers 56 to 182 in FIG. 13), and PBCH spanning across 3 OFDM symbols and 240 subcarriers, but on one symbol leaving an unused part in the middle for SSS as show in FIG. 13. The possible time locations of SSBs within a half-frame may be determined by sub-carrier spacing and the periodicity of the half-frames, where SSBs are transmitted, may be configured by the network. During a half-frame, different SSBs may be transmitted in different spatial directions (i.e., using different beams, spanning the coverage area of a cell).

[0096] The PBCH may be used to carry Master Information Block (MIB) used by a UE during cell search and initial access procedures. The UE may first decode PBCH /MIB to receive other system information. The MIB may provide the UE with parameters required to acquire System Information Block 1 (SIB1), more specifically, information required for monitoring of PDCCH for scheduling PDSCH that carries SIB 1. In addition, MIB may indicate cell barred status information. The MIB and SIB 1 may be collectively referred to as the minimum system information (SI) and SIB 1 may be referred to as remaining minimum system information (RMSI). The other system information blocks (SIBs) (e.g., SIB2, SIB3, SIB10 and SIBpos) may be referred to as Other SI. The Other SI may be periodically broadcast on DL-SCH, broadcast on- demand on DL-SCH (e.g., upon request from UEs in RRC Idle State, RRC Inactive State, or RRC connected State), or sent in a dedicated manner on DL-SCH to UEs in RRC Connected State (e.g. , upon request, if configured by the network, from UEs in RRC Connected State or when the UE has an active BWP with no common search space configured) .

[0097] FIG. 14 shows example SSB burst transmissions according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. An SSB burst may include N SSBs and each SSB of the N SSBs may correspond to a beam. The SSB bursts may be transmitted according to a periodicity (e.g., SSB burst period). During a contentionbased random access process, a UE may perform a random access resource selection process, wherein the UE first selects an SSB before selecting a RA preamble. The UE may select an SSB with an RSRP above a configured threshold value. In some embodiments, the UE may select any SSB if no SSB with RSRP above the configured threshold is available. A set of random access preambles may be associated with an SSB. After selecting an SSB, the UE may select a random access preamble from the set of random access preambles associated with the SSB and may transmit the selected random access preamble to start the random access process.

[0098] In some embodiments, a beam of the N beams may be associated with a CSI-RS resource. A UE may measure CSI-RS resources and may select a CSI-RS with RSRP above a configured threshold value. The UE may select a random access preamble corresponding to the selected CSI- RS and may transmit the selected random access process to start the random access process. If there is no random access preamble associated with the selected CSI-RS, the UE may select a random access preamble corresponding to an SSB which is Quasi-Collocated with the selected CSI-RS.

[0099] In some embodiments, based on the UE measurements of the CSI- RS resources and the UE CSI reporting, the base station may determine a Transmission Configuration Indication (TCI) state and may indicate the TCI state to the UE, wherein the UE may use the indicated TCI state for reception of downlink control information (e.g., via PDCCH) or data (e.g. , via PDSCH). The UE may use the indicated TCI state for using the appropriate beam for reception of data or control information. The indication of the TCI states may be using RRC configuration or in combination of RRC signaling and dynamic signaling (e.g., via a MAC Control element (MAC CE) and/ or based on a value of field in the downlink control information that schedules the downlink transmission). The TCI state may indicate a Quasi-Colocation (QCL) relationship between a downlink reference signal such as CSI-RS and the DM- RS associated with the downlink control or data channels (e.g., PDCCH or PDSCH, respectively).

[0100] In some embodiments, the UE may be configured with a list of up to M TCI-State configurations, using Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) configuration parameters, to decode PDSCH according to a detected PDCCH with DCI intended for the UE and the given serving cell, where M may depends on the UE capability. Each TCI-State may contain parameters for configuring a QCL relationship between one or two downlink reference signals and the DM-RS ports of the PDSCH, the DM- RS port of PDCCH or the CSI-RS port(s) of a CSI-RS resource. The quasi co-location relationship may be configured by one or more RRC parameters. The quasi co-location types corresponding to each DL RS may take one of the following values: 'QCL-TypeA': {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread}; 'QCL-TypeB': {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}; 'QCL-TypeC: {Doppler shift, average delay}; 'QCL- TypeD': {Spatial Rx parameter}. The UE may receive an activation command (e.g., a MAC CE), used to map TCI states to the codepoints of a DCI field.

