Reversible Newspaper Press

Technical Field

Inkers for printing plates which have achieved commercial acceptance generall comprise from two to four form rollers which are positioned in rolling engagement with a printing plate. Each of the form rollers is usually in rolling engagement with one or more vibrator rollers to which ink is applied by a multitude of rollers in a train of rollers of varying diameters arranged in pyramid fashion. Ink is delivered to the train of rollers over a ductor roller which oscillates into and out of engagement with a film of ink formed by a flex- ible doctor blade urged into engagement with the hard surface of an ink fountain roller by a multi¬ plicity of ink keys.

The ink film formed on the ink fountain roller has been too thick and too irregular for patent application directly to a printing plate for quality printing. These inkers which include a multiplicity of rollers are intended to reduce the thickness of the ink film and to deliver a film of uniform thickness to the printing plate. How- ever, since the ink film on each of the rollers is not totally replenished on each revolution of the form roller; image ghosting and ink accumulation and starvation is not completely eliminated. Thus, stripes and uneven ink distribution are produced on the product due to the ghosting and ink accumu¬ lation.

The multiple roller inkers require complex drive trains and are relatively expensive to purchase initially and to maintain thereafter.

Other types of inkers which have attempted to meter ink from a transfer roller to a form roller have utilized a doctor blade to remove all of the film of feedback ink from the form roller prior to replenishing the ink film. Since most form rollers are resilient, the contact of the doctor blade to the form roller surface scores the form roller and wears out the blade roller causing an uneven film of ink.

The invention described herein addresses the problem of forming a thin film of newsprint type printing ink of low viscosity having substanti¬ ally uniform thickness on a form roller and moving the film of ink into engagement with the image area on the printing plate while eliminating the trains of rollers in the inking system, eliminating the necessity for the consumption of excessive power and further reducing and eliminating numerous ad¬ justments and areas of ghosting and ink accumulation which produce undesirable variations on the product being printed.

Background Art

Devices of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,926,114 were devised to remove all the unused portion of ink and dampening fluid from the form roller prior to forming a new film of ink by metering the ink through a gap between the form roller and a transfer roller. There is considerable wear on the ink removal blade and the roller in

this type of device. Also, it is extremely difficult to form an ink film which is sufficiently thin by using a doctor blade when metering newsprint ink. Inking devices of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 2,240,762 employ rollers having cavities formed in the surface to meter ink onto a form roller for application to a printing plate. A printing unit generally comprises two printing couples for applying ink to the web. If it is desired to print on both sides of the web in a single printing unit, the web is routed through the unit such that ink is applied to both sides. However, ^" if it is desired to print two colors in the same unit on one side of the web, one of the printing couples must be reversed, from the direction used to print on both sides of the web, and the web is routed to print on one side. The reversal of the printing couple requires reversal of the rollers in the couple.

Disclosure of Invention

The improved inker construction comprises a metering roller and a transfer roller, each having an oleophillic surface urged into pressure indented relationship. The metering roller is adapted to meter an excess of low viscosity ink at the nip between the metering roller and the transfer roller such that a uniform film is metered onto the surface of the transfer roller. An ink storage roller is positioned in pressure indented relation with the transfer roller to further condition the film of ink to assure that the film is substantially uniform and continuous. The film of ink is then sheared

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and metered between the nip between the transfer roller and a form roller. By controlling the speed between the form roller and the transfer roller, slippage occurs thus forming a thin, substantially ^" uniform, calendared, smooth layer of ink onto the form roller.

As an irregular film of ink moves from the printing plate on the form roller, it marries with a fresh uniform film of ink on the transfer roller to form a substantially uniform film of ink on the form roller by removing ink from the transfer roller to replenish the depleted areas on the form roller. The transfer roller continuously furnishes a uniform film of ink to the form roller and the irregular feedback film, formed as the. form roller removes ink from the transfer roller, moves back to the flooded nip between the transfer roller and metering roller to be remetered.

The film of ink on the form roller is further conditioned by a material conditioning roller to produce a smooth matte finish thereon. The material conditioning roller has essentially the same affinity for ink as does the form roller and thus splits the film causing a matte finish on the ink layer.

The matte finish is readily adapted to accepting dampening fluid for use in a lithographic printing system. A dampening system having a trans¬ fer roller with a hydrophillic surface and a metering roller transfers dampening fluid to the matte finish of the ink on the form roller prior to movement of the ink and dampening fluid layer into engagement with the printing plate. The ink and water film

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is transferred to image areas on the printing plate and the dampening fluid to non-image areas such that lithographic printing may be performed.

