RNA DETERMINANTS FOR DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN BACTERIAL

AND VIRAL INFECTIONS

FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to the identification of signatures and determinants associated with bacterial and viral infections. More specifically it was discovered that certain RNA determinants are differentially expressed in a statistically significant manner in subjects with bacterial and viral infections.

Antibiotics are the world's most prescribed class of drugs with a 25-30 billion $US global market. Antibiotics are also the world's most misused drug with a significant fraction of all drugs (40-70%) being wrongly prescribed (Linder and Stafford 2001; Scott and Cohen 2001; Davey, P. and E. Brown, et al 2006; Cadieux, G. and R. Tamblyn, et al. 2007; Pulcini, C. and E. Cua, et al. 2007) ("CDC - Get Smart: Fast Facts About Antibiotic Resistance" 2011).

One type of antibiotics misuse is when the drug is administered in case of a nonbacterial disease, such as a viral infection, for which antibiotics is ineffective. For example, according to the USA center for disease control and prevention CDC, over 60 Million wrong antibiotics prescriptions are given annually to treat flu in the US. The health-care and economic consequences of the antibiotics over-prescription include: (i) the cost of antibiotics that are unnecessarily prescribed globally, estimated at >$10 billion annually; (ii) side effects resulting from unnecessary antibiotics treatment are reducing quality of healthcare, causing complications and prolonged hospitalization (e.g. allergic reactions, Antibiotics-associated diarrhea, intestinal yeast etc.) and (iii) the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria as a result of the overuse.

Resistance of microbial pathogens to antibiotics is increasing world-wide at an accelerating rate ("CDC - Get Smart: Fast Facts About Antibiotic Resistance" 2013; "European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network (ESAC-Net)" 2014; "CDC - About Antimicrobial Resistance" 2013; "Threat Report 2013 I Antimicrobial Resistance I CDC" 2013), with a concomitant increase in morbidity and mortality associated with infections caused by antibiotic resistant pathogens ("Threat Report 2013 I Antimicrobial Resistance I CDC" 2013). At least 2 million people are infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria each year in the US alone, and at least 23,000 people die as a direct result of these infections ("Threat Report 2013 I Antimicrobial Resistance I CDC" 2013). In the European Union, an estimated 400,000 patients present with resistant bacterial strains each year, of which 25,000 patients die ("WHO Europe -Data and Statistics" 2014). Consequently, the World Health Organization has warned that therapeutic coverage will be insufficient within 10 years, putting the world at risk of entering a "post- antibiotic era", in which antibiotics will no longer be effective against infectious diseases ("WHO I Antimicrobial Resistance" 2013). The CDC considers this phenomenon "one of the world's most pressing health problems in the 21 ^st century" ("CDC - About Antimicrobial Resistance" 2013; Arias and Murray 2009).

Antibiotics under-prescription is not uncommon either. For example up to 15% of adult bacterial pneumonia hospitalized patients in the US receive delayed or no Abx treatment, even though in these instances early treatment can save lives and reduce complications (Houck, P.M. and D. W. Bratzler, et al 2002).

Technologies for infectious disease diagnostics have the potential to reduce the associated health and financial burden associated with antibiotics misuse. Ideally, such a technology should: (i) accurately differentiate between a bacterial and viral infections; (ii) be rapid (within minutes); (iii) be able to differentiate between pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria that are part of the body's natural flora; (iv) differentiate between mixed co-infections and pure viral infections and (v) be applicable in cases where the pathogen is inaccessible (e.g. sinusitis, pneumonia, otitis-media, bronchitis, etc).

Current solutions (such as culture, PCR and immunoassays) do not fulfill all these requirements: (i) Some of the assays yield poor diagnostic accuracy (e.g. low sensitivity or specificity) (Uyeki et al. 2009), and are restricted to a limited set of bacterial or viral strains; (ii) they often require hours to days; (iii) they do not distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria (Del Mar, C 1992), thus leading to false positives; (iv) they often fail to distinguish between a mixed and a pure viral infections and (v) they require direct sampling of the infection site in which traces of the disease causing agent are searched for, thus prohibiting the diagnosis in cases where the pathogen resides in an inaccessible tissue, which is often the case. Moreover, currently available diagnostic approaches often suffer from reduced clinical utility because they do not distinguish between pathogenic strains of microorganisms and potential colonizers, which can be present as part of the natural microbiota without causing an infection (Kim, Shin, and Kim 2009; Shin, Han, and Kim 2009; Jung, Lee, and Chung 2010; Rhedin et al. 2014). For example, Rhedin and colleagues recently tested the clinical utility of qPCR for common viruses in acute respiratory illness (Rhedin et al. 2014). The authors concluded that qPCR detection of several respiratory viruses including rhinovirus, enterovirus and coronavirus should be interpreted with caution due to high detection rates in asymptomatic children. Other studies reached similar conclusions after analyzing the detection rates of different bacterial strains in asymptomatic patients (Bogaert, De Groot, and Hermans 2004; Spuesens et al. 2013).

Consequentially, there is still a diagnostic gap, which in turn often leads physicians to either over-prescribe Abx (the "Just-in-case-approach"), or under- prescribe Abx (the "Wait-and-see-approach") (Little, P.S. and I. Williamson 1994; Little, P. 2005; Spiro, D. M. and K. Y. Tay, et al 2006), both of which have far reaching health and financial consequences.

Accordingly, a need exists for a rapid method that accurately differentiates between bacterial, viral, mixed and non-infectious disease patients that addresses these challenges. An approach that has the potential to address these challenges relies on monitoring the host's immune-response to infection, rather than direct pathogen detection (Cohen et al. 2015). Bacterial-induced host proteins such as procalcitonin, C- reactive protein (CRP), and Interleukin-6, are routinely used to support diagnosis of infection. However, their performance is negatively affected by inter-patient variability, including time from symptom onset, clinical syndrome, and pathogen species (Tang et al. 2007; Limper et al. 2010; Engel et al. 2012; Quenot et al. 2013; van der Meer et al. 2005; Falk and Fahey 2009). Oved et al. 2015 has developed an immune signature, combining both bacterial- and viral-induced circulating host-proteins, which can aid in the correct diagnosis of patients with acute infections.

Additional background art includes Ramilo et al., Blood, March 1 2007, Vol 109,

No. 5, pages 2066-2077, Zaas et al., Sci Transl Med. 2013 September 18; 5(203) 203ral26. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006280; US Patent Application No. 20080171323, WO2011/132086 and WO2013/117746. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of determining an infection type in a subject comprising measuring the amount of a determinant which is set forth in Tables 1 or 2 in a sample derived from the subject, wherein the amount is indicative of the infection type.

According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of distinguishing between an infectious and non-infectious subject comprising measuring the amount of a determinant which is set forth in Table 16E in a sample derived from the subject, wherein the amount is indicative whether the subject is infectious or noninfectious.

According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of determining whether a subject has a bacterial or non-bacterial infection comprising measuring the amount of a determinant which is set forth in Table 16D in a sample derived from the subject, wherein the amount is indicative whether the subject has a bacterial or non-bacterial infection.

According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of determining an infection type in a subject comprising measuring at least two RNAs in a sample derived from the subject, wherein pairs of the at least two RNAs are set forth in

Tables 9, 11, 12, 17 or 18 wherein the amount of the at least two RNAs is indicative of the infection type.

According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of determining an infection type in a subject comprising measuring at least three RNAs in a sample derived from the subject, wherein triplets of the at least three RNAs are set forth in Tables 13, 14, 19 or 20 wherein amount of the at least three RNAs is indicative of the infection type.

According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of determining an infection type in a subject comprising measuring the amount of at least one RNA as set forth in Table 3 or Table 4, in a sample derived from the subject, wherein no more than 20 RNAs are measured, wherein the amount of at least one RNA is indicative of the infection type.

According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of determining an infection type in a subject comprising measuring the amount of at least one RNA as set forth in Table 5 or Table 6A, in a sample derived from the subject, wherein no more than 5 RNAs are measured, wherein the amount of at least one RNA is indicative of the infection type. According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit for diagnosing an infection type comprising at least two determinant detection reagents, wherein the first of the at least two determinant detection reagents specifically detects a first determinant which is set forth in Table 1 or Table 2, and a second of the at least two determinant detection reagents specifically detects a second determinant which is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6 A or Tables 15A-B.

According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit for diagnosing an infection type comprising at least two determinant detection reagents, wherein the first of the at least two RNA detection reagents specifically detects a first RNA which is set forth in Table 3 or Table 4, and a second of the at least two RNA detection reagents specifically detects a second RNA which is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6A or Tables 15A-B, wherein the kit comprises detection reagents that specifically detect no more than 20 RNAs.

According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit for diagnosing an infection type comprising at least two determinant detection reagents, wherein the first of the at least two determinant detection reagents specifically detects a first determinant which is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6 A or Tables 15A-B and a second of the at least two determinant detection reagents specifically detects a second determinant which is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6A or Tables 15A-B, wherein the kit comprises detection reagents that specifically detect no more than 5 determinants.

According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition of matter comprising a sample derived from a subject suspected of having an infection and a first agent which binds specifically to at least one determinant of the sample which is set forth in Table 1 or Table 2.

According to embodiments of the invention, the amount of the determinant set forth in Table 1 is above a predetermined level, the infection is a viral infection.

According to embodiments of the invention, when the amount of the determinant set forth in Table 2 is above a predetermined level, the infection is a bacterial infection.

According to embodiments of the invention, the determinant is an RNA.

According to embodiments of the invention, the RNA is a protein-coding RNA. According to embodiments of the invention, the RNA is a non protein-coding

RNA.

According to embodiments of the invention, the determinant is a polypeptide. According to embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises measuring the amount of at least one additional RNA so as to measure at least two RNAs, wherein the at least one additional RNA is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6A or 15A-B, wherein the amount of the at least two RNAs is indicative of the infection type.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least one additional RNA is set forth in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 5 or Tables 16A-C, wherein the amount of the at least two RNAs is indicative of the infection type.

According to embodiments of the invention, the pairs of the at least two RNAs are set forth in Tables 9, 11, 17 or 18.

According to embodiments of the invention, the determinant is selected from the group consisting of OTOF, PI3, CYBRD1, EIF2AK2, CMPK2, CR1, CYP1B 1, DDX60, DGAT2, PARP12, PNPT1, PYGL, SULT1B 1, TRIB2, USP41, ZCCHC2 and uc003hrl.l.

According to embodiments of the invention, the determinant is selected from the group consisting of TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, TCONS_00013664- XLOC_006324, TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551, TCONS_12_00001926- XLOC_12_000004, TCONS_12_00002386-XLOC_12_00072 , TCONS_12_00002811- XLOC_12_001398, TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561, TCONS_00019559- XLOC_009354, TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352 , TCONS_12_00016828- XLOC_12_008724, TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810 and

TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720.

According to embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises analyzing at least two additional RNAs so as to measure the amount of at least three RNAs, wherein the at least two additional RNAs are set forth in any one of Tables 1-6A or 15A-B, wherein the amount of the at least three RNAs is indicative of the infection type.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least two additional RNAs are set forth in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 5 or Tables 16A-C. According to embodiments of the invention, the triplets of the at least three RNAs are set forth in Table 13, Table 19 or Table 20.

According to embodiments of the invention, the infection is a viral infection, a bacterial infection or a mixed infection.

According to embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises analyzing the expression level of CRP polypeptide or TRAIL polypeptide in the sample.

According to embodiments of the invention, the determinant is set forth in Table

21.

According to embodiments of the invention, no more than 20 RNAs are measured.

According to embodiments of the invention, no more than 5 RNAs are measured.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least one RNA is set forth in Table 3.

According to embodiments of the invention, when the RNA set forth in Table 3 is above a predetermined level, the infection is a viral infection.

According to embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises measuring at least one additional RNA so as to measure at least two RNAs, wherein the at least one additional RNA is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6A or 15A-B, wherein the amount of the at least two RNAs is indicative of the infection type.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least one additional RNA is set forth in Tables 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 5 or Tables 16A-C.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least one additional RNA set forth in Table 1 is OTOF, PI3, EIF2AK2, CMPK2, PARP12, PNPT1, TRIB2, uc003hrl.l, USP41, ZCCHC2 or TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least one additional RNA set forth in Table 2 is CYBRD1, CR1, DGAT2 , PYGL , SULT1B 1, TCONS_00013664- XLOC_006324, TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551, TCONS_12_00001926- XLOC_12_000004, TCONS_12_00002386-XLOC_12_000726, TCONS_12_00002811- XLOC_12_001398, TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561, TCONS_00019559- XLOC_009354, TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352, TCONS_12_00016828- XLOC_12_008724, TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810 or

TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least one RNA is set forth in Table 5.

According to embodiments of the invention, when the at least one RNA set forth in Table 5 is above a predetermined level, the infection is a viral infection.

According to embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises measuring at least one additional RNA so as to measure at least two RNAs, wherein the at least one additional RNA is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6A or Tables 15A-B, wherein the amount of the at least two RNAs is indicative of the infection type.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least one additional RNA is set forth in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 5 or Tables 16A-C.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least one additional RNA set forth in Table 1 is selected from the group consisting of OTOF, PI3, EIF2AK2, CMPK2, PARP12, PNPT1, TRIB2, uc003hrl. l, USP41, ZCCHC2 and TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least one additional RNA set forth in Table 2 is CYBRD1, CR1, DGAT2 , PYGL , SULT1B 1, TCONS_00013664- XLOC_006324, TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551, TCONS_12_00001926- XLOC_12_000004, TCONS_12_00002386-XLOC_12_000726, TCONS_12_00002811- XLOC_12_001398, TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561, TCONS_00019559- XLOC_009354, TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352, TCONS_12_00016828- XLOC_12_008724, TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810 or

TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720.

According to embodiments of the invention, the sample is whole blood or a fraction thereof.

According to embodiments of the invention, the infection is a viral infection, a bacterial infection or a mixed infection.

According to embodiments of the invention, the blood fraction sample comprises cells selected from the group consisting of lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. According to embodiments of the invention, the blood fraction sample comprises serum or plasma.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least two determinant detection reagents comprise RNA detection reagents.

According to embodiments of the invention, the at least two RNA detection reagents are attached to a detectable moiety.

According to embodiments of the invention, the first RNA detection reagent comprises a first polynucleotide that hybridizes to the first RNA and the second RNA detection reagent comprises a polynucleotide that hybridizes to the second RNA.

According to embodiments of the invention, the kit comprises detection reagents that specifically detect no more than 20 RNAs.

According to embodiments of the invention, the kit comprises detection reagents that specifically detect no more than 10 RNAs.

According to embodiments of the invention, the kit comprises detection reagents that specifically detect no more than 5 RNAs.

According to embodiments of the invention, wherein each of the 5 RNAs are set forth in any one of Tables 1-6A or Tables 15A-B.

According to embodiments of the invention, the kit comprises detection reagents that specifically detect no more than 5 RNAs.

According to embodiments of the invention, the kit comprises detection reagents that specifically detect no more than 3 RNAs.

According to embodiments of the invention, the determinant is an RNA.

According to embodiments of the invention, the determinant is a polypeptide.

According to embodiments of the invention, the composition further comprises an additional agent which binds specifically to an additional determinant which is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6A or Tables 15A-B.

According to embodiments of the invention, the infectious subject has sepsis and the non-infectious subject has SIRS without sepsis.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and/or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplary methods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a flow-chart of the clinical study design.

FIG. 2 illustrates distinctive gene expression profiles of 6 bacterial and 9 viral patients. Hierarchical clustering of 65 genes using Euclidean distance metric and average linkage. Transformed expression levels are indicated by color scale, with red representing high expression and green indicating low expression.

FIG. 3A is a heat map illustrating the classification accuracy in terms of MCC of 9 viral versus 6 bacterial infected patients attained for pairs of the 65 RNA determinants described in Table 8 (according to the serial numbers) using a logistic regression model.

FIG. 3B is a heat map illustrating the change in classification accuracy (dMCC) for the 65 RNA determinants described in Table 8 (according to the serial numbers). The change is computed as follows: MCCij - max(MCCi , MCCj), where MCCi and MCCj correspond to the MCC obtained for determinant i and j individually and MCCij is obtained for the pair. Hot and cold colors indicate pairs of RNA determinants whose combined classification accuracy compared to the individual determinant accuracy is higher and lower.

FIG. 4A is a heat map illustrating the classification accuracy in terms of AUC of 9 viral versus 6 bacterial infected patients attained for pairs of the 65 RNA determinants described in Table 8 (according to the serial numbers) using a logistic regression model. FIG. 4B is a heat map illustrating the change in classification accuracy (dAUC) for the 65 RNA determinants described in Table 8 (according to the serial numbers) is computed as follows: AUCij - max(AUCi , AUCj), where AUCi and AUCj correspond to the AUC obtained for determinant i and j individually and AUCij is obtained for the pair. Hot and cold colors indicate pairs of RNA determinants whose combined classification accuracy compared to the individual determinant accuracy is higher and lower.

FIGs. 5 A-K. Differential expression levels of the RNA determinants described in Tables 16A-C in bacterial, viral and non-infectious (including healthy) patients. Red line and circle correspond to group median and average respectively; Wilcoxon rank sum (RS) p-values between bacterial and viral groups and between infectious (bacterial and viral) vs non-infectious (including healthy subjects) are depicted. Gene symbol (for coding RNAs) or mRNA accession (for non-coding RNAs) are included.

FIG. 6. Volcano plot (scatter-plot) presenting the fold change as well as t-test p- value of the evaluated RNA determinants. Viral- and bacterial-induced RNAs that are described in Tables 16A-C are marked in red and blue "x" (respectively).

FIGs. 7 A-I. Expression levels (arbitrary units) of selected RNAs in noninfectious (including healthy) patients as well as in patients with bacterial or various viral infections as indicated. RSV - Respiratory syncytial virus; hMPV - human Metapneumo virus. Red line corresponds to group median.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to the identification of signatures and determinants associated with bacterial and viral infections. More specifically it was discovered that certain RNA determinants are differentially expressed in a statistically significant manner in subjects with bacterial and viral infections.

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details set forth in the following description or exemplified by the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

Methods of distinguishing between bacterial and viral infections by analyzing protein determinants have been disclosed in International Patent Application WO2013/117746, to the present inventors. Seeking to expand the number and type of determinants that can aid in accurate diagnosis, the present inventors have now carried out additional clinical experiments and have identified other determinants that can be used for this aim.

Correct diagnosis of bacterial patients is of high importance as these patients require antibiotic treatment and in some cases more aggressive management (hospitalization, additional diagnostic tests etc). Misclassification of bacterial patients increases the chance of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, increasing the sensitivity of a biomarker or diagnostic test that distinguishes between bacterial and viral infections may be desired, even though specificity may be reduced.

Whilst reducing the present invention to practice, the present inventors studied the gene expression profiles of blood leukocytes obtained from patients with acute infections. The results indicate there is a differential response of the immune system to bacterial and viral infections, which can potentially be used to classify patients with acute infections.

Initially, the present inventors identified 65 RNA determinants that were differentially expressed in the bacterial and viral patients tested (Table 8). Figure 2 presents distinctive gene expression profiles of the identified genes after applying a hierarchical clustering that uses Euclidean distance metric and average linkage. Based on these results the present inventors developed a classifier for distinguishing between bacterial and viral patients using logistic regression.

Pairs and triplets that present high accuracy improvement compared to the single RNA determinants were also uncovered (Tables 9, 11, 12, 13 and 14).

Whilst subsequently corroborating these results, the present inventors uncovered additional RNA markers that could serve as determinants for distinguishing between bacterial and viral infections (Tables 15A-B). Further analysis identified which of these RNAs are the most differentially expressed between bacterial and viral patients (Tables 16A-C). Particular RNAs were shown to be highly accurate at diagnosing infection type at disease onset (Table 24). Additional RNAs were shown to be accurate at indicating a specific type of viral strain (Table 25).

Thus, according to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of determining an infection type in a subject comprising measuring the amount of a determinant which is set forth in Tables 1 and 2 in a sample derived from the subject, wherein the amount is indicative of the infection type.

As used herein, the term "determinant" refers to a polypeptide or a polynucleotide (e.g. RNA).

The infection type may be a bacterial infection, a viral infection or a mixed infection (a combination of bacterial and viral infection).

The bacterial infection may be the result of gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria or atypical bacteria.

The term "Gram-positive bacteria" refers to bacteria that are stained dark blue by Gram staining. Gram-positive organisms are able to retain the crystal violet stain because of the high amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall.

The term "Gram- negative bacteria" refers to bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol.

The term "Atypical bacteria" are bacteria that do not fall into one of the classical "Gram" groups. They are usually, though not always, intracellular bacterial pathogens. They include, without limitations, Mycoplasmas spp., Legionella spp. Rickettsiae spp., and Chlamydiae spp.

The infection may be an acute or chronic infection.

A chronic infection is an infection that develops slowly and lasts a long time. Viruses that may cause a chronic infection include Hepatitis C and HIV. One difference between acute and chronic infection is that during acute infection the immune system often produces IgM+ antibodies against the infectious agent, whereas the chronic phase of the infection is usually characteristic of IgM-/IgG+ antibodies. In addition, acute infections cause immune mediated necrotic processes while chronic infections often cause inflammatory mediated fibrotic processes and scaring (e.g. Hepatitis C in the liver). Thus, acute and chronic infections may elicit different underlying immunological mechanisms.

In one embodiment, the level of the determinant may be used to rule in an infection type. In another embodiment, the level of the determinant may be used to rule out an infection type.

By "ruling in" an infection it is meant that the subject has that type of infection. By "ruling out" an infection it is meant that the subject does not have that type of infection.

"Measuring" or "measurement," or alternatively "detecting" or "detection," means assessing the presence, absence, quantity or amount (which can be an effective amount) of the determinant within a clinical or subject-derived sample, including the derivation of qualitative or quantitative concentration levels of such determinants.

A "sample" in the context of the present invention is a biological sample isolated from a subject and can include, by way of example and not limitation, whole blood, serum, plasma, saliva, mucus, breath, urine, CSF, sputum, sweat, stool, hair, seminal fluid, biopsy, rhinorrhea, tissue biopsy, cytological sample, platelets, reticulocytes, leukocytes, epithelial cells, or whole blood cells.

For measuring protein determinants, preferably the sample is a blood sample - e.g. serum or a sample comprising white blood cells (which is depleted of red blood cells).

For measuring RNA determinants, preferably the sample is a blood sample comprising white blood cells such as lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes (which is depleted of red blood cells). In one embodiment, the sample is not a serum sample.

Methods of depleting red blood cells are known in the art and include for example hemolysis, centrifugation, sedimentation, filtration or combinations thereof.

It will be appreciated that when the determinant to be measured is a protein, a protein sample is generated.

When the determinant that is measured is an RNA, an RNA sample is generated. The RNA sample may comprise RNA from a heterogeneous population of cells or from a single population of cells. The RNA may comprise total RNA, mRNA, mitochondrial RNA, chloroplast RNA, DNA-RNA hybrids, viral RNA, cell free RNA, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the RNA sample is devoid of DNA.

The sample may be fresh or frozen.

Isolation, extraction or derivation of RNA may be carried out by any suitable method. Isolating RNA from a biological sample generally includes treating a biological sample in such a manner that the RNA present in the sample is extracted and made available for analysis. Any isolation method that results in extracted RNA may be used in the practice of the present invention. It will be understood that the particular method used to extract RNA will depend on the nature of the source.

Methods of RNA extraction are well-known in the art and further described herein under.

Phenol based extraction methods: These single-step RNA isolation methods based on Guanidine isothiocyanate (GITC)/phenol/chloroform extraction require much less time than traditional methods (e.g. CsCl ₂ ultracentrifugation). Many commercial reagents (e.g. Trizol, RNAzol, RNAWIZ) are based on this principle. The entire procedure can be completed within an hour to produce high yields of total RNA.

Silica gel - based purification methods: RNeasy is a purification kit marketed by

Qiagen. It uses a silica gel-based membrane in a spin-column to selectively bind RNA larger than 200 bases. The method is quick and does not involve the use of phenol.

Oligo-dT based affinity purification of mRNA: Due to the low abundance of mRNA in the total pool of cellular RNA, reducing the amount of rRNA and tRNA in a total RNA preparation greatly increases the relative amount of mRNA. The use of oligo- dT affinity chromatography to selectively enrich poly (A)+ RNA has been practiced for over 20 years. The result of the preparation is an enriched mRNA population that has minimal rRNA or other small RNA contamination. mRNA enrichment is essential for construction of cDNA libraries and other applications where intact mRNA is highly desirable. The original method utilized oligo-dT conjugated resin column chromatography and can be time consuming. Recently more convenient formats such as spin-column and magnetic bead based reagent kits have become available.

The sample may also be processed prior to carrying out the diagnostic methods of the present invention. Processing of the sample may involve one or more of: filtration, distillation, centrifugation, extraction, concentration, dilution, purification, inactivation of interfering components, addition of reagents, and the like.

After obtaining the RNA sample, cDNA may be generated therefrom. For synthesis of cDNA, template mRNA may be obtained directly from lysed cells or may be purified from a total RNA or mRNA sample. The total RNA sample may be subjected to a force to encourage shearing of the RNA molecules such that the average size of each of the RNA molecules is between 100-300 nucleotides, e.g. about 200 nucleotides. To separate the heterogeneous population of mRNA from the majority of the RNA found in the cell, various technologies may be used which are based on the use of oligo(dT) oligonucleotides attached to a solid support. Examples of such oligo(dT) oligonucleotides include: oligo(dT) cellulose/spin columns, oligo(dT)/magnetic beads, and oligo(dT) oligonucleotide coated plates.

Generation of single stranded DNA from RNA requires synthesis of an intermediate RNA-DNA hybrid. For this, a primer is required that hybridizes to the 3' end of the RNA. Annealing temperature and timing are determined both by the efficiency with which the primer is expected to anneal to a template and the degree of mismatch that is to be tolerated.

The annealing temperature is usually chosen to provide optimal efficiency and specificity, and generally ranges from about 50 °C to about 80°C, usually from about 55 °C to about 70 °C, and more usually from about 60 °C to about 68 °C. Annealing conditions are generally maintained for a period of time ranging from about 15 seconds to about 30 minutes, usually from about 30 seconds to about 5 minutes.

According to a specific embodiment, the primer comprises a polydT oligonucleotide sequence.

Preferably the polydT sequence comprises at least 5 nucleotides. According to another is between about 5 to 50 nucleotides, more preferably between about 5-25 nucleotides, and even more preferably between about 12 to 14 nucleotides.

Following annealing of the primer (e.g. polydT primer) to the RNA sample, an

RNA-DNA hybrid is synthesized by reverse transcription using an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Suitable RNA-dependent DNA polymerases for use in the methods and compositions of the invention include reverse transcriptases (RTs). Examples of RTs include, but are not limited to, Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase, rous sarcoma virus (RSV) reverse transcriptase, avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase, rous associated virus (RAV) reverse transcriptase, and myeloblastosis associated virus (MAV) reverse transcriptase or other avian sarcoma-leukosis virus (ASLV) reverse transcriptases, and modified RTs derived therefrom. See e.g. U.S. Patent No. 7,056,716. Many reverse transcriptases, such as those from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV-RT), and Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV-RT) comprise more than one activity (for example, polymerase activity and ribonuclease activity) and can function in the formation of the double stranded cDNA molecules.

Additional components required in a reverse transcription reaction include dNTPS (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) and optionally a reducing agent such as Dithiothreitol (DTT) and MnCl ₂ .

As mentioned, in order to determine the type of infection, at least one determinant (e.g. RNA determinant) of Table 1 or Table 2 is measured.

In one embodiment, the RNA determinant is an RNA that codes for a protein.

In another embodiment, the RNA determinant does not code for a protein (non- coding RNA).

Table 1

Gene symbol REFSEQ NO. Gene Name

AIM2 NC_000001.11 Absent In Melanoma 2

NT_004487.20,

NC_018912.2

ANKRD2 NC_000010.11 Ankyrin Repeat Domain 2

NC O 18921.2

NT_030059.14

BMX NC_000023.11 BMX Non-Receptor

NT_167197.2, Tyrosine Kinase

NC_018934.2

C19orf59 NC_000019.10 Mast Cel4-Expressed

NC_018930.2 Membrane Protein 1

NT_011295.12

CD 177 NC_000019.10 CD 177 Molecule

NC_018930.2,

NT_011109.17

CEACAM1 NC_000019.10 Carcinoembryonic

NT 011109.17, Antigen-Related Cell

NC_018930.2 Adhesion Molecule 1

CLEC4D NC_000012.12 C-Type Lectin Domain

NT_009714.18, Family 4, Member D

NC_018923.2

CMPK2 NC_000002.12 Cytidine/uridine

NT_005334.17, monophosphate kinase 2

NC_018913.2

EIF1AY NC_000024.10 Eukaryotic Translation

NT_011875.13 Initiation Factor 1A, Y- Linked

EIF2AK2 NC_000002.12 Eukaryotic Translation

NT_022184.16 Initiation Factor 2-Alpha

NC_018913.2 Kinase 2

EPSTI1 NC_000013.11 Epithelial Stromal

NT_024524.15 Interaction 1 (breast) NC_018924.2

FFAR3 NC_000019.10 Free Fatty Acid Receptor

NT_011109.17 3

NC_018930.2

GALM NC_000002.12 galactose mutarotase

NT_022184.16 (aldose 1-epimerase)

NC_018913.2

IFITM3 NC 000011.10 interferon induced

NC_018922.2 transmembrane protein 3

NT_009237.19

INCA NC_000011.10 caspase recruitment

NT_033899.9 domain family member 17

NC_018922.2

IRF7 NC_000011.10 interferon regulatory

NT_009237.19 factor 7

NT_187586.1

NC_018922.2

J ARID ID NC_000024.10 lysine (K)-specific

NT_011875.13 demethylase 5D

JUP NC_000017.11 junction plakoglobin

NT_010783.16

NC_018928.2

MT1G NC_000016.10 metallothionein 1G

NC_018927.2

NT_010498.16

MT2A NC_000016.10 metallothionein 2A

NC_018927.2

NT_010498.16

OTOF NC_000002.12 otoferlin

NT_022184.16

NC_018913.2

PLSCR1 NC_000003.12 phospholipid scramblase 1

NT_005612.17

NC_018914.2

PSTPIP2 NC_000018.10 proline-serine-threonine

NT_010966.15 phosphatase interacting

NC_018929.2 protein 2

RGS 1 NC_000001.11 regulator of G-protein

NC_018912.2 signaling 1

NT_004487.20

TREML4 NC_000006.12 triggering receptor

NC_018917.2 expressed on myeloid

NT_007592.16 cells like 4

UTY NC_000024.10 ubiquitously transcribed

NT_011875.13 tetratricopeptide repeat containing, Y-linked

NC_000007.14 Poly(ADP-Ribose)

PARP12 NC_018918.2 Polymerase Family

Member 12 NC„Q00002J2 Polyribonucleotide

PNPTl Nucleotidyltransferase 1

NC _. 018913.2

NC_000002.12 Tribbies Pseudokinase 2

TRIB2

NC_018913.2

Affymetrix transcript ID:

TC04001372.hg. l

uc003hrl. l Start of genomic location:

89178768 of chromosome 4

End of genomic location:

89180508 of chromosome 4

NC_018933.2 Uhiquitin Specific

USP41 Peptidase 41

NC_000022.11

NC_000018.10 Zinc Finger CCHC-Type

ZCCHC2 Containing 2

NC_018929.2

Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-PvNASEHl-12

TC02004017.hg.l

start of genomic location:

TCONS_00003184-

6968645

XLOC_001966

Chromosome 2

End of genomic location:

6973662

Chromosome 2

Table 2

Gene REFSEQ NO. Gene Name

symbol

CYBRD1 NC_000002.12 Cytochrome B Reductase

NC_018913.2 1

NT_005403.18

CYP1B 1 NC_000002.12 Cytochrome P450, Family

NC_018913.2 1, Subfamily B,

NT_022184.16 Polypeptide 1

F13A1 NC_000006.12 Coagulation factor XIII A

NT_007592.16 chain

NC_018917.2

FAM101B NC_000017.11 Family With Sequence

NC_018928.2, Similarity 101, Member B

NT_024972.9

RASA4 NC_000007.14 RAS P21 Protein

NT_007933.16 Activator 4

NC_018918.2 (clone name FLJ21767)

HLA- NT_167247.2 major histocompatibility

DQA1 NT_167245.2 complex, class II, DQ

NT_167246.2 alpha 1

NT_167249.2

NC_000006.12 NT_007592.16

NT J 13891.3

NT_167248.2

NC_018917.2

LOC10013 NC_000007.12 uncharacterized

2244 LOCI 00132244

PHOSPHO NC_000017.11 phosphatase, orphan 1

1 NT_010783.16

NC_018928.2

PI3 NC_000020.11 peptidase inhibitor 3

NC_018931.2

NT_011362.11

PPBP NC_000004.12 pro-platelet basic protein

NC_018915.2

NT_016354.20

SH3BGRL NC_000006.12 SH3 domain binding

2 NT 025741.16 glutamate-rich protein like

NC_018917.2 2

TMEM176 NC_000007.14 transmembrane protein A NT_007933.16 176 A

NC_018918.2

CR1 NC_000001.11 Complement C3b/C4b

Receptor 1 ( nops Biood NC_018912.2 Group)

NC_000011.10 D ia c ylglycerol O-

DGAT2 Acyltransferase 2

NC_018922.2

NC_000014.9 Phosphorylase, Glycogen,

PYGL Liver

NC_018925.2

NC_000004.12 Sulfo transferase Family

SULT1B 1 I B Member 1

NC_018915.2

TCONSJ) Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-VIPR2-2

0013664- TC07002730.hg. l

XLOC_00 Start of genomic location:

6324

26392 of chromosome 7

End of genomic location:

35472 of chromosome 7

TCONSJ Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-UBE2W

2_000282 TC08002386.hg. l

42- Start of genomic location:

XLOCJ2

74817620

_014551

of chromosome 8

End of genomic location:

74827134 of chromosome 8

TCONSJ Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-OR4F16-l

2_000019 TC01004103.hg. l

26- XLOCJ2 Start of genomic location:

_000004 329783 of chromosome 1

End of genomic location:

334271 of chromosome 1

TCONSJ Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-OR4F29-l 2_000023 TC01005192.hg. l

86- Start of genomic location:

XLOCJ2

637315 of chromosome 1

_000726

End of genomic location:

655530 of chromosome 7

TCONSJ Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-PLD5-4 2_000028 TC01006237.hg. l

11- Start of genomic location:

XLOCJ2

243192814

_001398

of chromosome 1

End of genomic location:

243215554

of chromosome 1

TCONSJ Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-BMS l-9 2_000039 TC10002018.hg. l

49- Start of genomic location:

XLOCJ2

38742109

_001561

of chromosome 10

End of genomic location:

38764837

of chromosome 10

TCONSJ) Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-CTSD-2 0019559- TC11002997.hg. l

XLOC_00 Start of genomic location:

9354

1792623

of chromosome 11

End of genomic location:

1793111

of chromosome 11

TCONSJ Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-RBMl l-5 2_000104 TC16001727.hg. l

40- Start of genomic location:

XLOCJ2

90244125

_005352

of chromosome 16

End of genomic location:

90289178

of chromosome 16

TCONSJ Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-HNFlB-4 2_000168 TC20001365.hg. l

28- Start of genomic location:

XLOCJ2

62921738

_008724

of chromosome 20 End of genomic location:

62944485

of chromosome 20

TCONSJ Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-EXOSC9-l l

2_000216 TC04002168.hg.l

82- Start of genomic location:

XLOCJ2

_010810 120299287

of chromosome 4

End of genomic location:

120326770

of chromosome 4

TCONSJ Affymetrix transcript ID: linc-ZNF692-5

2_000023 TC01006418.hg.l

67- Start of genomic location:

XLOCJ2

_000720 89295

of chromosome 1

End of genomic location:

173864

of chromosome 1

According to particular embodiments, when the level of determinant in Table 1 is above a predetermined level (e.g. above the level that is present in a sample derived from a non-infectious, preferably healthy subject; or above the level that is present in a sample derived from a subject known to be infected with a bacterial infection, as further described herein below), it is indicative that the subject has a viral infection (i.e. a viral infection may be ruled in).

Alternatively or additionally, when the level of determinant in Table 1 is above a predetermined level, it is indicative that the subject does not have a bacterial infection (i.e. a bacterial infection is ruled out).

According to other embodiments, when the level of determinant in Table 2 is above a predetermined level (e.g. above the level that is present in a sample derived from a non-infectious, preferably healthy subject; or above the level that is present in a sample derived from a subject known to be infected with a viral infection, as further described herein below), it is indicative that the subject has a bacterial infection (i.e. a bacterial infection is ruled in).

Alternatively or additionally, when the level of determinant in Table 2 is above a predetermined level, it is indicative that the subject does not have a viral infection (i.e. a viral infection is ruled out). The predetermined level of any of the aspects of the present invention may be a reference value derived from population studies, including without limitation, such subjects having a known infection, subject having the same or similar age range, subjects in the same or similar ethnic group, or relative to the starting sample of a subject undergoing treatment for an infection. Such reference values can be derived from statistical analyses and/or risk prediction data of populations obtained from mathematical algorithms and computed indices of infection. Reference determinant indices can also be constructed and used using algorithms and other methods of statistical and structural classification.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the predetermined level is the amount (i.e. level) of determinants in a control sample derived from one or more subjects who do not have an infection (i.e., healthy, and or non-infectious individuals). In a further embodiment, such subjects are monitored and/or periodically retested for a diagnostically relevant period of time ("longitudinal studies") following such test to verify continued absence of infection. Such period of time may be one day, two days, two to five days, five days, five to ten days, ten days, or ten or more days from the initial testing date for determination of the reference value. Furthermore, retrospective measurement of determinants in properly banked historical subject samples may be used in establishing these reference values, thus shortening the study time required.