[0101] FIG. 15 shows example components of a user equipment and a base station for transmission and/or reception according to some aspects of some of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. All or a subset of blocks and functions in FIG. 15 may be in the base station 1505 and the user equipment 1500 and may be performed by the user equipment 1500 and by the base station 1505. The Antenna 1510 may be used for transmission or reception of electromagnetic signals. The Antenna 1510 may comprise one or more antenna elements and may enable different input-output antenna configurations including Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) configuration, Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) configuration and Single-Input Multiple -Output (SIMO) configuration. In some embodiments, the Antenna 150 may enable a massive MIMO configuration with tens or hundreds of antenna elements. The Antenna 1510 may enable other multi-antenna techniques such as beamforming. In some examples and depending on the UE 1500 capabilities or the type of UE 1500 (e.g., a low- complexity UE), the UE 1500 may support a single antenna only.

[0102] The transceiver 1520 may communicate bi-directionally, via the Antenna 1510, wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1520 may represent a wireless transceiver at the UE and may communicate bi-directionally with the wireless transceiver at the base station or vice versa. The transceiver 1520 may include a modem to modulate the packets and provide the modulated packets to the Antennas 1510 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the Antennas 1510.

[0103] The memory 1530 may include RAM and ROM. The memory 1530 may store computer-readable, computer- executable code 1535 including instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the memory 1530 may contain, among other things, a Basic Input/output System (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0104] The processor 1540 may include a hardware device with processing capability (e.g., a general purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some examples, the processor 1540 may be configured to operate a memory using a memory controller. In other examples, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 1540. The processor 1540 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 1530) to cause the UE 1500 or the base station 1505 to perform various functions.

[0105] The Central Processing Unit (CPU) 1550 may perform basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and Input/output (I/O) operations specified by the computer instructions in the Memory 1530. The user equipment 1500 and/or the base station 1505 may include additional peripheral components such as a graphics processing unit (GPU) 1560 and a Global Positioning System (GPS) 1570. The GPU 1560 is a specialized circuitry for rapid manipulation and altering of the Memory 1530 for accelerating the processing performance of the user equipment 1500 and/or the base station 1505. The GPS 1570 may be used for enabling location-based services or other services for example based on geographical position of the user equipment 1500.

[0106] In some examples, semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS) may be configured by RRC for a Serving Cell per BWP. Multiple assignments can be active simultaneously in the same BWP. Activation and deactivation of the DL SPS may be independent among the Serving Cells. [0107] In some examples, for the DL SPS, a DL assignment may be provided by PDCCH, and stored or cleared based on LI signaling indicating SPS activation or deactivation.

[0108] In some examples, RRC may configure the following parameters when the SPS is configured: cs-RNTI: CS-RNTI for activation, deactivation, and retransmission; nrofHARQ-Processes: the number of configured HARQ processes for SPS; harq-ProcID-Offset: Offset of HARQ process for SPS; periodicity: periodicity of configured downlink assignment for SPS.

[0109] In some examples, when the SPS is released by upper layers, the corresponding configurations may be released.

[0110] In some examples, after a downlink assignment is configured for SPS, the MAC entity may consider sequentially that the Nth downlink assignment occurs in the slot for which:

(numberOfSlotsPerFrame x SFN + slot number in the frame) = [(numberOfSlotsPerFrame x SFNstart time + slotstart time) + N ^x periodicity x numberOfSlotsPerFrame / 10] modulo (1024 x numberOfSlotsPerFrame) where SFNstart time and slotstart time may be the SFN and slot, respectively, of the first transmission of PDSCH where the configured downlink assignment was (re-)initialized.

[011 1] In some examples, paging may enable the network to reach UEs in RRC_IDLE and in RRC_INACTIVE state through Paging messages, and to notify UEs in RRCJDLE, RRCJNACTIVE and RRC_CONNECTED state of system information change and ETWS/CMAS indications through Short Messages. Both Paging messages and Short Messages may be addressed with P-RNTI on PDCCH, but while the former may be sent on PCCH, the latter may be sent over PDCCH directly.