After the layer of ink on the form roll moves away from the printing plate there will be ghosted or depleted areas of ink which are reduced by an ink storage roller which accumulates the ink and supplies it to the ghosted or areas starved of ink prior to the layer of ink moving into the nip between the form roller and the transfer roller to. replenish the depleted film of ink.

The inking and dampening units are partic¬ ularly adapted to be reversed, such that dampening fluid is applied to the form roller and then ink applied there over. This permits reversal of the entire unit when desired.

This type of inker is particularly adapted for applying newsprint type ink in inking processes such as Di-Litho (registered trademark of American Newspaper Publishers Association/Research Institute) for printing direct on a lithographic plate with water, printing offset from a blanket with water, letterpress stereotype, dry offset, and letterpress direct printing with a letterpress plastic relief plate.

A primary object of the invention is to provide an inker to continuously provide a substan¬ tially uniform thickness of ink to a form roller for applying to a lithographic printing system. A still further object of the invention is to provide an inking system which affords precision control of the thickness of the ink film to eliminate

ghosting and a resulting color variation of printed images.

Another object of the invention is to afford an inking system to use with low viscous ink which will provide a substantially uniform thickness of ink which is readily acceptable to receiving dampening fluid for application on a printing plate and which may be reversed.

A further object of the invention is to provide a simple and efficient inking system capable of forming a a thin, continuous and substantially uniform thickness of ink which eliminates the ne¬ cessity of power consuming techniques.

A still further object of the invention is to provide inking apparatus which has a single point of control of the thickness of ink which eliminates streaks and imperfections from lint and paper fragments while minimizing lag time of ad¬ justing the ink film. Other and further objects will become apparent upon referring to the following detailed description and the attached drawings.

Brief Description of the Drawings Drawings of a preferred embodiment of the invention are annexed hereto so that the in¬ vention may be better and more fully understood, in which:

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of the inking system illustrating the various films of ink and dampening fluid;

Figure 2 is a front elevational view illustrating the metering and transfer rollers and support structure;

Figure 3 is a cross sectional view taken along line 3-3 of Figure 2;

Figure 4 is a diagrammatic view of a standard printing unit; Figure 5 is a diagrammatic view of a reversed printing unit;

Figure 6 is a diagrammatic view of the electrical hookup of the motors of dampening and inking units. Numeral references are employed to de¬ signate like parts throughout the various figures of the drawing.

Best Mode For Carrying out the Invention . In Figure 1 of the drawing, the numeral 1 generally designates an ink applicator apparatus for applying ink and dampening fluid to a litho¬ graphic printing plate of a printing press. The water applicator is a dampener 200 of the type disclosed in United States Patent No. 3,937,141, entitled "Dampener For Lithographic Printing Plates" which issued February 10, 1976 to Harold P. Dahlgren. The disclosure of Patent No. 3,937,141 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. As best illustrated in Figure 2, ink applicator 1 comprises spaced side frames 2 and 4 joined by tie bars (not shown) forming a strong rigid structure for supporting form roller 90, ink transfer roller 10, ink metering roller 12 and ink pan 14. Side frames 2 and 4 may be the side frames of a press or may comprise inker side frames connectable to side frames of a printing press.

Throw-off links 16 and 18 are pivotally secured by stub shafts 20 and 22 to the respective side frames 2 and 4. Throw-off cylinders 24 and 26 are pivotally connected between side frames 2 and 4. Throw-frames 2 and 4 and throw-off links 16 and 18, respectively, for pivoting throw-off links 16 and 18 about stub shafts 20 and 22 for moving transfer cylinder 10 into position, as will be hereinafter more fully explained, for delivering ink to a form roll in a lithographic printing system. A skew arm 28 is mounted for pivotal movement of one end of a metering roller 12 about the axis of ink transfer roller 10. As diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 2, skew arm 28 is rotatably secured to stub shaft 30 extending between link 18 and skew arm 28 adjacent an end of ink transfer roller 10. Skew arm 28 and throw-off link 16 have grooves 28a and 16a, respectively, formed in the inner surfaces thereof in which blocks 36, carrying self-aligning bearings 38, are slidably disposed. Blocks 35 are rigidly secured in the upper portion of grooves 28a and 16a by screws 37 to provide suitable support for shafts 31 and 32 of the ink transfer roller 10. Suitable means such as resilient springs 40 between blocks 3.5 and 36 urge blocks