A reference value can also comprise the amounts of determinants derived from subjects who show an improvement as a result of treatments and/or therapies for the infection. A reference value can also comprise the amounts of determinants derived from subjects who have confirmed infection by known techniques.

An example of a bacterially infected reference value is the mean or median concentrations of that determinant in a statistically significant number of subjects having been diagnosed as having a bacterial infection.

An example of a virally infected reference value is the mean or median concentrations of that determinant in a statistically significant number of subjects having been diagnosed as having a viral infection.

It will be appreciated that the control sample is the same blood sample type as the sample being analyzed. As well as measuring at least one determinant in Tables 1 or 2, the present inventors contemplate measuring at least one additional (non-identical) determinant (so as to measure at least two determinants), wherein the at least one additional determinant is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6 A or 15A-B, wherein the amount of the at least two determinants is indicative of the infection type.

In one embodiment, at least two non-identical RNAs are measured, the first from Tables 1 or 2 and the second from any one of Tables 1-6 A, or 16A-C. Preferably the second RNA is set forth in Tables 1, 2, 3 or 5 and even more preferably, the second RNA is set forth in Tables 1 or 2.

According to still another embodiment as well as measuring at least one determinant in Tables 1 or 2, the present inventors contemplate measuring at least one additional (non-identical) determinant (so as to measure at least two determinants), wherein the at least one additional determinant is set forth in Table 6B.

According to a particular embodiment, at least one of the RNA determinants is a coding RNA e.g. OTOF, PI3, CYBRD1, EIF2AK2 or CMPK2, PARP12, PNPT1, TRIB2, uc003hrl.l, USP41, ZCCHC2.

According to a particular embodiment, at least one of the RNA determinants is a non-coding RNA e.g. TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966.

Exemplary pairs contemplated by the present inventors are set forth in Tables 9, 11, 17 and 18 in the Examples section herein below.

Other exemplary pairs are provided herein below:

CMPK2+CR1, CMPK2+C YP 1 B 1 , CMPK2+DDX60, CMPK2+DGAT2, CMPK2+PARP12, CMPK2+PNPT 1 , CMPK2+PYGL, CMP 2+SULT 1 B 1 , CMP 2+TRIB2, CMPK2+uc003hrl. l, CMPK2+USP41, CMPK2+ZCCHC2, CMPK2-H1332762, CMPK2+n407780, CMPK2+n332510, CMPK2+n334829, CMPK2+n332456, CMPK2+n333319, CMPK2+TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, CMPK2+TCONS_00013664-XLOC_006324, CMPK2+TCONSJ2.00028242-

X LOCJ2J314551 , CMPK2+TCONS_12_00001926-XLOC_12_000004, CMPK2+TCONS_12_00002386-XLOC_12_ 000726, CMP 2+TCONS...12 .00002811- XLOC_12_001398, CMP 2+TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561, CMP 2+TCONS„00019559-XLOC _. J)09354, CMPK2+TCONSJ2 _. 00010440-

XLOCJ2_ 005352, CMPK2+TCONSJ2„00016828-XLOCJ.2J308724, CMP 2+TCONSJ2„00021682-XLOCJ2„01()810, CMPK2+TCONS_12_00002367- XLOC _... 12 000720, CMPK2+FAM89A, CMPK2+MX1, CMPK2+RSAD2, CMPK2+IFI44L, CMPK2+USP18, CMPK2+IFI27, CR1+CYP1 B 1, CR1 +DDX60, CR1+DGAT2, CR1+PARP12, CR1+PNPT1, CR1+PYGL, CR1+SULT1B 1, CR1+TRIB2, CRl+uc003hrl.l, CR1+USP4L CR1+ZCCHC2, CRl+n332762, CRl+n407780, CRl+n332510, CRl+n334829, CRl+n332456, CRl+n333319, CR1+TCO S„00003184-XLOC„001966, CR1+TCONS„00013664-XLOC„006324, CR1+TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551, CR1+TCC3NS _... 12 _.. 00001926-

XLOC _... 12 _... 000004, CR1+TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00002386-XLOC _... 12 _... 000726, CR1+TCONS_12_00002811-XLOC_12_001398, CR1+TCONS_12_00003949- XLOC _... 12 _. 001561, CR 1+TCONS _... 00019559-XLQC _.. 009354,

CR1 +TCONSJ2„00010440-XLOCJ2„005352, CR1+TCONS_12_00016828- XLOC _... 12 _... 008724, CR 1+TCO S _.... 12 _.... 00021682-XLOC_12_010810,

CR1+TCONSJ2„00002367-XLOCJ2„000720, CR1+FAM89A, CR1+MX1, CR1+RSAD2, CR1+IF144L, CR1+USP18, CR1+IFI27, CYP1B 1+DDX60, C YP1 B 1+DGAT2, CYP1B 1+PARP12, CYP1B 1+PNPT1, CYPIB I+PYGL, CYP1 B 1+SULTlB 1, CYP1B 1+TRIB2, CYP1 B l+uc003hrl.l, C YP1 B 1 +USP41, CYP1B 1+ZCCHC2, CYPlB l+n332762, CYPlB l+n407780, CYPlB l+n332510, CYP1B l+n334829, CYPIB l+n332456, CYP1B l+n333319,

CYP1B 1+TCONS _... 00003184-XLOC _. 001966, CYPIB 1+TCONS _.... 00013664-

XI,OC„006324, CYP1B 1+TCONSJ2„00028242-XLOCJ2„014551, CYPIB 1+TCONS _.... 12 _.. 00001926-XLOC_12_000004, CYPIB 1+TCC3NS _... 12 _... 00002386-- XLOC _12_000726, CYPIB 1+TCONS J2 J30002811 -XLOC„12_001398,

CYP1B 1+TC(3NS _... 12 _... 00003949~XL(3C _... 12 _... 001561, CYP1B 1+TCONS _... 00019559-- XLOC _.. 009354, CYP1B 1+TCONS _... 12 _... 00010440~XLOC _.. 12 _.. 005352, C YP1 B 1+TCONS_12_00016828-XLOC J2 _008724, CY IB 1 +TCONS_12_00021682- XLOC _... 12 _... 010810, CYPIB 1+TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00002367-XLOC _... 12 _... 000720,

CYPIB 1+FAM89A, CYPIB 1+ Xl, CYP1 B 1+RSAD2, CYPIB 1+IFI44L,

CYP1B 1+USP18, CYPIB 1+IFI27, DDX60+DGAT2, DDX60+P ARP 12,

DDX60+PNPT1, DDX60+PYGL, DDX60+S U LT 1 B 1 , DDX60+TRIB2,

DDX60+tic003hrl, l, DDX60+USP41, DDX60+ZCCHC2, DDX60+n332762,

DDX60+n407780, DDX60+n332510, DDX60+n334829. DDX60+n332456, DDX60+n333319, DDX60+TCONS _00003184-XLOC 001966,

DDX60+TCQNS _.. 00013664-XLOC _. 006324, DDX60+TCONS _... 12 _... 00028242-

XLOCJ2J) 14551, DDX60+TCONS_12_00001926-XLOC _12_000004,

DDX60+TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00002386-XLOC _... 12 _... 000726, DDX60+TCONS _... 12 _... 00002811 - XLOCJ2J301398, DDX60+TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561, DDX60+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_ 009354, DDX60+TCONS...12...00010440-

XLOC_12_005352, DDX60+TCONS_12_00016828-XLOC_12_008724, DDX60+TCO S _.... 12 _.... 00021682-XLOC _... I2 _... 010810, DDX60+TC NS _.... 12 _... 00002367- XLOC _... 12 _... 000720, DDX60+FAM89A, DDX60+MX1, DDX60+RSAD2, DDX60+IFI44L, DDX60+USP18, DDX60+IFI27, DGAT2+PARP12, DG AT2+PNPT 1 , DGAT2+PYGL, DGAT2+SULT1B 1, DGAT2+TRIB2, DGAT2+uc003hrl.1 , DGAT2+USP41 , DGAT2+ZCCHC2, DG AT2+n332762, DGAT2+n407780, DGAT2+n332510, DGAT2+n334829, DGAT2+n332456, DGAT2+n333319, DGAT2+TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, DGAT2+TCONS _... 00013664-XLOC _.... 006324, DGAT2+TCO S _.... 12 _.... 00028242- XLQCJ2J) 14551 , DG AT2+TCONS_12_00001926-XLOCJ2„000004,

DGAT2+TCONSJ2„000()2386-XLOC J2 _000726, DGAT2+TCONS_12_00002811 - XLGC _... 12 _... 001398, DGAT2+TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00003949-XLOC _... 12 _... 001561, DGAT2+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, DGAT2+TCONS_12_00010440- XLOC _.. 12 _.. 005352, DGAT2+TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00016828~XLOC _... 12 _... 008724,

DGAT2+TCO SJ2_00021682-XLOC„12„010810, DGAT2+TCONS _12_00002367- XLOC _... I2 _... 000720, DGAT2+FAM89A, DGAT2+MX1 , DGAT2+RSAD2, DGAT2+IFI44L, DGAT2+USP18, DGAT2+IFI27, PARP 12+PNPT 1 , PARP12+PYGL, PARP12+SULT1B 1, PARP12+TRIB2, PARP12+uc003hrl.l, PARP12+USP41 , PARP12+ZCCHC2, PARP12+n332762, PARP12+n407780, PARP12+n332510, PARP12+n334829, PARP12+n332456, PARP12+n333319,

PARP 12+TCO S _... 00003184-XLGC _... 001966, PARP 12+TCONS _... 00013664-

X LOC_006324, PARP12+TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551 ,

PARP12+TCONS _... 12 00001926-XLOC _... 12 _.. 000004, PARP 12·}· I CONS 12 00002386- XI,OCJ2„000726, PARP12+TCONS_12_00002811-XLQCJ2_ 0Q!398,

PARP12+TCONS _... 12 _... 00003949-XLOC _... 12 _... 001561, PARP12+TCONS _... 00019559- XLOC_009354, PARP12+TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352, PARP12+TCONS_12_00016828-XLOC_12_008724, PARP12+TCONS_12_00021682-

XLOC _.. 12 010810, PARP12+TCQNS _... 12 _. QGQ02367-XLQC _.. 12 _. 000720,

PARP12+FAM89A, PARP12+MX1, PARP12+RSAD2, PARP12+1FI44L, PARP12+USP18, PARP12+IFI27, PNPT1+PYGL, PNPT1+SULT1B 1, PNPT1+TRIB2, PNPTl+uc003hrl. l, PNPT1+USP4L PNPT1+ZCCHC2, PNPTl+n332762, PNPTl+n407780, PNPTl+n332510, PNPTl+n334829, PNPTl+n332456, PNPTl+n333319, PNPT1+TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, PNPTl+TCONS _.. _00013664-XLOC_006324, PNPTl+TCONS_12_ _. 00028242-

XLOC_12_014551, PNPT1+TCONS_12_00001926-XLOC_12_000004, PNPT1+TCONS_12_00002386-XLOC_12_000726, PNPTl+TCONS J2_00002811- XLOC..12 001398, PNPT1+TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_ 001561,

PNPTL+TCONS J)0019559-XLOC _009354, PNPT1+TCONS_12_00010440- XLOC _... I2 _... 005352, PNPT1+TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00016828-XLOC _... 12 _... 008724, PNPT1+TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810, PNPT1+TCONS_12_00002367- XLOC _.. 12 _.. 000720, PNPT 1+FAM89A, PNPT1+MX1, PNPT1+RSAD2, PNPT1+IFI44L, PNPT1+USP18, PNPT1+IFI27, PYGL+SULTIB I, PYGL+TRIB2, PYGL+uc003hrl.1, PYGL+USP41, PYGL+ZCCHC2, ΡΥΟΙ,+η332762, PYGL+11407780, PYGL+n332510, PYGL+n334829, PYGL+n332456, PYGL+n333319, PYGL+-TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, PYGL+TCONS _.. 00013664-XLOC _.. 006324, PYGL+TCONS _. „12, _. 00028242- XLOC_12_014551 , PYGL+TCONS_12_00001926-XLOC_12_000004,

PYGL+TCONS_12_00002386-XLOC_12_000726, P YGL+TCONS...12...00002811 · XLOC_12_001398, PYGL+TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561, PYGL+TCONS _... 00019559-XLOC _... 009354, PYGL+TCONS _... 12, _. 00010440- XLOC _.. 12 005352, PYGL+TCONS _... 12 _. 0001682S-XLQC _.. 12 _. 008724,

PYGL+TCONSJ2„00021682-XLOCJ2„010810, PYGL+TCONS„12J)0002367- XLOC_12_ 000720, PYGL+FAM89A, PYGL+MX1, PYGL+RSAD2, PYGL+IFI44L, PYGL+USP18, PYGL+IFI27, SULT1 B 1+TRIB2, SULT1 B l+uc003hrl.1 , SULT1B 1+USP41, SULT IB 1+ZCCHC2, SULTlB l+n332762, SULTlB l+n407780, SULTlB l+n332510, SULTlB l+n334829, SULTlB l+n332456, SULTlB l+n333319, SULTIB 1+TCONS _... 00003184-XLOC _... 001966, SULTIB 1+TCONS_00013664-

XLOC„006324, SULTIB 1+TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551, SULT1 B 1 +TCONS_12_00001926-XLOC_12_000004,

SULT1B 1+TCONSJ2 _. 00002386-XLOC _.. 12 _... 000726,

SU LT1B 1+TCONS _12_00002811 -XLOC_12_001398,

SULT1B 1+TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_ 001561, SULTIB 1+TCONS..00019559- XLOC_009354, SULTIB 1+TCONS _12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352,

SU.T I B 1 +TCONS 12 00016S28- XLOC 12 008724.

SULT1B 1+TCONSJ2„00021682-XLOCJ2„010810,

SULT IB 1+TCONS J2_00002367-XLOC _... 12 _. 000720, SULTIB 1+FAM89A,

SULTIB 1+MXl, SULTIB 1+RSAD2, SULTIB 1+IFI44L, SULTIB 1+USP18, SULTI B 1 +IFI27, TRIB2+uc003hrl.l, TRIB2+USP41 , TRIB2+ZCCHC2, TRIB2+n332762, TRIB2+n407780, TRIB2+n332510, TRIB2+n334829, TRIB2+n332456, TRIB2+n333319, TRIB2+TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, TRD32+TCONSJ)0013664-XLOC_006324, TRIB2+TCONS _... 12 _... 00028242- XLOC_12_014551 , TRIB2+TCONSJ2__00001926-XLOC_12_000004, TRIB2+TCONS _. J2 _... 00002386-XLOC _... 12 _... 000726, TRIB2+TCONS _... 12 _.. 00002811- XLOC_12_001398, TRD32+TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561, TRIB2+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, TRIB2+TCONS_12_00010440- XLOC _... 12 _... 005352, TRIB2+TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00016828-XLOC _... 12 _... 008724, TRIB2+TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810, T RIB 2+TC ONS _12_00002367 - XLOC _.. 12 _.. 000720, TRIB2+FAM89A, TRIB2+MX1, TRIB2+RSAD2, TRIB2+IFI44L, TRIB2+USP18, TRIB2+IFI27, uc003hrl, l+USP41, uc003hrl l+ZCCHC2, uc003hrl. l+n332762, uc003hrl. l+n407780, uc003hrl. l+n332510, uc003hrl.1 +n334829, uc003hrl.l+n332456, uc003hrl.l+n333319, uc003hrl.l+TCONS_00003184- XLOC..001966, uc003hrl.l+TCONS_00013664-XLOC_ 006324, u.c003hrlJ+TCONS _... 12 _.. 00028242-XLOC _... 12 _... 01455L

uc003hrl.1 +TCONS_12_00001926-XLOC_12_000004,

uc003hrLl+TCONS _... 12 _... 00002386-XLOC _... 12 _... 000726,

uc003hrl.1 +TCONS_12_0000281 1-XLOCJ2__001398,

ticOOBhrl. l +TCONS i2 0000394 ^. X ] .()(; 12 00156 ! . uc0033irL l+TCONS _.... 00019559- XI,OC„009354, uc003hrl.1+TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352, uc003hrl.l+TCONS _. J2 _... 00016828"XLOC _... 12 _... 008724,

uc003hrl.1 +TCONS_12_00021682-XLOCJ2J ⁾ 10810, uc003hrl.1 +TCONS_12_00002367-X1JDC_12_000720, uc003hrl.1 +FAM89A, uc003hrl. l+MXl, uc003hrl. l+RSAD2, uc003hrL l+IFI44L, uc003hrl. l+USP18, uc003hrl.1+IFI27, USP41 +ZCCHC2, USP4 l+n332762, USP41 +n407780, USP41+n332510, USP41+n334829, USP41+n332456, USP41+n333319, USP41 +TCONS_00003184-XLOCJ301966, USP41+TCONS_00013664-

XLQC _.. 006324, USP41+TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_ 014551 ,

USP41+TCONS_12_00001926-XLOC_12_000004, USP41 +TCONS _12_00002386- XLOC _. J2 _... 000726, USP41+TCO SJ2 _... 00002811-XLOC _. J2 _.. 001398, USP41+TCONS _... 12 _... 00003949-XLOC _... 12 _.. 001561, USP41+TCONS _... 00019559- X LOC 009354, USP41+TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352, USP41+TCONS _... 12 _... 00016828-XLOC _... 12 _.. 008724, USP41+TCONS _.... 12, _. 00021682- XLOC_12_010810, USP41+TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720, USP41+FAM89A, USP41+MX1 , USP41+RSAD2, USP41+IFI44L, USP41+USP18, USP41+IFI27, ZCCHC2+n332762, ZCCFiC2+n407780, ZCCHC2+n332510, ZCCHC2+n334829, ZCCHC2+n332456, ZCCHC2+n333319,

ZCCHC2+TCONS„00003184-XLOC_001966, ZCCHC2+TCONS_00013664-

XLOC_006324, ZCCHC2+TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551, ZCCHC2+TCO S _... 12 _... 00001926-XLOC _... 12 _... 000004,

ZCCHC2+TCONS_12_00002386-X[X C_12_000726,

ZCCHC2+TCONS _... 12 _.. 00002811 -XLOC _.. 12, _. 001398,

ZCCHC2+TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561, ZCCHC2+TCONS_00019559- XLOC _... 009354, ZCCHC2+TCO S _.„ 12 _.„ 00010440-XLOC _. J2 _„ 005352, ZCCFiC2+TCO SJ2_00016828-XLOCJ2 _„ 008724,

ZCCHC2+TCONSJ2 00021682 X LOC 12 010810,

ZCCHC2+TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720, ZCCHC2+FAM89A, ZCC C2+ X1, ZCCHC2+RSAD2, ZCCHC2+IFI44L, ZCCHC2+USP18, ZCCHC2+IFI27, n332762+n407780, n332762+n332510, n332762+n334829, n332762+n332456, n332762+n333319, n332762+TCONS _00003184-XLOCJ301966, n332762+TCONS„00013664-XLOC _. „006324, n332762+TCONS_ 12 _... 00028242- XLQCJ2J) 14551 , n332762+TCONS_12_00001926-XLOCJ2„000004, n332762+TCONS _... 12 _... 00002386-XLOC _... 12 _... 000726, n332762+TCONS _... 12 _... 00002811- XLOCJ2_001398, n332762+TCONS_12_00003949-XLX)C_12_001561 , n332762+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, n332762+TCONS_12_00010440- XLOC _.. 12 005352, n332762+TCONS_12_00016828-XLOC_12_ 008724, n332762+TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810, n332762+TCONS_12_00002367-

XLGC _... 12 _... 00Q720, n332762+FAM89A, n332762+MXl, n332762+RSAD2, n332762+IFI44L, ri332762+USP18, n332762+IFI27, n407780+n332510, n407780+n334829, ii407780+n332456, n407780+n333319, n407780+TCONS_00003184-XLX C_001966, n407780+TCONS_00013664- XLOC _... 006324, n407780+TCO S _. „12 _. „00028242-XLOC _. J2„014551, n407780+TCGNS _... 12 _... Q00Q1926-XLGC _... 12 _... 0QGQ04, n4G778Q+TCONS _... 12 _... 0QGQ2386- XLOC_12_000726, n407780+TCONSJ2_ 0G00281 1 -XLOCJ2J301398, n407780+TCONSJ2 _. 00003949-XLOC _. „12, _. 00156L n4Q778G+TCQNS _.... 00Q19559- XLOC_009354, n407780+TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352, n407780+TCONS _. J2 _.. 00016828"XLOC _. J2J)08724, n407780+TCONS _. J2 _.. 00021682- XLOC_12_010810, n407780+TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720, n407780+FAM89A, n407780+MXl, n407780+RSAD2, n407780+IF144L, n407780+USP18, ri407780+IFI27, n332510+n334829, n332510+n332456, n332510+n333319, n332510+TCONS„000()3184-XLOC_001966, n332510+TCONS _.. 00013664-XLOC _. 006324, n332510+TCONS _... 12 _. 00028242-

X LOC_12_014551 , n332510+TCONS J2J)0001926-XLOC„12„000004, n332510+TCONS_12_ 00002386-XLOC _... 12, _. 000726, n332510+TCONS _... 12, _. 00002811- XI,OCJ2„001398, n332510+TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561, n332510+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, n332510+TCONS...12...00010440- XLOC_12_005352, n332510+TCONS_12_00016828-XLOC_12_008724, n332 10+TC NS i2 iK)02 ] 682 -XL()C 12 0108 10. n3325 10+ I CONS 12 00002367· XLOC _.. 12 _.. 000720, n332510+FAM89A, n332510+MXl, ii332510+RSAD2, n332510+IFI44L, n332510+US PI 8, n332510+IFI27, n334829+n332456, n334829+n333319, n334829+TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, n334829+TCONS_00013664-XLOC_006324, n334829+TCONS_12_00028242- XLOC _.. 12 _.. 014551 , n334829+TCONS_12_00001926-XLOC_12_ 000004, n334829+TCONSJ2„00002386-XI,OCJ2„000726, n334829+TCONS_12_00002811- XLOC _... I2 _... 001398, n334829+TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00003949-XLOC _... 12 _... 001561, n334829+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, n334829+TCONS_12_00010440- X LOC_12_005352, n334829+TCONS_12_00016828-XLOC_12_008724, n334829+TCONSJ2„00021682-XLOC _. „12, _. 010810, n334S29+TCQNS _... 12 _... 00Q02367- XLOC_12_000720, n334829+FAM89A, n334829+MXl , n334829+RSAD2, n334829+IFI44L, n334829+USP18, n334829+IFI27, n332456+n333319, n332456+TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, n332456+TCONS_00013664-

XLQC _... 006324, n332456+TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_ 014551 , n332456+TCONS_12_00001926-XLOC_12_000004, n332456+TCONS_12_00002386- XLOC _... 12 _... 000726, n332456+TCONS_ 12 _... 00002811-XLOC_12_001398, n332456+TCGNS...12...Q00Q3949-XLGC...12...0Q1561, n332456+TCONS_00019559- X LOC_009354, n332456+TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352, n332456+TCONS _.... 12 _.. 00016828-XLOC _. _ 12, _. 008724, n332456+TCONS_ 12 _... 00021682- XLOC _12_010810, n332456+TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720, n332456+FAM89A, n332456+MXl, n332456+RSAD2, n332456+IFI44L, n332456+USP18, n332456+IFL27, n333319+TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, n333319+TCQNS _.. 00013664-XLOC _.. 000324, n333319+TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00028242-

XLOC_12_014551 , n333319+TCONS_12_00001926-XLOCJ2„000004, n333319+TCONS_12_00002386-XLOC_12_000726, n333319+TCONS_12_0000281 1 - XLOC _... 12 _... 001398, n333319+TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00003949-XLOC _... 12 _... 001561, n333319+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, n333319+TCONS _12_00010440- XLOC _.. 12 _.. 005352, n333319+TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00016828-XLOC _.. 12 _.. 008724, n333319+TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810, n333319+TCONS_12_00002367- XLOC _... I2 _... 000720, n333319+FAM89A, n333319+MXl, n333319+RSAD2, n333319+IFI44L, n333319+USP18, n333319+IFI27, TCONS_00003184- XLOC _.. 001966+TCONS _.. 00013664-XLOC _... 006324, I CONS 0000 184- XLOC _. 001 66+TCONS 12 1)0028242· XL C 12 0145 1 , I CON ^' S 00003184-

XLOC 001966+TCONS _12_00001926-XLOC_12_000004, TCONS _00003184-

XLOC _... 001966+TCONS _... 12 _... 00002386-XLOC _... 12 _... 000726, TCONS _.... 00003184- X LOC_001966+TCONS_12_0000281 1-XLOC_12_001398, TCONS_00003184- XLOC _.. 001966+TCONS _... 12 00003949-XLOC _... 12, _. 001561 , I CONS 0000 184- XLOC_001966+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, TCONS_00003184-

XLOC _... 001966+T€ONS _... I2 _... 00010440-XLOC _... 12 _... 005352, TCONS _... 00003184- XLOC 001966+TCONS 12 00016828-XLOC 12 008724, TCONS 00003184- X LOC 001966+TCONSJ2J30021682-XLOCJ2__010810, TCONS_00003184-

XLOC_001966+TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720, ICONS...00003184-

XLOC_001966+FAM89A, TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966+MX1, TCONS _... 00003184-XLOC_001966+RSAD2, TCONS _... 00003184- XLOC„001966+IFI44L, TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966+USP18,

TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966+IFI27, TCONS _... 00013664- XLOC_006324+TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551, TCONS_00013664- XLOCJ)06324 rCONS _. J2 _. J)0001926-XL(3C J2J)00004, TCONS_ _. 00013664-

XLOC _... 006324+TCONS _... 12 _... 00002386-XLOC _... 12 _... 000726, TCONS _... 00013664- XLOC_006324+TCONS_12_0000281 1-X ^[ X C_12_001398, TCONS_00013664- XLOC _.. 006324+TCONSJ2 _.. 00003949-XLOC _.. 12 _... 00156L TCONS _.... 0Q013664- XLOC_006324+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, TCONS_00013664- XLOCJ)06324+TCONS _. J2 _. J)0010440-XL(3C J2J)05352, TCONS_ 00013664-

XLOC„006324+TCONSJ2_00016828-XLOCJ2„008724, TCONS_00013664- XLOC 006324+TCONS 12 00021682 -XLOC 12 0108 10. I CONS 00 1 664-

XLOC_006324+TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720, TCONS J30013664-

XLOC_006324+FAM89A, TCONS_00013664-XLOC_006324+MX1, TCONS _... 00013664-XLOC _... 006324+RSAD2, TCONS _... 00013664- XLOC„006324+IFI44L, TCONS JXW13664-XLOC 006324+USP18, TCONS _... 00013664-XLOC _... 006324+IFI27, ICONS 12 000282-12-

XLOC_12_014551 +TCONS_12_00001926-XLOC _12_000004 , TCONS _12_00028242- XLOC _. J2J)14551+T€ONSJ2 _.. 00002386--XLOC _. J2J)00726, TCONS 12 00028242 - XLOCJ2_014551+TCONS„12_0000281 1 -XLOCJ2„001398, TCONS_12_00028242- XLQC _.. 12, _. 014551+TCONS J2 _. 00003949-XLOCJ2 _. 00156L I CONS 12 00028242- XLOC _. 12 _. 014551+TCONS _... 00019559-XLOC _.. 009354, ICONS 12 000282-12-

XLOC _12_014551+TCONS_12_00010440- XLOC_12_005352, TCONS_12_00028242- XLOC _... 12 _... 014551+TCONS _... 12 _... 00016828-XLOC _... 12 _... 008724, TCONS 12 00028242- XLOC_12_014551+TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810, TCONS_12_00028242- XLQC _.. 12, _. 014551+TCONS _... 12 _. 00002367 -XLOC _... 12 _. 000720, I CONS 12 00028242- XLOC_12_014551+FAM89A, TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551+MX1, TCONS _... 12 00028242-XLOC _... 12 _.. 014551+RSAD2, TCONS 12 00028242 -

XLOC_12_014551+IFI44L, TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551+USP18, TCONS _12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551+IFI27, TCONS_12_00001926-

XLOC _.... 12 _.... Q00Q04+TCONS _.... 12 _. 00002386-XLOC_ 12 _... 000726, TCONS _... 12 _... 00001926-

XLOC_12_000004+TCONS_12_0000281 1 - XLOC_12_001398, TCONS_12_00001926-

XLOC _... 12 _... 000004+TCONS _... 12 _... 00003949-XLOC _... 12 _... 001561 , TCONS _... 12 _... 00001926- XLOC_12_000004+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, TCONS_12_00001926-

XLQC _.... 12, _. 000004+TCONS _... 12 _. 00010440- XLOC _... 12, _. 005352, TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00001926-

XLOC_12_000004+TCONS_12_00016828-XLOC _12_008724 , TCONS _12_00001926-

XLOC _... I2 _... 000004+TCONS _. J2 _.. 00021682-XLOC _... 12 _... 010810, TCONS _... 12 _... 00001926-

XLOC _... 12 _... 000004+TCONS _... 12 _... 00002367-XLOC _... 12 _... 000720, TCONS _... 12 _... 00001926- X LOCJ2„000()()4+FAM89A, TCONS_12_00001926-XLOCJ2__000004+MXl ,

TCONS _... 12 _... 00001926-XLOC _... 12 _... 000004+RS AD2, TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00001926- XLOC_12_000004+IFI44L, TCONSJ2„000()1926-XLOCJ2J)()()004+US P18,

TCONS _... 12 00()01926-XLOC _... 12, _. 000004+:iFI27, TCONS _... 12 _... 00002386-

X LOC 12 000726+TCONS 12 0000281 1-XLOC_12_001398, TCONS 12 00002386- X LOC 12 000726+TC NS i2 0000 4 - X LOC 12 00 1 56 ! . TCONS _.... 12, _. 00002386-

XLOC_12_000726+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, TCONS _12_00002386-

XLOCJ2_000726+TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352, TCONS_12_00002386-

XLOC _... 12 _... 000726+TCONS _... 12 _... 00016828-XLOC _... 12 _... 008724, TCONS _... 12 _... 00002386-

X LOC 12 000726+TCONS 12 00021 82 - X LOC 12 0 1 0810, TCONS_12_00002386- X LOC 12 000726+TCONS 12 00002367 - X i .OC 12 000720. TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00002386- XLOC_12_000726+FAM 89 A, TCONS_12_00002386-XLOC _12_000726+MX 1 ,

TCONS _... 12 00002386-XLOC _.... 12 _.. 000726+RSAD2, TCONS 12 00002386 · XLOCJ2J30Q726+IFI44L, TCONS_12_00002386-XLOC_12_000726+USP18,

TCONS _... I2 _... 00002386-XLOC _... 12 _... 000726+IF:I27, TCONS _.... 12, _. 0000281 1 - XLOC _.... 12 _.... 001398+TCONSJ2 _... 00003949-XLOC _.... 12 _.... 001561 , TCONS _.... 12 _.... 0000281 1 -

XLOC_12_001398+TCONS_00019559-XLOC J309354, TCONS_12_0000281 1 -

XLOC _... 12 _... 001398+TCONS _... 12 _... 00010440-XLOC _... 12 _... 005352, TCONS _... 12 _... 00002811-

X LOC_12_001398+TCONS_12_00016828-XLOC_12_008724, TCONS_12_00002811-

X LOC 12 00 1 398+TCONS 12 0002 1 682 - X LOC 12 0 1 08 1 0. TCONS _.... 12, _. 0000281 1 - XLOC_12_001398+TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720, TCONS _12_00002811- X LOC 12 0 1398+FAM 89 A, TCON S 12 0000281 1 -X LOC 12 0 1398+MX 1 ,

TCONS 12 00002 1 1 - XLOC_12_001398+RS AD 2 , TCONS_12_00002811- X LOCJ2„001398+IFI44L, TCONS_12_00002811-XLOC_12_001398+USP18, TCONS_12_ 00002811-XLOC _.. 12 _.. 001398+IFI27, TCONS _.... 12, _.. 00003949-

XLOC_12_001561+TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, TCONS_12_00003949- XLOC _... 12 _.. 001561+TCONS _... 12 _.. 00010440-XLOC _. J2 _. 005352, TCONS _... 12 _.. 00003949- XLOCJ2_001561 +TCONS„12_00016828-XLOCJ2„008724, TCONS_12_00003949- XLQC _.... 12 _. _001561+TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810, I CONS 12 00003949- XLOC_12_001561+TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720, TCONS _12_00003949- XLOC 12 001561+FAM 89 A, TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_ .12 _001561+MX 1 ,

TCONS _12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561+RSAD2, TCONS _... 12 _... 00003949- X LOCJ2„001561 +IFI44L, TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_1.2_001561+USP18, TCONS _... 12 _... 00003949-XLOC _... 12 _... 001561+IFI27, TCQNS _.... 00Q19559- XLOC_009354+TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352, TCONS _00019559-

XLOC _... 009354+T€ONS _... I2 _... 00016828-XLOC _... 12 _... 008724, TCONS _... 00019559- XLOC„009354+TCONSJ2_00021682-XLOCJ2„010810, TCONS_00019559- XLOC_009354+TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_ _. 000720, TCONS _.... 00019559-

XLOC 009354+FAM89A, TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354+MX1, TCONS_00019559-X[X C_009354+RSAD2, TCONS _00019559-

XLOC _... 009354+IFI44L, TCONS _.. 00019559-XLOC _... 009354+USP18, TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354+IFI27, TCONS_12_00010440- XLOC _.. J2 _.. 005352+TCONS _... 12 _.. 00016828-XLOC _... 12, _.. 008724, TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00010440- XLOC_12_005352+TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810, TCONS _12_00010440- XLOC _... I2 _... 005352+TCONS _... 12 _... 00002367-XLOC _... 12 _... 000720, TCONS 12 000 1 440 - XLOCJ2_005352+FAM89A, TC ONS_12_00010440-X LOC_12_005352+MX 1 ,

TCONS _... 12 _... 00010440-XLOC _... 12 _... 005352+RSAD2, TCONS _.... 12, _. 00010440- XLOC _.... 12 _.... 005352+IFI44L, TCONS _... 12 _... 00010440-XLOC _.... 12 _.... 005352+USP18, TCONSJ2„00010440-XLOCJ2„005352+1:FI27, TCONS_12_00016828- XLOC _... 12 _... 008724+TCONS _... 12 _... 00021682-XLOC _... 12 _... 010810, TCONS _... 12 _... 00016828- X LOC_12_008724+TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720, TCONS_12_00016828- XLOC _.... 12 008724+FAM89A, TCONS 12 00 16828 -XLOC _... 12, _. 008724+MX 1 , TCONS_12_00016828-XLOC_12_008724+RSAD2, TCONS J2„00016828-

XLOC _... 12 _... 008724+IFI44L, TCONS _... 12 _.. 00016828-XLOC _.... 12 _.... 008724+USP18, TCONSJ2 _„ 00016828-XLOCJ2 _„ 008724+IF:i27, TCONS_12_00021682- XLOC_12_01081O+-TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720, TCONS_12_00021682- XLOC _.. 12 010810+FAM89A, TCONS _... 12 Q0021682-XLOC _... 12 _... 01Q81Q+MX1,

TCONS_12_00021682-XLOCJ2__01()810+RSAD2, TCONS_12_00021682- XLGC _... 12 _... 01Q810+IFI44L, TCONS _... 12 _... 00021682-XLOC _... 12 _.... 010810+USP 18 , TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810+IFI27, TCONS_12_00002367- XLQC _.... 12 000720+FAM89A, TCONS _.... 12 00002367 -X LOG _.... 12 _.. 000720+MX1,

TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720+RSAD2, TCONS _12_00002367-

XLOC J2 _... 000720+IFI44L, TCONS _.... 12 00002367 -XLOC_12_000720+USP18,

TCONS _.... 12 _.... 00002367-XLOC _.... 12, _. 000720+IFI27, FAM89A+MX1, FAM89A+RSAD2, FAM89A+IFI44L, FAM89A+USP18, FAM89A+IFE27, MX1 + SAD2, MX 1+IFI44L, MX1+USP18, MX1+IFI27, RSAD2+IFI44L, RSAD2+USP18, RSAD2+IFI27, IFI44L+USP18, IFI44L+IFI27, USP18+IFI27

In another embodiment, at least three determinants are measured, wherein the at least two additional determinant are set forth in any one of Tables 1-6A or 15A-B, wherein the amount of the at least three determinants is indicative of the infection type.

In one embodiment, at least three non-identical RNAs are measured, the first from Tables 1 or 2 and the second and third from any one of Tables 1-6A or 16A-C. Preferably the second and third RNA is set forth in Tables 1, 2, 3, 5 or 16A-C and even more preferably, the second RNA is set forth in Tables 1 or 2.

Exemplary triplets contemplated by the present inventors are set forth in Tables

13, 19 or 20 of the Examples section herein below.