[0112] In some examples, while in RRCJDLE the UE may monitor the paging channels for CN-initiated paging. In some examples, in RRCJNACTIVE the UE may monitor paging channels for RAN-initiated paging. In some examples, a UE may not monitor paging channels continuously. Paging DRX may be defined where the UE in RRCJDLE or RRC_INACTIVE may be required to monitor paging channels during one Paging Occasion (PO) per DRX cycle. The Paging DRX cycles may be configured by the network: 1) For CN-initiated paging, a default cycle may be broadcast in system information; 2) For CN-initiated paging, a UE specific cycle may be configured via NAS signaling; 3) For RAN- initiated paging, a UE-specific cycle may be configured via RRC signaling. The UE may use the shortest of the DRX cycles applicable i.e., a UE in RRC_IDLE may use the shortest of the first two cycles above, while a UE in RRC_INACTIVE may use the shortest of the three.

[0113] In some examples, the POs of a UE for CN-initiated and RAN- initiated paging may be based on the same UE ID, resulting in overlapping POs for both. The number of different POs in a DRX cycle may be configurable via system information and a network may distribute UEs to those POs based on their IDs.

[0114] In some examples, when in RRC_CONNECTED, the UE may monitor the paging channels in any PO signaled in system information for SI change indication and PWS notification. In case of bandwidth adaptation (BA), a UE in RRC_CONNECTED may monitor paging channels on the active BWP with common search space configured.

[0115] In some examples, for operation with shared spectrum channel access, a UE may be configured for an additional number of PDCCH monitoring occasions in its PO to monitor for paging. When the UE detects a PDCCH transmission within the UE's PO addressed with P- RNTI, the UE may not monitor the subsequent PDCCH monitoring occasions within this PO.

[0116] In some examples a paging procedure may be used to transmit paging information to a UE in RRC_IDLE or RRC_INACTIVE. The network may initiate the paging procedure by transmitting the Paging message at the UE's paging occasion. The network may address multiple UEs within a Paging message by including one PagingRecord for each UE.

[0117] In some examples, upon receiving the Paging message, if in RRCJDLE, for each of the PagingRecord, if any, included in the Paging message: if the ue-Identity included in the PagingRecord matches the UE identity allocated by upper layers: the UE may forward the ue-Identity and accessType (if present) to the upper layers.

[0118] In some examples, upon receiving the Paging message, if in RRC_INACTIVE, for each of the PagingRecord, if any, included in the Paging message: if the UE is configured by upper layers with Access Identity 1 : the UE may initiate the RRC connection resumption procedure with resumeCause set to mps-Priority Access; otherwise if the UE is configured by upper layers with Access Identity 2: the UE may initiate the RRC connection resumption procedure with resumeCause set to mcs-PriorityAccess; otherwise if the UE is configured by upper layers with one or more Access Identities equal to 11- 15: initiate the RRC connection resumption procedure with resumeCause set to highPriorityAccess. Otherwise, the UE may initiate the RRC connection resumption procedure with resumeCause set to mt-Access. In an example, if the ue-Identity included in the PagingRecord matches the UE identity allocated by upper layers: the UE may forward the ue-Identity to upper layers and accessType (if present) to the upper layers.

[0119] In some examples, Short Messages can be transmitted on PDCCH using P-RNTI with or without associated Paging message using Short Message field in DCI format l_0.

[0120] In some examples, the UE may use Discontinuous Reception (DRX) in RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE state in order to reduce power consumption. The UE may monitor one paging occasion (PO) per DRX cycle. A PO may be a set of PDCCH monitoring occasions and may consist of multiple time slots (e.g. , subframe or OFDM symbol) where paging DCI may be sent. One Paging Frame (PF) may be one Radio Frame and may contain one or multiple PO(s) or starting point of a PO.

[0121] In some examples in multi-beam operations, the UE may assume that the same paging message and the same Short Message are repeated in transmitted beams and thus the selection of the beam(s) for the reception of the paging message and Short Message may be up to UE implementation. The paging message may be same for both RAN initiated paging and CN initiated paging.

[0122] In some examples, the UE may initiate RRC Connection Resume procedure upon receiving RAN initiated paging. If the UE receives a CN initiated paging in RRC_INACTIVE state, the UE may move to RRC_IDLE and informs NAS.

[0123] The PF and PO for paging may be determined by the following formulae: SFN for the PF is determined by: (SFN + PF_offset) mod T = (T div N)*(UE_ID mod N). Index (i_s), indicating the index of the PO may be determined by: i_s = floor (UE_ID/N) mod Ns.

[0124] The PDCCH monitoring occasions for paging may be determined according to pagingSearchSpace and firstPDCCH- MonitoringOccasionOfPO and nrofPDCCH-MonitoringOccasionPerSSB- InPO if configured. When SearchSpaceld = 0 is configured for pagingSearchSpace, the PDCCH monitoring occasions for paging may be same as for RMSI.