36 longitudinally of skew arm 28 and throw-off link 16 in a direction away from the longitudinal axis of transfer roller 10. A pressure adjustment screw 42 urges block 36 longitudinally of skew arm 28 and throw-off link 16 against the bias of springs 40. Stub shafts 44 and 46, extending outwardly from opposite ends of metering roller 12, are received

in self-aligning bearings 38 to rotatably secure metering roller 12 in pressure indented relation with transfer roller 10. Stub shafts 31 and 32, extending outwardly from opposite ends of transfer roller 10, are received in bearings 39 in blocks 35.

It should be readily apparent that ro¬ tation of pressure adjustment screws 42 will move opposite ends of metering roller 12 relative to the axis of transfer roller 10 for controlling pressure between transfer roller 10 and metering roller 12.

As illustrated in Figure 3, suitable means is provided for establishing and maintaining a desired angular relationship between throw-off link 18 and skew arm 28. In the form of the invention illustrated in Figure 3, an adjusting screw 50 is rotatably secured to skew arm 28 and extends through threaded apertures in pivotal blocks 52a and 52b. Blocks 52a and 52b are pivotally secured to lug 54 on arm 28 and lug 56 on link 18. By adjusting screw 50, the spacing between lugs 54 and 56 is adjusted to move skew arm 28 relative to link 18 about shaft 30. Side, frames 2 and 4 have suitable adjustable stop means such as stop blocks 5 having set screws 5a extnding therethrough for engaging throw-off links 16 and 18 when rods of throw-off cylinders 24 and 26 are extended for establishing a desired pressure relationship between the transfer cylinder 10 of an ink coated form roller 90 arranged to transfer ink to a lighographic or relief printing

plate 112 on plate cylinder P, as will be herein¬ after more fully explained. Stop means such as stop blocks 6 having set screws 6a secured thereto provide an off-impression limit when piston rods of throwoff cylinders 24 and 26 are retracted to move the transfer roller 10 away from the surface of form roller 90. Stub shaft 32 has a brake disc 51. secured thereto and friction pads 53 are pivotally secured to support 55 secured to arm 28 to control the speed of transfer roller 10 when it is driven by frictional engagement with form roller 90.

Stub-shaft 31, extending outwardly from the end of transfer roller 10, has a gear 60 rigidly secured thereto by screw 61 which is in meshing relation with a gear 62 rotatably secured by a bearing 45 disposed on shaft 44.

Gear 62 is secured in meshing relation with gear 64 on shaft 58 rotatably secured to side frame 2 through a clutch assembly 66 of a type such as a Morese one-way clutch. Shaft 58 is secured to the shaft of a reversible variable speed drive means such as a reversible variable speed electric gear-motor 69. It should be appreciated that gear- motor 69 may be replaced by other drive means such as gears, sprockets, or pulleys arranged to be driven from the printing press drive, preferably through a gear box or similar variable speed control apparatus.

Shaft 44, extending outwardly from the end of metering roller 12, has a gear 70 secured thereto in meshing relation with a gear 71 secured to and driven by shaft 58.

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Power supply line 80 is connected through a variable rheostat 84 to the terminals of motor 69 so that motor may be run at variable speeds to control the speed of rotation, and, consequently, surface speeds of transfer roller 10 and metering roller 12 independently of the press drive. If it is deemed expedient to do so motor 60 could be replaced by a speed-variable coupling which connects shaft 58 to the press drive means, as hereinbefore described.

Clutch assembly 66 allows transfer roller 10 to be driven by gear-motor 69 at a minimum speed ratio relative to metering roller 12, for example 1:1, and allows transfer roller 10 to be over-driven by form roller 90 at higher speeds without driving the metering roller 12 at a faster speed which may tend to sling ink 14a out of pan 14.

It should be appreciated that clutch 66 can be deleted and replaced by a gear to allow drive of the transfer roller 10 positively from the gear- motor 69 or clutch 66 may be locked to permit revers¬ ing of inker transfer roller 10. Clutch 66 may be reversed by removing same and reversing it on shaft 58 if so desired. Ink storage rollers 82 and 82', illustrated in Figure 1, are preferrably vibrator rollers. Ink storage rollers 82 and 82' are adapted to equalize areas of excess ink on transfer roller 10 in a manner to be more fully explained hereinafter. Rollers 82 and 82* are preferrably driven positively by roller 10, i.e. by gears driven by a gear on roller 10.