Other exemplary triplets which may be measured according to this aspect of the present invention are provided herein below:

CMPK2+CR 1 +C YP 1 B 1 , CMPK2+CR 1 +DDX60, CMPK2+CR 1 +DGAT2, CMPK2+CR 1 +PARP 12, CMPK2+CR 1 +PNPT 1 , CMPK2+CR 1 +PYGL,

CMPK2+CR 1 +SULT 1 B 1 , CMPK2+CR1+TRIB2, CMPK2+CRl+uc003hrl. l, CMPK2+CR 1 +USP41 , CMPK2+CR1+ZCCHC2, CMPK2+CYP1B 1+DDX60, CMPK2+CYP1B 1+DGAT2, CMPK2+C YP 1 B 1 +PARP 12, CMPK2+C YP 1 B 1 +PNPT 1 , CMPK2+C YP 1 B 1 +PYGL, CMPK2+C YP 1 B 1 +S ULT 1 B 1 , CMPK2+CYP1B 1+TRIB2, CMPK2+CYPlB l+uc003hrl.l, CMPK2+C YP 1 B 1 +US P41 ,

CMPK2+CYP1B 1+ZCCHC2, CMPK2+DDX60+DGAT2, CMPK2+DDX60+PARP 12, CMPK2+DDX60+PNPT 1 , CMPK2+DDX60+PYGL, CMPK2+DDX60+SULT IB 1 , CMPK2+DDX60+TRIB 2, CMPK2+DDX60+uc003hrl.l, CMPK2+DDX60+USP41 , CMPK2+DDX60+ZCCHC2, CMPK2+DGAT2+PARP 12, CMPK2+DGAT2+PNPT 1 , CMPK2+DGAT2+PYGL, CMPK2+DGAT2+SULT1B 1, CMPK2+DGAT2+TRIB2, CMPK2+DGAT2+uc003hrl.1 , CMPK2+DGAT2+USP41 ,

CMPK2+DGAT2+ZCCHC2, CMPK2+P ARP 12+PNPT 1 , CMPK2+P ARP 12+P YGL, CMPK2+P ARP 12+S ULT 1 B 1 , CMPK2+PARP12+TRIB2, CMPK2+PARP12+uc003hrl.1, CMPK2+P ARP 12+US P41 ,

CMPK2+PARP 12+ZCCHC2, CMPK2+PNPT 1 +P YGL, CMPK2+PNPT 1 +SULT 1 B 1 , CMPK2+PNPT 1+TRIB2, CMPK2+PNPT l+uc003hrl.1 , CMPK2+PNPT 1+USP41 , CMPK2+PNPT 1+ZCCHC2, CMPK2+PYGL+SULT1B 1, CMPK2+PYGL+TRIB2, CMPK2+PYGL+uc003hrl.l, CMPK2+PYGL+USP41 , CMPK2+PYGL+ZCCHC2, CMPK2+SULT1B 1+TRIB2, CMPK2+SULTlB l+uc003hrl.l, CMPK2+S ULT 1 B 1 +US P41 , CMPK2+SULT1B 1+ZCCHC2,

CMPK2+TRIB2+uc003hrl.l, CMPK2+TRIB2+USP41 , CMPK2+TRIB2+ZCCHC2, CMPK2+uc003hrl.l+USP41, CMPK2+uc003hrl. l+ZCCHC2, CMPK2+USP41+ZCCHC2, CR 1 +C YP 1 B 1 +DDX60, CR 1 +C YP 1 B 1 +DGAT2,

CR 1 +C YP 1 B 1 +PARP 12, CR1+CYP1B 1+PNPT1, CR1+CYP1B 1+PYGL, CR1+CYP1B 1+SULTlB 1, CR1+CYP1B 1+TRIB2, CRl+CYPlB l+uc003hrLl, CR 1 +C YP 1 B 1 +USP41 , CR1+CYP1B 1+ZCCHC2, CR 1 +DDX60+DGAT2, CR 1 +DDX60+PARP 12, CR 1 +DDX60+PNPT 1 , CR 1 +DDX60+P YGL, CR 1 +DDX60+S ULT 1 B 1 , CR 1 +DDX60+TRIB2, CRl+DDX60+uc003hrl.l, CR 1 +DDX60+US P41 , CR 1 +DDX60+ZCCHC2, CR 1 +DGAT2+PARP 12, CR 1 +DGAT2+PNPT 1 , CR 1 +DGAT2+P YGL, CR 1 +DGAT2+SULT 1 B 1 , CR 1 +DGAT2+TRIB 2, CRl+DGAT2+uc003M.1, CR 1 +DGAT2+USP41 , CR1+DGAT2+ZCCHC2, CR 1 +P ARP 12+PNPT 1 , CR 1 +P ARP 12+P YGL, CR 1 +P ARP 12+S ULT 1 B 1 , CR 1 +P ARP 12+TRIB 2, CRl+PARP12+uc003hrLl, CR 1 +P ARP 12+US P41 , CR 1 +PARP 12+ZCCHC2, CR1+PNPT1+PYGL, CR1+PNPT1+SULT1B 1, CR 1 +PNPT 1 +TRIB2, CRl+PNPTl+uc003hrl.l, CR 1 +PNPT 1 +US P41 , CR 1 +PNPT 1 +ZCCHC2, CR1+PYGL+SULT1B 1, CR1+PYGL+TRIB2, CRl+PYGL+uc003M.1, CR 1 +P YGL+US P41 , CR 1 +PYGL+ZCCHC2, CR1+SULT1B 1+TRIB2, CRl+SULTlB l+uc003hrl.l, CR1+SULT1B 1+USP41, CR1+SULT1B 1+ZCCHC2, CRl+TRIB2+uc003hrl.l, CR 1 +TRIB 2+US P41 , CR1+TRIB2+ZCCHC2, CRl+uc003hrl. l+USP41,

CRl+uc003hrl.l+ZCCHC2, CR1+USP41+ZCCHC2, CYPIB 1+DDX60+DGAT2, CYPIB 1+DDX60+PARP12, C YP 1 B 1 +DDX60+PNPT 1 , CYPIB 1+DDX60+PYGL, CYPIB 1 +DDX60+S ULT 1 B 1 , CYPIB 1+DDX60+TRIB2, CYPIB l+DDX60+uc003M. l, CYPIB 1+DDX60+USP41,

CYPIB 1 +DDX60+ZCCHC2, CYPIB 1 +DGAT2+PARP 12,

CYPIB 1+DGAT2+PNPT1, C YP 1 B 1 +D G AT2+P YGL, CYPIB 1+DGAT2+SULT1B 1, CYPIB 1+DGAT2+TRIB2, CYPIB l+DGAT2+uc003M.1, CYPIB 1 +D G AT2+US P41 , CYPIB 1+DGAT2+ZCCHC2, C YP 1 B 1 +P ARP 12+PNPT 1 , C YP 1 B 1 +P ARP 12+P YGL, CYPIB 1+PARP12+SULT1B 1, CYPIB 1+PARP12+TRIB2,

CYPIB l+PARP12+uc003M. l, C YP 1 B 1 +P ARP 12+US P41 ,

CYPIB 1+PARP12+ZCCHC2, CYPIB 1+PNPTl+PYGL,

CYPIB 1+PNPTl+SULTlB l, CYPIB 1+PNPT1+TRIB2,

CYPIB l+PNPTl+uc003M. l, CYPIB 1+PNPT1+USP41, CYPIB 1+PNPT1+ZCCHC2, CYPIB 1+PYGL+SULTlB l, CYPIB 1+PYGL+TRIB2, CYPIB l+PYGL+uc003hrl.1, C YP 1 B 1 +P YGL+US P41 , CYPIB 1+PYGL+ZCCHC2, CYPIB 1+SULTlB 1+TRIB2, CYPIB 1+SULTlB l+uc003hrl.1, CYPIB 1+SULT1B 1+USP41,

CYPIB 1+SULTlB 1+ZCCHC2, CYPIB l+TRIB2+uc003M.1,

CYPIB 1+TRIB2+USP41, CYPIB 1+TRIB2+ZCCHC2, CYPlB l+uc003hrl. l+USP41, CYPIB l+uc003hrl.1+ZCCHC2, CYPIB 1+USP41+ZCCHC2,

DDX60+DGAT2+PARP12, DDX60+DGAT2+PNPT 1 , DDX60+D G AT2+P YGL, DDX60+D G AT2+S ULT 1 B 1 , DDX60+DGAT2+TRIB2, DDX60+DGAT2+uc003hrl.l, DDX60+DGAT2+USP41 , DDX60+DGAT2+ZCCHC2, DDX60+PARP12+PNPT 1, DDX60+P ARP 12+P YGL, DDX60+P ARP 12+S ULT 1 B 1 , DDX60+PARP12+TRIB2, DDX60+PARP12+uc003hrl.l, DDX60+P ARP 12+US P41 ,

DDX60+PARP 12+ZCCHC2, DDX60+PNPT 1 +P YGL, DDX60+PNPT 1 +S ULT 1 B 1 , DDX60+PNPT 1 +TRIB 2, DDX60+PNPTl+uc003hrl. l, DDX60+PNPT 1 +US P41 , DDX60+PNPT 1 +ZCCHC2, DDX60+PYGL+SULT 1 B 1 , DDX60+PYGL+TRIB2, DDX60+PYGL+uc003hrl. l, DDX60+P YGL+US P41 , DDX60+PYGL+ZCCHC2, DDX60+SULT1B 1+TRIB2, DDX60+SULTlB l+uc003hrl. l, DDX60+SULT 1 B 1+USP41 , DDX60+SULT 1 B 1 +ZCCHC2,

DDX60+TRIB2+uc003hrl.l, DDX60+TRIB 2+US P41 , DDX60+TRIB2+ZCCHC2, DDX60+uc003hrl.1+USP41, DDX60+uc003hrl.1+ZCCHC2,

DDX60+USP41+ZCCHC2, DGAT2+PARP 12+PNPT 1 , DGAT2+PARP 12+PYGL, DG AT2+P ARP 12+S ULT 1 B 1 , DGAT2+PARP 12+TRIB 2,

DGAT2+PARP12+uc003hrl.1, DGAT2+PARP 12+USP41 , DGAT2+PARP 12+ZCCHC2, DGAT2+PNPT 1 +PYGL, DGAT2+PNPT 1 +SULT 1 B 1 , DG AT2+PNPT 1 +TRIB 2 , DGAT2+PNPTl+uc003hrl.l, DGAT2+PNPT 1 +USP41 , DGAT2+PNPT 1 +ZCCHC2, DGAT2+PYGL+SULT IB 1 , DGAT2+PYGL+TRIB2, DGAT2+PYGL+uc003hrl.l, DGAT2+PYGL+USP41 , DGAT2+PYGL+ZCCHC2, DGAT2+SULT1B 1+TRIB2, DGAT2+SULT1B l+uc003hrl.1, DG AT2+S ULT 1B 1+USP41, DGAT2+SULT 1 B 1 +ZCCHC2,

DGAT2+TRIB2+uc003hrl. l, DGAT2+TRIB2+USP41 , DGAT2+TRIB2+ZCCHC2, DGAT2+uc003hrl.l+USP41, DGAT2+uc003hrl.l+ZCCHC2, DGAT2+USP41+ZCCHC2, PARP12+PNPT 1+PYGL, P ARP 12+PNPT 1 +S ULT 1 B 1 , PARP 12+PNPT 1 +TRIB 2, PARP 12+PNPT l+uc003hrl. l, PARP12+PNPT 1+USP41, PARP 12+PNPT 1 +ZCCHC2, PARP 12+P YGL+S ULT 1 B 1 , PARP12+PYGL+TRIB2, PARP12+PYGL+uc003hrl. l, PARP 12+P YGL+USP41, PARP 12+PYGL+ZCCHC2, PARP 12+S ULT 1 B 1 +TRIB 2, PARP 12+S ULT 1 B l+uc003hrl.1,

PARP 12+S ULT 1B 1+USP41, PARP 12+S ULT 1 B 1 +ZCCHC2,

PARP12+TRIB2+uc003M.1, PARP 12+TRIB 2+USP41, PARP12+TRIB2+ZCCHC2, PARP12+uc003M. l+USP41, PARP12+uc003hrl. l+ZCCHC2, PARP 12+USP41 +ZCCHC2, PNPT1+P YGL+S ULT1B 1, PNPT 1 +PYGL+TRIB 2, PNPTl+PYGL+uc003hrL l, PNPT 1 +P YGL+US P41 , PNPT 1 +PYGL+ZCCHC2, PNPT1+SULT1B 1+TRIB2, PNPTl+SULTlB l+uc003hrl.l, PNPT 1 +S ULT 1 B 1 +US P41 , PNPT 1 +SULT 1 B 1 +ZCCHC2, PNPTl+TRIB2+uc003hrLl, PNPT 1 +TRIB 2+US P41 , PNPT1+TRIB2+ZCCHC2, PNPTl+uc003hrl. l+USP41, PNPTl+uc003hrl.l+ZCCHC2, PNPT 1 +USP41 +ZCCHC2, PYGL+SULT1B 1+TRIB2, PYGL+SULTlB l+uc003hrl. l, P YGL+S ULT 1 B 1 +US P41 , PYGL+SULT1B 1+ZCCHC2, PYGL+TRIB2+uc003hrl.l, P YGL+TRIB 2+US P41 , PYGL+TRIB2+ZCCHC2, PYGL+uc003M.1+USP41 , PYGL+uc003M. l+ZCCHC2, PYGL+USP41+ZCCHC2, SULT IB l+TRIB2+uc003hrl.1 , SULT IB 1+TRIB2+USP41 ,

SULT1B 1+TRIB2+ZCCHC2, SULTlB l+uc003hrl.l+USP41, SULT1B l+uc003hrl.1+ZCCHC2, SULT1B 1+USP41+ZCCHC2,

TRIB2+uc003hrl.l+USP41, TRIB2+uc003hrl.l+ZCCHC2, TRIB2+USP41+ZCCHC2, uc003hrl.l+USP41+ZCCHC2

According to this aspect of the present invention, in order to distinguish between the different infection types, no more than 30 determinants are measured, no more than 25 determinants are measured, no more than 20 determinants are measured, no more than 15 determinants are measured, no more than 10 determinants are measured, no more than 5 determinants are measured, no more than 4 determinants are measured, no more than 3 determinants are measured or even no more than 2 determinants are measured.

Table 3

Gene symbol Gene name

CCL2 NC_000017.11 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2

NC_018928.2

NT_010783.16

HERC5 NC_000004.12 HECT and RLD domain

NT_016354.20 containing E3 ubiquitin protein

NC_018915.2 ligase 5

IFI44L NC_000001.11 interferon induced protein 44

NT_032977.10 like

NC_018912.2

IFI6 NC_000001.11 interferon, alpha-inducible

NC_018912.2 protein 6

NT_032977.10

IFIT1 NC_000010.11 interferon induced protein with

NC_018921.2 tetratricopeptide repeats 1

NT_030059.14

ISG15 NC_000001.11 ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier

NC_018912.2

NT_032977.10

LAMP3 NC_000003.12 lysosomal associated membrane

NT_005612.17 protein 3

NC_018914.2

LOC26010 NC_000002.12 spermatogenesis associated,

(SPATS2L) NT_005403.18 serine rich 2 like

NC_018913.2

LY6E NC_000008.11 lymphocyte antigen 6 complex,

NC_018919.2 locus E

NT_008046.17

NT_187573.1

MXl NC_000021.9 MX dynamin-like GTPase 1

NT_011512.12

NC_018932.2

OAS3 NC_000012.12 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 3 NT_029419.13

NC_018923.2

RTP4 NC_000003.12 receptor (chemosensory)

NC_018914.2 transporter protein 4

NT_005612.17

SERPING1 NC 000011.10 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade

NC_018922.2 G (CI inhibitor), member 1 NT_167190.2

SIGLECl NC_000020.11 sialic acid binding Ig like lectin 1

NT_011387.9

NC_018931.2

TNFAIP6 NC_000002.12 TNF alpha induced protein 6

NT_005403.18

NC_018913.2

USP18 NC_000022.11 ubiquitin specific peptidase 18

NT_187355.1

NC_018933.2

XAF1 NC_000017.11 XIAP associated factor 1

NT_010718.17

NC_018928.2

CXCL10 NC_000004.12 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand

NC_018915.2 10

NT_016354.20

OAS 1 NC_000012.12 2'-5'-01igoadenylate Synthetase

NT_029419.13 1 , 40/46kDa NC_018923.2

DDX60 NC_000004.12 DEXD/H-box helicase 60

NT_016354.20

NC_018915.2

HERC6 NC_000004.12 HECT and RLD domain

NT_016354.20 containing E3 ubiquitin protein NC_018915.2 ligase family member 6

PPM1K NC_000004.12 Protein Phosphatase,

NC_018915.2 Mg2+/Mn2+ Dependent IK

Table 4

Gene symbol Gene Name

APOBEC3C NC_000022.11 apolipoprotein B mRNA editing

NC_018933.2 enzyme catalytic polypeptide

NT_011520.13 like 3C

BST2 NC_000019.10 bone marrow stromal cell

NC_018930.2 antigen 2

NT_011295.12 Clorf29 NC_000001.11 interferon induced protein 44

NT_032977.10 like

NC_018912.2

CD44 NC 000011.10 CD44 molecule (Indian blood

NT_009237.19 group)

NC_018922.2

dJ507I15.1 NC_000023.11 ribosomal protein L36a

NC_018934.2 pseudogene

NT_011786.17

DNAPTP6 NC_000002.12 spermatogenesis associated,

NT_005403.18 serine rich 2 like

NC_018913.2

EEF1G NC 000011.10 eukaryotic translation

NC_018922.2 elongation factor 1 gamma

NT_167190.2

EIF3S5 NC_000011.10 eukaryotic translation initiation

NC_018922.2 factor 3 subunit F

NT_009237.19

EIF3S7 NC_000022.11 eukaryotic translation initiation

NT_011520.13 factor 3 subunit D

NC_018933.2

EIF4B NC_000012.12 eukaryotic translation initiation

NT_029419.13 factor 4B

NC_018923.2

G1P2 NC_000001.11 ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier

NC_018912.2

NT_032977.10

GPATCH11 NC_000002.12 GPATCH11 ;

NC_018913.2 G-patch domain containing 11

NT_022184.16

HADHA NC_000002.12 hydroxyacyl-CoA

NC_018913.2 dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA

NT_022184.16 thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase

(trifunctional protein), alpha subunit

IFI35 NC_000017.11 interferon induced protein 35

NT_010783.16

NC_018928.2

MLEC NC_000012.12 MLEC;

NT_029419.13 malectin NC_018923.2

PCBP2 NC_000012.12 poly(rC) binding protein 2

NC_018923.2

NT_029419.13

PFDN5 NC_000012.12 prefoldin subunit 5

NC_018923.2

NT_029419.13

PHACTR2 NC_000006.12 phosphatase and actin regulator

NC_018917.2 2

NT 025741.16

QARS NC_000003.12 glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase

NT_022517.19

NC_018914.2

RPL31 NC_000002.12 ribosomal protein L31

NC_018913.2

NT_005403.18

RPL4 NC_000015.10 ribosomal protein L4

NC_018926.2

NT_010194.18

SON NC 000021.9 SON DNA binding protein

NC_018932.2

NT_011512.12

TRIM 14 NC_000009.12 tripartite motif containing 14

NT_008470.20

NC_018920.2

ZBP1 NC_000020.11 Z-DNA binding protein 1

NT_011362.11

NC_018931.2

ADAR NC_000001.11 adenosine deaminase, RNA- NT_004487.20 specific

NC_018912.2

ATF3 NC_000001.11 activating transcription factor 3

NT_004487.20

NC_018912.2

KIAA0226L NC_000013.11 KIAA0226L;

NC_018924.2 KIAA0226-like NT_024524.15

CTSL NC_000009.12 CTSL;

NT_008470.20 cathepsin L NC_018920.2

CUZD1 NC_000010.11 CUB and zona pellucida-like

NC_018921.2 domains 1

NT_030059.14

DDX58 NC_000009.12 DEXD/H-box helicase 58

NC_018920.2

NT_008413.19

DHX58 NC_000017.11 DEXH-box helicase 58

NT_010783.16

NC_018928.2

ENOSF1 NC_000018.10 enolase superfamily member 1

NT_010859.15

NC_018929.2

ETV7 NC_000006.12 ets variant 7

NT_007592.16

NC_018917.2

FCGR1A NC_000001.11 Fc fragment of IgG receptor la

NT_004487.20

NC_018912.2

FCGR1B NC_000001.11 Fc fragment of IgG receptor lb

NC_018912.2

NT_032977.10

GAPDH NC_000012.12 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

NC_018923.2 dehydrogenase

NT_009759.17

GBP1 NC_000001.11 guanylate binding protein 1

NT_032977.10

NC_018912.2

GM2A NC_000005.10 GM2 ganglioside activator

NC_018916.2

NT_029289.12

HESX1 NC_000003.12 HESX homeobox 1

NT_022517.19 NC_018914.2

HLA-DOB NC_000006.12 major histocompatibility

NC_018917.2 complex, class II, DO beta

NT_007592.16

NT_113891.3

NT_167244.2

NT_167245.2

NT_167247.2

NT_167249.2

IFIT5 NC_000010.11 interferon induced protein with

NC_018921.2 tetratricopeptide repeats 5

NT_030059.14

IL16 NC_000015.10 interleukin 16

NT_010194.18

NC_018926.2

IDOl NC_000008.11 IDOl ;

NC_018919.2 indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1

NT_167187.2

LAP 3 NC_000004.12 leucine aminopeptidase 3

NC_018915.2

NT_006316.17

LILRB2 NC_000019.10 leukocyte immunoglobulin like

NT_011109.17 receptor B2

NT_187693.1

NC_018930.2

LOC727996 NC_000022.10 hypothetical LOC727996

MS4A4A NC_000011.10 membrane spanning 4-domains

NC_018922.2 A4A

NT_167190.2

NDUFA10 NC_000002.12 NADH:ubiquinone

NT_005403.18 oxidoreductase subunit A10

NC_018913.2

NLRP3 NC_000001.11 NLR family, pyrin domain

NT_167186.2 containing 3

NC_018912.2

NOD2 NC_000016.10 nucleotide binding

NT_010498.16 oligomerization domain containing 2 NC_018927.2

PML NC_000015.10 promyelocytic leukemia

NC_018926.2

NT_010194.18

PRSS21 NC_000016.10 protease, serine 21

NC_018927.2

NT_010393.17

SEPT4 NC_000017.11 septin 4

NT_010783.16

NC_018928.2

SOCS 1 NC_000016.10 suppressor of cytokine

NC_018927.2 signaling 1

NT_010393.17

SOCS2 NC_000012.12 suppressor of cytokine

NT_029419.13 signaling 2

NC_018923.2

STAT1 NC_000002.12 signal transducer and activator

NT_005403.18 of transcription 1 NC_018913.2

XAF1 NC_000017.11 XIAP associated factor 1

NT_010718.17

NC_018928.2

Table 5

Gene symbol Gene name

RSAD2 NC_000002.12 radical S-adenosyl methionine

NT_005334.17

domain containing 2

NC_018913.2

OAS2 NC_000012.12 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 2

NT_029419.13

NC_018923.2

OASL NC_000012.12 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase- NC_018923.2

like

NT_029419.13

IFI27 NC_018925.2 interferon, alpha-inducible

NT_187601.1

protein 27

NC_000014.9 NT_026437.13

IFI44 NC_000001.11 interferon induced protein 44

NT_032977.10

NC_018912.2

IFIT2 NC_000010.11 interferon induced protein with

NC_018921.2

tetratricopeptide repeats 2

NT_030059.14

IFIT3 NC_000010.11 interferon induced protein with

NC_018921.2

tetratricopeptide repeats 3

NT_030059.14

Table 6A

Table 6B

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of determining an infection type in a subject comprising measuring at least two RNAs in a sample derived from the subject, wherein pairs of the at least two RNAs are set forth in Tables 9, 11, 12, 18 or 19, wherein the amount of the at least two RNAs is indicative of the infection type.

According to this aspect of the present invention, in order to distinguish between the different infection types, no more than 30 determinants are measured, no more than 25 determinants are measured, no more than 20 determinants are measured, no more than 15 determinants are measured, no more than 10 determinants are measured, no more than 5 determinants are measured, no more than 4 determinants are measured, no more than 3 determinants are measured or even no more than 2 determinants are measured.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of determining an infection type in a subject comprising measuring at least three RNAs in a sample derived from the subject, wherein triplets of the at least three RNAs are set forth in Tables 13, 14, 19 or 20 wherein amount of the at least three RNAs is indicative of the infection type. According to this aspect of the present invention, in order to distinguish between the different infection types, no more than 30 determinants are measured, no more than 25 determinants are measured, no more than 20 determinants are measured, no more than 15 determinants are measured, no more than 10 determinants are measured, no more than 5 determinants are measured, no more than 4 determinants are measured, or even no more than 3 determinants are measured.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of determining an infection type in a subject comprising measuring the amount of at least one RNA as set forth in Table 3 or Table 4, in a sample derived from the subject, wherein no more than 20 RNAs are measured, wherein the amount of at least one RNA is indicative of the infection type.

In one embodiment, no more than 15 determinants are measured, no more than 10 determinants are measured, no more than 5 determinants are measured, no more than 4 determinants are measured, no more than 3 determinants are measured or even no more than 2 determinants are measured.

According to this aspect of the present invention, preferably the at least one RNA is set forth in Table 3. When the level of RNA set forth in Table 3 is above a predetermined level, it is indicative of a viral infection.

When additional determinants are measured according to this aspect, preferably the additional determinant is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6 A or Tables 15A-B.

Other determinants that may be measured according to aspects of the present invention include pathogen (bacterial or viral) specific RNA determinants. For example, RNA determinants that can distinguish between influenza and parainfluenza are described in Table 25 of the Examples section, herein below. This may be carried out in order to aid in identification of a specific pathogen. The measurements may be effected simultaneously with the above described measurements or consecutively. The measurement may be performed on the biological sample used to determine the patient immune response (as described herein above) or on a different biological patient- derived sample (e.g., blood sample; serum sample; saliva; nasopharyngeal sample; etc.). In one embodiment, the host immune RNA determinants are measured in a patient derived serum sample and analysis of the pathogen specific RNA determinants is performed on a nasopharyngeal sample. According to a particular embodiment, the additional RNA is set forth in Table 1 (e.g. OTOF, PI3, EIF2AK2 and CMPK2), Table 2 (e.g. CYBRD1), Table 3, Table 5 or Tables 16A-C (protein-coding RNAs such as CR1, CYP1B 1, DDX60, DGAT2, PARP12, PNPT1, PYGL, SULT1B 1, TRIB2, USP41, ZCCHC2 or uc003hrl. l; non- protein coding RNAs such as TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, TCONS_00013664- XLOC_006324, TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551, TCONS_12_00001926- XLOC_12_000004, TCONS_12_00002386-XLOC_12_00072 , TCONS_12_00002811- XLOC_12_001398, TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561, TCONS_00019559- XLOC_009354, TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352 , TCONS_12_00016828- XLOC_12_008724, TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810 and

TCONS_12_00002367-XLOC_12_000720).

According to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of determining an infection type in a subject comprising measuring the amount of at least one RNA as set forth in Table 5 or Table 6A, in a sample derived from the subject, wherein no more than 5 RNAs are measured, wherein the amount of at least one RNA is indicative of the infection type.

According to a particular embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, the at least one RNA is set forth in Table 5.

When the RNA of Table 5 is above a predetermined level, the infection may be classified as a viral infection.

According to this aspect additional RNAs may be measured so as to measure at least two RNAs, wherein the at least one additional RNA is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6, wherein the amount of the at least two RNAs is indicative of the infection type.

Preferably, the at least one additional RNA is set forth in Table 1 (e.g., PI3,

EIF2AK2 and CMPK2), Table 2 (e.g. CYBRD1), Table 3,Table 5 or Tables 16A-C (e.g. coding RNAs such as CR1, CYP1B 1, DDX60, DGAT2, PARP12, PNPT1, PYGL, SULT1B 1, TRIB2, USP41, ZCCHC2, uc003hrl. l; or non-coding RNAs such as TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, TCONS_00013664-XLOC_006324, TCONS_12_00028242-XLOC_12_014551, TCONS_12_00001926-XLOC_12_000004, TCONS_12_00002386-XLOC_12_000726, TCONS_12_00002811-XLOC_12_001398, TCONS_12_00003949-XLOC_12_001561, TCONS_00019559-XLOC_009354, TCONS_12_00010440-XLOC_12_005352, TCONS_12_00016828-XLOC_12_008724, TCONS_12_00021682-XLOC_12_010810 and TCONS_12_00002367- XLOC_12_000720.

Methods of analyzing the amount of RNA are known in the art and are summarized infra:

Northern Blot analysis: This method involves the detection of a particular RNA in a mixture of RNAs. An RNA sample is denatured by treatment with an agent (e.g., formaldehyde) that prevents hydrogen bonding between base pairs, ensuring that all the RNA molecules have an unfolded, linear conformation. The individual RNA molecules are then separated according to size by gel electrophoresis and transferred to a nitrocellulose or a nylon-based membrane to which the denatured RNAs adhere. The membrane is then exposed to labeled DNA probes. Probes may be labeled using radioisotopes or enzyme linked nucleotides. Detection may be using autoradiography, colorimetric reaction or chemiluminescence. This method allows both quantitation of an amount of particular RNA molecules and determination of its identity by a relative position on the membrane which is indicative of a migration distance in the gel during electrophoresis.

RT-PCR analysis: This method uses PCR amplification of relatively rare RNAs molecules. First, RNA molecules are purified from the cells and converted into complementary DNA (cDNA) using a reverse transcriptase enzyme (such as an MMLV-RT) and primers such as, oligo dT, random hexamers or gene specific primers. Then by applying gene specific primers and Taq DNA polymerase, a PCR amplification reaction is carried out in a PCR machine. Those of skills in the art are capable of selecting the length and sequence of the gene specific primers and the PCR conditions (i.e., annealing temperatures, number of cycles and the like) which are suitable for detecting specific RNA molecules. It will be appreciated that a semi-quantitative RT- PCR reaction can be employed by adjusting the number of PCR cycles and comparing the amplification product to known controls.

RNA in situ hybridization stain: In this method DNA or RNA probes are attached to the RNA molecules present in the cells. Generally, the cells are first fixed to microscopic slides to preserve the cellular structure and to prevent the RNA molecules from being degraded and then are subjected to hybridization buffer containing the labeled probe. The hybridization buffer includes reagents such as formamide and salts (e.g., sodium chloride and sodium citrate) which enable specific hybridization of the DNA or RNA probes with their target mRNA molecules in situ while avoiding nonspecific binding of probe. Those of skills in the art are capable of adjusting the hybridization conditions (i.e., temperature, concentration of salts and formamide and the like) to specific probes and types of cells. Following hybridization, any unbound probe is washed off and the bound probe is detected using known methods. For example, if a radio-labeled probe is used, then the slide is subjected to a photographic emulsion which reveals signals generated using radio-labeled probes; if the probe was labeled with an enzyme then the enzyme- specific substrate is added for the formation of a colorimetric reaction; if the probe is labeled using a fluorescent label, then the bound probe is revealed using a fluorescent microscope; if the probe is labeled using a tag (e.g., digoxigenin, biotin, and the like) then the bound probe can be detected following interaction with a tag-specific antibody which can be detected using known methods.

In situ RT-PCR stain: This method is described in Nuovo GJ, et al.

[Intracellular localization of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified hepatitis C cDNA. Am J Surg Pathol. 1993, 17: 683-90] and Komminoth P, et al. [Evaluation of methods for hepatitis C virus detection in archival liver biopsies. Comparison of histology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ RT-PCR. Pathol Res Pract. 1994, 190: 1017-25]. Briefly, the RT-PCR reaction is performed on fixed cells by incorporating labeled nucleotides to the PCR reaction. The reaction is carried on using a specific in situ RT-PCR apparatus such as the laser-capture microdissection PixCell I LCM system available from Arcturus Engineering (Mountainview, CA).

DNA microarrays/DNA chips:

The expression of thousands of genes may be analyzed simultaneously using DNA microarrays, allowing analysis of the complete transcriptional program of an organism during specific developmental processes or physiological responses. DNA microarrays consist of thousands of individual gene sequences attached to closely packed areas on the surface of a support such as a glass microscope slide. Various methods have been developed for preparing DNA microarrays. In one method, an approximately 1 kilobase segment of the coding region of each gene for analysis is individually PCR amplified. A robotic apparatus is employed to apply each amplified DNA sample to closely spaced zones on the surface of a glass microscope slide, which is subsequently processed by thermal and chemical treatment to bind the DNA sequences to the surface of the support and denature them. Typically, such arrays are about 2 x 2 cm and contain about individual nucleic acids 6000 spots. In a variant of the technique, multiple DNA oligonucleotides, usually 20 nucleotides in length, are synthesized from an initial nucleotide that is covalently bound to the surface of a support, such that tens of thousands of identical oligonucleotides are synthesized in a small square zone on the surface of the support. Multiple oligonucleotide sequences from a single gene are synthesized in neighboring regions of the slide for analysis of expression of that gene. Hence, thousands of genes can be represented on one glass slide. Such arrays of synthetic oligonucleotides may be referred to in the art as "DNA chips", as opposed to "DNA microarrays", as described above [Lodish et al. (eds.). Chapter 7.8: DNA Microarrays: Analyzing Genome-Wide Expression. In: Molecular Cell Biology, 4th ed., W. H. Freeman, New York. (2000)] .

Oligonucleotide microarray - In this method oligonucleotide probes capable of specifically hybridizing with the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention are attached to a solid surface (e.g., a glass wafer). Each oligonucleotide probe is of approximately 20-25 nucleic acids in length. To detect the expression pattern of the polynucleotides of some embodiments of the invention in a specific cell sample (e.g., blood cells), RNA is extracted from the cell sample using methods known in the art (using e.g., a TRIZOL solution, Gibco BRL, USA). Hybridization can take place using either labeled oligonucleotide probes (e.g., 5'-biotinylated probes) or labeled fragments of complementary DNA (cDNA) or RNA (cRNA). Briefly, double stranded cDNA is prepared from the RNA using reverse transcriptase (RT) (e.g., Superscript II RT), DNA ligase and DNA polymerase I, all according to manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Frederick, MD, USA). To prepare labeled cRNA, the double stranded cDNA is subjected to an in vitro transcription reaction in the presence of biotinylated nucleotides using e.g., the BioArray High Yield RNA Transcript Labeling Kit (Enzo, Diagnostics, Affymetix Santa Clara CA). For efficient hybridization the labeled cRNA can be fragmented by incubating the RNA in 40 mM Tris Acetate (pH 8.1), 100 mM potassium acetate and 30 mM magnesium acetate for 35 minutes at 94 °C. Following hybridization, the microarray is washed and the hybridization signal is scanned using a confocal laser fluorescence scanner which measures fluorescence intensity emitted by the labeled cRNA bound to the probe arrays.

For example, in the Affymetrix microarray (Affymetrix®, Santa Clara, CA) each gene on the array is represented by a series of different oligonucleotide probes, of which, each probe pair consists of a perfect match oligonucleotide and a mismatch oligonucleotide. While the perfect match probe has a sequence exactly complimentary to the particular gene, thus enabling the measurement of the level of expression of the particular gene, the mismatch probe differs from the perfect match probe by a single base substitution at the center base position. The hybridization signal is scanned using the Agilent scanner, and the Microarray Suite software subtracts the non-specific signal resulting from the mismatch probe from the signal resulting from the perfect match probe.

RNA sequencing: Methods for RNA sequence determination are generally known to the person skilled in the art. Preferred sequencing methods are next generation sequencing methods or parallel high throughput sequencing methods. An example of an envisaged sequence method is pyrosequencing, in particular 454 pyrosequencing, e.g. based on the Roche 454 Genome Sequencer. This method amplifies DNA inside water droplets in an oil solution with each droplet containing a single DNA template attached to a single primer-coated bead that then forms a clonal colony. Pyrosequencing uses luciferase to generate light for detection of the individual nucleotides added to the nascent DNA, and the combined data are used to generate sequence read-outs. Yet another envisaged example is Illumina or Solexa sequencing, e.g. by using the Illumina Genome Analyzer technology, which is based on reversible dye-terminators. DNA molecules are typically attached to primers on a slide and amplified so that local clonal colonies are formed. Subsequently one type of nucleotide at a time may be added, and non-incorporated nucleotides are washed away. Subsequently, images of the fluorescently labeled nucleotides may be taken and the dye is chemically removed from the DNA, allowing a next cycle. Yet another example is the use of Applied Biosystems' SOLiD technology, which employs sequencing by ligation. This method is based on the use of a pool of all possible oligonucleotides of a fixed length, which are labeled according to the sequenced position. Such oligonucleotides are annealed and ligated. Subsequently, the preferential ligation by DNA ligase for matching sequences typically results in a signal informative of the nucleotide at that position. Since the DNA is typically amplified by emulsion PCR, the resulting bead, each containing only copies of the same DNA molecule, can be deposited on a glass slide resulting in sequences of quantities and lengths comparable to Illumina sequencing. A further method is based on Helicos' Heliscope technology, wherein fragments are captured by polyT oligomers tethered to an array. At each sequencing cycle, polymerase and single fluorescently labeled nucleotides are added and the array is imaged. The fluorescent tag is subsequently removed and the cycle is repeated. Further examples of sequencing techniques encompassed within the methods of the present invention are sequencing by hybridization, sequencing by use of nanopores, microscopy-based sequencing techniques, microfluidic Sanger sequencing, or microchip-based sequencing methods. The present invention also envisages further developments of these techniques, e.g. further improvements of the accuracy of the sequence determination, or the time needed for the determination of the genomic sequence of an organism etc.

According to one embodiment, the sequencing method comprises deep sequencing.

As used herein, the term "deep sequencing" refers to a sequencing method wherein the target sequence is read multiple times in the single test. A single deep sequencing run is composed of a multitude of sequencing reactions run on the same target sequence and each, generating independent sequence readout.

It will be appreciated that in order to analyze the amount of an RNA, oligonucleotides may be used that are capable of hybridizing thereto or to cDNA generated therefrom. According to one embodiment a single oligonucleotide is used to determine the presence of a particular determinant, at least two oligonucleotides are used to determine the presence of a particular determinant, at least five oligonucleotides are used to determine the presence of a particular determinant, at least four oligonucleotides are used to determine the presence of a particular determinant, at least five or more oligonucleotides are used to determine the presence of a particular determinant.

When more than one oligonucleotide is used, the sequence of the oligonucleotides may be selected such that they hybridize to the same exon of the RNA determinant or different exons of the RNA determinant. In one embodiment, at least one of the oligonucleotides hybridizes to the 3' exon of the RNA determinant. In another embodiment, at least one of the oligonucleotides hybridizes to the 5' exon of the RNA determinant.