[0125] In some examples, when SearchSpaceld = 0 is configured for pagingSearchSpace, Ns may be either 1 or 2. For Ns = 1 , there may be one PO which may start from the first PDCCH monitoring occasion for paging in the PF. For Ns = 2, PO may be either in the first half frame (i_s = 0) or the second half frame (i_s = 1) of the PF.

[0126] When SearchSpaceld other than 0 is configured for pagingSearchSpace, the UE may monitor the (i_s + l)th PO. A PO may be a set of 'S*X ' consecutive PDCCH monitoring occasions where 'S' is the number of actual transmitted SSBs determined according to ssb- PositionsInBurst in SIB 1 and X may be the nrofPDCCH- MonitoringOccasionPerSSB-InPO if configured or may be equal to 1 otherwise. The [x*S+K]th PDCCH monitoring occasion for paging in the PO may correspond to the Kth transmitted SSB, where x=0, l,...,X-l, K=1,2,...,S. The PDCCH monitoring occasions for paging which do not overlap with UL symbols (determined according to tdd-UL-DL- ConfigurationCommon) may be sequentially numbered from zero starting from the first PDCCH monitoring occasion for paging in the PF. When firstPDCCH-MonitoringOccasionOfPO is present, the starting PDCCH monitoring occasion number of (i_s + l)th PO is the (i_s + l)th value of the firstPDCCH-MonitoringOccasionOfPO parameter; otherwise, it may be equal to i_s * S*X. If X > 1 , when the UE detects a PDCCH transmission addressed to P-RNTI within its PO, the UE may not be required to monitor the subsequent PDCCH monitoring occasions for this PO.

[0127] In some examples, a PO associated with a PF may start in the PF or after the PF.

[0128] In some examples, the PDCCH monitoring occasions for a PO may span multiple radio frames. When SearchSpaceld other than 0 is configured for paging- SearchSpace the PDCCH monitoring occasions for a PO may span multiple periods of the paging search space.

[0129] The following parameters are used for the calculation of PF and i_s above: T: DRX cycle of the UE (T may be determined by the shortest of the UE specific DRX value(s), if configured by RRC and/or upper layers, and a default DRX value broadcast in system information. In RRC_IDLE state, if UE specific DRX is not configured by upper layers, the default value may be applied); N: number of total paging frames in T. Ns: number of paging occasions for a PF; PF_offset: offset used for PF determination; UE_ID: 5G-S-TMSI mod 1024.

[0130] In some examples, parameters Ns, nAndPagingFrameOffset, nrofPDCCH-MonitoringOccasionPerSSB-InPO, and the length of default DRX Cycle may be signaled in SIB 1. The values of N and PF_offset may be derived from the parameter nAndPagingFrameOffset. The parameter first-PDCCH-MonitoringOccasionOfPO may be signaled in SIB1 for paging in initial DL BWP. For paging in a DL BWP other than the initial DL BWP, the parameter first-PDCCH-MonitoringOccasionOfPO may be signaled in the corresponding BWP configuration.

[0131] In some examples if the UE has no 5G-S-TMSI, for instance when the UE has not yet registered onto the network, the UE may use as default identity UE_ID = 0 in the PF and i_s formulas above.

[0132] In some examples, 5G-S-TMSI may be a 48 bit long bit string. 5G- S-TMSI may in the formulae above be interpreted as a binary number where the left most bit represents the most significant bit.

[0133] In some examples, the RRCRelease message may be used to command the release of an RRC connection or the suspension of the RRC connection. A field/ IE suspendConfig may indicate configuration for the RRC_INACTIVE state. The network may not configure suspendConfig when the network redirect the UE to an inter-RAT carrier frequency or if the UE is configured with a DAPS bearer. The suspendConfig field/ lEmay coomprise a fullI-RNTI parameter, a shortl-RNTI parameter, a ran- PagingCycle parameter, a ran-NotificationArealnfo parameter, a t380 timer parameter and a nextHopChainingCount parameter. Network may ensure that the UE in RRC_INACTIVE always has a valid ran- NotificationArealnfo. A ran-PagingCycle parameter may refer to the UE specific cycle for RAN-initiated paging. A t380 parameter may refer to the timer that triggers the periodic RNAU procedure in UE.