Suitable means is provided for delivering an abundant supply of ink to the ink metering nip N between adjacent surfaces of transfer roller 10 and metering roller 12. In the particular e bodi- ment of the invention illustrated in Figure 1, a portion of the surface of metering roller 12 is submerged in ink 14a in ink pan 14.

Ink 14a preferably comprises a low viscosity ink such a type employed for inking raised image areas in letter press printing or the type used in direct or offset lithographic printing such as type ink.

The transfer roller 10 is preferably hard and has an exterior surface which may be smooth or textured and which is ink receptive or oleophillic. Ink transfer roller- 10 may, therefore, have an exterior surface of materials such as copper, or plastic. The surface of transfer roller 10 may be either hard or resilient, depending upon the . characteristics of the surface of form roller 90. If form roller 90 has a hard surface, the surface of transfer roller 90 is preferably hard.

Metering roller 12 preferably comprises a hollow tubular sleeve having stub shafts 44 and 46 formed thereon. A resilient cover 12c is secured about the outer surface of the sleeve. The material of metering roller 12 is selected so as to be oleo¬ phillic and the surface may be smooth or textured.

To reduce the tendency of ink to accumulate adjacent the ends of transfer roller 10, metering roller 12 is longer than transfer roller 10 such that ends of the metering roller 12 extend beyond

the ends of transfer roller 10. The transfer roller 10 is preferably longer than form roller 90 to minimize accumulation of excess ink adjacent ends of form roller 90. It should be readily apparent that, if desired, the material of transfer roller 10 and metering roller 12 may be reversed such that metering roller 12 has a hard surface and transfer roller 10 has a resilient cover, or both could be resilient. Form roller 90 is preferably cut to be the same length as the printing plate to also elimi¬ nate accmulation of excess ink which will tend to build on the form roll if longer than the printing - plate. Referring to Figure 1 of the drawing, transfer roller 10 is preferably positioned in pressure indented relation with a form roller 90, having a metal tubular core 91 to the ends of which are secured stub shafts extending outwardly there from and rotatably journaled in bearings 92 carried » by the side frames 2 and 4.

Form roller 90 has a smooth outer cover 96 which may be non-absorbent or absorbent, hard or soft, depending upon the nature and construction of printing plate 112.

In one embodiment, form roller 90 may have a resilient non-absorbent surface. Another embodiment of form roller 90 includes a resilient surface and has a molleton type cover which absorbs ink and will reject dampening fluid. However, if plate 112 has raised image areas and is constructed of resilient material, form roller 90 could be

provided with a hard surface of, for example, copper or a hard thin plastic covering.

An ink storage roller 94, preferably a vibrator roller, is adapted to remove ink from areas 5 128" from ink film 128 on the surface of form roller 90 and add the ink to the depleted areas 128' thereby creating a more uniform film of ink on the surface of roller 90 moving from the nip 120 toward nip 108.

10 - A second ink storage roller 94', similar to roller 94, is positioned between plate cylinder P and dampener 200 to smooth the ink film upon reversal of form roller 90 as will be more fully explained hereinafter.

15 A material conditioning roller 86, preferably a vibrator roller, is rotatably supported on shaft 86a in blocks 86d and is adapted to condition and smooth the surface of ink film 100 to make the film more receptive to accepting dampening fluid. Screws

2086b and 86c are adapted to urge blocks 86d and roller 86 into pressure indented relation with form roller 90. The surface of material conditioning roller 86 is preferably of similar material to that of form roller 90 such that the surface has the

25 same affinity for ink as does the surface of form roller 90.

As the ink film 100 emerges from the nip 106 between form roller 90 and transfer roller 10, it is slick, and calendared. A slick film of ink

30 is not particularly receptive to dampening fluid since the surface tension of the molecules of ink may reject the thin layer dampening fluid to be

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applied by dampener 200. Material conditioning roller 86 will receive a portion of the film 100 of ink thus splitting the film 100 of ink and producing a film 100' on roller 86 thus leaving film 100a with a matte finish having microscopic indentations. The matte finish on film 100a will more readily accept the thin layer of dampening fluid due to molecular attraction which is now greater than the surface tension of the dampening fluid forming a film 217.