In one embodiment, the method of this aspect of the present invention is carried out using an isolated oligonucleotide which hybridizes to the RNA or cDNA of any of the determinants listed in Tables 1-6 by complementary base-pairing in a sequence specific manner, and discriminates the determinant sequence from other nucleic acid sequence in the sample. Oligonucleotides (e.g. DNA or RNA oligonucleotides) typically comprises a region of complementary nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120 (or any other number in-between) or more consecutive nucleotides in a target nucleic acid molecule. Depending on the particular assay, the consecutive nucleotides include the determinant nucleic acid sequence.

The term "isolated", as used herein in reference to an oligonucleotide, means an oligonucleotide, which by virtue of its origin or manipulation, is separated from at least some of the components with which it is naturally associated or with which it is associated when initially obtained. By "isolated", it is alternatively or additionally meant that the oligonucleotide of interest is produced or synthesized by the hand of man.

In order to identify an oligonucleotide specific for any of the determinant sequences, the gene/transcript of interest is typically examined using a computer algorithm which starts at the 5' or at the 3' end of the nucleotide sequence. Typical algorithms will then identify oligonucleotides of defined length that are unique to the gene, have a GC content within a range suitable for hybridization, lack predicted secondary structure that may interfere with hybridization, and/or possess other desired characteristics or that lack other undesired characteristics.

Following identification of the oligonucleotide it may be tested for specificity towards the determinant under wet or dry conditions. Thus, for example, in the case where the oligonucleotide is a primer, the primer may be tested for its ability to amplify a sequence of the determinant using PCR to generate a detectable product and for its non ability to amplify other determinants in the sample. The products of the PCR reaction may be analyzed on a gel and verified according to presence and/or size. Additionally, or alternatively, the sequence of the oligonucleotide may be analyzed by computer analysis to see if it is homologous (or is capable of hybridizing to) other known sequences. A BLAST 2.2.10 (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) analysis may be performed on the chosen oligonucleotide (worldwidewebdotncbidotnlmdotnihdotgov/blast/). The BLAST program finds regions of local similarity between sequences. It compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches thereby providing valuable information about the possible identity and integrity of the 'query' sequences.

According to one embodiment, the oligonucleotide is a probe. As used herein, the term "probe" refers to an oligonucleotide which hybridizes to the determinant specific nucleic acid sequence to provide a detectable signal under experimental conditions and which does not hybridize to additional determinant sequences to provide a detectable signal under identical experimental conditions.

The probes of this embodiment of this aspect of the present invention may be, for example, affixed to a solid support (e.g., arrays or beads).

Solid supports are solid-state substrates or supports onto which the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may be associated. The nucleic acids may be associated directly or indirectly. Solid-state substrates for use in solid supports can include any solid material with which components can be associated, directly or indirectly. This includes materials such as acrylamide, agarose, cellulose, nitrocellulose, glass, gold, polystyrene, polyethylene vinyl acetate, polypropylene, polymethacrylate, polyethylene, polyethylene oxide, polysilicates, polycarbonates, teflon, fluorocarbons, nylon, silicon rubber, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyorthoesters, functionalized silane, polypropylfumerate, collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and polyamino acids. Solid-state substrates can have any useful form including thin film, membrane, bottles, dishes, fibers, woven fibers, shaped polymers, particles, beads, microparticles, or a combination. Solid-state substrates and solid supports can be porous or non-porous. A chip is a rectangular or square small piece of material. Preferred forms for solid-state substrates are thin films, beads, or chips. A useful form for a solid-state substrate is a microtiter dish. In some embodiments, a multiwell glass slide can be employed. In one embodiment, the solid support is an array which comprises a plurality of nucleic acids of the present invention immobilized at identified or predefined locations on the solid support. Each predefined location on the solid support generally has one type of component (that is, all the components at that location are the same). Alternatively, multiple types of components can be immobilized in the same predefined location on a solid support. Each location will have multiple copies of the given components. The spatial separation of different components on the solid support allows separate detection and identification.

According to particular embodiments, the array does not comprise nucleic acids that specifically bind to more than 50 determinants, more than 40 determinants, 30 determinants, 20 determinants, 15 determinants, 10 determinants, 5 determinants or even 3 determinants.

Methods for immobilization of oligonucleotides to solid-state substrates are well established. Oligonucleotides, including address probes and detection probes, can be coupled to substrates using established coupling methods. For example, suitable attachment methods are described by Pease et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91(l l):5022-5026 (1994), and Khrapko et al., Mol Biol (Mosk) (USSR) 25:718-730 (1991). A method for immobilization of 3'-amine oligonucleotides on casein-coated slides is described by Stimpson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6379-6383 (1995). A useful method of attaching oligonucleotides to solid-state substrates is described by Guo et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 22:5456-5465 (1994).

According to another embodiment, the oligonucleotide is a primer of a primer pair. As used herein, the term "primer" refers to an oligonucleotide which acts as a point of initiation of a template-directed synthesis using methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or LCR (ligase chain reaction) under appropriate conditions (e.g., in the presence of four different nucleotide triphosphates and a polymerization agent, such as DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase or reverse-transcriptase, DNA ligase, etc, in an appropriate buffer solution containing any necessary co-factors and at suitable temperature(s)). Such a template directed synthesis is also called "primer extension". For example, a primer pair may be designed to amplify a region of DNA using PCR. Such a pair will include a "forward primer" and a "reverse primer" that hybridize to complementary strands of a DNA molecule and that delimit a region to be synthesized/amplified. A primer of this aspect of the present invention is capable of amplifying, together with its pair (e.g. by PCR) a determinant specific nucleic acid sequence to provide a detectable signal under experimental conditions and which does not amplify other determinant nucleic acid sequence to provide a detectable signal under identical experimental conditions.

According to additional embodiments, the oligonucleotide is about 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 nucleotides in length. While the maximal length of a probe can be as long as the target sequence to be detected, depending on the type of assay in which it is employed, it is typically less than about 50, 60, 65, or 70 nucleotides in length. In the case of a primer, it is typically less than about 30 nucleotides in length. In a specific preferred embodiment of the invention, a primer or a probe is within the length of about 18 and about 28 nucleotides. It will be appreciated that when attached to a solid support, the probe may be of about 30-70, 75, 80, 90, 100, or more nucleotides in length.

The oligonucleotide of this aspect of the present invention need not reflect the exact sequence of the determinant nucleic acid sequence (i.e. need not be fully complementary), but must be sufficiently complementary to hybridize with the determinant nucleic acid sequence under the particular experimental conditions. Accordingly, the sequence of the oligonucleotide typically has at least 70 % homology, preferably at least 80 %, 90 %, 95 %, 97 %, 99 % or 100 % homology, for example over a region of at least 13 or more contiguous nucleotides with the target determinant nucleic acid sequence. The conditions are selected such that hybridization of the oligonucleotide to the determinant nucleic acid sequence is favored and hybridization to other determinant nucleic acid sequences is minimized.

By way of example, hybridization of short nucleic acids (below 200 bp in length, e.g. 13-50 bp in length) can be effected by the following hybridization protocols depending on the desired stringency; (i) hybridization solution of 6 x SSC and 1 % SDS or 3 M TMAC1, 0.01 M sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 1 mM EDTA (pH 7.6), 0.5 % SDS, 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA and 0.1 % nonfat dried milk, hybridization temperature of 1 - 1.5 °C below the Tm, final wash solution of 3 M TMAC1, 0.01 M sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 1 mM EDTA (pH 7.6), 0.5 % SDS at 1 - 1.5 °C below the Tm (stringent hybridization conditions) (ii) hybridization solution of 6 x SSC and 0.1 % SDS or 3 M TMACI, 0.01 M sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 1 mM EDTA (pH 7.6), 0.5 % SDS, 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA and 0.1 % nonfat dried milk, hybridization temperature of 2 - 2.5 °C below the Tm, final wash solution of 3 M TMACI, 0.01 M sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 1 mM EDTA (pH 7.6), 0.5 % SDS at 1 - 1.5 °C below the Tm, final wash solution of 6 x SSC, and final wash at 22 °C (stringent to moderate hybridization conditions); and (iii) hybridization solution of 6 x SSC and 1 % SDS or 3 M TMACI, 0.01 M sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 1 mM EDTA (pH 7.6), 0.5 % SDS, 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA and 0.1 % nonfat dried milk, hybridization temperature at 2.5-3 °C below the Tm and final wash solution of 6 x SSC at 22 °C (moderate hybridization solution).

Oligonucleotides of the invention may be prepared by any of a variety of methods (see, for example, J. Sambrook et al., "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", 1989, 2.sup.nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press: New York, N.Y.; "PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications", 1990, M. A. Innis (Ed.), Academic Press: New York, N.Y.; P. Tijssen "Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes- -Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Parts I and II)", 1993, Elsevier Science; "PCR Strategies", 1995, M. A. Innis (Ed.), Academic Press: New York, N.Y.; and "Short Protocols in Molecular Biology", 2002, F. M. Ausubel (Ed.), 5.sup.th Ed., John Wiley & Sons: Secaucus, N.J.). For example, oligonucleotides may be prepared using any of a variety of chemical techniques well-known in the art, including, for example, chemical synthesis and polymerization based on a template as described, for example, in S. A. Narang et al., Meth. Enzymol. 1979, 68: 90-98; E. L. Brown et al., Meth. Enzymol. 1979, 68: 109-151; E. S. Belousov et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1997, 25: 3440-3444; D. Guschin et al., Anal. Biochem. 1997, 250: 203-211; M. J. Blommers et al., Biochemistry, 1994, 33: 7886-7896; and K. Frenkel et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1995, 19: 373-380; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066.

For example, oligonucleotides may be prepared using an automated, solid-phase procedure based on the phosphoramidite approach. In such a method, each nucleotide is individually added to the 5'-end of the growing oligonucleotide chain, which is attached at the 3 '-end to a solid support. The added nucleotides are in the form of trivalent 3'- phosphoramidites that are protected from polymerization by a dimethoxytriyl (or DMT) group at the 5'-position. After base-induced phosphoramidite coupling, mild oxidation to give a pentavalent phosphotriester intermediate and DMT removal provides a new site for oligonucleotide elongation. The oligonucleotides are then cleaved off the solid support, and the phosphodiester and exocyclic amino groups are deprotected with ammonium hydroxide. These syntheses may be performed on oligo synthesizers such as those commercially available from Perkin Elmer/ Applied Biosystems, Inc. (Foster City, Calif.), DuPont (Wilmington, Del.) or Milligen (Bedford, Mass.). Alternatively, oligonucleotides can be custom made and ordered from a variety of commercial sources well-known in the art, including, for example, the Midland Certified Reagent Company (Midland, Tex.), ExpressGen, Inc. (Chicago, Π1.), Operon Technologies, Inc. (Huntsville, Ala.), and many others.

Purification of the oligonucleotides of the invention, where necessary or desirable, may be carried out by any of a variety of methods well-known in the art. Purification of oligonucleotides is typically performed either by native acrylamide gel electrophoresis, by anion-exchange HPLC as described, for example, by J. D. Pearson and F. E. Regnier (J. Chrom., 1983, 255: 137-149) or by reverse phase HPLC (G. D. McFarland and P. N. Borer, Nucleic Acids Res., 1979, 7: 1067-1080).

The sequence of oligonucleotides can be verified using any suitable sequencing method including, but not limited to, chemical degradation (A. M. Maxam and W. Gilbert, Methods of Enzymology, 1980, 65: 499-560), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (U. Pieles et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1993, 21: 3191-3196), mass spectrometry following a combination of alkaline phosphatase and exonuclease digestions (H. Wu and H. Aboleneen, Anal. Biochem., 2001, 290: 347-352), and the like.

As already mentioned above, modified oligonucleotides may be prepared using any of several means known in the art. Non-limiting examples of such modifications include methylation, "caps", substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, and internucleotide modifications such as, for example, those with uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoroamidates, carbamates, etc), or charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, etc). Oligonucleotides may contain one or more additional covalently linked moieties, such as, for example, proteins (e.g., nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, poly-L-lysine, etc), intercalators (e.g., acridine, psoralen, etc), chelators (e.g., metals, radioactive metals, iron, oxidative metals, etc), and alkylators. The oligonucleotide may also be derivatized by formation of a methyl or ethyl phosphotriester or an alkyl phosphoramidate linkage. Furthermore, the oligonucleotide sequences of the present invention may also be modified with a label.

In certain embodiments, the detection probes or amplification primers or both probes and primers are labeled with a detectable agent or moiety before being used in amplification/detection assays. In certain embodiments, the detection probes are labeled with a detectable agent. Preferably, a detectable agent is selected such that it generates a signal which can be measured and whose intensity is related (e.g., proportional) to the amount of amplification products in the sample being analyzed.

The association between the oligonucleotide and detectable agent can be covalent or non-covalent. Labeled detection probes can be prepared by incorporation of or conjugation to a detectable moiety. Labels can be attached directly to the nucleic acid sequence or indirectly (e.g., through a linker). Linkers or spacer arms of various lengths are known in the art and are commercially available, and can be selected to reduce steric hindrance, or to confer other useful or desired properties to the resulting labeled molecules (see, for example, E. S. Mansfield et al., Mol. Cell. Probes, 1995, 9: 145- 156).

Methods for labeling nucleic acid molecules are well-known in the art. For a review of labeling protocols, label detection techniques, and recent developments in the field, see, for example, L. J. Kricka, Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2002, 39: 114-129; R. P. van Gijlswijk et al., Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2001, 1: 81-91; and S. Joos et al., J. Biotechnol. 1994, 35: 135-153. Standard nucleic acid labeling methods include: incorporation of radioactive agents, direct attachments of fluorescent dyes (L. M. Smith et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1985, 13: 2399-2412) or of enzymes (B. A. Connoly and O. Rider, Nucl. Acids. Res., 1985, 13: 4485-4502); chemical modifications of nucleic acid molecules making them detectable immunochemically or by other affinity reactions (T. R. Broker et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 1978, 5: 363-384; E. A. Bayer et al., Methods of Biochem. Analysis, 1980, 26: 1-45; R. Langer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1981, 78: 6633-6637; R. W. Richardson et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 1983, 11: 6167-6184; D. J. Brigati et al., Virol. 1983, 126: 32-50; P. Tchen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1984, 81: 3466-3470; J. E. Landegent et al., Exp. Cell Res. 1984, 15: 61-72; and A. H. Hopman et al., Exp. Cell Res. 1987, 169: 357-368); and enzyme-mediated labeling methods, such as random priming, nick translation, PCR and tailing with terminal transferase (for a review on enzymatic labeling, see, for example, J. Temsamani and S. Agrawal, Mol. Biotechnol. 1996, 5: 223-232). More recently developed nucleic acid labeling systems include, but are not limited to: ULS (Universal Linkage System), which is based on the reaction of mono-reactive cisplatin derivatives with the N7 position of guanine moieties in DNA (R. J. Heetebrij et al., Cytogenet. Cell. Genet. 1999, 87: 47-52), psoralen-biotin, which intercalates into nucleic acids and upon UV irradiation becomes covalently bonded to the nucleotide bases (C. Levenson et al., Methods Enzymol. 1990, 184: 577-583; and C. Pfannschmidt et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1996, 24: 1702-1709), photoreactive azido derivatives (C. Neves et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 2000, 11: 51-55), and DNA alkylating agents (M. G. Sebestyen et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 1998, 16: 568-576).

Any of a wide variety of detectable agents can be used in the practice of the present invention. Suitable detectable agents include, but are not limited to, various ligands, radionuclides (such as, for example, ³² P, ³⁵ S, ³ H, ¹⁴ C, ¹²⁵ I, ¹³¹ I, and the like); fluorescent dyes (for specific exemplary fluorescent dyes, see below); chemiluminescent agents (such as, for example, acridinium esters, stabilized dioxetanes, and the like); spectrally resolvable inorganic fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (i.e., quantum dots), metal nanoparticles (e.g., gold, silver, copper and platinum) or nanoclusters; enzymes (such as, for example, those used in an ELISA, i.e., horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase); colorimetric labels (such as, for example, dyes, colloidal gold, and the like); magnetic labels (such as, for example, Dynabeads™); and biotin, dioxigenin or other haptens and proteins for which antisera or monoclonal antibodies are available.

In certain embodiments, the inventive detection probes are fluorescently labeled. Numerous known fluorescent labeling moieties of a wide variety of chemical structures and physical characteristics are suitable for use in the practice of this invention. Suitable fluorescent dyes include, but are not limited to, fluorescein and fluorescein dyes (e.g., fluorescein isothiocyanine or FITC, naphthofluorescein, 4',5'-dichloro-2',7'-dimethoxy- fluorescein, 6 carboxyfluorescein or FAM), carbocyanine, merocyanine, styryl dyes, oxonol dyes, phycoerythrin, erythrosin, eosin, rhodamine dyes (e.g., carboxytetramethylrhodamine or TAMRA, carboxyrhodamine 6G, carboxy-X- rhodamine (ROX), lissamine rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G, rhodamine Green, rhodamine Red, tetramethylrhodamine or TMR), coumarin and coumarin dyes (e.g., methoxycoumarin, dialkylaminocoumarin, hydroxycoumarin and aminomethylcoumarin or AMCA), Oregon Green Dyes (e.g., Oregon Green 488, Oregon Green 500, Oregon Green 514), Texas Red, Texas Red-X, Spectrum Red.TM., Spectrum Green.TM., cyanine dyes (e.g., Cy-3™, Cy-5™, Cy-3.5™, Cy-5.5™), Alexa Fluor dyes (e.g., Alexa Fluor 350, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 532, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 660 and Alexa Fluor 680), BODIPY dyes (e.g., BODIPY FL, BODIPY R6G, BODIPY TMR, BODIPY TR, BODIPY 530/550, BODIPY 558/568, BODIPY 564/570, BODIPY 576/589, BODIPY 581/591, BODIPY 630/650, BODIPY 650/665), IRDyes (e.g., IRD40, IRD 700, IRD 800), and the like. For more examples of suitable fluorescent dyes and methods for linking or incorporating fluorescent dyes to nucleic acid molecules see, for example, "The Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Products", 9th Ed., Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, Oreg. Fluorescent dyes as well as labeling kits are commercially available from, for example, Amersham Biosciences, Inc. (Piscataway, N.J.), Molecular Probes Inc. (Eugene, Oreg.), and New England Biolabs Inc. (Berverly, Mass.).

As mentioned, identification of the determinant may be carried out using an amplification reaction.

As used herein, the term "amplification" refers to a process that increases the representation of a population of specific nucleic acid sequences in a sample by producing multiple (i.e., at least 2) copies of the desired sequences. Methods for nucleic acid amplification are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligase chain reaction (LCR). In a typical PCR amplification reaction, a nucleic acid sequence of interest is often amplified at least fifty thousand fold in amount over its amount in the starting sample. A "copy" or "amplicon" does not necessarily mean perfect sequence complementarity or identity to the template sequence. For example, copies can include nucleotide analogs such as deoxyinosine, intentional sequence alterations (such as sequence alterations introduced through a primer comprising a sequence that is hybridizable but not complementary to the template), and/or sequence errors that occur during amplification.

A typical amplification reaction is carried out by contacting a forward and reverse primer (a primer pair) to the sample DNA together with any additional amplification reaction reagents under conditions which allow amplification of the target sequence.

The terms "forward primer" and "forward amplification primer" are used herein interchangeably, and refer to a primer that hybridizes (or anneals) to the target (template strand). The terms "reverse primer" and "reverse amplification primer" are used herein interchangeably, and refer to a primer that hybridizes (or anneals) to the complementary target strand. The forward primer hybridizes with the target sequence 5' with respect to the reverse primer.

The term "amplification conditions", as used herein, refers to conditions that promote annealing and/or extension of primer sequences. Such conditions are well- known in the art and depend on the amplification method selected. Thus, for example, in a PCR reaction, amplification conditions generally comprise thermal cycling, i.e., cycling of the reaction mixture between two or more temperatures. In isothermal amplification reactions, amplification occurs without thermal cycling although an initial temperature increase may be required to initiate the reaction. Amplification conditions encompass all reaction conditions including, but not limited to, temperature and temperature cycling, buffer, salt, ionic strength, and pH, and the like.

As used herein, the term "amplification reaction reagents", refers to reagents used in nucleic acid amplification reactions and may include, but are not limited to, buffers, reagents, enzymes having reverse transcriptase and/or polymerase activity or exonuclease activity, enzyme cofactors such as magnesium or manganese, salts, nicotinamide adenine dinuclease (NAD) and deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), such as deoxy adenosine triphospate, deoxyguanosine triphosphate, deoxycytidine triphosphate and thymidine triphosphate. Amplification reaction reagents may readily be selected by one skilled in the art depending on the amplification method used.

According to this aspect of the present invention, the amplifying may be effected using techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which includes, but is not limited to Allele- specific PCR, Assembly PCR or Polymerase Cycling Assembly (PCA), Asymmetric PCR, Helicase-dependent amplification, Hot- start PCR, Intersequence- specific PCR (ISSR), Inverse PCR, Ligation-mediated PCR, Methylation-specific PCR (MSP), Miniprimer PCR, Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification, Multiplex-PCR,Nested PCR, Overlap-extension PCR, Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR), Solid Phase PCR: encompasses multiple meanings, including Polony Amplification (where PCR colonies are derived in a gel matrix, for example), Bridge PCR (primers are covalently linked to a solid-support surface), conventional Solid Phase PCR (where Asymmetric PCR is applied in the presence of solid support bearing primer with sequence matching one of the aqueous primers) and Enhanced Solid Phase PCR (where conventional Solid Phase PCR can be improved by employing high Tm and nested solid support primer with optional application of a thermal 'step' to favour solid support priming), Thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR), Touchdown PCR (Step-down PCR), PAN-AC and Universal Fast Walking.

The PCR (or polymerase chain reaction) technique is well-known in the art and has been disclosed, for example, in K. B. Mullis and F. A. Faloona, Methods Enzymol., 1987, 155: 350-355 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,202; 4,683,195; and 4,800,159 (each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In its simplest form, PCR is an in vitro method for the enzymatic synthesis of specific DNA sequences, using two oligonucleotide primers that hybridize to opposite strands and flank the region of interest in the target DNA. A plurality of reaction cycles, each cycle comprising: a denaturation step, an annealing step, and a polymerization step, results in the exponential accumulation of a specific DNA fragment ("PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications", M. A. Innis (Ed.), 1990, Academic Press: New York; "PCR Strategies", M. A. Innis (Ed.), 1995, Academic Press: New York; "Polymerase chain reaction: basic principles and automation in PCR: A Practical Approach", McPherson et al. (Eds.), 1991, IRL Press: Oxford; R. K. Saiki et al., Nature, 1986, 324: 163-166). The termini of the amplified fragments are defined as the 5' ends of the primers. Examples of DNA polymerases capable of producing amplification products in PCR reactions include, but are not limited to: E. coli DNA polymerase I, Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, T4 DNA polymerase, thermostable DNA polymerases isolated from Thermus aquaticus (Taq), available from a variety of sources (for example, Perkin Elmer), Thermus thermophilus (United States Biochemicals), Bacillus stereo thermophilus (Bio-Rad), or Thermococcus litoralis ("Vent" polymerase, New England Biolabs). RNA target sequences may be amplified by reverse transcribing the mRNA into cDNA, and then performing PCR (RT-PCR), as described above. Alternatively, a single enzyme may be used for both steps as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,770.

The duration and temperature of each step of a PCR cycle, as well as the number of cycles, are generally adjusted according to the stringency requirements in effect. Annealing temperature and timing are determined both by the efficiency with which a primer is expected to anneal to a template and the degree of mismatch that is to be tolerated. The ability to optimize the reaction cycle conditions is well within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. Although the number of reaction cycles may vary depending on the detection analysis being performed, it usually is at least 15, more usually at least 20, and may be as high as 60 or higher. However, in many situations, the number of reaction cycles typically ranges from about 20 to about 40.

The denaturation step of a PCR cycle generally comprises heating the reaction mixture to an elevated temperature and maintaining the mixture at the elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient for any double-stranded or hybridized nucleic acid present in the reaction mixture to dissociate. For denaturation, the temperature of the reaction mixture is usually raised to, and maintained at, a temperature ranging from about 85 °C. to about 100 °C, usually from about 90 °C to about 98 °C, and more usually from about 93 °C. to about 96 °C. for a period of time ranging from about 3 to about 120 seconds, usually from about 5 to about 30 seconds.

Following denaturation, the reaction mixture is subjected to conditions sufficient for primer annealing to template DNA present in the mixture. The temperature to which the reaction mixture is lowered to achieve these conditions is usually chosen to provide optimal efficiency and specificity, and generally ranges from about 50 °C to about °C, usually from about 55 °C. to about 70 °C, and more usually from about 60 °C to about 68 °C. Annealing conditions are generally maintained for a period of time ranging from about 15 seconds to about 30 minutes, usually from about 30 seconds to about 5 minutes.

Following annealing of primer to template DNA or during annealing of primer to template DNA, the reaction mixture is subjected to conditions sufficient to provide for polymerization of nucleotides to the primer's end in a such manner that the primer is extended in a 5' to 3' direction using the DNA to which it is hybridized as a template, (i.e., conditions sufficient for enzymatic production of primer extension product). To achieve primer extension conditions, the temperature of the reaction mixture is typically raised to a temperature ranging from about 65°C to about 75 °C, usually from about 67 °C. to about 73 °C, and maintained at that temperature for a period of time ranging from about 15 seconds to about 20 minutes, usually from about 30 seconds to about 5 minutes.

The above cycles of denaturation, annealing, and polymerization may be performed using an automated device typically known as a thermal cycler or thermocycler. Thermal cyclers that may be employed are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,473; 5,602,756; 5,538,871; and 5,475,610 (each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Thermal cyclers are commercially available, for example, from Perkin Elmer-Applied Biosystems (Norwalk, Conn.), BioRad (Hercules, Calif.), Roche Applied Science (Indianapolis, Ind.), and Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.).

Amplification products obtained using primers of the present invention may be detected using agarose gel electrophoresis and visualization by ethidium bromide staining and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light or by sequence analysis of the amplification product.

According to one embodiment, the amplification and quantification of the amplification product may be effected in real-time (qRT-PCR). Typically, QRT-PCR methods use double stranded DNA detecting molecules to measure the amount of amplified product in real time.

As used herein the phrase "double stranded DNA detecting molecule" refers to a double stranded DNA interacting molecule that produces a quantifiable signal (e.g., fluorescent signal). For example such a double stranded DNA detecting molecule can be a fluorescent dye that (1) interacts with a fragment of DNA or an amplicon and (2) emits at a different wavelength in the presence of an amplicon in duplex formation than in the presence of the amplicon in separation. A double stranded DNA detecting molecule can be a double stranded DNA intercalating detecting molecule or a primer- based double stranded DNA detecting molecule. A double stranded DNA intercalating detecting molecule is not covalently linked to a primer, an amplicon or a nucleic acid template. The detecting molecule increases its emission in the presence of double stranded DNA and decreases its emission when duplex DNA unwinds. Examples include, but are not limited to, ethidium bromide, YO- PRO-1, Hoechst 33258, SYBR Gold, and SYBR Green I. Ethidium bromide is a fluorescent chemical that intercalates between base pairs in a double stranded DNA fragment and is commonly used to detect DNA following gel electrophoresis. When excited by ultraviolet light between 254 nm and 366 nm, it emits fluorescent light at 590 nm. The DNA-ethidium bromide complex produces about 50 times more fluorescence than ethidium bromide in the presence of single stranded DNA. SYBR Green I is excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. The fluorescence intensity of SYBR Green I increases over 100 fold upon binding to double stranded DNA against single stranded DNA. An alternative to SYBR Green I is SYBR Gold introduced by Molecular Probes Inc. Similar to SYBR Green I, the fluorescence emission of SYBR Gold enhances in the presence of DNA in duplex and decreases when double stranded DNA unwinds. However, SYBR Gold's excitation peak is at 495 nm and the emission peak is at 537 nm. SYBR Gold reportedly appears more stable than SYBR Green I. Hoechst 33258 is a known bisbenzimide double stranded DNA detecting molecule that binds to the AT rich regions of DNA in duplex. Hoechst 33258 excites at 350 nm and emits at 450 nm. YO-PRO-1, exciting at 450 nm and emitting at 550 nm, has been reported to be a double stranded DNA specific detecting molecule. In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the double stranded DNA detecting molecule is SYBR Green I.

A primer-based double stranded DNA detecting molecule is covalently linked to a primer and either increases or decreases fluorescence emission when amplicons form a duplex structure. Increased fluorescence emission is observed when a primer-based double stranded DNA detecting molecule is attached close to the 3' end of a primer and the primer terminal base is either dG or dC. The detecting molecule is quenched in the proximity of terminal dC-dG and dG-dC base pairs and dequenched as a result of duplex formation of the amplicon when the detecting molecule is located internally at least 6 nucleotides away from the ends of the primer. The dequenching results in a substantial increase in fluorescence emission. Examples of these type of detecting molecules include but are not limited to fluorescein (exciting at 488 nm and emitting at 530 nm), FAM (exciting at 494 nm and emitting at 518 nm), JOE (exciting at 527 and emitting at 548), HEX (exciting at 535 nm and emitting at 556 nm), TET (exciting at 521 nm and emitting at 536 nm), Alexa Fluor 594 (exciting at 590 nm and emitting at 615 nm), ROX (exciting at 575 nm and emitting at 602 nm), and TAMRA (exciting at 555 nm and emitting at 580 nm). In contrast, some primer-based double stranded DNA detecting molecules decrease their emission in the presence of double stranded DNA against single stranded DNA. Examples include, but are not limited to, rhodamine, and BODIPY-FI (exciting at 504 nm and emitting at 513 nm). These detecting molecules are usually covalently conjugated to a primer at the 5' terminal dC or dG and emit less fluorescence when amplicons are in duplex. It is believed that the decrease of fluorescence upon the formation of duplex is due to the quenching of guanosine in the complementary strand in close proximity to the detecting molecule or the quenching of the terminal dC-dG base pairs.

According to one embodiment, the primer-based double stranded DNA detecting molecule is a 5' nuclease probe. Such probes incorporate a fluorescent reporter molecule at either the 5' or 3' end of an oligonucleotide and a quencher at the opposite end. The first step of the amplification process involves heating to denature the double stranded DNA target molecule into a single stranded DNA. During the second step, a forward primer anneals to the target strand of the DNA and is extended by Taq polymerase. A reverse primer and a 5' nuclease probe then anneal to this newly replicated strand.

In this embodiment, at least one of the primer pairs or 5' nuclease probe should hybridize with a unique determinant sequence. The polymerase extends and cleaves the probe from the target strand. Upon cleavage, the reporter is no longer quenched by its proximity to the quencher and fluorescence is released. Each replication will result in the cleavage of a probe. As a result, the fluorescent signal will increase proportionally to the amount of amplification product.

As well as distinguishing between viral and bacterial infections, the determinants described in this application may be used to distinguish between an infectious (bacterial or viral) and non-infectious subject. In one embodiment the determinant is one which appears in Table 16E. For a determinant in Table 16E which is characterized as increasing during an infection, when that determinant is above a predetermined threshold it is indicative that the subject has an infection. For a determinant in Table 16E which is characterized as increasing not due to an infection, then when the determinant is above a predetermined threshold it is indicative that the subject does not have an infection.

In one embodiment, the non-infectious subject of this aspect of the present invention has SIRS and the infectious subject has sepsis.

SIRS is a serious condition related to systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and organ failure. It is defined as 2 or more of the following variables: fever of more than 38°C (100.4°F) or less than 36°C (96.8°F); heart rate of more than 90 beats per minute; respiratory rate of more than 20 breaths per minute or arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaC0 ₂ ) of less than 32 mm Hg; abnormal white blood cell count (>12,000/μί or < 4,000/μί or >10% immature [band] forms). SIRS is nonspecific and can be caused by ischemia, inflammation, trauma, infection, or several insults combined. Thus, SIRS is not always related to infection.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that is caused by inflammatory response to an infection. It is currently diagnosed as the presence of SIRS criteria in the presence of a known infection. The early diagnosis of sepsis is essential for clinical intervention before the disease rapidly progresses beyond initial stages to the more severe stages, such as severe sepsis or septic shock, which are associated with high mortality. However, non-infectious SIRS associated with acute tissue injury and innate immune activation can induce clinical syndromes analogous to sepsis, including multiple trauma, pancreatitis, burns, and autoimmune diseases. Current diagnostics are limited in their ability to distinguish between SIRS and sepsis. Therefore, there is a need for new biomarkers or combinations of biomarkers that can provide added value in the accurate and timely diagnosis of sepsis.

Thus, the method of this aspect of the present invention may be used to distinguish between a subject who has SIRS (and no infection) and a subject who has sepsis. If the subject has sepsis then at least one of the RNAs from Table 16E is above a predetermined level (e.g. above the amount in a subject who does not have an infection, such as a healthy subject).

Contemplated pairs or triplets of RNA determinants that may be used to distinguish between non-infectious SIRS and infectious sepsis include any pair or triplet of determinants that appears in Table 16E. Exemplary pairs of RNA determinants that may be used to distinguish between non-infectious SIRS and infectious sepsis include but are not limited to:

FCGR1C+SGK1, FCGR1A+SGK1, FCGR1B+SGK1, AIM2+SGK1, TIFA+SGK1, LMNB 1+SGK1, SGK1+MYBL1, SGK1+ZNF438, SGK1+KLRB 1, TLR5+SGK1, SGK1+CD274, S GK 1 +ANKRD22, SGK1+CARD17, SGK1+LILRA5, SGK1+CLEC4D, SGK1+KLRG1, SGK1+MAP2K6, SGK1+PSTPIP2, KLRB 1+CASS4, DDX60L+SGK1, SGK1+TNFSF13B, SGKl+C19orf59, ZNF438+CASS4, OR56B 1+CD177P1, OAS 1+KLRB 1, OAS 1+MAP2K6, AEVI2+CASS4, CHI3L1+CARD17, TLR5+CASS4 and PLSCR1+SGK1.

Furthermore, the determinants described in this application may be used to distinguish between a bacterial infection and a non-bacterial infection. In one embodiment the determinant is one which appears in Table 16D. For a determinant in Table 16D which is characterized as increasing during a bacterial infection, when that determinant is above a predetermined threshold it is indicative that the subject has a bacterial infection. For a determinant in Table 16D which is characterized as increasing due to a non-bacterial infection, then when the determinant is above a predetermined threshold it is indicative that the subject does not have a bacterial infection.

mRNA is the biological precursor of proteins and changes in its expression levels are expected to precede those of its protein counterparts. Consequently, protein and RNA biomarkers may differ in their temporal dynamics patterns and can complement each other to detect infection prior to symptom onset or following convalescence. Therefore, it will be appreciated that as well as determining the level of the RNA determinants described herein, the present inventors also contemplate combining these measurements with measurements of polypeptide determinants that are known to be indicative of infection type. Examples of polypeptide determinants that are contemplated by the present invention include those that are described in WO 2013/117746, WO 2011/132086, PCT Application IL 2015/051024 and PCT Application IL 2015/051201, the contents of each are incorporated herein by reference. Other polypeptide determinants contemplated by the present inventors are the polypeptide counterparts of the RNA determinants described herein. Examples of polypeptides contemplated by the present inventors are those set forth in Table 15 herein below. Other examples include, but are not limited to: TRAIL, CRP, IP-10, MXl, RSAD2, PCT, OTOF, PI3, CYBRDl, EIF2AK2 and CMPK2.

Table 15

Examples of polypeptide combinations contemplated by the present inventors include, but are not limited to: TRAIL+CRP+IP-10; MX1+CRP; MX1+RSAD2; CRP+RSAD2; MX 1 +CRP+RS AD2 ; MX1+CRP+PCT; MX1+CRP+ TRAIL; TRAIL+CRP+RS AD2 ; and OTOF, PI3, CYBRDl, EIF2AK2 and CMPK2. Particular combinations of RNA determinants and polypeptide determinants include but are not limited to:

TRAIL polypeptide + RSAD2 RNA;

TRAIL polypeptide + MX1 RNA;

TRAIL polypeptide + IFI44 RNA;

TRAIL polypeptide + IFI44L RNA;

TRAIL polypeptide + IFI27 RNA;

CRP polypeptide + RSAD2 RNA;

CRP polypeptide + MX1 RNA;

CRP polypeptide + IFI44 RNA;

CRP polypeptide + IFI44L RNA;

CRP polypeptide + IFI27 RNA;

TRAIL polypeptide + CRP polypeptide + RSAD2 RNA;

TRAIL polypeptide + CRP polypeptide + MX1 RNA;

TRAIL polypeptide + CRP polypeptide + IFI44 RNA;

TRAIL polypeptide + CRP polypeptide + IFI44L RNA;

TRAIL polypeptide + CRP polypeptide + IFI27 RNA;

Therefore, in another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of distinguishing between bacterial and viral infected patients, the method comprising analyzing one of more RNA determinant selected from Tables 1-6 or 15A-B and analyzing a polypeptide determinant indicative of infection type for example CRP or TRAIL. Exemplary contemplated combinations of polypeptide determinants and RNA determinants are provided in Table 21 of the Examples section herein below.

The measurements of the RNA and protein determinants may be combined to provide a single predictive score. In another embodiment, the level of the polypeptide determinant is used for initial screening of subjects with suspected infection and the level of the RNA determinant is used as a follow-up test only in cases where the polypeptide test is inconclusive (e.g. higher/lower than a predetermined threshold). Alternatively, the level of the RNA determinant is used for initial screening of subjects with suspected infection and the level of the polypeptide determinant is used as a follow-up test only in cases where the polypeptide test is inconclusive (e.g. higher/lower than a predetermined threshold). In yet a different embodiment of the invention, RNA signatures comprised of the RNA determinants set forth in Tables 1-6 are combined with their protein counterparts in order to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Methods of measuring the levels of polypeptides are well known in the art and include, e.g., immunoassays based on antibodies to proteins, aptamers or molecular imprints.