[0134] In some examples, mobile originated small data transmission (MO- SDT) may enable small packet transmission for UL-oriented packets. In some examples, for DL data, mobile terminated small data transmission (MT-SDT) (e.g., DL-triggered small data) may enable reducing signaling overhead and UE power consumption by not transitioning to RRC_CONNECTED and reducing latency by allowing fast transmission of (small and infrequent) packets, e.g., for positioning.

[0135] In some examples, the MT-SDT may be paging triggered.

[0136] In some examples, MT-SDT triggering mechanism may be used for UEs in RRCJNACTIVE, supporting RA-SDT and CG-SDT as the UL response.

[0137] In some examples, MT-SDT procedure may be used for initial DL data reception and subsequent UL/DL data transmissions in RRC_INACTIVE.

[0138] With growing use of smart phone applications and loT devices, there may be use cases that involve UEs’ receiving or transmitting sporadic small data packets. In some such cases, the data may be transmitted in a small single packet in one direction while in others the data exchange may involve few small packet transmissions separated in time. In some examples, in some of these Small Data Transmission (SDT) use cases transitioning the UEs to RRC connected state may be inefficient and may cause unnecessary latency, power consumption and signaling overhead especially in scenarios involving many user devices, such as loT.

[0139] In some examples, Mobile Originated Small Data Transmission (MO-SDT) may enable small packet transmission for UL-oriented packets from UEs in inactive state without moving to RRC connected state. The MO-SDT may utilize random access (RA) based and configured grant (CG) based transmission from UEs allowing one or multiple transmissions in UL.

[0140] In some examples, Mobile Terminated MT-SDT (e.g., DL-triggered small data) may enable reducing signaling overhead and UE power consumption by not transitioning to RRC_CONNECTED and reducing latency by allowing fast transmission of (small and infrequent) packets, e.g., for positioning. [0141] In some examples paging and/or DCI signaling may enable notification of target UEs about the following MT-SDT and whether and how to reply to that without UEs leaving the active state.

[0142] In some examples, configuration and allocation of radio resources for MT-SDT in DL may be configured for a UE where Dynamic vs Configured Grants may be enabled.

[0143] In some examples, single (e.g., one-shot) and/or multiple DL SDT transmission may be enabled /configured.

[0144] In some examples, the MO-SDT related configuration and signaling may be enhanced /extended to enable MT-SDT capability.

[0145] In some examples, some parameters set for MO-SDT, for example of RA based or CG based resource allocations, may be used for UE uplink data and /or signaling transmissions in MT-SDT scenarios.

[0146] In some examples as shown in FIG. 16, a UE may be configured to expect MT-SDT according to procedures, timing and other parameters provided to UE through dedicated RRC signaling when UE is RRC connected states.

[0147] In some examples, one shot downlink SDT as well as multiple downlink bursts with and without uplink SDT for UE while staying in inactive state may be supported. In some examples, UE may be indicated resources for the initial DL and any subsequent DL/UL transmission burst in a MT-SDT framework. In some examples, to best accommodate different SDT use cases with single or multiple DL/UL bursts, one may consider both dynamic and configured grant options.

[0148] In some examples, MT-SDT may support dynamic or configured resource scheduling as configured by the RAN.

[0149] Examples of multiplexing dynamic resource allocation and/or SDT payload are shown in FIG. 17, FIG. 18 and FIG. 19. In some examples, for MT-SDT if paging based SDT is configured the data may be sent as part of the SDT notification. In some examples, in dynamic scheduling mode, which may be more suited for one-time SDT in DL, the data or the DL resource allocation information may be directly included as an upper later payload inside the notification signaling message or may be sent in subsequent message, e.g., Message 2/B in case of 4-step/2-step RACH procedure.

[0150] In some examples, for dynamic resource allocation, the DL SDT payload, using an upper layer container, may be directly included inside the RAN based paging message used for SDT notification.

[0151] In some examples, for dynamic resource allocation the DL resource scheduling information may be included inside the MT- SDT notification message.

[0152] In some examples, for dynamic resource allocation, the DL data may be included as upper layer payload inside the RRC Release with Suspend Indication message, once the UE replies to MT-SDT notification with RRC Resume Request.