Material conditioning roller 86 and ink storage rollers 94 and 82 are preferably constructed of diameters such that as they rotate ink will be properly applied or extracted and redistributed on the surface of roller 90.

Vibrator rollers 82, 86 and 94 are pre¬ ferably provided with drive means (not shown) to oscillate the rollers in a longitudinal direction. Suitable oscillator drive means is well known to persons skilled in the printing art and further description is not deemed necessary. Rotation is provided through friction contact with adjacent surfaces.

Dampener 200 is diagra matically illustrated in Figure 1 and comprises a hydrophillic transfer roller 210 on shaft 210a and a resilient metering roller 212 on shaft 212a, mounted in a similar manner to inker 1, as described in Patent No. 3,937,141. Metering roller 212 meters dampening fluid 214a from pan 214 onto transfer roller 210 through flooded nip Na. Water film controlled by pressure between rollers 210 and 212 forms a thin layer of dampening

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fluid 204 which is metered through dampening fluid transfer nip 106a onto the matte finish of ink film 100a on the surface of form roller 90.

Dampener metering roller 212 is driven by a variable speed reversible motor 269. As illustrated in Figure 6, rheostats 84 and 284 are connected to a suitable electrical supply and are connected to a pair of gained double pole, double throw switches 81a and 81b to control, the direction of motors 69 and 269.

The operation and function of the apparatus hereinbefore described is as follows:

Pressure between ends of transfer roller 10 and metering roller 12 is adjusted by rotating pressure adjustment screws 42.

Since long rollers urged together in pressure relation tend to deflect or bend, pressure adjacent centers of such rollers is less than pressure ad¬ jacent ends thereof. Pressure longitudinally of rollers 10 and 12 is adjusted by rotating screw

50 and rotating skew arm 28 about the axis of transfer roller 10 to a position wherein a desired pressure distribution longitudinally of rollers 10 and 12 is obtained. Adjustment screw 5a is positioned to engage throw-off links 16 and 18 for establishing a desired pressure between transfer roller 10 and form roller 90.

The surface speeds of rollers 10 and 12 are regulatable by manipulating rheostat 84 as has been hereinbefore explained.

Dampener 200 is adjusted in a similar manner as inker 1.

For the purposes of graphically illus¬ trating the novel function and results of the process of the mechanism hereinbefore illustrated and described, a diagrammatic view of the metering roller 12, the transfer roller 10 and the form roller 90 is shown in Figure 1. Ink and water films shown are exaggerated for clarity. As shown in Figure 1, metering roller

12, when employed to deliver ink to a printing plate 112, is preferably a resilient surfaced roller having a smooth surface 12c thereon and has the lower side thereof immersed in ink 14a in pan 14. The metering roller 12 is rotatably mounted in pressure indented relation with transfer roller 10, and the pressure between adjacent roller surfaces is adjusted by screw 42, as hereinbefore described, so that the surface of transfer roller 10 is actually impressed into the surface of roller 12 at ink metering nip N.

As the surface of roller 12 rotates toward the ink metering nip N between rollers 10 and 12, a relatively heavy layer 101 of ink is picked up and lifted on the surface of roller 12. At the point of tangency, or cusp area at the ink metering nip N, between the rollers 10 and 12, a bead 102 of ink is piled up forming an excess of ink. The greatness of the excess of ink forming bead 102 is regulated by virtue of the fact that excess of ink will fall back into the pan 14 by gravity, thus, virtually creating a waterfall, and by the surface speed of metering roller 12. The bead 102 becomes

a reservoir from which ink is drawn by transfer roller 10. As rollers 10 and 12 rotate in pressure indented relation, a layer of ink is sheared and/or metered between adjacent surfaces of the two rollers 5 separated by a thin lubricating layer of ink 103. Since the transfer roller 10 has a smooth, oleo¬ phillic surface thereon, a portion of the film 103 adheres to the surface of roller 10 to form a film 104a, the remaining portion 105 thereof being rotated

10 back or fed-back in the pan 14. The film of ink 104a is distributed on the surface of roller 10 by reason of the rotating, squeezing action between rollers 10 and 12 at their tangent point at ink metering nip N. Ink storage roller 82 splits film

15 104a and receives a film 104 which is added to film 104a again to further assure smooth uniform thickness of film 104 on transfer roller 10.