The polypeptide determinants can be detected in any suitable manner, but are typically detected by contacting a sample from the subject with an antibody, which binds the determinant and then detecting the presence or absence of a reaction product. The antibody may be monoclonal, polyclonal, chimeric, or a fragment of the foregoing, as discussed in detail above, and the step of detecting the reaction product may be carried out with any suitable immunoassay. The sample from the subject is typically a biological sample as described above, and may be the same sample of biological sample used to conduct the method described above.

In one embodiment, the antibody which specifically binds the determinant is attached (either directly or indirectly) to a signal producing label, including but not limited to a radioactive label, an enzymatic label, a hapten, a reporter dye or a fluorescent label.

Immunoassays carried out in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention may be homogeneous assays or heterogeneous assays. In a homogeneous assay the immunological reaction usually involves the specific antibody (e.g., anti- determinant antibody), a labeled analyte, and the sample of interest. The signal arising from the label is modified, directly or indirectly, upon the binding of the antibody to the labeled analyte. Both the immunological reaction and detection of the extent thereof can be carried out in a homogeneous solution. Immunochemical labels, which may be employed, include free radicals, radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes, enzymes, bacteriophages, or coenzymes.

In a heterogeneous assay approach, the reagents are usually the sample, the antibody, and means for producing a detectable signal. Samples as described above may be used. The antibody can be immobilized on a support, such as a bead (such as protein A and protein G agarose beads), plate or slide, and contacted with the specimen suspected of containing the antigen in a liquid phase. The support is then separated from the liquid phase and either the support phase or the liquid phase is examined for a detectable signal employing means for producing such signal. The signal is related to the presence of the analyte in the sample. Means for producing a detectable signal include the use of radioactive labels, fluorescent labels, or enzyme labels. For example, if the antigen to be detected contains a second binding site, an antibody which binds to that site can be conjugated to a detectable group and added to the liquid phase reaction solution before the separation step. The presence of the detectable group on the solid support indicates the presence of the antigen in the test sample. Examples of suitable immunoassays are oligonucleotides, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence methods, immunoprecipitation, chemiluminescence methods, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) or enzyme-linked immunoassays.

Those skilled in the art will be familiar with numerous specific immunoassay formats and variations thereof which may be useful for carrying out the method disclosed herein. See generally E. Maggio, Enzyme-Immunoassay, (1980) (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.); see also U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,022 to Skold et al., titled "Methods for Modulating Ligand-Receptor Interactions and their Application," U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,678 to Forrest et al., titled "Immunoassay of Antigens," U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110 to David et al., titled "Immunometric Assays Using Monoclonal Antibodies," U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,149 to Litman et al., titled "Macromolecular Environment Control in Specific Receptor Assays," U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,402 to Maggio et al., titled "Reagents and Method Employing Channeling," and U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,767 to Boguslaski et al., titled "Heterogenous Specific Binding Assay Employing a Coenzyme as Label. "The determinant can also be detected with antibodies using flow cytometry. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with flow cytometric techniques which may be useful in carrying out the methods disclosed herein(Shapiro 2005). These include, without limitation, Cytokine Bead Array (Becton Dickinson) and Luminex technology.

Antibodies can be conjugated to a solid support suitable for a diagnostic assay (e.g., beads such as protein A or protein G agarose, microspheres, plates, slides or wells formed from materials such as latex or polystyrene) in accordance with known techniques, such as passive binding. Antibodies as described herein may likewise be conjugated to detectable labels or groups such as radiolabels (e.g., 35 S, 125 I, 131 I), enzyme labels (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase), and fluorescent labels (e.g., fluorescein, Alexa, green fluorescent protein, rhodamine) in accordance with known techniques.

Antibodies can also be useful for detecting post-translational modifications of determinant proteins, polypeptides, mutations, and polymorphisms, such as tyrosine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, serine phosphorylation, glycosylation (e.g., O-GlcNAc). Such antibodies specifically detect the phosphorylated amino acids in a protein or proteins of interest, and can be used in immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and ELISA assays described herein. These antibodies are well-known to those skilled in the art, and commercially available. Post-translational modifications can also be determined using metastable ions in reflector matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) (Wirth U. and Muller D. 2002).

For determinant-proteins, polypeptides, mutations, and polymorphisms known to have enzymatic activity, the activities can be determined in vitro using enzyme assays known in the art. Such assays include, without limitation, kinase assays, phosphatase assays, reductase assays, among many others. Modulation of the kinetics of enzyme activities can be determined by measuring the rate constant KM using known algorithms, such as the Hill plot, Michaelis-Menten equation, linear regression plots such as Lineweaver-Burk analysis, and Scatchard plot.

Suitable sources for antibodies for the detection of determinants include commercially available sources such as, for example, Abazyme, Abnova, AssayPro, Affinity Biologicals, AntibodyShop, Aviva bioscience, Biogenesis, Biosense Laboratories, Calbiochem, Cell Sciences, Chemicon International, Chemokine, Clontech, Cytolab, DAKO, Diagnostic BioSystems, eBioscience, Endocrine Technologies, Enzo Biochem, Eurogentec, Fusion Antibodies, Genesis Biotech, GloboZymes, Haematologic Technologies, Immunodetect, Immunodiagnostik, Immunometrics, Immunostar, Immunovision, Biogenex, Invitrogen, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratory, KMI Diagnostics, Koma Biotech, LabFrontier Life Science Institute, Lee Laboratories, Lifescreen, Maine Biotechnology Services, Mediclone, MicroPharm Ltd., ModiQuest, Molecular Innovations, Molecular Probes, Neoclone, Neuromics, New England Biolabs, Novocastra, Novus Biologicals, Oncogene Research Products, Orbigen, Oxford Biotechnology, Panvera, PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Pharmingen, Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Pierce Chemical Company, Polymun Scientific, Polysiences, Inc., Promega Corporation, Proteogenix, Protos Immunoresearch, QED Biosciences, Inc., R&D Systems, Repligen, Research Diagnostics, Roboscreen, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Seikagaku America, Serological Corporation, Serotec, SigmaAldrich, StemCell Technologies, Synaptic Systems GmbH, Technopharm, Terra Nova Biotechnology, TiterMax, Trillium Diagnostics, Upstate Biotechnology, US Biological, Vector Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, and Zeptometrix. However, the skilled artisan can routinely make antibodies, against any of the polypeptide determinants described herein.

A "subject" in the context of the present invention may be a mammal (e.g. human, dog, cat, horse, cow, sheep, pig, goat). According to another embodiment, the subject is a bird (e.g. chicken, turkey, duck or goose). According to a particular embodiment, the subject is a human. The subject can be male or female. The subject may be an adult (e.g. older than 18, 21, or 22 years or a child (e.g. younger than 18, 21 or 22 years). In another embodiment, the subject is an adolescent (between 12 and 21 years), an infant (29 days to less than 2 years of age) or a neonate (birth through the first 28 days of life). The subject can be one who has been previously diagnosed or identified as having an infection, and optionally has already undergone, or is undergoing, a therapeutic intervention for the infection. Alternatively, a subject can also be one who has not been previously diagnosed as having an infection. For example, a subject can be one who exhibits one or more risk factors for having an infection.

It will be appreciated that the marker which is used to diagnose the infection may be selected according to the particular subject.

Particularly accurate RNA determinants for ruling in infection type in children (e.g. below 21 years, or below 18 years), include but are not limited to SIGLECl, IFI27, n334829, LY6E, USP41, USP18, uc003hrl.l, n332456, n332510, GAS 7, TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, OAS 1, n333319, OASL, IFI44L, SULT1B 1.

Particularly accurate RNA determinants for ruling in infection type in adults include but are not limited to IFI44, DGAT2, PYGL, n407780, ZCCHC2, PARP12, TRIB2. Particularly accurate RNA determinants for ruling in infection type in male subjects include, but are not limited to DDX60, ZCCHC2, LY6E, IFI44, n332510, IFIT1, OAS 1, TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966, PNPT1.

Particularly accurate RNA determinants for ruling in infection type in female subjects include but are not limited to n407780, CYP1B 1, IMPA2, KREMEN1, n332456, CR1, GAS 7, PARP12, n333319, PPM1K, n334829, IFI27, uc003hrl. l, SULT1B 1, LTA4H.

In a particular embodiment, the subject presents with symptoms of pneumonia and the test is carried out to determine if the source of the pneumonia is from a bacterial or viral infection. Particular recommended determinants for this use are at least one of those listed in Table 23 of the Examples section herein below.

In another embodiment, the subjects present with symptoms of influenza or parainfluenza. Particular RNA determinants for ruling in influenza include SIGLECl, n332456, DDX60, HER6 and TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966. Particular RNA determinants for ruling in parainfluenza include CYP1B 1, GAS7 and TCONS_00003184-XLOC_001966. When CYP1B 1, GAS7 are below a predetermined level (e.g. below the level found in an identical sample type of a healthy or non-infected subject), a parainfluenza infection is ruled in. When TCONS_00003184- XLOC_001966 is above a predetermined level (e.g. above the level found in an identical sample type of a healthy or non-infected subject, a parainfluenza infection is ruled in. When SIGLECl, n332456, DDX60, HER6 or TCONS_00003184- XLOC_001966 is above a predetermined level, an influenza infection is ruled in.

In still another embodiment, the RNA determinant is used for ruling in CMV, EBV or Bocavirus. Thus, for example when the level of SLUT1B 1 is below a predetermined level (e.g. below the level found in an identical sample type of a healthy or non-infected subject), a CMV,EBV or Bocavirus infection is ruled in.

Particular RNA determinants have also been shown to be highly accurate in distinguishing between viral infections and bacterial infections of a gram negative bacteria. Such RNA determinants are set forth in Table 22 of the Examples section herein below. Kits

Some aspects of the invention also include a determinant-detection reagent such as an oligonucleotide or antibody packaged together in the form of a kit. The kit may contain in separate containers oligonucleotides or antibodies (either already bound to a solid matrix or packaged separately with reagents for binding them to the matrix), control formulations (positive and/or negative), and/or a detectable label such as fluorescein, green fluorescent protein, rhodamine, cyanine dyes, Alexa dyes, luciferase, radiolabels, among others. The detectable label may be attached to a secondary antibody which binds to the Fc portion of the antibody which recognizes the determinant. The detectable label may also be attached to the oligonucleotides. Instructions (e.g., written, tape, VCR, CD-ROM, etc.) for carrying out the assay may be included in the kit.

The kits of this aspect of the present invention may comprise additional components that aid in the detection of the determinants such as enzymes, salts, buffers etc. necessary to carry out the detection reactions.

Thus, according to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a kit for diagnosing an infection type comprising at least two determinant detection reagents, wherein the first of the at least two determinant detection reagents specifically detects a first determinant which is set forth in Table 1 or Table 2, and a second of the at least two determinant detection reagents specifically detects a second determinant which is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6 or Tables 15A-B.

According to this aspect of the present invention, the at least two determinant detection reagents comprise RNA detection reagents (e.g. oligonucleotides, as described herein above) or protein detection reagents (antibodies, as described herein above).

The detection reagents may be attached to detectable moieties as described herein above.

Preferably, the kit contains a number of detection reagents such that no more than 20 determinants (e.g. RNAs) can be detected.

Preferably, the kit contains a number of detection reagents such that no more than 10 determinants (e.g. RNAs) can be detected.

Preferably, the kit contains a number of detection reagents such that no more than 5 determinants (e.g. RNAs) can be detected. Preferably, the kit contains a number of detection reagents such that no more than 3 determinants (e.g. RNAs) can be detected.

Preferably, the kit contains a number of detection reagents such that no more than 2 determinants (e.g. RNAs) can be detected.

In one embodiment, the detection reagents in the kit are only capable of detecting determinants which appear in Tables 1-6 or Tables 15A-B.

In another embodiment, the detection reagents in the kit are only capable of detecting determinants which appear in Tables 1-6 or Tables 16A.

In another embodiment, the detection reagents in the kit are only capable of detecting determinants which appear in Tables 1-2.

According to further embodiments, the kits of the present invention comprise detection reagents such that pairs of determinants set forth in Tables 9, 11, 12, 17 or 18 may be analyzed.

According to further embodiments, the kits of the present invention comprise detection reagents such that triplets of determinants set forth in Tables 13,14, 19 or 20 may be analyzed.

According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit for diagnosing an infection type comprising at least two determinant detection reagents, wherein the first of the at least two RNA detection reagents specifically detects a first RNA which is set forth in Table 3 or Table 4, and a second of the at least two RNA detection reagents specifically detects a second RNA which is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6 or Tables 15A-B, wherein the kit comprises detection reagents that specifically detect no more than 20 RNAs.

Preferably, the kit of this aspect of the present invention contains a number of detection reagents such that no more than 10 determinants (e.g. RNAs) can be detected.

Preferably, the kit of this aspect of the present invention contains a number of detection reagents such that no more than 5 determinants (e.g. RNAs) can be detected.

Preferably, the kit of this aspect of the present invention contains a number of detection reagents such that no more than 3 determinants (e.g. RNAs) can be detected.

Preferably, the kit of this aspect of the present invention contains a number of detection reagents such that no more than 2 determinants (e.g. RNAs) can be detected. According to still another aspect there is provided a kit for diagnosing an infection type comprising at least two determinant detection reagents, wherein the first of the at least two determinant detection reagents specifically detects a first determinant which is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6 or 16A and a second of the at least two determinant detection reagents specifically detects a second determinant which is set forth in any one of Tables 1-6 or 16A, wherein the kit comprises detection reagents that specifically detect no more than 5 determinants.

Some aspects of the present invention can also be used to screen patient or subject populations in any number of settings. For example, a health maintenance organization, public health entity or school health program can screen a group of subjects to identify those requiring interventions, as described above, or for the collection of epidemiological data. Insurance companies (e.g., health, life or disability) may screen applicants in the process of determining coverage or pricing, or existing clients for possible intervention. Data collected in such population screens, particularly when tied to any clinical progression to conditions like infection, will be of value in the operations of, for example, health maintenance organizations, public health programs and insurance companies. Such data arrays or collections can be stored in machine- readable media and used in any number of health-related data management systems to provide improved healthcare services, cost effective healthcare, improved insurance operation, etc. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0038227; U.S. Patent Application No. US 2004/0122296; U.S. Patent Application No. US 2004/ 0122297; and U.S. Patent No. 5,018,067. Such systems can access the data directly from internal data storage or remotely from one or more data storage sites as further detailed herein.

A machine-readable storage medium can comprise a data storage material encoded with machine readable data or data arrays which, when using a machine programmed with instructions for using the data, is capable of use for a variety of purposes. Measurements of effective amounts of the biomarkers of the invention and/or the resulting evaluation of risk from those biomarkers can be implemented in computer programs executing on programmable computers, comprising, inter alia, a processor, a data storage system (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. Program code can be applied to input data to perform the functions described above and generate output information. The output information can be applied to one or more output devices, according to methods known in the art. The computer may be, for example, a personal computer, microcomputer, or workstation of conventional design.

Each program can be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the programs can be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. The language can be a compiled or interpreted language. Each such computer program can be stored on a storage media or device (e.g., ROM or magnetic diskette or others as defined elsewhere in this disclosure) readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer, for configuring and operating the computer when the storage media or device is read by the computer to perform the procedures described herein. The health-related data management system used in some aspects of the invention may also be considered to be implemented as a computer-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program, where the storage medium so configured causes a computer to operate in a specific and predefined manner to perform various functions described herein.

The determinants of the present invention, in some embodiments thereof, can be used to generate a "reference determinant profile" of those subjects who do not have an infection. The determinants disclosed herein can also be used to generate a "subject determinant profile" taken from subjects who have an infection. The subject determinant profiles can be compared to a reference determinant profile to diagnose or identify subjects with an infection. The subject determinant profile of different infection types can be compared to diagnose or identify the type of infection. The reference and subject determinant profiles of the present invention, in some embodiments thereof, can be contained in a machine-readable medium, such as but not limited to, analog tapes like those readable by a VCR, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, USB flash media, among others. Such machine-readable media can also contain additional test results, such as, without limitation, measurements of clinical parameters and traditional laboratory risk factors. Alternatively or additionally, the machine-readable media can also comprise subject information such as medical history and any relevant family history. The machine- readable media can also contain information relating to other disease-risk algorithms and computed indices such as those described herein.

The effectiveness of a treatment regimen can be monitored by detecting a determinant in an effective amount (which may be one or more) of samples obtained from a subject over time and comparing the amount of determinants detected. For example, a first sample can be obtained prior to the subject receiving treatment and one or more subsequent samples are taken after or during treatment of the subject.

For example, the methods of the invention can be used to discriminate between bacterial, viral and mixed infections (i.e. bacterial and viral co-infections.) This will allow patients to be stratified and treated accordingly.

In a specific embodiment of the invention a treatment recommendation (i.e., selecting a treatment regimen) for a subject is provided by identifying the type infection (i.e., bacterial, viral, mixed infection or no infection) in the subject according to the method of any of the disclosed methods and recommending that the subject receive an antibiotic treatment if the subject is identified as having bacterial infection or a mixed infection; or an anti-viral treatment is if the subject is identified as having a viral infection.

In another embodiment, the methods of the invention can be used to prompt additional targeted diagnosis such as pathogen specific PCRs, chest-X-ray, cultures etc. For example, a diagnosis that indicates a viral infection according to embodiments of this invention, may prompt the usage of additional viral specific multiplex-PCRs, whereas a diagnosis that indicates a bacterial infection according to embodiments of this invention may prompt the usage of a bacterial specific multiplex-PCR. Thus, one can reduce the costs of unwarranted expensive diagnostics.

In a specific embodiment, a diagnostic test recommendation for a subject is provided by identifying the infection type (i.e., bacterial, viral, mixed infection or no infection) in the subject according to any of the disclosed methods and recommending a test to determine the source of the bacterial infection if the subject is identified as having a bacterial infection or a mixed infection; or a test to determine the source of the viral infection if the subject is identified as having a viral infection. Performance and Accuracy Measures of the Invention.

The performance and thus absolute and relative clinical usefulness of the invention may be assessed in multiple ways as noted above. Amongst the various assessments of performance, some aspects of the invention are intended to provide accuracy in clinical diagnosis and prognosis. The accuracy of a diagnostic or prognostic test, assay, or method concerns the ability of the test, assay, or method to distinguish between subjects having an infection is based on whether the subjects have, a "significant alteration" (e.g., clinically significant and diagnostically significant) in the levels of a determinant. By "effective amount" it is meant that the measurement of an appropriate number of determinants (which may be one or more) to produce a "significant alteration" (e.g. level of expression or activity of a determinant) that is different than the predetermined cut-off point (or threshold value) for that determinant (s) and therefore indicates that the subject has an infection for which the determinant (s) is an indication. The difference in the level of determinant is preferably statistically significant. As noted below, and without any limitation of the invention, achieving statistical significance, and thus the preferred analytical, diagnostic, and clinical accuracy, may require that combinations of several determinants be used together in panels and combined with mathematical algorithms in order to achieve a statistically significant determinant index.

In the categorical diagnosis of a disease state, changing the cut point or threshold value of a test (or assay) usually changes the sensitivity and specificity, but in a qualitatively inverse relationship. Therefore, in assessing the accuracy and usefulness of a proposed medical test, assay, or method for assessing a subject's condition, one should always take both sensitivity and specificity into account and be mindful of what the cut point is at which the sensitivity and specificity are being reported because sensitivity and specificity may vary significantly over the range of cut points. One way to achieve this is by using the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) metric, which depends upon both sensitivity and specificity. Use of statistics such as area under the ROC curve (AUC), encompassing all potential cut point values, is preferred for most categorical risk measures when using some aspects of the invention, while for continuous risk measures, statistics of goodness-of-fit and calibration to observed results or other gold standards, are preferred. By predetermined level of predictability it is meant that the method provides an acceptable level of clinical or diagnostic accuracy. Using such statistics, an "acceptable degree of diagnostic accuracy", is herein defined as a test or assay (such as the test used in some aspects of the invention for determining the clinically significant presence of determinants, which thereby indicates the presence an infection type) in which the AUC (area under the ROC curve for the test or assay) is at least 0.60, desirably at least 0.65, more desirably at least 0.70, preferably at least 0.75, more preferably at least 0.80, and most preferably at least 0.85.

By a "very high degree of diagnostic accuracy", it is meant a test or assay in which the AUC (area under the ROC curve for the test or assay) is at least 0.75, 0.80, desirably at least 0.85, more desirably at least 0.875, preferably at least 0.90, more preferably at least 0.925, and most preferably at least 0.95.

Alternatively, the methods predict the presence or absence of an infection or response to therapy with at least 75% total accuracy, more preferably 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater total accuracy.

Alternatively, the methods predict the presence of a bacterial infection or response to therapy with at least 75% sensitivity, more preferably 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sensitivity.

Alternatively, the methods predict the presence of a viral infection or response to therapy with at least 75% specificity, more preferably 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater specificity. Alternatively, the methods predict the presence or absence of an infection or response to therapy with an MCC larger than 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 or 1.0.

In general, alternative methods of determining diagnostic accuracy are commonly used for continuous measures, when a disease category has not yet been clearly defined by the relevant medical societies and practice of medicine, where thresholds for therapeutic use are not yet established, or where there is no existing gold standard for diagnosis of the pre-disease. For continuous measures of risk, measures of diagnostic accuracy for a calculated index are typically based on curve fit and calibration between the predicted continuous value and the actual observed values (or a historical index calculated value) and utilize measures such as R squared, Hosmer- Lemeshow -value statistics and confidence intervals. It is not unusual for predicted values using such algorithms to be reported including a confidence interval (usually 90% or 95% CI) based on a historical observed cohort's predictions, as in the test for risk of future breast cancer recurrence commercialized by Genomic Health, Inc. (Redwood City, California).

In general, by defining the degree of diagnostic accuracy, i.e., cut points on a ROC curve, defining an acceptable AUC value, and determining the acceptable ranges in relative concentration of what constitutes an effective amount of the determinants of the invention allows for one of skill in the art to use the determinants to identify, diagnose, or prognose subjects with a pre-determined level of predictability and performance.

Furthermore, other unlisted biomarkers will be very highly correlated with the determinants (for the purpose of this application, any two variables will be considered to be "very highly correlated" when they have a Coefficient of Determination (R ) of 0.5 or greater). Some aspects of the present invention encompass such functional and statistical equivalents to the aforementioned determinants. Furthermore, the statistical utility of such additional determinants is substantially dependent on the cross- correlation between multiple biomarkers and any new biomarkers will often be required to operate within a panel in order to elaborate the meaning of the underlying biology.

One or more of the listed determinants can be detected in the practice of the present invention, in some embodiments thereof. For example, two (2), three (3), four (4), five (5), ten (10), fifteen (15), twenty (20), forty (40), or more determinants can be detected.

In some aspects, all determinants listed herein can be detected. Preferred ranges from which the number of determinants can be detected include ranges bounded by any minimum selected from between one and, particularly two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine ten, twenty, or forty. Particularly preferred ranges include two to five (2-5), two to ten (2-10), two to twenty (2-20), or two to forty (2-40).

Construction of determinant Panels

Groupings of determinants can be included in "panels", also called "determinant- signatures", "determinant signatures", or "multi-determinant signatures." A "panel" within the context of the present invention means a group of biomarkers (whether they are determinants, clinical parameters, or traditional laboratory risk factors) that includes one or more determinants. A panel can also comprise additional biomarkers, e.g., clinical parameters, traditional laboratory risk factors, known to be present or associated with infection, in combination with a selected group of the determinants listed herein.

As noted above, many of the individual determinants, clinical parameters, and traditional laboratory risk factors listed, when used alone and not as a member of a multi-biomarker panel of determinants, have little or no clinical use in reliably distinguishing individual normal subjects, subjects at risk for having an infection (e.g., bacterial, viral or co-infection), and thus cannot reliably be used alone in classifying any subject between those three states. Even where there are statistically significant differences in their mean measurements in each of these populations, as commonly occurs in studies which are sufficiently powered, such biomarkers may remain limited in their applicability to an individual subject, and contribute little to diagnostic or prognostic predictions for that subject. A common measure of statistical significance is the p-value, which indicates the probability that an observation has arisen by chance alone; preferably, such p-values are 0.05 or less, representing a 5% or less chance that the observation of interest arose by chance. Such p-values depend significantly on the power of the study performed.

Despite this individual determinant performance, and the general performance of formulas combining only the traditional clinical parameters and few traditional laboratory risk factors, the present inventors have noted that certain specific combinations of two or more determinants can also be used as multi-biomarker panels comprising combinations of determinants that are known to be involved in one or more physiological or biological pathways, and that such information can be combined and made clinically useful through the use of various formulae, including statistical classification algorithms and others, combining and in many cases extending the performance characteristics of the combination beyond that of the individual determinants. These specific combinations show an acceptable level of diagnostic accuracy, and, when sufficient information from multiple determinants is combined in a trained formula, they often reliably achieve a high level of diagnostic accuracy transportable from one population to another.

The general concept of how two less specific or lower performing determinants are combined into novel and more useful combinations for the intended indications, is a key aspect of some embodiments of the invention. Multiple biomarkers can yield significant improvement in performance compared to the individual components when proper mathematical and clinical algorithms are used; this is often evident in both sensitivity and specificity, and results in a greater AUC or MCC. Significant improvement in performance could mean an increase of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 8%, 10% or higher than 10% in different measures of accuracy such as total accuracy, AUC, MCC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV or NPV. Secondly, there is often novel unperceived information in the existing biomarkers, as such was necessary in order to achieve through the new formula an improved level of sensitivity or specificity. This hidden information may hold true even for biomarkers which are generally regarded to have suboptimal clinical performance on their own. In fact, the suboptimal performance in terms of high false positive rates on a single biomarker measured alone may very well be an indicator that some important additional information is contained within the biomarker results - information which would not be elucidated absent the combination with a second biomarker and a mathematical formula.

On the other hand, it is often useful to restrict the number of measured diagnostic determinants (e.g., RNA or protein biomarkers), as this allows significant cost reduction and reduces required sample volume and assay complexity. Accordingly, even when two signatures have similar diagnostic performance (e.g., similar AUC or sensitivity), one which incorporates less RNAs could have significant utility and ability to reduce to practice. For example, a signature that includes 5 genes compared to 10 genes and performs similarly has many advantages in real world clinical setting and thus is desirable. Therefore, there is value and invention in being able to reduce the number of genes incorporated in a signature while retaining similar levels of accuracy. In this context similar levels of accuracy could mean plus or minus 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 8%, or 10% in different measures of accuracy such as total accuracy, AUC, MCC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV or NPV; a significant reduction in the number of genes of a signature includes reducing the number of genes by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more than 10 genes.

Several statistical and modeling algorithms known in the art can be used to both assist in determinant selection choices and optimize the algorithms combining these choices. Statistical tools such as factor and cross-biomarker correlation/covariance analyses allow more rationale approaches to panel construction. Mathematical clustering and classification tree showing the Euclidean standardized distance between the determinants can be advantageously used. Pathway informed seeding of such statistical classification techniques also may be employed, as may rational approaches based on the selection of individual determinants based on their participation across in particular pathways or physiological functions.

Ultimately, formula such as statistical classification algorithms can be directly used to both select determinants and to generate and train the optimal formula necessary to combine the results from multiple determinants into a single index. Often, techniques such as forward (from zero potential explanatory parameters) and backwards selection (from all available potential explanatory parameters) are used, and information criteria, such as AIC or BIC, are used to quantify the tradeoff between the performance and diagnostic accuracy of the panel and the number of determinants used. The position of the individual determinant on a forward or backwards selected panel can be closely related to its provision of incremental information content for the algorithm, so the order of contribution is highly dependent on the other constituent determinants in the panel.

Construction of Clinical Algorithms

Any formula may be used to combine determinant results into indices useful in the practice of the invention. As indicated above, and without limitation, such indices may indicate, among the various other indications, the probability, likelihood, absolute or relative risk, time to or rate of conversion from one to another disease states, or make predictions of future biomarker measurements of infection. This may be for a specific time period or horizon, or for remaining lifetime risk, or simply be provided as an index relative to another reference subject population.

Although various preferred formula are described here, several other model and formula types beyond those mentioned herein and in the definitions above are well known to one skilled in the art. The actual model type or formula used may itself be selected from the field of potential models based on the performance and diagnostic accuracy characteristics of its results in a training population. The specifics of the formula itself may commonly be derived from determinant results in the relevant training population. Amongst other uses, such formula may be intended to map the feature space derived from one or more determinant inputs to a set of subject classes (e.g. useful in predicting class membership of subjects as normal, having an infection), to derive an estimation of a probability function of risk using a Bayesian approach, or to estimate the class -conditional probabilities, then use Bayes' rule to produce the class probability function as in the previous case.

Preferred formulas include the broad class of statistical classification algorithms, and in particular the use of discriminant analysis. The goal of discriminant analysis is to predict class membership from a previously identified set of features. In the case of linear discriminant analysis (LDA), the linear combination of features is identified that maximizes the separation among groups by some criteria. Features can be identified for LDA using an eigengene based approach with different thresholds (ELDA) or a stepping algorithm based on a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Forward, backward, and stepwise algorithms can be performed that minimize the probability of no separation based on the Ho telling- Lawley statistic.

Eigengene-based Linear Discriminant Analysis (ELDA) is a feature selection technique developed by Shen et al. (2006). The formula selects features (e.g. biomarkers) in a multivariate framework using a modified eigen analysis to identify features associated with the most important eigenvectors. "Important" is defined as those eigenvectors that explain the most variance in the differences among samples that are trying to be classified relative to some threshold.

A support vector machine (SVM) is a classification formula that attempts to find a hyperplane that separates two classes. This hyperplane contains support vectors, data points that are exactly the margin distance away from the hyperplane. In the likely event that no separating hyperplane exists in the current dimensions of the data, the dimensionality is expanded greatly by projecting the data into larger dimensions by taking non-linear functions of the original variables (Venables and Ripley, 2002). Although not required, filtering of features for SVM often improves prediction. Features (e.g., biomarkers) can be identified for a support vector machine using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test to select the best univariate features. A random forest (RF, Breiman, 2001) or recursive partitioning (RPART, Breiman et al., 1984) can also be used separately or in combination to identify biomarker combinations that are most important. Both KW and RF require that a number of features be selected from the total. RPART creates a single classification tree using a subset of available biomarkers. Other formula may be used in order to pre-process the results of individual determinant measurements into more valuable forms of information, prior to their presentation to the predictive formula. Most notably, normalization of biomarker results, using either common mathematical transformations such as logarithmic or logistic functions, as normal or other distribution positions, in reference to a population's mean values, etc. are all well known to those skilled in the art. Of particular interest are a set of normalizations based on clinical-determinants such as time from symptoms, gender, race, or sex, where specific formula are used solely on subjects within a class or continuously combining a clinical-determinants as an input. In other cases, analyte-based biomarkers can be combined into calculated variables which are subsequently presented to a formula.

In addition to the individual parameter values of one subject potentially being normalized, an overall predictive formula for all subjects, or any known class of subjects, may itself be recalibrated or otherwise adjusted based on adjustment for a population's expected prevalence and mean biomarker parameter values, according to the technique outlined in D'Agostino et al., (2001) JAMA 286: 180-187, or other similar normalization and recalibration techniques. Such epidemiological adjustment statistics may be captured, confirmed, improved and updated continuously through a registry of past data presented to the model, which may be machine readable or otherwise, or occasionally through the retrospective query of stored samples or reference to historical studies of such parameters and statistics. Additional examples that may be the subject of formula recalibration or other adjustments include statistics used in studies by Pepe, M.S. et al., 2004 on the limitations of odds ratios; Cook, N.R., 2007 relating to ROC curves. Finally, the numeric result of a classifier formula itself may be transformed post-processing by its reference to an actual clinical population and study results and observed endpoints, in order to calibrate to absolute risk and provide confidence intervals for varying numeric results of the classifier or risk formula.

Some determinants may exhibit trends that depends on the patient age (e.g. the population baseline may rise or fall as a function of age). One can use a 'Age dependent normalization or stratification' scheme to adjust for age related differences. Performing age dependent normalization, stratification or distinct mathematical formulas can be used to improve the accuracy of determinants for differentiating between different types of infections. For example, one skilled in the art can generate a function that fits the population mean levels of each determinant as function of age and use it to normalize the determinant of individual subjects levels across different ages. Another example is to stratify subjects according to their age and determine age specific thresholds or index values for each age group independently.

It will be appreciated that if the determinant which is used to diagnose infection type is an RNA which is located on a sex chromosomes, the patient gender may influence the diagnostic accuracy of an RNA based diagnostic signature. Thus, it is proposed that when the RNA determinants EIF1AY and UTY (which are located on the Y chromosome) or the RNA determinant BMX (which is located on the X chromosome) are used, the sex of the subject is taken into account. For example, in one embodiment, the RNA determinants EIF1AY and UTY are used to diagnose male subjects.

In the context of the present invention the following statistical terms may be used:

"TP" is true positive, means positive test result that accurately reflects the tested-for activity. For example in the context of the present invention a TP, is for example but not limited to, truly classifying a bacterial infection as such.

"TN" is true negative, means negative test result that accurately reflects the tested-for activity. For example in the context of the present invention a TN, is for example but not limited to, truly classifying a viral infection as such.

"FN" is false negative, means a result that appears negative but fails to reveal a situation. For example in the context of the present invention a FN, is for example but not limited to, falsely classifying a bacterial infection as a viral infection.

"Fp" _S false positive, means test result that is erroneously classified in a positive category. For example in the context of the present invention a FP, is for example but not limited to, falsely classifying a viral infection as a bacterial infection.

"Sensitivity" is calculated by TP/(TP+FN) or the true positive fraction of disease subjects.

"Specificity" is calculated by TN/(TN+FP) or the true negative fraction of non- disease or normal subjects.

"Total accuracy" is calculated by (TN + TP)/(TN + FP +TP + FN). "Positive predictive value" or "PPV" is calculated by TP/(TP+FP) or the true positive fraction of all positive test results. It is inherently impacted by the prevalence of the disease and pre-test probability of the population intended to be tested.

"Negative predictive value" or "NPV" is calculated by TN/(TN + FN) or the true negative fraction of all negative test results. It also is inherently impacted by the prevalence of the disease and pre-test probability of the population intended to be tested. See, e.g., O'Marcaigh AS, Jacobson RM, "Estimating The Predictive Value Of A Diagnostic Test, How To Prevent Misleading Or Confusing Results," Clin. Ped. 1993, 32(8): 485-491, which discusses specificity, sensitivity, and positive and negative predictive values of a test, e.g., a clinical diagnostic test.

"MCC" (Mathews Correlation coefficient) is calculated as follows: MCC = (TP * TN - FP * FN) / {(TP + FN) * (TP + FP) * (TN + FP) * (TN + FN)} ^A 0.5 where TP, FP, TN, FN are true-positives, false-positives, true-negatives, and false-negatives, respectively. Note that MCC values range between -1 to +1, indicating completely wrong and perfect classification, respectively. An MCC of 0 indicates random classification. MCC has been shown to be a useful for combining sensitivity and specificity into a single metric (Baldi, Brunak et al. 2000). It is also useful for measuring and optimizing classification accuracy in cases of unbalanced class sizes (Baldi, Brunak et al. 2000).

Often, for binary disease state classification approaches using a continuous diagnostic test measurement, the sensitivity and specificity is summarized by a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve according to Pepe et al., "Limitations of the Odds Ratio in Gauging the Performance of a Diagnostic, Prognostic, or Screening Marker," Am. J. Epidemiol 2004, 159 (9): 882-890, and summarized by the Area Under the Curve (AUC) or c-statistic, an indicator that allows representation of the sensitivity and specificity of a test, assay, or method over the entire range of test (or assay) cut points with just a single value. See also, e.g., Shultz, "Clinical Interpretation Of Laboratory Procedures," chapter 14 in Teitz, Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, Burtis and Ashwood (eds.), 4 ^th edition 1996, W.B. Saunders Company, pages 192-199; and Zweig et al., "ROC Curve Analysis: An Example Showing The Relationships Among Serum Lipid And Apolipoprotein Concentrations In Identifying Subjects With Coronory Artery Disease," Clin. Chem., 1992, 38(8): 1425-1428. An alternative approach using likelihood functions, odds ratios, information theory, predictive values, calibration (including goodness-of-fit), and reclassification measurements is summarized according to Cook, "Use and Misuse of the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve in Risk Prediction," Circulation 2007, 115: 928-935.

"Accuracy" refers to the degree of conformity of a measured or calculated quantity (a test reported value) to its actual (or true) value. Clinical accuracy relates to the proportion of true outcomes (true positives (TP) or true negatives (TN) versus misclassified outcomes (false positives (FP) or false negatives (FN)), and may be stated as a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV) or negative predictive values (NPV), Mathews correlation coefficient (MCC), or as a likelihood, odds ratio, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, Area Under the Curve (AUC) among other measures.