[0153] In some examples, for cases where SDT may involve one or multiple DL bursts, semi-persistent or configured scheduling may be used. With such approach, the UE may be indicated of resource which may be used for DL following a SDT notification. Such configuration may be added as an extension of CG based MO-SDT configuration. FIG. 20 and FIG. 21 show multiple examples for the CS activation/ deactivation. In some examples, CS for SDT may be deactivated with timer or with a MAC CE included with each SDT to indicate if there is no follow up data on the same SDT event or re-instated with MAC CE indicating UE may expect a follow up SDT in DL on the next configured resource.

[0154] In some examples, resource allocation for MT-SDT may be based on semi-persistent (SPS) or configured scheduling (CS) through dedicated RRC signaling.

[0155] In some examples, for activation/ deactivation of CS for MT-SDT, the SPS/CS, for MT-SDT once configured, may be activated for a configured period of time following MT-SDT notification. [0156] In some examples, for activation/ deactivation of CS for MT-SDT, the SPS/CS, for MT-SDT once configured, may be activated for one time following with MT-SDT notification may be extended to following instance if indicated by RAN, e.g., using a MAC-CE sent along with current SDT data.

[0157] In some examples, for activation/ deactivation of CS for MT-SDT, the SPS/CS, for MT-SDT once configured, may be activated with MT-SDT notification, and may remain active until explicitly deactivated with a MAC-CE sent on last data burst.

[0158] Reception of downlink data while in the RRC inactive state and using existing processes may require the UE to transition to the RRC connected state which may be inefficient and may cause increased latency, power consumption and signaling overhead. More specifically, existing processes may not enable efficient resource allocation for MT data reception in inactive state which may lead to degraded throughput and high latency. There is a need to enhance the resource allocation processes for efficient data transmission in the RRC inactive state. Example embodiments enhance the resource allocation processes for efficient data transmission in the RRC inactive state.

[0159] Example embodiments may enable resource allocation for mobile terminated (MT) data transmission, e.g., MT small data transmission (MT-SDT).

[0160] In an example embodiment as shown in FIG. 22, a wireless device, while in an RRC connected state, may receive an RRC release message indicating transitioning from the RRC connected state to an RRC inactive state. In response to receiving the RRC release message indicating transitioning from the RRC connected state to the RRC inactive state. The RRC release message may comprise a suspend config information element (IE) comprising parameters for the operation of the UE in the RRC inactive state (e.g. , one or more UE identifiers (e.g. , one or more RNTIs) for identification of the UE in the RRC inactive state, one or more parameters for receiving paging information and/or control information associated with the paging in the RRC inactive state, one or more timer values, etc.).

[0161] The UE may receive at least one message comprising configuration parameters for the MT data transmission (e.g., receiving of the MT data by the UE from the gNB) in the RRC inactive state. The configuration parameters for the MT data transmission may indicate (e.g., may be used by the UE to determine) radio resources for at least one downlink grant for reception of the MT data. In some examples the at least one downlink grant may be a single downlink grant (e.g. , a one shot downlink transmission) or multiple downlink grants (e.g., multi burst downlink transmission, e.g., based on periodic resources, e.g., based on semi- persistent scheduling (SPS) downlink grants).

[0162] In some examples, in case the at least one downlink grant being based on SPS configuration parameters (e.g., of a SPS configuration), the configuration parameters (e.g., received via the at least one message) may comprise SPS configuration parameters. The UE may determine radio resources associated with the at least one downlink grant based on the SPS configuration parameters. In some examples, the SPS configuration parameters may comprise a periodicity parameter, indicating time separation between two consecutive downlink grants. In some examples, the SPS configuration parameters may indicate a frequency allocation wherein the radio resources of the downlink grants (e.g. , the SPS grants) may be based on the frequency allocation and the wireless device may determine the radio resources of the downlink grants based on the frequency allocation indicated by the SPS configuration parameters. In some examples, the at least one downlink grant may start on or after receiving the at least one message (e.g., on or after an offset (e.g. , a configurable or a preconfigured offset) from receiving the at least one message). In some examples, the offset (from the at least one message) may be based on a processing time of the at least one message by the UE. In some examples, the processing time may be based on a capability of the UE.

[0163] In some examples, the UE my receive the at least one message while in the RRC connected state. In some examples, the at least one message, received by the UE while in the RRC connected state, may comprise an RRC release message indicating transitioning of the UE from the RRC connected state to the RRC inactive state. In some examples, the RRC release message (e.g., a suspend config IE in included in the RRC release message) may comprise the configuration parameters for the MT data transmission (e.g., receiving of the MT data by the UE from the gNB) in the RRC inactive state.