The film of ink 104 rides on the surface of roller 10 and comes in contact with the film

20 130 of ink on form roller 90 at the tangent point or ink transfer nip 106 between transfer roller 10 and form roller 90.

At ink transfer nip 106, it will be observed that transfer roller 10 is impressed into the resilient

25 surface of form roller 90 and that the film of ink 104 has an outer surface 108, contacting ink film 130, and an inner surface 110 adhering to the surface of roller 10. The outer surface 108 of film 104 and the outer surface 131 of the film of ink 130

30 on form roller 90 are urged together to create a hydraulic connection between roller 10 and 90 as they rotate in close relationship, but there is

no physical contact between the roller surfaces.

It is an important fact to note that the relative thick film of ink 104 permits rollers 10 and 90 to be rotated at different surface speeds as will be hereinafter explained. Preferably, the form roller 90, which is normally rotated at the same surface speed as the printing plate 112, and press driven, is rotated at a greater surface speed than the surface speed of roller 10. By regulating the differential surface speed between transfer roller 10 and applicator roller 90 the amount of ink applied to the plate 112 may be regulated.

Within limits, as will be hereinafter more fully explained, if the surface speed of transfer roller 10 is increased the ink film 104 is presented at the ink transfer nip 106 at a faster rate and more ink is transferred by the surface of roller 90 to lithographic printing plate 112, and the opposite is true, if the surface speed of roller 10 is decreased.

The film of ink 104, existent between adjacent surfaces of rollers 10 and 90, permits rollers 10 and 90 to be rotated at different surface speeds in sliding relationship, because the film of ink 104 actually provides lubrication which permits slippage between adjacent surfaces of rollers 10 and 90 without frictional deterioration. By reason of the slippage between rollers 10 and 90, the ink film 104 is calendared, smoothed out, metered and distributed by shearing the ink between adjacent surfaces of roller 10 and the ink film 130 on form roller 90, to create ink film 100. The thickness of ink film 100 is controlled by pressure between

metering roller 12 and transfer roller 10 and the speed of transfer roller 10.

Transfer roller 10 preferably is driven at a surface speed which is within a range of for example, several hundred feet per minute slower than the surface speed of form roller 90. For example, if a printing press has paper travelling therethrough at a surface speed of 1200 feet per minute (approximately 365.85 meters per minute) the surfaces of printing plate 112 and form roller 90 will ordinarily have surface speeds of 1200 feet per minute (approximately 365,85 meters per minute). The surface speed of transfer roller 10 would preferably rotate at a surface speed in a range between 50 feet per minute and 100 feet per minute, (between approximately 15.24 meters per minute and 30.48 meters per minute) .

Ink films 104 and 130 will be combined at ink transfer nip 106 and will split when sheared as rollers 10 and 90 rotate away from ink transfer nip 106. The fresh film 100 of ink adheres to the surface of form roller 90. Ink rejected by form roller 90 forms a feedback film 116 of ink which may be slightly irregular which adheres to the surface of the transfer roller 10 and is conveyed back to the bead 102 of ink adjacent ink metering nip N to be remetered. Feedback film 116 is not uniform because the starved areas on form roller 90, from which ink was removed by image areas on the plate 112, removed different quantities of ink from film 104 in order to remeter film 128 on form roller 90. Film 128 has starved areas 128' from ink removed by image areas 122 on plate 112, thus

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rendering film 128 irregular.

As the film 100 of ink on the surface of form roller 90 moves from ink metering nip 106 adjacent transfer roller 10, the film 100 is. substantially uniform as non-uniform film 130 is combined with the uniform film 104 carried on transfer roller 10. Film 130 accepts ink from film 104 in the starved or depleted areas 128'. The transfer roller 10 is caused to rotate at a speed which staisfies the need for ink by form roller 90 by overridding clutch 66. The depleted portion or feedback film 116 is returned to the abundant or excess supply of ink at bead 102 between metering roller 12 and transfer roller 10 to replenish the ink film 104.

It has already been explained that the ink film 130 is smoothed out, distributed, metered, and regulated at the ink transfer nip 106 between transfer roller 10 and form roller 90. Material conditioning roller 86 splits film 100, taking on a film 100' to produce a matte finish on ink film 100a. Any irregularities or streaks in film 100 will be spread and equalized to form film 100a of very uniform thickness. The interface tension between the outer surface of the less viscous dampening fluid film 204, by reason of molecular attraction between the surface of the more viscous ink film 100a, causes a portion 216 of the smooth and regulated film 204 of dampening fluid to be added to the surface of ink film 100a, which in turn is transferred to the plate at the tangent point between the plate 112

and form roller 90 at inking nip 120.