A "formula," "algorithm," or "model" is any mathematical equation, algorithmic, analytical or programmed process, or statistical technique that takes one or more continuous or categorical inputs (herein called "parameters") and calculates an output value, sometimes referred to as an "index" or "index value". Non-limiting examples of "formulas" include sums, ratios, and regression operators, such as coefficients or exponents, biomarker value transformations and normalizations (including, without limitation, those normalization schemes based on clinical-determinants, such as gender, age, or ethnicity), rules and guidelines, statistical classification models, and neural networks trained on historical populations. Of particular use in combining determinants are linear and non-linear equations and statistical classification analyses to determine the relationship between levels of determinants detected in a subject sample and the subject's probability of having an infection or a certain type of infection. In panel and combination construction, of particular interest are structural and syntactic statistical classification algorithms, and methods of index construction, utilizing pattern recognition features, including established techniques such as cross-correlation, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), factor rotation, Logistic Regression (LogReg), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Eigengene Linear Discriminant Analysis (ELDA), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Recursive Partitioning Tree (RPART), as well as other related decision tree classification techniques, Shrunken Centroids (SC), StepAIC, Kth-Nearest Neighbor, Boosting, Decision Trees, Neural Networks, Bayesian Networks, and Hidden Markov Models, among others. Other techniques may be used in survival and time to event hazard analysis, including Cox, Weibull, Kaplan-Meier and Greenwood models well known to those of skill in the art. Many of these techniques are useful either combined with a determinant selection technique, such as forward selection, backwards selection, or stepwise selection, complete enumeration of all potential panels of a given size, genetic algorithms, or they may themselves include biomarker selection methodologies in their own technique. These may be coupled with information criteria, such as Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) or Bayes Information Criterion (BIC), in order to quantify the tradeoff between additional biomarker s and model improvement, and to aid in minimizing overfit. The resulting predictive models may be validated in other studies, or cross-validated in the study they were originally trained in, using such techniques as Bootstrap, Leave-One-Out (LOO) and 10-Fold cross-validation (10-Fold CV). At various steps, false discovery rates may be estimated by value permutation according to techniques known in the art. A "health economic utility function" is a formula that is derived from a combination of the expected probability of a range of clinical outcomes in an idealized applicable patient population, both before and after the introduction of a diagnostic or therapeutic intervention into the standard of care. It encompasses estimates of the accuracy, effectiveness and performance characteristics of such intervention, and a cost and/or value measurement (a utility) associated with each outcome, which may be derived from actual health system costs of care (services, supplies, devices and drugs, etc.) and/or as an estimated acceptable value per quality adjusted life year (QALY) resulting in each outcome. The sum, across all predicted outcomes, of the product of the predicted population size for an outcome multiplied by the respective outcome's expected utility is the total health economic utility of a given standard of care. The difference between (i) the total health economic utility calculated for the standard of care with the intervention versus (ii) the total health economic utility for the standard of care without the intervention results in an overall measure of the health economic cost or value of the intervention. This may itself be divided amongst the entire patient group being analyzed (or solely amongst the intervention group) to arrive at a cost per unit intervention, and to guide such decisions as market positioning, pricing, and assumptions of health system acceptance. Such health economic utility functions are commonly used to compare the cost-effectiveness of the intervention, but may also be transformed to estimate the acceptable value per QALY the health care system is willing to pay, or the acceptable cost-effective clinical performance characteristics required of a new intervention.

For diagnostic (or prognostic) interventions of the invention, as each outcome

(which in a disease classifying diagnostic test may be a TP, FP, TN, or FN) bears a different cost, a health economic utility function may preferentially favor sensitivity over specificity, or PPV over NPV based on the clinical situation and individual outcome costs and value, and thus provides another measure of health economic performance and value which may be different from more direct clinical or analytical performance measures. These different measurements and relative trade-offs generally will converge only in the case of a perfect test, with zero error rate (a.k.a., zero predicted subject outcome misclassifications or FP and FN), which all performance measures will favor over imperfection, but to differing degrees.

"Analytical accuracy" refers to the reproducibility and predictability of the measurement process itself, and may be summarized in such measurements as coefficients of variation (CV), Pearson correlation, and tests of concordance and calibration of the same samples or controls with different times, users, equipment and/or reagents. These and other considerations in evaluating new biomarkers are also summarized in Vasan, 2006.

"Performance" is a term that relates to the overall usefulness and quality of a diagnostic or prognostic test, including, among others, clinical and analytical accuracy, other analytical and process characteristics, such as use characteristics (e.g., stability, ease of use), health economic value, and relative costs of components of the test. Any of these factors may be the source of superior performance and thus usefulness of the test, and may be measured by appropriate "performance metrics," such as AUC and MCC, time to result, shelf life, etc. as relevant.

By "statistically significant", it is meant that the alteration is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone (which could be a "false positive"). Statistical significance can be determined by any method known in the art. Commonly used measures of significance include the p-value, which presents the probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as a given data point, assuming the data point was the result of chance alone. A result is often considered highly significant at a p-value of 0.05 or less.

In the context of the present invention the following abbreviations may be used: Antibiotics (Abx), Adverse Event (AE), Arbitrary Units (A.U.), Complete Blood Count (CBC), Case Report Form (CRF), Chest X-Ray (CXR), Electronic Case Report Form (eCRF), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Good Clinical Practice (GCP), Gastrointestinal (GI), Gastroenteritis (GE), International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), Infectious Disease (ID), In vitro diagnostics (IVD), Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI), Myocardial infarction (MI), Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Per- oss (P.O), Per-rectum (P.R), Standard of Care (SoC), Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI).

As used herein the term "about" refers to ± 10 %.

The terms "comprises", "comprising", "includes", "including", "having" and their conjugates mean "including but not limited to".

The term "consisting of means "including and limited to".

The term "consisting essentially of" means that the composition, method or structure may include additional ingredients, steps and/or parts, but only if the additional ingredients, steps and/or parts do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method or structure.

As used herein, the singular form "a", "an" and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term "a compound" or

"at least one compound" may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof.

Throughout this application, various embodiments of this invention may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range. The phrases "ranging/ranges between" a first indicate number and a second indicate number and "ranging/ranges from" a first indicate number "to" a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals therebetween.

As used herein the term "method" refers to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological, biochemical and medical arts.

As used herein, the term "treating" includes abrogating, substantially inhibiting, slowing or reversing the progression of a condition, substantially ameliorating clinical or aesthetical symptoms of a condition or substantially preventing the appearance of clinical or aesthetical symptoms of a condition.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting.

Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the following examples. EXAMPLES

Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions illustrate some embodiments of the invention in a non limiting fashion.

Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures utilized in the present invention include molecular, biochemical, microbiological and recombinant DNA techniques. Such techniques are thoroughly explained in the literature. See, for example, "Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual" Sambrook et al., (1989); "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" Volumes I- III Ausubel, R. M., ed. (1994); Ausubel et al., "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology", John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Maryland (1989); Perbal, "A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning", John Wiley & Sons, New York (1988); Watson et al., "Recombinant DNA", Scientific American Books, New York; Birren et al. (eds) "Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series", Vols. 1-4, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1998); methodologies as set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,666,828; 4,683,202; 4,801,531; 5,192,659 and 5,272,057; "Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook", Volumes I-III Cellis, J. E., ed. (1994); "Culture of Animal Cells - A Manual of Basic Technique" by Freshney, Wiley- Liss, N. Y. (1994), Third Edition; "Current Protocols in Immunology" Volumes I-III Coligan J. E., ed. (1994); Stites et al. (eds), "Basic and Clinical Immunology" (8th Edition), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT (1994); Mishell and Shiigi (eds), "Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology", W. H. Freeman and Co., New York (1980); available immunoassays are extensively described in the patent and scientific literature, see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,791,932; 3,839,153; 3,850,752; 3,850,578; 3,853,987; 3,867,517; 3,879,262; 3,901,654; 3,935,074; 3,984,533; 3,996,345; 4,034,074; 4,098,876; 4,879,219; 5,011,771 and 5,281,521; "Oligonucleotide Synthesis" Gait, M. J., ed. (1984); "Nucleic Acid Hybridization" Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., eds. (1985); "Transcription and Translation" Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., eds. (1984); "Animal Cell Culture" Freshney, R. I., ed. (1986); "Immobilized Cells and Enzymes" IRL Press, (1986); "A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning" Perbal, B., (1984) and "Methods in Enzymology" Vol. 1-317, Academic Press; "PCR Protocols: A Guide To Methods And Applications", Academic Press, San Diego, CA (1990); Marshak et al., "Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization - A Laboratory Course Manual" CSHL Press (1996); all of which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Other general references are provided throughout this document. The procedures therein are believed to be well known in the art and are provided for the convenience of the reader. All the information contained therein is incorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLE 1 15 Gene expression profiles discriminate between patients with bacterial and viral infections

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patient recruitment Patients were prospectively recruited as part of the 'Curiosity' clinical study (NCT01917461; (Oved et al. 2015)). Informed consent was obtained from each participant or legal guardian, as applicable. Inclusion criteria for the infectious disease cohort included: clinical suspicion of an acute infectious disease, peak fever >37.5°C since symptoms onset, and duration of symptoms <12 days. Inclusion criteria for the control group included: clinical impression of a non-infectious disease (e.g. trauma, stroke and myocardial infarction), or healthy subjects. Exclusion criteria included: evidence of any episode of acute infectious disease in the two weeks preceding enrollment; diagnosed congenital immune deficiency; current treatment with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy; active malignancy, proven or suspected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-l, hepatitis B virus (HBV), or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Importantly, in order to enable broad generalization, antibiotic treatment at enrollment did not cause exclusion from the study. An overview of study workflow is depicted in Figure 1. Enrollment process and data collection: For each patient, the following baseline variables were recorded: demographics, physical examination, medical history (e.g. main complaints, underlying diseases, chronically-administered medications, comorbidities, time of symptom onset, and peak temperature), complete blood count (CBC) obtained at enrollment, and chemistry panel (e.g. creatinine, urea, electrolytes, and liver enzymes). A nasal swab was obtained from each patient for further microbiological investigation, and a blood sample was obtained for protein screening and validation. Additional samples were obtained as deemed appropriate by the physician (e.g. urine and stool samples in cases of suspected urinary tract infection [UTI], and gastroenteritis [GI] respectively). Radiological tests were obtained at the discretion of the physician (e.g. chest X-ray for suspected lower respiratory tract infection [LRTI]). Thirty days after enrollment, disease course and response to treatment were recorded. All information was recorded in a custom electronic case report form (eCRF).

Microbiological investigation: Patients underwent two multiplex-PCR diagnostic assays from nasal swab samples: (i) Seeplex® RV15, for detection of parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3, and 4, coronavirus 229E/NL63, adenovirus A/B/C/D/E, bocavirus 1/2/3/4, influenza virus A and B, metapneumovirus, coronavirus OC43, rhinovirus A/B/C, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, and Enterovirus, and (ii) Seeplex® PB6 for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Bordetella pertussis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Multiplex-PCR assays were performed by a certified service laboratory. Patients were also tested for additional pathogens according to their suspected clinical syndrome, including: blood culture, urine culture and stool culture for Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp.; serological testing (IgM and/or IgG) for cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Mycoplasma Pneumonia, and Coxiella burnetii (Q-Fever).

Establishing the reference standard: Currently, no single reference standard exists for determining bacterial and viral infections in a wide range of clinical syndromes. Therefore, a rigorous reference standard was created following recommendations of the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) (Bossuyt et al. 2003). First, a thorough clinical and microbiological investigation was performed for each patient as described above. Then, all the data collected throughout the disease course was reviewed by a panel of three physicians (the attending pediatrician, an infectious disease expert and a senior attending pediatrician). Each panel member assigned one of the following diagnostic labels to each patient: (i) bacterial; (ii) viral; (iii) no apparent infectious disease or healthy (controls); and (iv) indeterminate. Final diagnosis was determined by consensus agreement of all three panel members. Importantly, the panel members were blinded to the labeling of their peers and to the results of the signature.

Samples, procedures and RNA purification: Nasal swabs and stool samples were stored at 4 °C for up to 72 hours and subsequently transported to a certified service laboratory for multiplex PCR-based assay. Venous blood samples were collected in EDTA contained CBC tube and stored at 4 °C for up to 5 hours on site and subsequently fractionated into plasma and cell pellet. Red cells were lysed using Red Cell Lysis Buffer (RCLB) at room temperature (RT) and total RNA was purified using RNeasy plus Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Cat. 74134) according to manufacturer recommended protocols.

Microarray experiments A total of ΙΟμΙ of 200 ng/ΒμΙ (66.67ng^l) RNA were transferred to microarray chip hybridization. Amplified cRNA was prepared from 200 ng total RNA using the WT cDNA Synthesis and WT cDNA Amplification Kits (900672, Affymetrix). Biotinylated single-stranded cDNA was generated from the amplified cRNA and then fragmented and labeled with the WT Terminal Labeling Kit (Affymetrix), following manufacturer protocol. Samples were hybridized to Human Gene 1.0 ST Arrays (Affymetrix) in which the probes are distributed across the full length of the gene, providing a more complete and accurate picture of overall gene expression. This array interrogates 28,869 well- annotated genes with 764,885 distinct probes. In addition, it contains a subset of probes from Exon 1.0 ST Arrays that focuses on well-annotated content. Arrays were scanned using the Affymetrix GeneChip Scanner 3000 7G. Partek Genomic Suite software was then used to extract raw data, perform mean probe summarization, RMA and quintile normalization and GC content correction (Downey 2006). Statistical analysis Primary analysis was based on area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), sensitivity, specificity, and total accuracy. These measures are defined as follows:

TP

Sensitivity = _{Tp + pN}

TN

Specificity =

TN + FP

TP + TN

total accuracy =—————— -——

y TP + FN + TN + FP

_{M C =} P x N - FP x FN

^{" '} / ( P i FP)(TP I FN) (TN \ FF) (TN \ FN)

P, N, TP, FP, TN, FN are positives, negatives, true-positives, false-positives, true- negatives, and false-negatives, respectively. Unless mentioned otherwise, positives and negatives refer to patients with bacterial and viral infections, respectively.

RESULTS

Patients characteristics The studied group of pediatric patients included 7 females (47%) and 8 males (53%) aged 7 months to 16 years. The patients presented with a variety of clinical syndromes affecting different physiological systems (e.g., respiratory, urinal, central nervous system, systemic). Detailed characterization of studied patients is depicted in Table 7.

Table 7. Detailed description of studied patients. UTI - Urinal tract infection; URTI -

Upper respiratory tract infection; WBC - white blood count.

Patien Hospitalizat

Ge Ag Eti Clinical Maximal Time from WBC t ion

nd e olo Syndro tempera tur symptoms (xlOO numb Duration

er

er (y) gy me e (°C) (d) 0)

(d)

Bac

Ma teri Pneumon

390 le 6 al ia 38 3 4 8.3

Fe Bac Acute

392 ma 2 teri otitis 38.7 2 4 19.5 le al media

Fe Bac

ma teri Pharyngi

406 le 16 al tis 39 6 3 7.5

Fe Bac

ma teri

417 le 5 al UTI 40 4 3 12.2

Bac

Ma teri Pneumon

418 le 2 al ia 38.1 4 2 14.9

Bac

Ma teri Pneumon

420 le 3 al ia 39.5 2 1 27.5

Ma Vir Bronchiti

384 le 3 al s 39.3 1 0 11.3

Fe Fever

ma Vir Without

397 le 2 al Source 38.4 4 1 15.3

Fe Fever

ma Vir Without

404 le 1 al Source 38.6 1 0 8.2

Fe

ma Vir Bronchio

405 le 0.7 al litis 39.6 2 2 13.9

Fever

Ma Vir Without

408 le 1.1 al Source 39.7 2 1 6

Ma 10. Vir Meningit

416 le 5 al is 38.4 5 2 3.8

Ma Vir

421 le 3 al URTI 39.9 2 0 9.4

Ma Vir

422 le 2 al URTI 39 5 0 16.7

Fe Fever

ma Vir Without

423 le 1.8 al Source 39.5 3 2 9.1

Single and combinations of RNA determinants can distinguish between bacterial and viral patients The gene expression profiles of blood leukocytes obtained from the described acute infection patients using the Human Gene 1.0 ST Array (Affymetrix) were studied. The results suggest a differential response of the immune system to bacterial and viral infections, which can potentially be used classify acute infection patients. 65 RNA determinants were identified that were differentially expressed in the bacterial and viral patients tested (Table 8; log ₂ -fold change was calculated compared to bacterial patients baseline). Figure 2 presents distinctive gene expression profiles of the identified genes after applying a hierarchical clustering that uses Euclidean distance metric and average linkage. Based on these results, a classifier was developed for distinguishing between bacterial and viral patients using logistic regression. The present inventors further calculated for these RNA determinants the measures of accuracy in distinguishing between bacterial and viral patients including AUC, MCC, total accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and Wilcoxon ranksum P-value (Table 8). Table 8. Differentially expressed RNA determinants and their measures of accuracy in differentiating between bacterial or mixed versus viral infected subjects. Changes in expression levels were calculated as log2 (fold change bacterial) - log2 (fold change viral).

Log ₂

(fold

Bacter change

Serial ial or bacteri ranks

DETERMIN AU MC Total Sensitiv Specific numb viral al) - um P- ANT C C accuracy

er induce ity ity

log ₂ value d (fold

change

viral)

Viral 0.7 0.16 1.81E-

1 AIM2 -1.56 22 7 0.667 0.667 0.667 01

Viral 0.6 0.44 3.88E-

2 ANKRD2 -2.13 48 4 0.8 0.667 0.889 01

Viral 0.6 0.44 3.28E-

3 BMX -1.53 67 4 0.733 0.667 0.778 01

Viral 0.6 0.16 5.29E-

4 C19orf59 -1.51 11 7 0.533 0.5 0.556 01

Viral 0.8 0.76 1.76E-

5 CCL2 -0.95 7 4 0.867 1 0.778 02

Viral 0.6 0.16 4.56E-

6 CD 177 -1.64 3 7 0.667 0.5 0.778 01

Viral 0.7 0.44 6.63E-

7 CEACAM1 -1.88 96 4 0.8 0.833 0.778 02

Viral 0.6 0.44 2.72E-

8 CLEC4D -1.48 85 4 0.733 0.667 0.778 01

Viral 0.8 0.44 1.76E-

9 CMPK2 -2.44 7 4 0.8 0.667 0.889 02

Viral 0.7 0.49 2.24E-

10 CXCL10 -2.08 04 1 0.733 0.833 0.667 01

Bacteri 0.8 0.44 2.56E-

11 CYBRD1 al 1.35 52 4 0.8 0.833 0.778 02

Bacteri 0.6 0.21 4.56E-

12 CYP1B 1 al 1.38 3 8 0.733 0.333 1 01 Viral 0.8 0.32 1.20E-

DDX60 -1.79 89 7 0.8 0.667 0.889 02

Viral

0.6 0.49 5.29E-

EIF1AY -2.14 11 2 0.8 0.667 0.889 01

Viral 0.8 0.28 3.60E-

EIF2AK2 -1.50 33 9 0.8 0.833 0.778 02

Viral 0.8 0.57 3.60E-

EPSTI1 -2.32 33 7 0.867 0.667 1 02

Bacteri 0.8 1.76E-

F13A1 al 1.03 7 0.6 0.933 0.833 1 02

Bacteri 0.8 0.32 2.56E-

FAM101B al 1.21 52 7 0.8 0.667 0.889 02

Viral 0.7 0.49 1.81E-

FFAR3 -1.57 41 1 0.8 1 0.667 01

Bacteri 0.7 0.38 2.72E-

RASA4 al 0.44 22 9 0.733 0.667 0.778 01

Viral 0.9 2.80E-

GALM -1.46 44 0.6 0.933 0.833 1 03

Viral 0.8 0.32 3.60E-

HERC5 -2.45 33 7 0.733 0.833 0.667 02

Bacteri 0.6 0.38 6.07E-

HLA-DQAl al 0.40 11 9 0.6 0.833 0.444 01

Viral 0.87 4.00E-

IFI27 -2.96 1 3 0.933 1 0.889 04

Viral 0.8 0.32 2.56E-

IFI44 -2.42 52 7 0.733 0.833 0.667 02

Viral 0.8 0.44 1.20E-

IFI44L -3.86 89 4 0.733 0.833 0.667 02

Viral 0.8 0.32 4.96E-

IFI6 -1.80 15 7 0.733 0.833 0.667 02

Viral 0.8 1.20E-

IFIT1 -2.28 89 0.6 0.8 0.833 0.778 02

Viral 0.8 0.32 2.56E-

IFIT2 -1.83 52 7 0.733 0.833 0.667 02

Viral 0.7 0.44 6.63E-

IFIT3 -2.26 96 4 0.8 0.667 0.889 02

Viral 0.7 0.28 1.13E-

IFITM3 -1.53 59 9 0.733 0.833 0.667 01

Viral 0.7 0.44 1.45E-

INCA -1.92 41 4 0.8 0.833 0.778 01

Viral 0.7 0.28 1.45E-

IRF7 -1.69 41 9 0.733 0.667 0.778 01

Viral 0.9 7.59E-

ISG15 -1.22 07 0.6 0.867 0.833 0.889 03

Viral

0.6 0.57 5.29E-

J ARID ID -1.56 11 7 0.8 0.833 0.778 01

Viral 0.7 0.21 6.63E-

JUP -1.47 96 8 0.733 0.667 0.778 02

Viral 0.9 7.59E-

LAMP 3 -2.36 07 0.6 0.867 0.833 0.889 03

LOCI 001322 Bacteri 0.6 0.21 2.72E- 44 al 1.08 85 8 0.667 0.667 0.667 01

LOC26010 Viral 0.8 0.44 1.76E- (SPATS2L) -2.23 7 4 0.867 1 0.778 02 Viral 0.8 1.20E-

40 LY6E -1.86 89 0.6 0.8 0.833 0.778 02

Viral 0.8 1.76E-

41 MT1G -1.71 7 0.6 0.8 0.833 0.778 02

Viral 0.8 0.72 4.80E-

42 MT2A -1.56 89 2 0.867 0.833 0.889 03

Viral 0.8 1.76E-

43 MX1 -2.57 7 0.6 0.8 0.833 0.778 02

Viral 0.8 0.44 2.56E-

44 OAS 1 -2.49 52 4 0.8 0.667 0.889 02

Viral 0.9 0.44 7.59E-

45 OAS2 -1.89 07 4 0.867 0.667 1 03

Viral 0.8 0.44 1.76E-

46 OAS3 -2.97 7 4 0.8 0.667 0.889 02

Viral 0.8 0.49 1.20E-

47 OASL -2.22 89 1 0.733 0.833 0.667 02

Viral 0.9 7.59E-

48 OTOF -0.83 07 0.6 0.867 1 0.778 03

Bacteri 0.7 0.32 1.81E-

49 PHOSPHOl al 1.01 22 7 0.733 0.833 0.667 01

Bacteri 0.8 0.44 1.76E-

50 PI3 al 1.91 7 4 0.867 1 0.778 02

Viral 0.7 0.28 2.24E-

51 PLSCR1 -1.68 04 9 0.733 0.5 0.889 01

Bacteri 0.7 0.44 6.63E-

52 PPBP al 1.01 96 4 0.8 0.833 0.778 02

Viral 0.6 0.32 5.29E-

53 PSTPIP2 -1.61 11 7 0.733 0.667 0.778 01

Viral 0.9 0.49 2.80E-

54 RGS 1 -0.53 44 1 0.933 0.833 1 03

Viral 0.8 0.44 1.20E-

55 RSAD2 -3.93 89 4 0.8 0.667 0.889 02

Viral 0.8 1.20E-

56 RTP4 -1.72 89 0.6 0.867 0.833 0.889 02

Viral 0.8 0.57 2.56E-

57 SERPING1 -2.41 52 7 0.8 0.833 0.778 02

Bacteri 0.8 0.44 2.56E-

58 SH3BGRL2 al 1.12 52 4 0.867 1 0.778 02

Viral 0.8 1.20E-

59 SIGLECl -2.47 89 0.6 0.867 1 0.778 02

Bacteri 0.6 0.21 3.45E-

60 TMEM176A al 1.17 67 8 0.733 0.333 1 01

Viral 0.7 0.44 6.63E-

61 TNFAIP6 -1.80 96 4 0.733 0.667 0.778 02

Viral 0.8 3.60E-

62 TREML4 -1.64 33 0.6 0.8 0.833 0.778 02

Viral 0.9 7.99E-

63 USP18 -3.12 26 0.6 0.867 1 0.778 04

Viral

0.6 0.49 5.29E-

64 UTY -1.86 11 2 0.867 0.833 0.889 01

Viral 0.8 0.44 1.20E-

65 XAF1 -1.65 89 4 0.733 0.667 0.778 02

Next, a logistic regression was used to develop a classifier for each gene pair (2080 combinations) in order to test whether combining two RNA determinants can improve diagnostic accuracy. Table 9 summarizes the 50 RNA pairs that demonstrated the highest accuracy improvement as calculated by the difference in AUC of the pair compared to the AUC of the single RNA (out of the same pair) with the highest AUC (delta AUC). Using pairs of RNA determinants improved diagnostic accuracy up to 53% (when comparing AUC of single vs. pairs of RNA determinants), to generate highly discriminative combinations (AUCs between 0.83-1.0, average AUC 0.95, when testing 50 pairs with highest accuracy; Table 9, Figures 3-4).

Table 9. RNA pairs that presented the highest accuracy improvement compared to the single RNA determinants. AUC_1 and AUC_2 are the respective AUCs of RNA #1 and RNA #2. The accuracy of combining RNA#1 and RNA#2 is depicted in the column AUC pair, and the improvement of the combination over that of the individual RNA 's is captured in the AUC delta (AUC_delta = AUC pair - max(AUC_l, AUC 2).

BMX CYBRD1 0.667 0.852 1 0.148

C19orf59 FFAR3 0.611 0.741 0.889 0.148

CEACAM1 CYBRD1 0.796 0.852 1 0.148

CYBRD1 EIF2AK2 0.852 0.833 1 0.148

CYBRD1 EPSTI1 0.852 0.833 1 0.148

CYBRD1 HERC5 0.852 0.833 1 0.148

CYBRD1 IFI44 0.852 0.852 1 0.148

CYBRD1 IFI6 0.852 0.815 1 0.148

CYBRD1 IFIT2 0.852 0.852 1 0.148

CYBRD1 IFIT3 0.852 0.796 1 0.148

CYBRD1 IFITM3 0.852 0.759 1 0.148

CYBRD1 INCA 0.852 0.741 1 0.148

CYBRD1 OAS1 0.852 0.852 1 0.148

CYBRD1 PLSCR1 0.852 0.704 1 0.148

CYBRD1 PSTPIP2 0.852 0.611 1 0.148

CYBRD1 SERPING1 0.852 0.852 1 0.148

CYBRD1 TNFAIP6 0.852 0.796 1 0.148

CYP1B 1 RASA4 0.63 0.722 0.87 0.148

CYP1B 1 IRF7 0.63 0.741 0.889 0.148

FFAR3 TMEM176A 0.741 0.667 0.889 0.148

CEACAM1 TMEM176A 0.796 0.667 0.944 0.148

LOCI 00132244 PPBP 0.685 0.796 0.944 0.148

CCL2 CYBRD1 0.87 0.852 1 0.13

LOC26010

CD 177 (SPATS2L) 0.63 0.87 ! 0.13

CMPK2 CYBRD1 0.87 0.852 1 0.13

LOC26010

CYBRD1 (SPATS2L) 0.852 0.87 ! 0.13

CYBRD1 MT1G 0.852 0.87 1 0.13

CYBRD1 MX1 0.852 0.87 1 0.13

As illustrated in the heat maps of Figures 3A-B, some RNA determinant combinations exhibit an improved diagnostic accuracy compared to that of the corresponding individual determinants, whereas other combinations exhibit a reduced accuracy.

Next, the present inventors performed a rigorous bioinformatics analysis of RNA determinants using an external set generated from a cohort of 91 pediatric patients with acute infectious diseases caused by influenza A virus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae, which were tested using Affymetrix HGU133A GeneChips (Ramilo et al. 2007). For each RNA determinant they calculated the log ₂ fold change between bacterial and viral patients and created a logistic regression classifier to calculate its AUC, MCC, total accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. They also created logistic regression classifiers for the pairs of RNA determinants and calculated the same measures of accuracy (Tables 10 - 12).

Table 10. Single RNA determinants that differentiate between bacterial versus viral infected subjects using an external data set (measured using Affymetrix

HGU133A GeneChips on 73 bacterial and 18 viral patients).

Logz

[(fold

Bacteri

change

al or ranksu determina bacteria AU MC Total Sensitivi Specifici

viral m /'- nt I) - log ₂ C C accuracy

induce ty ty value

(fold

d

change

viral)]

0.75 0.28 0.0022

AIM2 Viral -1.08 4 1 0.71 0.71 0.72 6

0.62 0.16 0.0032

CCL2 Viral -6.12 8 2 0.66 0.63 0.78 39

0.76 0.09 0.0179

CXCL10 Viral -4.00 8 4 0.67 0.64 0.78 69

Bacteri 0.88 0.38 1.37E-

CYBRD1 al 1.79 5 4 0.79 0.77 0.89 05

0.88 0.57 2.06E-

EIF2AK2 Viral -1.08 1 9 0.84 0.84 0.83 06

Bacteri 0.67 0.17 0.0426

F13A1 al 1.25 3 1 0.60 0.59 0.67 1

Viral 0.49 1.19E-

HERC5 -2.89 0.87 2 0.86 0.88 0.78 05

Viral 0.96 0.76 1.94E-

IFI27 -7.06 3 3 0.96 0.95 1.00 09

Viral 0.94 0.64 9.54E-

IFI44 -3.22 2 5 0.85 0.84 0.89 08

Viral 0.94 0.68 5.18E-

IFI44L -5.23 3 6 0.89 0.89 0.89 08

Viral 0.87 0.49 1.13E-

IFI6 -2.35 5 3 0.78 0.75 0.89 06

Viral 0.62 9.05E-

IFIT1 -5.43 0.9 7 0.86 0.88 0.78 06

Viral 0.78 0.43 0.0029

IFIT2 -2.49 7 6 0.79 0.81 0.72 39

Viral 0.88 0.60 1.19E-

IFIT3 -4.08 7 3 0.81 0.81 0.83 05 0.92 0.55 1.74E-

ISG15 Viral -3.51 5 7 0.86 0.86 0.83 07

Viral 0.88 0.49 5.67E-

JUP -0.94 1 8 0.80 0.80 0.83 06

Viral 0.86 0.58 8.25E-

LAMP3 -2.25 3 4 0.84 0.82 0.89 06

Viral 0.95 0.68 5.43E-

LY6E -2.15 8 6 0.90 0.90 0.89 09

Viral 0.25 0.0769

MT1G -0.69 0.68 7 0.66 0.66 0.67 83

Viral 0.93 4.90E-

MX1 -2.79 8 0.6 0.87 0.86 0.89 08

Viral 0.86 0.40 8.25E-

OAS1 -1.97 3 3 0.82 0.84 0.78 06

Viral 0.93 8.55E-

OAS2 -1.75 8 0.6 0.84 0.82 0.89 08

Viral 0.93 0.62 8.55E-

OAS3 -2.77 7 2 0.88 0.88 0.89 08

Viral 0.55 9.25E-

OASL -2.42 0.9 7 0.85 0.86 0.78 07

Viral 0.98 0.83 9.82E-

OTOF -4.18 8 1 0.95 0.95 0.94 09

Bacteri 0.54 0.24 0.7460

PI3 al 3.19 5 3 0.54 0.47 0.83 9

0.70 0.34 0.0170

PLSCR1 Viral -0.59 9 5 0.71 0.71 0.72 24

Bacteri 0.71 0.23 0.0081

PPBP al 0.58 4 9 0.62 0.56 0.83 64

Viral 0.56 0.09 0.6647

RGS1 -2.97 8 2 0.62 0.66 0.44 2

Viral 0.94 0.66 2.39E-

RSAD2 -4.20 7 9 0.85 0.85 0.83 06

Viral 0.84 0.39 2.56E-

RTP4 -1.80 9 1 0.71 0.70 0.78 05

SERPING Viral 0.86 0.37 4.92E- 1 -3.29 3 4 0.77 0.73 0.94 06

Viral 0.94 0.69 2.35E-

SIGLECl -4.33 8 5 0.88 0.86 0.94 08

TMEM17 Bacteri 0.64 0.19 0.0931 6A al 1.48 2 4 0.58 0.55 0.72 91

0.96 3.36E-

USP18 Viral -3.12 5 0.71 0.90 0.90 0.89 09 Table 11. Pairs of RNA DETERMINANTS and their measures of accuracy in differentiating between bacterial versus viral infected subjects as tested using an external data set (measured using Affymetrix HGU133A GeneChips on 73 bacterial and 18 viral patients).

ranksu

MC Total Sensitivit Specificit

RNA #1 RNA #2 AUC m /'- C accuracy y y value

0.99 0.80 1.99E-

EIF1AY OTOF 5 2 0.934 0.932 0.944 10

HLA- 0.99 0.79 1.08E- DQA1 OTOF 5 2 0.956 0.986 0.833 05

0.99 0.83 3.26E-

LAMP3 OTOF 5 1 0.956 0.973 0.889 07

0.99 0.82 5.76E-

OTOF UTY 5 4 0.934 0.945 0.889 09

0.99 0.79 7.47E-

IFI6 OTOF 4 2 0.967 1 0.833 06

0.99 0.82 7.51E-

CXCL10 OTOF 2 4 0.945 0.973 0.833 06

0.99 0.82 8.30E-

J ARID ID OTOF 2 4 0.923 0.932 0.889 08

0.99 0.86 3.79E-

MT1G OTOF 1 1 0.967 0.973 0.944 09

0.99 0.76 7.88E-

OTOF RGS1 1 3 0.945 0.973 0.833 07

0.82 1.10E-

CCL2 OTOF 0.99 4 0.934 0.932 0.944 08

0.83 8.23E-

CEACAM1 OTOF 0.99 1 0.945 0.959 0.889 09

0.83 1.86E-

IFI44L OTOF 0.99 1 0.945 0.959 0.889 08

0.98 0.83 1.17E-

CYP1B 1 OTOF 9 1 0.945 0.945 0.944 08

0.98 0.83 5.11E-

F13A1 OTOF 9 1 0.945 0.959 0.889 09

0.98 0.83 1.32E-

IFI27 OTOF 9 1 0.923 0.918 0.944 08

0.98 0.79 1.87E-

IFI44 OTOF 9 2 0.956 0.986 0.833 06

0.98 0.79 7.31E-

IRF7 OTOF 9 2 0.945 0.945 0.944 09

0.98 0.79 7.76E-

ISG15 OTOF 9 2 0.945 0.945 0.944 09

0.98 0.80 7.31E-

OAS3 OTOF 9 2 0.945 0.945 0.944 09

0.98 0.83 6.89E-

OASL OTOF 9 1 0.945 0.945 0.944 09

0.98 0.83 8.73E-

OTOF PI3 9 1 0.945 0.945 0.944 09 0.98 0.80 6.94E-

OTOF PLSCR1 9 2 0.956 0.973 0.889 07

0.98 0.83 1.76E-

OTOF PPBP 9 1 0.956 0.973 0.889 08

0.98 0.73 9.39E-

OTOF PSTPIP2 9 6 0.956 0.986 0.833 06

0.98 0.83 1.10E-

OTOF SIGLECl 9 1 0.934 0.932 0.944 08

TMEM176 0.98 0.83 2.80E-

OTOF A 9 1 0.945 0.945 0.944 09

0.98 0.79 4.74E-

AIM2 OTOF 8 2 0.934 0.945 0.889 07

0.98 0.83 1.10E-

BMX OTOF 8 1 0.945 0.945 0.944 08

0.98 0.79 1.64E-

CYBRD1 OTOF 8 2 0.945 0.959 0.889 07

0.98 0.83 1.04E-

EIF2AK2 OTOF 8 1 0.945 0.945 0.944 08

0.98 0.79 2.66E-

IFIT1 OTOF 8 2 0.934 0.945 0.889 07

0.98 0.79 9.82E-

IFIT2 OTOF 8 2 0.945 0.945 0.944 09

0.98 0.83 8.23E-

IFIT3 OTOF 8 1 0.945 0.945 0.944 09

0.98 0.83 1.24E-

JUP OTOF 8 1 0.923 0.918 0.944 08

0.98 0.79 1.04E-

LY6E OTOF 8 2 0.945 0.945 0.944 08

0.98 0.79 7.76E-

OAS1 OTOF 8 2 0.945 0.945 0.944 09

0.98 0.79 1.04E-

OTOF RSAD2 8 2 0.945 0.945 0.944 08

0.98 0.79 1.39E-

OTOF RTP4 8 2 0.912 0.904 0.944 08

0.98 0.83 1.10E-

OTOF TNFAIP6 8 1 0.945 0.945 0.944 08

0.98 0.83 1.10E-

OTOF USP18 8 1 0.945 0.945 0.944 08

0.98 0.79 7.76E-

HERC5 OTOF 7 2 0.945 0.945 0.944 09

0.98 0.76 3.65E-

OAS2 OTOF 7 3 0.934 0.945 0.889 07

0.98 0.79 9.39E-

OTOF SERPINGl 7 2 0.956 0.986 0.833 06

0.98 0.79 1.66E-

MX1 OTOF 6 2 0.945 0.959 0.889 08

HLA- 0.97 3.36E-

DQA1 USP18 9 0.71 0.901 0.904 0.889 09 Table 12. Additional pairs of RNA DETERMINANTS and their measures of accuracy in differentiating between bacterial versus viral infected subjects as tested using an external data set (measured using Affymetrix HGU133A GeneChips on 73 bacterial and 18 viral patients).

Using a larger cohort of patients provided the required statistical power to accurately evaluating of triplets of RNA determinants. A linear logistic regression classifier was developed for each gene triplets (14190 combinations) and their diagnostic accuracy was evaluated. Tables 13 and 14 present different RNA triplets with very high accuracy levels (AUCs between 0.929-1.0; sensitivity between 0.836-1.0).

Table 13. Accuracy measures of different RNA triplets that demonstrated very high accuracy levels when tested on 73 bacterial and 18 viral patients.