[0164] In some examples, the UE may receive the at least one message while in the RRC inactive state (e.g., after transitioning from the RRC connected state to the RRC inactive state). In some examples, the at least one message, received while in the RRC inactive state may comprise a paging message.

[0165] In some examples, the UE may receive a notification message (e.g., a notification associated with the MT data triggering, etc.). The UE may activate the at least one downlink grant for reception of the MT data based on (e.g., in response to) receiving the notification message. The UE may activate the at least one downlink grant for reception of the MT data on or after an offset (e.g., a configurable offset or a pre-configured offset) from the at least one message. In some examples, the offset may be based on a processing capability of the UE (e.g., for processing the notification message).

[0166] In some examples, the UE may transmit UE feedback in response to reception of the notification message. In some examples, the UE may transmit UE feedback in response to reception of the MT data.

[0167] In some examples, the UE may receive control information (e.g., DCI received via a downlink control channel or MAC CE). The UE may activate the at least one downlink grant for reception of the MT data based on (e.g., in response to) receiving the control information. The UE may activate the at least one downlink grant for reception of the MT data on or after an offset (e.g., a configurable offset or a pre-configured offset) from the control information.

[0168] In some examples, the at least one message may comprise a mobile terminated (MT) notification message. In some examples, the MT notification message may be a paging message. In some examples, the configuration parameters in the notification message may indicate the radio resources of the at least one downlink grant for reception of the MT data. The UE may determine the radio resources of the at least one downlink grant based on configuration parameters of MT notification message. The UE may transmit an RRC resume request message in response to receiving the MT notification message. In response to transmitting the RRC resume request message, the UE may receive an RRC release message comprising the MT data.

[0169] The UE may determine radio resources associated with the MT data (e.g., radio resources for reception of the MT data) based on the configuration parameters of the at least one message. The UE may receive the MT data based on (e.g., via) the radio resources. In some examples, receiving the MT data may further be based on the configuration parameters included in the at least one message.

[0170] In some examples, reception of the MT data may be based on a random access process (e.g. , a Msg 4 in a four-step random access process or a Msg B in a two-step random access process).

[0171] In an example embodiment as shown in FIG. 23, receiving the MT data may be based on a paging message. While in the RRC inactive state (e.g., in response to transitioning from the RRC connected state to the RRC inactive state), the UE may determine paging occasions, e.g., based on a DRX process used in the RRC inactive state. The UE may monitor a control channel (e.g., for a paging RNTI) in a paging occasion of the paging occasions. In response to monitoring the control channel, the UE may receive a DCI comprising scheduling information for reception of a paging message. The UE may receive the paging message based on the scheduling information. The paging message may comprise a field associated with the UE (e.g., a paging record for the UE), wherein the field may include a container (e.g., an upper layer container) comprising the mobile terminated (MT) data (e.g., MT small data (MT-SDT)) for the UE.

[0172] In an example embodiment, for resource allocation for mobile terminated (MT) data transmission, a UE may receive at least one message comprising configuration parameters for the MT data transmission in an RRC inactive state. The UE may determine, based on the configuration parameters, radio resources associated with the MT data. The UE may receive the MT data based on the radio resources and while the UE is in the RRC inactive state.

[0173] In some examples, receiving the at least one message may be while the user equipment (UE) is in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state. In some examples, the at least one message may comprise a first radio resource control (RRC) message. In some examples, the first radio resource control (RRC) message may be an RRC release message indicating transitioning from the RRC connected state to the RRC inactive state. In some examples, the radio resource control (RRC) release message may comprise the configuration parameters. In some examples, the radio resource control (RRC) release message may comprise a suspend config information element (IE) indicating the transitioning from the RRC connected state to the RRC inactive state. In some examples, the suspend config information element (IE) may comprise the configuration parameters. In some examples, the suspend config information element (IE) may comprise first parameters for operation of the user equipment (UE) in the radio resource control (RRC) inactive state. [0174] In some examples, the configuration parameters may indicate radio resources of at least one downlink grant for receiving the mobile terminated (MT) data. In some examples, the configuration parameters may comprise semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) configuration parameters. The determining the radio resources may be based on the SPS configuration parameters. In some examples, the SPS configuration parameters may comprise a periodicity parameter indicating a separation between two consecutive downlink grants. In some examples, the SPS configuration parameters may indicate a frequency domain resource allocation used in determining the at least one downlink grant. In some examples, the configuration parameters may indicate a frequency domain resource allocation used in determining the at least one downlink grant. In some examples, the at least one downlink grant may start on or after an offset from the at least one message. In some examples, the offset may be based on a processing time of the at least one message. In some examples, the processing time may be based on a user equipment (UE) capability. In some examples, the offset may be based on a configuration parameter. In some examples, the offset may have a pre-configured value.