The lithographic printing plate 112 has hydrophillic, or water liking, non-image areas 121 and oleophillic, or ink receptive, image areas 122 5 formed on the surface thereof. If printing plate 112 is provided with raised image areas, the dampener 200 would not be required to prevent transfer of ink to non-image areas.

At the nip 120 between applicator, roller 1090 and printing plate 112, the ink film 100 is split, forming thin films 125 of ink and water over oleo¬ phillic surfaces 122 on the printing plate. The layer 216 of dampening fluid, if dampening fluid is employed, is carried on and in the film 100 of 15 ink and is also distributed to form a thin film 226 of dampening fluid over hydrophillic areas 121 of the printing plate.

No appreciable amount of dampening fluid remains on the surface of form roller 90 which is 20moving away from the nip 120, but such dampening fluid as does remain threon is transferred with the ink film 128 to the ink film 130a on the ink storage roller 94 where the dampening fluid can be dissipated and/or evaporated to such an extent 25 as to be of no consequence in the inking system.

Ink of film 128 remaining on form roller 90 is combined with film 130a on ink storage roller 94 and split and collected on roller 94. Ink on roller 94 is added to depleted areas 128* in film 30128 thus reducing the effect of ghosted and areas in film 128 by forming a more uniform film 130 before re-entering nip 106.

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The layer of dampening fluid 216 is applied in substantially the same manner. An excess of dampening fluid 201 is supplied to bead 202 to form a film 204 of dampening fluid which is applied to ⁵ ink film 100a on form roller 90 at nip 106a. The film 217 of dampening fluid is returned to bead 202 to be re-metered at nip Na.

Industrial Applicability ° From the foregoing it should be readily apparent that the improved apparatus for applying ink to printing systems offers control of metering at ink metering nip N to provide a film 104 of ink of precisely controlled thickness by adjusting 5 pressure between transfer roller 10 and metering roller 12 and further by controlling surface speeds of the rollers relative to each other. The rate at which the metered film 104 of ink is offered to film 130 of ink on form roller 90 at ink transfer 0 nip N and also the hydraulic force for obtaining the desired film split is controlled.

To eliminate conditions which could cause accumulation of ink rendering it impossible to form a film 104 of precisely controlled thickness the 5 specific roller arrangement provides for elimination of ink which is fed-back in the form of ink film 116 on transfer roller 10 moving away from the ink transfer nip 106. Thus, the effect of the unused depleted film of ink not accepted by form roller 0 go is eliminated from the inking system by returning film 116 to the flooded ink metering nip N and is not left to accumulate on transfer roller 10 as in prior art devices.

While a preferred embodiment of the in¬ vention has been hereinbefore described and illus¬ trated in the attached drawings it should be appreciated that other and further forms of the apparatus can be devised without departing from the basic concept thereof.

It should further be appreciated that either the transfer roller 10 or metering roller 12 could be geared to the press drive, or driven by an independent drive means, for establishing the conditions hereinbefore described for a specified speed range.

It should be appreciated that transfer roller 10 may be oscillated laterally along its axis to further smooth ink films 130 and 100.

Figure 4 illustrates a pair of inkers 1 used in the standard configuration to print on both sides of web W. A printing unit U generally has a pair of printing couples C each of which comprise an inker unit 1 and dampener unit 200. If it is necessary to print two colors on one side of web W, then the right hand couple C as viewed in Figure 5 must be reversed such that the web W may be routed for printing on a single side. In reversing the direction of the form roller 90, dampening fluid will be applied over the thin ghosted film of ink leaving the plate 112 after ink storage roller 94* evens the ink film to some extent. A fresh supply of ink will be added to the dampening fluid and ink on roller 90 as the roller 90 moves through nip 106. Thus, the couple C may be reversed by simply reversing the drive to the couple and motors 69 and 269.

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Since friction on the drive will be altered by reversing the inker 1, brake 51 should be adjusted to control the speed ratio between form roller 90 and transfer roller 10. It should be readily apparent that the films of ink and dampening fluid illustrated in Figure 1 represent a standard printing couple moving in the normal or standard direction and that their films would change in location from those illus- trated should the couple be reversed to apply dampening fluid first and ink on the dampening fluid.