RNA AU ranksum P- MC Total Sensitivit Specificit

RNA #1 RNA #2

#3 C value C accuracy y y

0.93

EIF1AY F13A1 OTOF 1 3.38E-17 1 0.978 0.986 0.944

0.89

EIF1AY HERC5 OTOF 1 1.33E-16 4 0.967 0.986 0.889

HLA- 0.79

EIF1AY DQA1 OTOF 1 2.80E-14 2 0.934 0.959 0.833

EIF1AY OTOF RGS1 1 7.77E-15 0.82 0.945 0.986 0.778

0.89

EIF2AK2 LAMP3 USP18 1 3.38E-17 4 0.967 0.986 0.889

HLA- 0.93

DQA1 LAMP3 USP18 1 5.05E-17 6 0.978 0.973 1

HLA- 0.79

DQA1 MT1G OTOF 1 6.19E-17 2 0.934 0.959 0.833

HLA- 0.74

DQA1 OTOF UTY 1 6.49E-14 3 0.923 0.986 0.667

0.96

IFI44L OTOF UTY 1 2.16E-18 7 0.989 0.986 1

0.78

IFI6 J ARID ID OTOF 1 1.19E-13 5 0.934 0.973 0.778

0.79

IFI6 OTOF UTY 1 2.80E-14 2 0.934 0.959 0.833 0.96

LAMP3 OAS1 USP18 1 1.15E-19 7 0.989 0.986 1

0.83

LAMP3 OAS3 USP18 1 2.32E-16 1 0.945 0.959 0.889

0.89

OTOF PLSCR1 UTY 1 5.86E-17 4 0.967 0.986 0.889

OTOF PSTPIP2 UTY 1 2.73E-16 0.93 0.978 1 0.889

0.99 0.86

CCL2 EIF1AY OTOF 9 2.17E-07 1 0.956 0.973 0.889

0.99 0.82

EIF1AY EIF2AK2 OTOF 9 7.95E-09 4 0.945 0.973 0.833

0.99 0.89

EIF1AY IFI44 OTOF 9 4.55E-09 9 0.967 0.973 0.944

0.99 0.79

EIF1AY IFI6 OTOF 9 4.24E-06 2 0.934 0.959 0.833

0.99 0.89

EIF1AY ISG15 OTOF 9 1.43E-09 9 0.967 0.973 0.944

0.99 0.82

EIF1AY LAMP3 OTOF 9 7.68E-08 4 0.945 0.973 0.833

0.99 0.89

EIF1AY OASL OTOF 9 7.65E-09 4 0.967 0.986 0.889

0.99 0.83

LAMP3 PSTPIP2 USP18 9 2.80E-07 1 0.945 0.959 0.889

TMEM176 0.99 0.89

LAMP3 A USP18 9 1.99E-08 9 0.967 0.973 0.944

0.99 0.76

AIM2 EIF1AY OTOF 8 3.57E-08 3 0.923 0.945 0.833

0.99 0.89

AIM2 LAMP3 USP18 8 1.92E-08 9 0.967 0.973 0.944

0.99 0.78

CCL2 OTOF UTY 8 3.53E-07 5 0.934 0.973 0.778

0.99 0.72

CXCL10 EIF1AY OTOF 8 3.67E-05 3 0.912 0.945 0.778

0.99 0.96

CYBRD1 LAMP3 USP18 8 1.51E-10 7 0.989 0.986 1

0.99 0.86

CYP1B 1 EIF1AY OTOF 8 2.74E-10 1 0.956 0.973 0.889

0.99 0.83

EIF1AY IFI44L OTOF 8 8.12E-09 1 0.945 0.959 0.889

0.99 0.76

EIF1AY IFIT1 OTOF 8 2.62E-08 3 0.923 0.945 0.833

0.99 0.78

EIF1AY IFIT2 OTOF 8 3.06E-06 5 0.934 0.973 0.778

0.99 0.79

EIF1AY IFIT3 OTOF 8 1.67E-07 2 0.934 0.959 0.833

0.99 0.83

EIF1AY IRF7 OTOF 8 4.89E-09 1 0.945 0.959 0.889

0.99 0.79

EIF1AY J ARID ID OTOF 8 1.36E-06 2 0.934 0.959 0.833

EIF1AY JUP OTOF 0.99 3.43E-10 0.80 0.934 0.945 0.889 8 2

0.99 0.86

EIF1AY MT1G OTOF 8 2.09E-08 1 0.956 0.973 0.889

0.99 0.83

IFI44 Mxl OTOF 3.81E-07 0.956 0.973 0.889

2 1

0.99 0.86

IFI44 OTOF RSAD 3.43E-07 0.967 0.986 0.889

2 1

2

0.99 0.79

IFI44L Mxl OTOF 8.23E-09 0.945 0.959 0.889

2 2

0.98 0.60

IFI44 IFI44L OTOF 1.13E-05 0.956 0.986 0.833

9 3

0.98 0.82

IFI44L OTOF RSAD 1.03E-05 0.945 0.973 0.833

9 4

2

0.95 0.83

Mxl OTOF RSAD 6.77E-07 0.956 0.973 0.889

8 1

2

Table 14. Accuracy measures of different RNA triplets that demonstrated very high accuracy levels when tested on 73 bacterial and 18 viral patients.

EXAMPLE 2

Whole transcriptome expression analysis to identify RNA-based determinants and signature for discriminating between patients with bacterial and viral infections MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patient recruitment Patients were prospectively recruited as part of the 'Curiosity' and the 'Tailored-Treatment' clinical studies (NCT01917461 and NCT02025699). Informed consent was obtained from each participant or legal guardian, as applicable. Inclusion criteria for the infectious disease cohort included: clinical suspicion of an acute infectious disease, peak fever >37.5°C since symptoms onset, and duration of symptoms <12 days. Inclusion criteria for the control group included: clinical impression of a non-infectious disease (e.g. trauma, stroke and myocardial infarction), or healthy subjects. Exclusion criteria included: evidence of any episode of acute infectious disease in the two weeks preceding enrollment; diagnosed congenital immune deficiency; current treatment with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy; active malignancy, proven or suspected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- l, hepatitis B virus (HBV), or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Importantly, in order to enable broad generalization, antibiotic treatment at enrollment did not cause exclusion from the study. An overview of study workflow is depicted in Figure 1.

Enrollment process and data collection: as in Example 1.

Microbiological investigation: as in Example 1.

Establishing the reference standard: as in Example 1.

Samples, procedures and RNA purification: Venous blood samples were collected in EDTA contained CBC tube and stored at 4 °C for up to 5 hours on site and subsequently fractionated into plasma and cell pellet. Red cells were lysed using EL buffer (QIAGEN, Cat 79217) at room temperature (RT). Leukocytes were lysed in RLT buffer (QIAGEN, Cat 79216) and Homogenized via QIAshredder homogenizer (QIAGEN, Cat 79654). Total RNA was purified from 400μ1 lysed Leukocytes using RNeasy™ Micro Kit (QIAGEN, Cat. 74004) according to manufacturer recommended protocols.

Microarray experiments: A total of 3μ1 of 255 ng/ΒμΙ (85ng^l) RNA were transferred and prepare for whole transcriptome expression analysis with GeneChip™ Whole Transcript (WT) Expression Arrays. Amplified ss-cDNA was prepared from 255 ng total RNA using GeneChip™ WT PLUS Reagent Kit (902310, Affymetrix), following manufacturer protocol. Samples were hybridized to GeneChip Human Transcriptome Arrays 2.0 (HTA- Affymetrix) which is the highest resolution microarray for gene expression profiling of all transcript isoforms. HTA display approximately ten probes per exon and four probes per exon-exon splice junction. This array interrogates >245,000 coding transcripts, >40,000 non coding transcripts and >339,000 probe sets covering exon-exon junctions. Arrays were scanned using the Affymetrix GeneChip Scanner 3000 7G.

Statistical analysis: Primary analysis was performed as in Example 1.

RESULTS

Patients characteristics The studied group of patients included 71 children and 59 adults and was gender balanced (65 females and 65 males). The cohort included 51 patients with bacterial infection and 79 patients with viral infections as determined by the expert panel as described above. Additionally, we studied 13 non-infectious patients (as controls). The patients presented with a variety of clinical syndromes affecting different physiological systems (e.g., respiratory, urinal, central nervous system, systemic).

Single and combinations of RNA determinants can distinguish between bacterial and viral patients The gene expression profiles of blood leukocytes obtained from the described acute infection patients using the GeneChip Human Transcriptome Arrays 2.0 (HTA-Affymetrix) were studied. The results suggest a differential response of the immune system to bacterial and viral infections, which can potentially be used classify acute infection patients. 1089 RNA determinants, out of which 828 are coding determinants (Table 15A) and 261 are non-coding determinants (Table 15B), were identified as differentially expressed in the bacterial and viral patients tested. The present inventors further identified 41 RNA determinants, out of which 34 are coding determinants (Tables 16A-B) and 7 are non-coding determinants (Table 16C), with the highest ability to differentiate between bacterial and viral patients according to the following criteria: ttest p-value<10 ^~14 AND absolute linear fold change >3.5. The present inventors further calculated for these RNA determinants the measures of accuracy in distinguishing between bacterial and viral patients including AUC, sensitivity, specificity and ttest P-value (Tables 15-16). The inventors further evaluated the accuracy of selected RNAs in distinguishing between patients presenting with bacterial (n=51) infections and non-bacterial infections (n=92; Table 16D), as well as between infectious (bacterial and viral; n=130) and non-infectious (n=13) patients (Table 16E).

Table 15 A - Differentially expressed coding RNA determinants and their measures of accuracy in differentiating between bacterial ("B") versus viral ("V") infected subjects.

Table 15B - Differentially expressed non-coding RNA determinants and their measures of accuracy in differentiating between bacterial ("B") versus viral ("V") infected subjects that met the following criteria: (ttest p-value<10 ^~15 ) OR (absolute linear fold change >4) OR (ttest p-value<10 ^~6 AND absolute linear fold change >1.7).

5

7

0

TC020033 8990 8990 0.000 7

96.hg. l n334260 chr2 + 1316 1798 -9.0 036 V 0 0.67 0.70

0

TC020033 8995 8995 0.000 7

97.hg. l n336673 chr2 + 2882 3388 -7.0 01 V 2 0.73 0.63

0

TC020033 8997 8997 0.000 7

98.hg. l n387119 chr2 + 6190 6490 -7.0 048 V 2 0.73 0.66

0

TC020033 8989 8989 0.000 7

95.hg. l n335962 chr2 + 0582 1332 -6.9 006 V 3 0.73 0.68

0

TC020034 8999 8999 0.000 7

OO.hg. l n336675 chr2 + 8820 9595 -6.9 004 V 3 0.77 0.67

0

TC020033 8998 8998 0.000 7

99.hg. l n383671 chr2 + 6780 7080 -6.8 124 V 1 0.73 0.61

0

TC020034 9019 9019 0.000 7

02.hg. l n337071 chr2 + 8907 9183 -6.8 044 V 0 0.69 0.66

0

TC020033 8918 8918 0.000 7

94.hg. l n335964 chr2 + 5097 5706 -6.8 1 V 0 0.67 0.65

0

TC020034 9027 9027 0.000 7

(B.hg. l n386251 chr2 + 3948 4233 -6.7 005 V 3 0.71 0.65

0

TC020043 8941 8941 0.000 7

97.hg. l n335966 chr2 6834 7284 -5.9 013 V 2 0.69 0.63

0

TC020034 9007 9007 0.000 7

Ol .hg. l n335701 chr2 + 7752 8323 -5.7 Oi l V 2 0.69 0.66

0

TC020043 8916 8932 0.000 7

96.hg. l n336205 chr2 0711 6952 -5.5 017 V 2 0.71 0.66

TCONS_0 0 0011573- 1382 1382

TC060038 XLOC_00 6421 6693 0.000 7

81.hg. l 5851 chr6 6 9 -5.2 015 V 3 0.71 0.61

0

TC020043 8910 8961 0.000

95.hg. l n346551 chr2 9725 9842 -5.1 007 V 7 0.73 0.70 2

0

TC220010 2326 2326 0.000 7

09.hg. l n387241 chr22 + 1707 2023 -4.4 019 V 2 0.63 0.68

TC0NSJ2

_00001926 0

TCO 10041 XL0C_12_ 3297 3428 6.87E 8

03.hg. l 000004 chrl + 84 06 2.9 -11 B 1 0.69 0.75

TCONS_0 0 0000121-

TCO 10041 XLOC_00 4596 4619 1.25E 7

06.hg. l 0003 chrl + 56 54 2.1 -09 B 9 0.69 0.80

TCONS_0 0 0000166-

TCO 10042 XLOC_00 2191 2191 5.73E 7

33.hg. l 0087 chrl + 2965 7680 1.7 -09 B 9 0.65 0.77

0

TCO 10043 3632 3632 3.34E 8

14.hg. l n337860 chrl + 1683 3276 2.3 -12 B 5 0.80 0.82

0

TCO 10045 8964 8964 0.000 7

17.hg. l n338053 chrl + 7181 7394 -3.2 001 V 3 0.67 0.67

0

1211 1211

TCO 10046 0715 2460 3.91E 8

74.hg. l n345870 chrl + 6 3 -2.8 -12 V 7 0.84 0.76

0

1212 1213

TCO 10046 6091 1368 4.27E 8

76.hg. l n406301 chrl + 0 6 1.8 -14 B 7 0.80 0.81

0

1439 1440

TCO 10046 1379 9447 1.81E 8

87.hg. l n346374 chrl + 7 7 -2.7 -11 V 6 0.82 0.67

0

1619 1619

TCO 10047 2929 2991 1.51E 8

99.hg. l n338331 chrl + 7 4 2.3 -13 B 7 0.84 0.81

0

2451 2452

TCO 10051 3328 8853 0.000 7

53.hg. l n407167 chrl + 4 0 2.0 001 B 2 0.61 0.71

0

TCO 10051 1313 1405 1.42E 7

84.hg. l n326766 chrl 37 66 2.2 -07 B 7 0.73 0.66

0

TCO 10051 1542 1637 4.16E 7

86.hg. l n326763 chrl 68 27 2.5 -07 B 6 0.73 0.68

0

TCO 10051 2227 3739 3.15E

87.hg. l n387107 chrl 32 60 1.8 -08 B 7 0.71 0.75 7

TCONS_0 0 0000442-

TCO 10051 XLOC_00 5213 5238 5.06E 7

90.hg. l 0663 chrl 69 33 1.8 -09 B 8 0.69 0.80

TC0NSJ2

_00002386 0

TCO 10051 XL0C_12_ 6373 6599 1.19E 8

92.hg. l 000726 chrl 16 30 2.8 -11 B 2 0.71 0.75

0

TCO 10051 6842 7038 5.67E 7

94.hg. l n326751 chrl 75 69 3.1 -07 B 6 0.73 0.67

0

TCO 10051 8034 8121 3.23E 7

99.hg. l n381032 chrl 53 82 1.8 -07 B 5 0.71 0.71

0

TCO 10052 9794 9796 6.82E 7

59.hg. l n335242 chrl 131 076 -2.0 -07 V 7 0.65 0.72

0

TC010053 2524 2525 6.07E 8

39.hg. l n337573 chrl 5804 4104 -2.7 -12 V 3 0.80 0.81

TCONS_0 0 0000492-

TC010053 XLOC_00 2798 2798 4.06E 8

58.hg. l 0755 chrl 6839 9233 -2.0 -10 V 4 0.86 0.68

0

TC010053 2847 2852 5.9E- 8

62.hg. l n337807 chrl 6184 0663 1.9 13 B 7 0.78 0.84

0

TCO 10054 4702 4706 1.74E 8

50.hg. l n406645 chrl 3090 9966 2.3 -11 B 3 0.77 0.73

0

TCO 10054 5431 5435 4.17E 8

98.hg. l n410164 chrl 7392 5487 1.9 -10 B 1 0.73 0.72

TC0NSJ2

_00001274 0

TCO 10055 XL0C_12_ 6545 6545 1.77E 8

41.hg. l 000942 chrl 0881 1399 2.0 -09 B 0 0.75 0.68

0

1111 1111

TCO 10056 9620 9794 1.09E 7

98.hg. l n338128 chrl 9 7 -3.1 -07 V 9 0.67 0.80

0

1111 1111

TCO 10056 9795 9966 5.73E 7

99.hg. l n338129 chrl 2 2 -3.2 -07 V 6 0.61 0.75 0

1439 1439

TCO 10057 0606 1290 2.72E 8

65.hg. l n345681 chrl 9 3 -2.0 -08 V 2 0.78 0.70

0

1445 1445

TCO 10057 2163 2205 9.33E 8

70.hg. l n337415 chrl 9 4 -2.4 -15 V 6 0.78 0.79

0

1457 1458

TCO 10057 6459 2710 2.22E 7

82.hg. l n410110 chrl 5 3 -1.8 -07 V 7 0.67 0.71

0

2002 2003

TCO 10060 9833 4331 3.81E 7

29.hg. l n344753 chrl 3 9 1.8 -10 B 8 0.63 0.76

0

2003 2003

TCO 10060 7408 7522 1.24E 8

30.hg. l n338446 chrl 3 8 1.9 -09 B 1 0.71 0.77

0

2055 2055

TCO 10060 7884 8114 0.000 7

60.hg. l n338489 chrl 4 4 -2.2 001 V 5 0.69 0.71

TC0NSJ2

_00001794 0

2226 2226

TCO 10061 XL0C_12_ 8378 8512 1.51E 7

41.hg. l 001325 chrl 6 6 1.8 -07 B 6 0.71 0.65

TCONS_0 0 0000756- 2316 2316

TCO 10061 XLOC_00 5813 6432 9.56E 7

94.hg. l 1257 chrl 4 1 1.8 -08 B 6 0.65 0.71

0

2371 2371

TCO 10062 6740 6771 1.85E 8

21.hg. l n342369 chrl 3 8 -2.2 -10 V 2 0.88 0.67

TC0NSJ2

_00002811 0

2431 2432

TCO 10062 XL0C_12_ 9281 1555 2.71E 8

37.hg. l 001398 chrl 4 4 2.6 -11 B 2 0.71 0.71

0

2432 2432

TCO 10062 1913 6507 0.000 7

38.hg. l n381375 chrl 1 0 1.8 001 B 5 0.73 0.63

TC0NSJ2

_00002367 0

TCO 10064 XL0C_12_ 8929 1738 8.17E 8

18.hg. l 000720 chrl 5 64 2.2 -12 B 2 0.73 0.75

TC0NSJ2

_00002379 0

TCO 10064 XL0C_12_ 2276 2672 1.32E 8

19.hg. l 000720 chrl 15 53 2.5 -10 B 0 0.65 0.79

TC020030 n332762 chr2 + 7037 7037 -36.0 2.22E V 0 0.75 0.82 08.hg. l 597 917 -16

8

7

0

TC020030 1285 1288 6.55E 8

47.hg. l n407780 chr2 + 6998 2860 -4.4 -15 V 8 0.80 0.82

0

TC020033 7387 7391 0.000 7

30.hg. l n406230 chr2 + 2046 2694 -2.8 001 V 9 0.78 0.57

TCONS_0 0 0004935- 1631 1631

TC020036 XLOC_00 7554 7654 8.45E 7

60.hg. l 1732 chr2 + 4 3 -2.5 -08 V 6 0.78 0.61

0

1792 1793

TC020037 7839 0386 3.91E 9

15.hg. l n383778 chr2 + 0 6 -2.7 -14 V 2 0.90 0.82

0

2310 2311

TC020038 9047 1062 3.39E 8

77.hg. l n335493 chr2 + 6 8 -3.2 -12 V 2 0.67 0.71

0

2430 2431

TC020039 3078 0246 9.16E 8

46.hg. l n346494 chr2 + 4 9 1.9 -11 B 0 0.65 0.76

TCONS_0 0 0003184-

TC020040 XLOC_00 6968 6973 5.22E 8

17.hg. l 1966 chr2 645 662 -8.1 -15 V 8 0.82 0.77

0

TC020040 8992 8994 2.78E 8

35.hg. l n338647 chr2 820 376 2.9 -09 B 0 0.75 0.77

0

TC020041 2668 2668 1.15E 8

23.hg. l n332362 chr2 0851 3576 -9.8 -11 V 8 0.92 0.73

0

TC020041 3733 3734 1.35E 8

61.hg. l n332938 chr2 4617 7277 -4.0 -14 V 6 0.78 0.81

0

TC020041 4032 4032 5.25E 8

78.hg. l n338783 chr2 4916 8505 2.1 -12 B 4 0.77 0.77

0

1671 1671

TC020046 5970 6304 4.12E 7

76.hg. l n334856 chr2 8 1 1.8 -07 B 5 0.63 0.72

0

2189 2189

TC020048 2387 2601 7.48E 7

15.hg. l n405559 chr2 8 3 -2.8 -09 V 9 0.73 0.70

TC020048 2354 2354 9.58E 0

60.hg. l n339176 chr2 0169 0378 -3.7 -09 V 0.71 0.79 0 8 7

8

TCONS_0 0 0003525- 2431 2431

TC020049 XLOC_00 7384 7666 1.54E 7

15.hg. l 2561 chr2 9 1 2.0 -09 B 9 0.69 0.76

0

1226 1226

TC030024 0536 1126 6.45E 8

96.hg. l n407114 chr3 + 0 3 2.5 -14 B 5 0.73 0.76

0

1273 1273

TC030025 9178 9976 7.05E 8

24.hg. l n409261 chr3 + 1 9 2.5 -10 B 3 0.80 0.75

0

TC030028 3816 3817 9

62.hg. l n406516 chr3 4201 8733 1.9 0 B 1 0.80 0.84

0

1710 1711

TC030032 6472 7819 2.72E 8

06.hg. l n408012 chr3 3 7 -2.3 -11 V 3 0.75 0.81

0

1959 1959

TC030032 6124 6478 9

97.hg. l n384393 chr3 0 5 2.3 0 B 0 0.82 0.86

0

1973 1974

TC030033 9885 7625 3.06E 8

l l .hg. l n339763 chr3 6 9 -2.5 -11 V 3 0.77 0.66

0

TC040019 2632 2643 4.35E 8

45.hg. l n342579 chr4 + 2301 2628 2.1 -14 B 7 0.80 0.80

0

TC040019 2643 2643 5.15E 8

46.hg. l n384435 chr4 + 4615 6541 2.0 -12 B 4 0.80 0.81

0

TC040019 3886 3894 9.99E 8

86.hg. l n409153 chr4 + 9354 7365 1.4 -16 B 7 0.73 0.85

0

TC040020 7956 7961 1.01E 8

81.hg. l n344493 chr4 + 7001 1023 2.5 -12 B 3 0.71 0.77

TCONSJ2

_00021682 0

1202 1203

TC040021 XLOC_12_ 9928 2677 6.11E 8

68.hg. l 010810 chr4 + 7 0 2.3 -15 B 7 0.86 0.75

0

1462 1462

TC040022 9806 9910 7.77E 8

43.hg. l n342622 chr4 + 1 9 2.3 -16 B 9 0.84 0.81

TC040023 1661 1661 9.13E 0

05.hg. l n342624 chr4 + 4320 4420 2.7 -09 B 0.67 0.86 1 7 7

9

0

TC040024 3514 3520 1.42E 8

25.hg. l n335597 chr4 297 638 2.1 -13 B 6 0.80 0.80

0

TC040025 4043 4063 1.33E 7

23.hg. l n339952 chr4 4720 1861 1.9 -07 B 9 0.80 0.67

0

TC040026 8917 8918 4.44E 8

26.hg. l n384478 chr4 8768 0508 -3.2 -16 V 9 0.82 0.81

0

1060 1060

TC040026 5843 6177 5.55E 8

60.hg. l n346125 chr4 7 6 1.9 -12 B 2 0.71 0.73

0

1144 1144

TC040026 2162 3451 3.94E 7

80.hg. l n337482 chr4 2 4 -1.9 -08 V 8 0.71 0.75

TCONSJ2

_00021261 0

1203 1203

TC040026 XLOC_12_ 1443 1628 0.000 7

89.hg. l 011236 chr4 3 8 1.8 001 B 6 0.77 0.67

0

1576 1578

TC040027 8276 9254 1.21E 8

99.hg. l n410166 chr4 3 6 2.0 -10 B 4 0.65 0.86

0

1754 1754

TC040028 1132 4404 2.48E 8

40.hg. l n407800 chr4 8 4 8.2 -11 B 2 0.71 0.76

0

TC050023 4480 4481 1.55E 7

62.hg. l n335106 chr5 + 9946 1233 -1.8 -07 V 7 0.73 0.76

0

1338 1339

TC050026 6179 1891 2.22E 8

34.hg. l n340631 chr5 + 8 8 -2.1 -16 V 8 0.77 0.82

0

1426 1426

TC050026 0573 0856 4.47E 8

75.hg. l n340670 chr5 + 3 1 2.1 -09 B 1 0.77 0.73

0

TC050029 1713 1721 4.27E 8

12.hg. l n377768 chr5 0137 7531 1.9 -13 B 4 0.77 0.77

TCONSJ2

_00022861 0

TC050029 XLOC_12_ 3972 3972 4.88E 8

71.hg. l 012011 chr5 1152 1560 1.8 -09 B 0 0.73 0.73

TC050029 n334545 chr5 - 4969 4969 1.7 7.43E B 0 0.73 0.75 88.hg. l 2315 2643 -09

8

0

0

TC050030 6496 6496 5.65E 8

28.hg. l n340484 chr5 1757 5240 1.7 -13 B 5 0.69 0.80

TCONS_0 0 0011799-

TC060027 XLOC_00 3608 3609 1.37E 7

55.hg. l 5273 chr6 + 4167 1301 3.0 -08 B 7 0.75 0.76

0

TC060028 6428 6429 7.44E 7

48.hg. l n334582 chr6 + 8842 0046 -2.0 -08 V 7 0.78 0.68

0

1477 1477

TC060031 0880 1160 2.2E- 7

17.hg. l n385033 chr6 + 4 1 2.0 09 B 9 0.75 0.73

0

TC060032 1308 1481 1.72E 8

48.hg. l n377578 chr6 03 70 2.5 -10 B 1 0.71 0.73

0

TC060036 3325 3326 1.4E- 7

06.hg. l n408222 chr6 9431 7176 1.7 08 B 9 0.80 0.77

0

TC060036 3580 3588 6.66E 8

19.hg. l n409669 chr6 0811 8957 3.1 -16 B 8 0.80 0.77

0

TC060036 4117 4118 5.42E 7

42.hg. l n384933 chr6 6294 5685 1.9 -07 B 6 0.57 0.79

0

1080 1080

TC060037 1850 2142 4.81E 7

93.hg. l n342100 chr6 3 2 -1.7 -09 V 9 0.71 0.72

0

1330 1330

TC060038 6500 7903 1.58E 8

55.hg. l n409772 chr6 9 3 1.9 -08 B 0 0.77 0.68

0

TC070021 7284 7288 9.47E 7

32.hg. l n385079 chr7 + 225 212 -1.8 -09 V 8 0.73 0.66

0

TC070022 2886 2886 3.18E 8

22.hg. l n341216 chr7 + 3333 5505 2.2 -09 B 2 0.77 0.71

0

TC070023 6483 6486 4.56E 7

77.hg. l n334125 chr7 + 8819 3612 -2.1 -08 V 9 0.77 0.72

TC070023 7256 7262 4.01E 0

98.hg. l n406149 chr7 + 9012 1336 1.7 -12 B 0.73 0.70 8

2

0

TC070024 7309 7311 0.000 7

Ol .hg. l n410558 chr7 + 7898 2542 -1.7 001 V 5 0.69 0.68

0

1018 1019

TC070025 9832 0151 1.05E 8

Ol .hg. l n341285 chr7 + 0 3 1.8 -14 B 6 0.73 0.81

0

1352 1353

TC070026 4268 3349 1.11E 8

05.hg. l n341331 chr7 + 8 7 -2.5 -16 V 9 0.78 0.87

0

1395 1397

TC070026 2895 2012 2.73E 8

18.hg. l n408329 chr7 + 2 5 1.9 -12 B 7 0.82 0.80

0

1502 1502

TC070026 7065 7104 5.09E 8

75.hg. l n334779 chr7 + 8 0 -1.9 -11 V 2 0.71 0.79

TCONS_0 0 0013664-

TC070027 XLOC_00 2639 3547 7.08E 8

30.hg. l 6324 chr7 2 2 4.1 -13 B 4 0.73 0.76

0

TC070027 2924 3198 4.36E 7

31.hg. l n385322 chr7 6 0 2.0 -07 B 5 0.67 0.67

0

TC070028 3305 3310 1.41E 8

79.hg. l n408312 chr7 3742 2409 -3.2 -10 V 1 0.75 0.70

0

TC070030 7460 7461 6.39E 8

28.hg. l n345780 chr7 7898 6892 1.8 -12 B 2 0.75 0.73

0

TC070030 8790 8790 1.23E 8

54.hg. l n341270 chr7 0207 3065 4.4 -13 B 6 0.82 0.79

0

1429 1429

TC070032 1756 1936 5.5E- 8

16.hg. l n341349 chr7 1 0 3.6 13 B 3 0.75 0.76

0

1503 1503

TC070032 2246 2968 2.22E 7

39.hg. l n406596 chr7 4 0 -2.0 -08 V 8 0.65 0.76

0

TC080018 3885 3896 2.81E 8

87.hg. l n407940 chr8 + 4505 2779 2.6 -14 B 6 0.78 0.77

0

TC080019 7488 7489

78.hg. l n409175 chr8 + 8377 5018 1.6 0 B 9 0.77 0.84 1

0

TC080020 9779 9784 1.08E 7

26.hg. l n332977 chr8 + 7356 7419 2.3 -07 B 8 0.78 0.66

0

1441 1441

TC080021 1267 1382 1.49E 8

46.hg. l n346557 chr8 + 4 2 -4.2 -12 V 7 0.84 0.70

TCONS_0 0 0014550-

TC080021 XLOC_00 1913 2080 1.02E 8

65.hg. l 6964 chr8 4 8 2.5 -10 B 0 0.71 0.77

0

TC080022 1596 1605 4.75E 7

37.hg. l n342832 chr8 6968 0148 -2.2 -07 V 5 0.73 0.65

0

TC080022 1926 1954 2.56E 7

45.hg. l n406527 chr8 1672 0261 1.9 -07 B 4 0.67 0.62

TCONSJ2

_00028242 0

TC080023 XLOC_12_ 7481 7482 9.91E 8

86.hg. l 014551 chr8 7620 7134 3.0 -12 B 3 0.80 0.75

0

1165 1165

TC080024 8068 8124 0.000 7

77.hg. l n341587 chr8 4 7 1.8 001 B 3 0.63 0.72

TCONSJ2

_00028738 0

TC090019 XLOC_12_ 4030 4032 8.55E 7

20.hg. l 014777 chr9 + 8216 4812 3.4 -07 B 4 0.63 0.70

TCONSJ2

_00028740 0

TC090019 XLOC_12_ 4033 4033 7.07E 7

21.hg. l 014778 chr9 + 2917 7603 3.3 -07 B 5 0.61 0.72

0

TC090019 4266 4271 3.23E 8

33.hg. l n385531 chr9 + 9321 4943 -1.7 -09 V 0 0.73 0.71

TCONSJ2

_00028743 0

TC090019 XLOC_12_ 4331 4331 2.84E 8

36.hg. l 014791 chr9 + 3921 4368 1.9 -12 B 4 0.78 0.76

0

TC090019 4368 4389 3.7E- 7

37.hg. l n385540 chr9 + 5063 0529 2.6 07 B 6 0.61 0.73

TCONSJ2 0 _00028757

TC090019 6562 6563 0.000 7

60.hg. l XLOC_12_ chr9 + 9315 5808 3.3 001 B 4 0.63 0.70 014812

0

1151 1152

TC090021 4218 3468 1.91E 8

84.hg. l n410169 chr9 + 9 5 2.5 -13 B 5 0.86 0.80

0

1153 1153

TC090021 9075 9198 7.38E 8

85.hg. l n342875 chr9 + 0 3 -2.6 -09 V 0 0.78 0.68

0

1163 1163

TC090021 0473 0655 4.88E 7

92.hg. l n341760 chr9 + 3 1 -1.7 -07 V 8 0.80 0.75

0

1271 1271

TC090022 1575 2146 1.31E 7

48.hg. l n407851 chr9 + 2 5 1.7 -07 B 5 0.67 0.67

TC0NSJ2

_00029273 0

TC090025 XL0C_12_ 3972 3981 3.51E 7

Ol .hg. l 015163 chr9 2426 7486 3.3 -07 B 5 0.59 0.76

0

TC090025 4050 4050 2.67E 7

04.hg. l n346129 chr9 1701 3928 3.5 -07 B 5 0.63 0.72

0

TC090025 4061 4063 3.8E- 7

05.hg. l n346251 chr9 0094 3391 2.2 07 B 6 0.59 0.76

0

TC090025 7021 7048 6.4E- 8

72.hg. l n332826 chr9 6593 4472 -1.8 12 V 4 0.80 0.77

0

1398 1398

TC090028 8913 9015 0.000 7

65.hg. l n335572 chr9 7 5 -2.6 001 V 7 0.80 0.71

0

TCOXOOl 1387 1428 6.01E 8

567.hg. l n408005 chrX + 693 828 2.2 -11 B 4 0.80 0.73

0

TCOXOOl 1716 1717 2.15E 7

610.hg. l n337638 chrX + 8618 1104 2.7 -08 B 9 0.71 0.70

0

TCOXOOl 2456 2456 8.53E 8

627.hg. l n337646 chrX + 4003 8583 2.0 -14 B 6 0.73 0.80

0

TCOXOOl 7316 7329 5.09E 7

767.hg. l n344547 chrX + 4159 0875 -1.9 -08 V 7 0.77 0.67

0

TC0X002 1895 1897 5.31E

006.hg. l n335186 chrX 9675 2456 1.8 -13 B 8 0.71 0.77 3

TCONS_0 0 0017047-

TC0X002 XLOC_00 2379 2380 7.26E 7

012.hg. l 8133 chrX 1109 1073 -2.4 -07 V 5 0.82 0.56

0

1537 1537

TC0X002 6420 7514 3.17E 8

294.hg. l n334213 chrX 7 8 1.8 -12 B 4 0.77 0.77

TCONSJ2

_00031062 0

TC0Y000 XLOC_12_ 2752 2754 6.15E 8

339.hg. l 015962 chrY 4447 0866 2.1 -10 B 0 0.75 0.70

0

TC100018 6266 6275 2.73E 7

60.hg. l n334819 chrlO + 130 053 2.5 -07 B 5 0.77 0.63

TCONSJ2

_00002951 0

TC100019 XLOC_12_ 3096 3098 2.39E 7

82.hg. l 001529 chrlO + 4483 0403 1.8 -08 B 9 0.73 0.70

TCONSJ2

_00003945 0

TCI 00020 XLOC_12_ 3869 3871 2.15E 7

16.hg. l 001559 chrlO + 2121 2064 1.8 -08 B 9 0.77 0.68

TCONSJ2

_00003949 0

TCI 00020 XLOC_12_ 3874 3876 5.43E 8

18.hg. l 001561 chrlO + 2109 4837 2.4 -11 B 1 0.71 0.71

0

TCI 00022 9304 9304 4.57E 8

16.hg. l n340102 chrlO + 1765 4015 -1.9 -10 V 0 0.69 0.71

0

TCI 00024 7200 7203 2.41E 8

54.hg. l n339954 chrlO 572 727 -2.1 -10 V 1 0.69 0.77

0

TCI 10026 4819 4819 1.11E 8

64.hg. l n341031 chrl l + 1599 2391 2.6 -16 B 9 0.86 0.84

0

TCI 10026 5737 5738 1.11E 7

77.hg. l n333961 chrl l + 3517 1926 -5.7 -07 V 6 0.65 0.73

0

TCI 10027 6780 6781 1.33E 8

43.hg. l n335245 chrl l + 7246 0288 1.8 -08 B 1 0.78 0.68

0

1183 1183

TCI 10029 5562 6088 2.67E 7

OO.hg. l n334248 chrl l + 0 8 -2.4 -07 V 7 0.67 0.76 0

1215 1215

TCI 10029 0020 0438 5.55E 8

16.hg. l n341141 chrl l + 3 7 3.1 -16 B 9 0.86 0.81

0

TCI 10029 1269 1390 6.65E 7

77.hg. l n408184 chrl l 87 99 1.7 -07 B 5 0.75 0.63

TC0NSJ2

_00005353 0

TCI 10029 XL0C_12_ 1414 1804 4.66E 8

78.hg. l 002537 chrl l 53 09 2.0 -09 B 0 0.71 0.70

TCONS_0 0 0019559-

TCI 10029 XLOC_00 1792 1793 8.95E 8

97.hg. l 9354 chrl l 623 111 2.4 -13 B 4 0.73 0.77

0

TCI 10030 5699 5959 1.16E 7

30.hg. l n342750 chrl l 550 849 -1.9 -08 V 8 0.71 0.66

0

1262 1262

TCI 10034 1085 2548 3.1E- 8

02.hg. l n341149 chrl l 3 2 2.0 12 B 3 0.78 0.77

TC0NSJ2

_00005430 0

TCI 20021 XL0C_12_ 4207 4208 2.41E 7

84.hg. l 002852 chrl2 + 356 695 -1.9 -07 V 6 0.73 0.70

0

TCI 20022 9822 9852 2.96E 8

36.hg. l n410190 chrl2 + 308 151 -2.8 -09 V 0 0.69 0.73

0

TCI 20022 1650 1651 2.57E 7

66.hg. l n335556 chrl2 + 7188 6972 1.9 -07 B 5 0.71 0.66

0

TCI 20024 6664 6664 2.44E 8

25.hg. l n341954 chrl2 + 5119 7711 4.1 -14 B 6 0.82 0.77

0

TCI 20025 9386 9389 5.49E 8

17.hg. l n410728 chrl2 + 1266 7548 -2.0 -09 V 0 0.75 0.77

0

TCI 20025 9454 9454 3.51E 8

19.hg. l n333487 chrl2 + 2725 3688 2.3 -13 B 5 0.77 0.77

0

TCI 20025 9465 9470 1.17E 8

20.hg. l n410532 chrl2 + 6297 1451 1.9 -11 B 6 0.86 0.76

1021 1021 0

TCI 20025 0838 2018 2.39E

38.hg. l n333357 chrl2 + 1 7 1.8 -07 B 7 0.65 0.75 5

TCONS_0 0 0021206- 1066 1066

TCI 20025 XLOC_00 4252 4655 1.47E 8

57.hg. l 9869 chrl2 + 0 9 1.7 -11 B 3 0.71 0.77

0

1133 1133

TCI 20025 5728 6994 8

72.hg. l n332510 chrl2 + 4 7 -11.0 0 V 8 0.80 0.84

0

TCI 20027 3900 3910 3.98E 7

17.hg. l n345165 chrl2 217 010 -2.1 -08 V 8 0.71 0.68

0

TCI 20027 8074 8078 2.55E 8

34.hg. l n333279 chrl2 143 504 2.1 -11 B 4 0.75 0.71

0

TCI 20027 9906 9913 3.68E 7

52.hg. l n407205 chrl2 735 497 -3.0 -08 V 8 0.71 0.65

0

TCI 20028 4759 4761 4.85E 7

54.hg. l n380970 chrl2 9681 0239 -1.8 -08 V 7 0.67 0.72

0

TCI 20028 5410 5412 8.93E 7

94.hg. l n407142 chrl2 4902 1307 1.8 -09 B 9 0.75 0.71

0

TCI 20029 5580 5580 3.6E- 7

04.hg. l n345754 chrl2 3574 8808 -1.8 08 V 9 0.73 0.76

0

TCI 20029 8118 8118 3.17E 8

78.hg. l n341975 chrl2 6299 9685 2.9 -11 B 3 0.80 0.75

0

1066 1066

TCI 20030 3181 3264 8.97E 7

61.hg. l n342007 chrl2 4 9 2.3 -07 B 4 0.67 0.65

0

1094 1094

TCI 20030 8984 9177 7.05E 7

76.hg. l n411168 chrl2 6 0 -2.0 -08 V 7 0.71 0.67

0

1228 1228

TCI 20031 2605 3903 7.77E 8

31.hg. l n335251 chrl2 7 1 1.9 -16 B 8 0.86 0.79

0

TC130010 4982 4986 2.64E 7

82.hg. l n410011 chrl3 + 2047 7622 1.8 -08 B 8 0.69 0.75

0

TC130012 9644 9644 9

41.hg. l n333122 chrl3 + 4953 5186 2.5 0 B 0 0.80 0.84 0

TC130013 2194 2194 3.85E 7

52.hg. l n381983 chrl3 6716 8651 1.8 -08 B 6 0.67 0.73

0

TC130015 7243 7243 3.22E 7

66.hg. l n338763 chrl3 1194 4285 1.8 -10 B 9 0.63 0.79

0

TC130015 7244 7244 2.38E 8

67.hg. l n332831 chrl3 0078 0376 3.2 -13 B 6 0.78 0.85

0

TC140017 7158 7158 1.29E 7

55.hg. l n338370 chrl4 + 1486 2098 2.0 -07 B 6 0.69 0.75

0

TC140018 9457 9458 8

21.hg. l n334829 chrl4 + 7084 2176 -79.5 0 V 9 0.84 0.79

0

1006 1006

TC140018 1021 1057 6.49E 8

50.hg. l n335717 chrl4 + 6 3 -3.2 -13 V 5 0.73 0.82

0

TCI 40020 5350 5350 1.04E 8

12.hg. l n338309 chrl4 3463 6755 -1.7 -09 V 1 0.77 0.72

0

TCI 40021 9451 9451 8.32E 7

31.hg. l n335642 chrl4 7267 7543 -1.9 -08 V 7 0.67 0.77

0

TCI 40021 9559 9562 4.44E 8

37.hg. l n335477 chrl4 9758 4347 1.8 -16 B 8 0.80 0.85

0

TCI 50022 6740 6740 2.58E 7

50.hg. l n337905 chrl5 + 1665 3023 -2.1 -08 V 9 0.73 0.71

0

TCI 50022 6745 6747 3. HE 8

51.hg. l n332456 chrl5 + 7682 3649 -3.7 -15 V 9 0.84 0.87

0

TCI 50022 7432 7432 3.84E 7

75.hg. l n333159 chrl5 + 5510 5718 -3.0 -08 V 7 0.73 0.66

TCONS_0 0 0023979-

TCI 50022 XLOC_01 7434 7434 5.28E 7

76.hg. l 1308 chrl5 + 2347 6215 -2.3 -07 V 5 0.67 0.62

0

TCI 50023 8963 8969 1.02E 8

52.hg. l n335102 chrl5 + 1707 5017 2.0 -12 B 6 0.82 0.77

TCI 50023 n334242 chrl5 + 9142 9142 2.1 4.59E B 0 0.75 0.79 68.hg. l 2951 3375 -13