[0175] In some examples, the UE may receive a notification message wherein the at least one downlink grant may start on or after an offset from the notification message. In some examples, the offset may be based on a processing time of the at least one message. In some examples, the processing time may be based on a user equipment (UE) capability. In some examples, the offset may be based on a configuration parameter. In some examples, the offset may have a pre-configured value. In some examples, the UE may transmit a user equipment (UE) feedback in response to receiving the notification message.

[0176] In some examples, the UE may receive control information wherein the at least one downlink grant may start on or after an offset from the control information. In some examples, the control information may be based on a downlink control information (DCI) received via a downlink control channel. In some examples, the control information may be based on a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE). In some examples, the UE may transmit a user equipment (UE) feedback in response to receiving mobile terminated (MT) data based on a downlink grant of the at least one downlink grant.

[0177] In some examples, the UE may receive the at least one message while the user equipment (UE) is in the radio resource control (RRC) inactive state. In some examples, the at least one message may comprise a mobile terminated (MT) notification messages. In some examples, the mobile terminated (MT) notification message may be a paging message. In some examples, the configuration parameters, in the notification message, may indicate radio resources of at least one downlink grant for receiving the mobile terminated (MT) data. In some examples, the UE may transmit a radio resource control (RRC) resume request message in response to receiving the mobile terminated (MT) notification message. The UE may receive an RRC release message comprising the mobile terminated (MT) data.

[0178] In an example embodiment, a user equipment (UE) in a radio resource control (RRC) inactive state may receive a downlink control information (DCI) comprising scheduling information for a paging message. The UE may receive the paging message based on the DCI, wherein the paging message may comprise an upper layer container comprising small data transmission (SDT) payload for the UE.

[0179] The exemplary blocks and modules described in this disclosure with respect to the various example embodiments may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Examples of the general-purpose processor include but are not limited to a microprocessor, any conventional processor, a controller, a microcontroller, or a state machine. In some examples, a processor may be implemented using a combination of devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) .

[0180] The functions described in this disclosure may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. Instructions or code may be stored or transmitted on a computer-readable medium for implementation of the functions. Other examples for implementation of the functions disclosed herein are also within the scope of this disclosure. Implementation of the functions may be via physically co-located or distributed elements (e.g., at various positions), including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0181] Computer-readable media includes but is not limited to non- transitory computer storage media. A non-transitory storage medium may be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. Examples of non-transitory storage media include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, etc. A non-transitory medium may be used to carry or store desired program code means (e.g., instructions and/or data structures) and may be accessed by a general-purpose or specialpurpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. In some examples, the software/program code may be transmitted from a remote source (e.g., a website, a server, etc.) using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave. In such examples, the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and micro wave are within the scope of the definition of medium. Combinations of the above examples are also within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0182] As used in this disclosure, use of the term “or” in a list of items indicates an inclusive list. The list of items may be prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of or “one or more of’. For example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C includes A or B or C or AB (i.e., A and B) or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used in this disclosure, prefacing a list of conditions with the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as “based only on” the set of conditions and rather shall be construed as “based at least in part on” the set of conditions. For example, an outcome described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0183] In this specification the terms “comprise”, “include” or “contain” may be used interchangeably and have the same meaning and are to be construed as inclusive and open-ending. The terms “comprise”, “include” or “contain” may be used before a list of elements and indicate that at least all of the listed elements within the list exist but other elements that are not in the list may also be present. For example, if A comprises B and C, both {B, C] and {B, C, D} are within the scope of A.

[0184] The present disclosure, in connection with the accompanied drawings, describes example configurations that are not representative of all the examples that may be implemented or all configurations that are within the scope of this disclosure. The term “exemplary” should not be construed as “preferred” or “advantageous compared to other examples” but rather “an illustration, an instance or an example.” By reading this disclosure, including the description of the embodiments and the drawings, it will be appreciated by a person of ordinary skills in the art that the technology disclosed herein may be implemented using alternative embodiments. The person of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the embodiments, or certain features of the embodiments described herein, may be combined to arrive at yet other embodiments for practicing the technology described in the present disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.