8

6

0

TCI 50025 6497 6498 7.51E 7

76.hg. l n335709 chrl5 9775 0426 1.8 -08 B 7 0.65 0.67

0

TC160014 2833 2833 3.53E 8

71.hg. l n339145 chrl6 + 3040 5170 -2.4 -11 V 3 0.78 0.80

0

TC160015 5665 5665 7.77E 8

75.hg. l n342483 chrl6 + 1373 2729 -2.1 -12 V 4 0.80 0.75

0

TC160015 5666 5667 8.34E 8

76.hg. l n382996 chrl6 + 9651 0998 -1.7 -12 V 3 0.80 0.73

0

TC160016 8199 8199 9.92E 7

63.hg. l n339307 chrl6 + 4217 6288 2.2 -09 B 8 0.69 0.75

TCONSJ2

_00010437 0

TC160017 XLOC_12_ 9016 9020 6.08E 8

24.hg. l 005350 chrl6 + 8702 4399 2.1 -10 B 1 0.73 0.67

TCONSJ2

_00010440 0

TC160017 XLOC_12_ 9024 9028 5.65E 8

27.hg. l 005352 chrl6 + 4125 9178 2.4 -11 B 0 0.69 0.73

0

TC160019 6747 6747 5. HE 8

33.hg. l n333730 chrl6 2406 2900 1.7 -15 B 8 0.78 0.79

0

TC160019 8100 8104 4.03E 8

82.hg. l n342493 chrl6 9699 0500 -2.3 -12 V 5 0.80 0.73

0

TCI 60020 8878 8880 2.9E- 8

24.hg. l n339330 chrl6 1755 2659 -1.8 11 V 3 0.73 0.80

0

TCI 70021 2118 2121 4.78E 8

23.hg. l n335565 chrl7 + 8234 7539 1.7 -10 B 3 0.78 0.76

0

TCI 70021 2595 2597 7.29E 7

36.hg. l n406530 chrl7 + 8174 6586 -2.0 -08 V 8 0.78 0.71

TCONSJ2 0 _00010642

TCI 70021 2607 2608 1.44E 7

37.hg. l XLOC_12_ chrl7 + 5314 1148 -2.0 -07 V 7 0.77 0.71 005719

0

TCI 70023 6650 6651 5.77E 8

30.hg. l n336256 chrl7 + 8142 8982 1.8 -15 B 9 0.86 0.84

0

TCI 70023 6652 6652 1.53E 8

31.hg. l n334200 chrl7 + 8681 8910 1.9 -11 B 3 0.75 0.76

0

TCI 70024 8043 8044 1.77E 8

17.hg. l n332377 chrl7 + 9022 1618 2.0 -12 B 5 0.77 0.82

0

TCI 70024 2897 2923 5.86E 7

26.hg. l n340411 chrl7 73 54 2.9 -09 B 8 0.67 0.73

TCONSJ2

_00011393 0

TCI 70027 XLOC_12_ 6036 6037 4.35E 8

41.hg. l 006157 chrl7 3989 4387 2.0 -10 B 2 0.77 0.76

0

TCI 70027 6653 6655 3. HE 8

60.hg. l n407998 chrl7 1257 4568 3.2 -13 B 4 0.73 0.81

0

TCI 70028 8040 8040 7.25E 8

40.hg. l n410075 chrl7 0463 8707 2.0 -10 B 0 0.75 0.72

0

TCI 80007 5756 5757 2.71E 7

41.hg. l n342580 chrl8 + 7237 1537 -2.3 -08 V 9 0.84 0.66

0

TCI 80007 6024 6025 2.58E 8

49.hg. l n383341 chrl8 + 9038 3962 -2.7 -09 V 0 0.80 0.66

0

TCI 80009 5289 5289 2.09E 7

32.hg. l n342577 chrl8 0054 1798 -2.3 -07 V 6 0.63 0.71

0

TCI 80009 6018 6018 1.43E 8

50.hg. l n345365 chrl8 1761 6196 -3.9 -09 V 2 0.86 0.67

0

TCI 80009 7407 7420 3.44E 7

87.hg. l n339927 chrl8 2230 7146 1.8 -09 B 9 0.77 0.72

TCONSJ2

_00012321 0

TC190019 XLOC_12_ 1267 1267 4.44E 8

91.hg. l 006609 chrl9 + 0361 1726 1.9 -16 B 8 0.75 0.79

TCI 90020 TCONS_0 1490 1490 1.11E 0

06.hg. l 0026907- chrl9 + 3114 3565 1.7 -16 B 0.73 0.81 XLOC_01 8

2980 9

0

TCI 90020 1751 1752 1.84E 7

21.hg. l n386206 chrl9 + 6503 6545 -2.2 -08 V 7 0.69 0.71

0

TCI 90022 1970 2022 7.74E 7

75.hg. l n408181 chrl9 16 09 1.9 -07 B 6 0.69 0.66

0

TCI 90022 8684 8910 6.66E 8

78.hg. l n332372 chrl9 60 07 1.5 -16 B 7 0.78 0.81

0

TCI 90022 3053 3061 0.000 7

93.hg. l n335978 chrl9 866 276 -2.6 001 V 6 0.69 0.75

TCONSJ2

_00013127 0

TCI 90024 XLOC_12_ 4387 4387 2.88E 7

98.hg. l 007062 chrl9 7100 8596 15.6 -07 B 6 0.73 0.62

0

TCI 90025 4799 4801 2.6E- 7

31.hg. l n410995 chrl9 0891 8515 -2.4 09 V 9 0.77 0.71

0

TC200011 1986 1998 4.95E 8

31.hg. l n339591 chr20 + 7165 1449 -3.5 -10 V 2 0.88 0.67

TCONS_0 0 0028139-

TC200011 XLOC_01 2491 2491 6.96E 7

69.hg. l 3499 chr20 + 1303 2191 2.1 -08 B 7 0.67 0.75

0

TC200012 3523 3524 1.85E 8

04.hg. l n407149 chr20 + 4137 0960 1.7 -09 B 0 0.71 0.75

0

TC200012 4880 4880 0.000 7

77.hg. l n333665 chr20 + 8287 8546 2.1 001 B 6 0.75 0.65

TCONS_0 0 0028564-

TC200012 XLOC_01 4891 4891 4.45E 7

80.hg. l 3561 chr20 + 7632 8579 2.0 -08 B 7 0.65 0.73

TCONSJ2

_00016828 0

TC200013 XLOC_12_ 6292 6294 7.42E 8

65.hg. l 008724 chr20 + 1738 4485 2.4 -11 B 1 0.69 0.72

0

TC200013 1732 1746 7.45E 7

80.hg. l n325088 chr20 662 252 2.3 -10 B 8 0.63 0.77

TC200013 n410198 chr20 - 1754 1760 2.0 2.35E B 0 0.67 0.76 81.hg. l Oi l 392 -09

7

9

0

TC200014 2037 2037 3.57E 8

63.hg. l n383870 chr20 0273 2205 2.3 -09 B 0 0.75 0.77

0

TC210007 4282 4282 9

39.hg. l n333319 chr21 + 3118 4743 -15.5 0 V 1 0.82 0.84

0

TC210008 1613 1613 2.46E 8

20.hg. l n346212 chr21 3566 5557 -2.1 -09 V 5 0.90 0.73

0

TC210009 4071 4071 1.58E 7

87.hg. l n335673 chr21 4244 4822 -1.7 -08 V 9 0.78 0.72

0

TC220009 1759 1759 2.22E 9

37.hg. l n384074 chr22 + 3918 6583 2.5 -16 B 0 0.82 0.84

0

TC220012 2691 2692 3.42E 7

79.hg. l n337998 chr22 7964 0144 2.1 -08 B 7 0.69 0.70

TCONS_0 0 0029745-

TC220014 XLOC_01 5098 5098 5.55E 7

19.hg. l 4418 chr22 1206 3413 -2.2 -08 V 8 0.77 0.65

0

TC0Y000 1547 1547 0.371 5

317.hg. l n337555 chrY 0990 1751 4.1 08 B 7 0.53 0.52

TCONS_0 0

TCUn_gl0 0030021- chrUn_

00211000 XLOC_01 gl0002 2180 4810 1.14E 8

004.hg. l 4504 11 7 8 -1.7 -09 V 1 0.75 0.68

TCONS_0 0 0017606-

TC0Y000 XLOC_00 2870 2970 0.598 5

231.hg. l 8276 chrY + 953 313 10.2 582 B 6 0.49 0.48

TCONS_0 0 0017000-

TCOXOOl XLOC_00 8867 8870 0.655 5

784.hg. l 8022 chrX + 8737 1982 10.7 978 B 3 0.47 0.48 Table 16A— Differentially expressed coding RNA determinants and their measures of accuracy in differentiating between bacterial ("B") versus viral ("V") infected subjects that met the following criteria: ttest p-value<10 ^~14 AND absolute linear fold change >3.5.

Table 16B - Differentially expressed coding RNA determinants and their measures of accuracy in differentiating between bacterial ("B") versus viral ("V") infected subjects that met the following criteria: ttest p-value<10 ^~14 AND absolute linear fold change >3.5.

Table 16C - Differentially expressed non-coding RNA determinants and their measures of accuracy in differentiating between bacterial ("B") versus viral ("V") infected subjects that met the following criteria: ttest p-value<10 ^~14 AND absolute linear fold change >3.5.

998 860

TCONS 0

0003184- XLOC 00 69686 69736

1966 chr2 45 62 -8.1 5.22E-15 V 0.88 0.82 0.89

11335 11336

n332510 chrl2 + 7284 9947 -11.0 0 V 0.88 0.80 0.86

94577 94582

n334829 chrl4 + 084 176 -79.5 0 V 0.89 0.86 0.79

67457 67473

n332456 chrl5 + 682 649 -3.7 3.11E-15 V 0.89 0.84 0.89

42823 42824

n333319 chr21 + 118 743 -15.5 0 V 0.91 0.84 0.84

Table 16 D - Accuracy measures of selected RNAs in distinguishing between patients presenting with bacterial infections ("B "; n=51) or non-bacterial infections ("NB";

n=92)

Table 16E - Accuracy measures of selected RNAs in distinguishing between infectious ("I"; bacterial and viral; n=130) and non-infectious ("NI"; n=13) patients

TCI 7000 IFI35 NM_005533 6.78 1.59E-09 0. 0.93 0.92

¹

545.hg. l 9

6

TCI 1000 OR56B 1 ; NM_001005180 4.76 1.21E-13 0. 0.93 1.00 117.hg. l TRIM22 ¹

9

6

TCI 7000 MAP2K6 NM_002758 4.66 1.40E-09 0. 0.93 0.92

¹

807.hg. l 9

6

TCI 1003 CARD 17 NM_001007232 18.65 3.18E-09 0. 0.92 0.92

¹

507.hg. l 9

6

TC01003 AIM2 NM_004833 8.24 1.93E-11 0. 0.89 1.00

¹

383.hg. l 9

6

TCI 8000 PSTPIP2 NM_024430 4.57 1.24E-08 0. 0.90 1.00

¹

477.hg. l 9

6

TC05000 LMNB 1 NM_001198557 4.01 1.35E-11 0. 0.88 0.92

¹

604.hg. l 9

6

TC03001 PARP9 NM_001146102 4.51 4.73E-12 0. 0.93 0.92

¹

705.hg. l 9

6

TCI 0001 ANKRD22 NM_144590 12.83 1.48E-08 0. 0.93 0.92

¹

497.hg. l 9

6

TCOIOOI FCGR1A; NM_000566 8.01 5.80E-11 0. 0.92 0.92

¹

172.hg. l FCGR1B 9

6

TC04001 DDX60L NM_001012967 4.71 4.25E-11 0. 0.91 1.00

¹

719.hg. l 9

6

TCI 2001 KLRB 1 NM_002258 -6.57 3.24E-11 N 0. 0.88 0.92 202.hg. l 9

6

TC03000 GRAMD1C NM_001172105 -3.82 1.11E-16 N 0. 0.94 0.85 584.hg. l 9

6

TC20000 CASS4 NM_020356 -5.08 1.18E-10 N 0. 0.89 1.00 429.hg. l 9

5

TC08002 n341520 -5.22 5.07E-11 N 0. 0.89 0.92 364.hg. l 9

5

TC01004 TCONS_12_0000 7.91 4.63E-10 I 0. 0.92 0.92 727.hg. l 2197- 9

XLOC_12_00042 5

3

TCI 3000 TNFSF13B NM_001145645 3.88 5.24E-10 I 0. 0.89 0.92 383.hg. l 9

5

TCOIOOI FCGR1C NR_027484 7.99 6.93E-10 I 0. 0.91 0.92 161.hg. l 9

5

TCI 1000 MS4A4A NM_001243266 5.03 2.87E-09 I 0. 0.85 0.92 506.hg. l 9 5

TCI 5002 n337816 -3.99 2.45E-09 N 0. 0.87 0.92 563.hg. l 9

5

TC09000 CD274 NM_014143 10.84 1.09E-08 I 0. 0.86 1.00 037.hg. l 9

5

TCI 9000 C19orf59 NM_174918 16.14 4.72E-09 I 0. 0.88 0.85 134.hg. l 9

5

TC08001 MYBL1 NM_001080416 -4.56 2.44E-11 N 0. 0.87 0.92 286.hg. l 9

5

TCI 9002 TCONS_12_0001 52.67 9.85E-08 I 0. 0.89 0.92 498.hg. l 3127- 9

XLOC_12_00706 4

2

TCI 4002 FLVCR2 NM_001195283 3.53 3.51E-08 I 0. 0.89 0.92 303.hg. l 9

4

TCI 2002 n332510 12.24 6.00E-08 I 0. 0.88 0.92 572.hg. l 9

4

TCI 9001 CD177P1 ENST000003780 102.17 6.64E-09 I 0. 0.86 0.92 585.hg. l 07 9

4

TCI 1000 SERPING1 NM_000062 43.61 6.66E-11 I 0. 0.89 1.00 467.hg. l 9

4

TCI 2000 ENST000005382 -3.58 3.75E-12 N 0. 0.89 0.85 143.hg. l 19 9

4

TCI 1002 n333961 93.37 7.22E-11 I 0. 0.89 1.00 677.hg. l 9

3

TCI 2000 OAS 1 NM_001032409 10.52 3.76E-09 I 0. 0.89 1.00 884.hg. l 9

3

TCI 3000 EPSTI1 NM_001002264 23.09 3.14E-11 I 0. 0.89 1.00 612.hg. l 9

3

TC20001 TCONS_000281 -27.32 2.95E-09 N 0. 0.86 0.92 235.hg. l 71- 9

XLOC_013531 3

TC02000 TNFAIP6 NM_007115 7.79 9.93E-10 I 0. 0.85 0.92 937.hg. l 9

3

TC01003 TLR5 NM_003268 4.90 8.27E-09 I 0. 0.87 0.92 871.hg. l 9

3

TCI 4002 n336571 4.72 3.98E-08 I 0. 0.89 0.92 019.hg. l 9

3

TC07001 SAMD9L NM_152703 7.34 3.11E-11 I 0. 0.85 1.00 606.hg. l 9

3 TCOIOOI FCER1A NM_002001 -4.69 1.43E-10 N 0. 0.85 0.85 351.hg. l 9

3

TCI 9002 LILRA5 NM_021250 5.56 2.41E-09 I 0. 0.86 0.92 719.hg. l 9

2

TCI 0001 ZNF438 NM_001143766 3.52 4.78E-08 I 0. 0.90 0.92 153.hg. l 9

2

TCI 0002 n407148 3.64 3.04E-08 I 0. 0.89 0.92 542.hg. l 9

2

TCI 2000 CLEC4D NM_080387 7.13 3.07E-08 I 0. 0.88 0.92 BO.hg. l 9

2

TCI 9002 n334140 8.48 4.90E-09 I 0. 0.78 0.92 491.hg. l 9

2

TCI 1003 n410125 9.67 2.29E-08 I 0. 0.89 0.85 322.hg. l 9

2

TC02001 EIF2AK2 NM_001135651 5.88 1.19E-08 I 0. 0.89 0.92 739.hg. l 9

1

TCI 2001 C3AR1 NM_004054 5.13 6.07E-08 I 0. 0.86 0.92 171.hg. l 9

1

TC04000 ANXA3 NM_005139 6.07 2.18E-08 I 0. 0.85 0.85 437.hg. l 9

1

TC09002 n336823 -3.93 1.58E-09 N 0. 0.75 0.92 677.hg. l 9

1

TC02004 n338981 9.00 7.19E-09 I 0. 0.90 0.77 639.hg. l 9

1

TC02004 n332938 6.17 1.75E-08 I 0. 0.89 0.92 161.hg. l 9

1

TCI 2000 KLRG1 NM_005810 -4.84 1.23E-08 N 0. 0.86 0.77 138.hg. l 9

0

TC01000 IFI44 NM_006417 30.99 7.33E-08 I 0. 0.86 0.92 795.hg. l 9

0

TCI 7000 XAF1 NM_017523 9.71 1.50E-08 I 0. 0.87 0.92 077.hg. l 9

0

TC04001 DDX60 NM_017631 11.50 7.74E-08 I 0. 0.86 0.92 718.hg. l 9

0

TCI 1003 n334838 -3.54 3.71E-08 N 0. 0.90 0.85 279.hg. l 9

0

TC01003 CHI3L1 NM_001276 -6.57 7.97E-08 N 0. 0.86 0.85 718.hg. l 8

9 82

TC02000 OTTHUMG000 ENST000004179 -3.52 3.47E-09 N 0.93 0.85 038.hg.l 00151591; 30

AC092580.4

TC01000 IFI44L NM 006820 68.37 6.19E-08 0.86 0.92 794.hg.l

TC02000 RSAD2 NM 080657 67.82 7.86E-08 0.86 0.92 034.hg.l

TC07002 n336551 -5.68 8.44E-08 N 0.90 0.77 894.hg.l

TC06002 ENST000004589 -4.04 2.95E-08 N 0.76 0.85 127.hg.l 70

Next, a logistic regression was used to develop a classifier for each RNA pair (of the RNAs included in Tables 16A-C; 861 combinations) in order to test whether combining two RNA determinants can improve diagnostic accuracy. Table 17 summarizes the 50 RNA pairs with the highest sensitivity in distinguishing between patients with bacterial and viral infections. Table 18 presents the 50 RNA pairs that demonstrated the highest accuracy improvement as calculated by the difference in AUC of the pair compared to the AUC of the single RNA (out of the same pair) with the highest AUC (delta AUC). Indeed using pairs of RNA determinants improved diagnostic accuracy to generate highly discriminative combinations (AUCs between 0.93-0.96, average AUC 0.94, sensitivity between 0.92-0.96, sensitivity 0.93 Tables 17- 18).

Table 17 - 50 RNA pairs that presented the highest sensitivity in distinguishing between patients with bacterial or viral infections. The columns of Feature #1 and Feature #2 include the probe set ID and either the gene symbol (for coding RNAs) or mRNA accession (for non-coding RNAs) in brackets. Logistic regression model parameters (constant and single RNAs coefficient) are depicted.

(ZCCHC2 ) (KREMEN1 )

TC04000485.hg 1 TC22000191.hg • 1

(HERC5 ) (KREMEN1 ) 0.95 0.94 0.89 -6.42 -0.62 1.19

TC18000060.hg 1 TC21000739.hg • 1

(IMPA2 ) (n333319 ) 0.95 0.94 0.82 -10.5 1.89 -0.60

TC02004017.hg 1

(TCONS_00003184- TC22000191.hg • 1

XLOC_001966 ) (KREMEN1 ) 0.94 0.94 0.91 -5.80 -0.80 1.03

TCO 1000795.hg 1 (IFI44 TC01001738.hg .1 (CR1

) ) 0.94 0.94 0.84 -14.9 -0.57 1.44

TC02003047.hg 1 TC04000485.hg • 1

(n407780 ) (HERC5 ) 0.94 0.94 0.80 16.8 -1.29 -0.60

TC02003008.hg 1 TC02003047.hg • 1

(n332762 ) (n407780 ) 0.94 0.94 0.84 15.4 -0.46 -1.26

TC14001124.hg 1 TC17001129.hg • 1

(PYGL ) (GAS7 ) 0.93 0.94 0.86 -28.0 1.23 0.95

TCO 1003963. hg 1_MIR

1182_FAM89A_ _NM_19 TC14000584.hg .1 (IFI27

8552 (FAM89A) ) 0.90 0.94 0.77 -6.90 2.07 -0.58

TC 12001843.hg 1 TC18000060.hg • 1

(LTA4H ) (IMPA2 ) 0.96 0.92 0.89 -38.5 1.41 1.80

TC12000884.hg 1 TC 12001843.hg • 1

(0AS 1 ) (LTA4H ) 0.96 0.92 0.84 -20.2 -0.90 2.07

TC17001129.hg 1 TC21000189.hg .1 (MX1

(GAS7 ) ) 0.96 0.92 0.87 -5.44 1.53 -0.96

TC12002059.hg 1 TC22000191.hg • 1

(OASL ) (KREMEN1 ) 0.95 0.92 0.89 -4.88 -0.82 1.24

TC10000639.hg 1 TC22000191.hg • 1

(IFIT1 ) (KREMEN1 ) 0.95 0.92 0.90 -6.17 -0.63 1.09

TC 12001843.hg 1 TC 1400182 l .hg • 1

(LTA4H ) (n334829 ) 0.95 0.92 0.82 -22.7 1.86 -0.40

TC02000034.hg 1 TC17001129.hg • 1

(RSAD2 ) (GAS7 ) 0.95 0.92 0.87 -10.6 -0.48 1.60

TC12000885.hg 1 TC22000191.hg • 1

(OAS3 ) (KREMEN1 ) 0.95 0.92 0.90 -6.46 -0.68 1.22

TC12002572.hg 1 TC17001129.hg • 1

(n332510 ) (GAS7 ) 0.95 0.92 0.87 -8.09 -0.76 1.51

TC12000884.hg 1 TC17001129.hg • 1

(OAS 1 ) (GAS7 ) 0.95 0.92 0.90 -6.75 -0.93 1.57

TCO 1000795.hg 1 (IFI44 TC22000191.hg • 1

) (KREMEN1 ) 0.95 0.92 0.90 -5.57 -0.67 1.23

TC01001738.hg 1 (CR1 TC21000739.hg • 1

) (n333319 ) 0.95 0.92 0.87 -8.03 1.30 -0.79

TC02001749.hg 1 TC04001373.hg • 1

(CYP1B 1 ) (PPM1K ) 0.95 0.92 0.89 3.61 0.87 -1.61

TC04000484.hg 1 TC18000060.hg • 1

(HERC6 ) (IMPA2 ) 0.95 0.92 0.87 -12.3 -0.71 1.82

TC04001718.hg 1 TC22000191.hg • 1

(DDX60 ) (KREMEN1 ) 0.95 0.92 0.89 -3.94 -0.85 1.25

TCO 1000795.hg 1 (IFI44 TC17001129.hg • 1

) (GAS7 ) 0.95 0.92 0.90 -9.46 -0.58 1.60

TC04000485.hg 1 TC17001129.hg • 1

(HERC5 ) (GAS7 ) 0.95 0.92 0.89 -10.1 -0.57 1.57

TC02001750.hg 1 TC04001373.hg • 1

(CYP1B 1 ) (PPM1K ) 0.95 0.92 0.89 5.03 0.92 -1.60

TC04000484.hg 1 TC22000191.hg • 1 0.95 0.92 0.91 -1.27 -0.91 0.85 (HERC6 ) (KREMEN1 )

TCI 1000812.hg 1 TC21000189.hg 1 (MXl

(DGAT2 ) ) 0.94 0.92 0.84 -3.89 1.16 -0.91

TC01001738.hg 1 (CRl TC02001866.hg 1

) (PNPT1 ) 0.94 0.92 0.90 -6.55 1.08 -1.07

TC01001738.hg 1 (CRl TC04000484.hg 1

) (HERC6 ) 0.94 0.92 0.90 -8.88 1.12 -0.91

TC04001267.hg 1 TC21000739.hg 1

(SULT1B 1 ) (n333319 ) 0.94 0.92 0.85 -2.05 1.16 -0.79

TC01001738.hg 1 (CRl TC22000029.hg 1

) (USP18 ) 0.94 0.92 0.89 -13.0 1.15 -0.56

TC02001749.hg 1 TC04001372.hg 1

(CYP1B 1 ) (uc003hrl. l ) 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.32 0.97 -1.48

TC02004017.hg 1

(TCONS_00003184- TC17001129.hg 1

XLOC_001966 ) (GAS7 ) 0.94 0.92 0.87 -10.1 -0.77 1.50

TC12000885.hg 1 TC18000060.hg 1

(OAS3 ) (IMPA2 ) 0.94 0.92 0.84 -17.1 -0.39 2.06

TC01001738.hg 1 (CRl TC04001373.hg 1

) (PPM1K ) 0.94 0.92 0.90 -5.27 1.05 -1.34

TC01001738.hg 1 (CRl TC12002059.hg 1

) (OASL ) 0.94 0.92 0.89 -14.4 1.43 -0.68

TC01001738.hg 1 (CRl TC22000519.hg 1

) (USP41 ) 0.94 0.92 0.89 -13.4 1.23 -0.71

TC02001749.hg 1 TC18000060.hg 1

(CYP1B 1 ) (IMPA2 ) 0.94 0.92 0.86 -27.5 0.58 2.05

TC04001372.hg 1 TC18000060.hg 1

(uc003hrl. l ) (IMPA2 ) 0.94 0.92 0.86 -15.8 -0.74 2.04

TC02003047.hg 1 TC21000739.hg 1

(n407780 ) (n333319 ) 0.94 0.92 0.84 19.6 -1.02 -0.77

TC01001738.hg 1 (CRl TC04000485.hg 1

) (HERC5 ) 0.94 0.92 0.87 -15.6 1.43 -0.55

TC02000082.hg 1 TC02003008.hg 1

(TRIB2 ) (n332762 ) 0.94 0.92 0.84 14.6 -1.19 -0.47

TC02004017.hg 1

TC02000082.hg 1 (TCONS_00003184-

(TRIB2 ) XLOC_001966 ) 0.94 0.92 0.90 14.4 -1.12 -0.84

TC02000034.hg 1 TC02000082.hg 1

(RSAD2 ) (TRIB2 ) 0.94 0.92 0.82 15.2 -0.49 -1.21

Table 18 - 50 RNA pairs that presented the highest accuracy improvement compared to the single RNA determinants. AUC_1 and AUC _2 are the respective AUCs of RNA

#1 and RNA #2. The accuracy of combining RNA#1 and RNA#2 is depicted in the column AUC pair, and the improvement of the combination over that of the individual RNA 's is captured in the AUC delta (AUC_delta = AUC pair - max(AUC_l, AUC_2).

The columns of Feature #1 and Feature #2 include the probe set ID and either the gene symbol (for coding RNAs) or mRNA accession (for non-coding RNAs) in brackets.

XLOC_001966 )

TCO 1000795.hg.l (IFI44) TC22000191. hg.l (KREMEN1 ) 0.86 0.89 0.95 0.06

TC02000082.hg.l (TRIB2 ) TC02001749.hg.l (CYP1B1 ) 0.88 0.88 0.94 0.06

TC12000884.hg.l (OAS1 ) TC22000191. hg.l (KREMEN1 ) 0.88 0.89 0.95 0.06

TC02004017.hg.l

(TCONS_00003184- XLOC_001966 ) TC04001267.hg.l (SULT1B1 ) 0.88 0.88 0.94 0.06

TC02003047.hg.l (n407780) TC02005020.hg.l (CMPK2 ) 0.88 0.89 0.94 0.06

TC02000082.hg.l (TRIB2 ) TC12002059.hg.l (OASL ) 0.88 0.87 0.94 0.06

TC02001750.hg.l (CYP1B1 ) TC02003047.hg.l (n407780 ) 0.88 0.88 0.94 0.06

TC02000034.hg.l (RSAD2 ) TC02000082.hg.l (TRIB2 ) 0.86 0.88 0.94 0.06

TC02004017.hg.l

(TCONS_00003184-

TC02003047.hg.l (n407780) XLOC_001966 ) 0.88 0.88 0.94 0.06

TC02000082.hg.l (TRIB2 ) TC12000885.hg.l (OAS3 ) 0.88 0.88 0.94 0.06

TC04001267.hg.l (SULT1B1 ) TC12002059.hg.l (OASL) 0.88 0.87 0.94 0.06

TC02003047.hg.l (n407780) TC12002059.hg.l (OASL) 0.88 0.87 0.93 0.06

TC04001718.hg.l (DDX60 ) TC22000191. hg.l (KREMEN1 ) 0.85 0.89 0.95 0.05

TC02000082.hg.l (TRIB2 ) TC02001750.hg.l (CYP1B1 ) 0.88 0.88 0.94 0.05

TC02004017.hg.l

(TCONS_00003184-

TC02001750.hg.l (CYP1B1 ) XLOC_001966 ) 0.88 0.88 0.94 0.05

TC04000485.hg.l (HERC5 ) TC22000191. hg.l (KREMEN1 ) 0.87 0.89 0.95 0.05

TC21000189.hg.l (MX1 ) TC22000191. hg.l (KREMEN1 ) 0.90 0.89 0.95 0.05

TC11000812.hg.l (DGAT2) TCI 8000223.hg.l (ZCCHC2 ) 0.89 0.87 0.94 0.05

TC02000082.hg.l (TRIB2 ) TC12002572.hg.l (n332510) 0.88 0.88 0.94 0.05

TCO 1000795.hg.l (IFI44) TC04001267.hg.l (SULT1B1 ) 0.86 0.88 0.93 0.05

The evaluated cohort of patients provided the required statistical power to accurately evaluating of triplets of RNA determinants. A linear logistic regression classifier was developed for each gene triplets (of the RNAs included in Tables 16A-C; 11480 combinations) and their diagnostic accuracy was evaluated. Tables 18 and 19 present different RNA triplets with best sensitivity and the highest accuracy improvement respectively.

Table 19 - 50 RNA triplets that presented the highest sensitivity in distinguishing between patients with bacterial or viral infections. The columns of Feature #1, Feature #2 and Feature #3 include the probe set ID and either the gene symbol (for coding RNAs) or mRNA accession (for non-coding RNAs) in brackets. Logistic regression model parameters (constant and single RNAs coefficient) are depicted.

TCO 100079 TC0200502 TC2200019 0.96 0.94 0.89 -5.98 -0.05 -0.77 1.20 5.hg.l O.hg.1 l.hg.1

(IFI44 ) (CMPK2 ) (KREMEN

1)

TCO 100079 TC0400048 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -5.60 -0.62 -0.04 1.23 5.hg.l 5.hg.l l.hg.1

(IFI44 ) (HERC5 ) (KREMEN

1)

TCO 100079 TCI 800022 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -1.84 -0.23 -0.76 1.22 5.hg.l 3.hg.l l.hg.1

(IFI44 ) (ZCCHC2 ) (KREMEN

1)

TCO 100173 TC0200003 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -12.17 0.46 -0.54 1.06 S.hg.l 4.hg.l l.hg.1

(CR1) (RSAD2 ) (KREMEN

1)

TCO 100173 TC0200008 TC0400137 0.94 0.94 0.90 -6.00 1.09 0.17 -1.50 S.hg.l 2.hg.l 3.hg.l

(CR1) (TRIB2 ) (PPM1K)

TCO 100173 TC0200300 TC2200019 0.96 0.94 0.89 -12.56 0.46 -0.51 1.05 S.hg.l 8.hg.l l.hg.1

(CR1) (n332762 ) (KREMEN

1)

TCO 100173 TC0200304 TC0400137 0.94 0.94 0.90 -6.02 1.09 0.17 -1.49 S.hg.l 7.hg.l 3.hg.l

(CR1) (n407780 ) (PPM1K)

TCO 100396 TC1200088 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.90 -10.18 0.76 -0.68 1.17 3.hg.l_MI 5.hg.l l.hg.1

R1182_FA (0AS3 ) (KREMEN

M89A_NM 1)

_198552

(FAM89A)

TCO 100396 TCI 800022 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -1.71 0.23 -1.11 1.22 3.hg.l_MI 3.hg.l l.hg.1

R1182_FA (ZCCHC2 ) (KREMEN

M89A_NM 1)

_198552

(FAM89A)

TC0200003 TC0200300 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -8.05 0.21 -0.74 1.28

4.hg.l 8.hg.l l.hg.1

(RSAD2 ) (n332762 ) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200003 TC0200502 TC2200019 0.96 0.94 0.89 -6.62 -0.28 -0.43 1.25

4.hg.l O.hg.1 l.hg.1

(RSAD2 ) (CMPK2 ) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200003 TC0400048 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -8.17 -0.86 0.34 1.35

4.hg.l 5.hg.l l.hg.1

(RSAD2 ) (HERC5 ) (KREMEN

1) TC0200003 TC0400126 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -10.16 -0.55 0.39 1.10

4.hg.l 7.hg.l l.hg.1

(RSAD2 ) (SULTIBI (KREMEN

) 1)

TC0200003 TCI 800022 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -3.94 -0.33 -0.51 1.26

4.hg.l 3.hg.l l.hg.1

(RSAD2 ) (ZCCHC2 ) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200003 TC2000057 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -6.60 -0.50 -0.12 1.23

4.hg.l 5.hg.l l.hg.1

(RSAD2 ) (SIGLECl (KREMEN

) 1)

TC0200008 TC0200174 TC0200186 0.95 0.90 0.92 4.45 -0.53 0.81 -0.98 2.hg.l 9.hg.l 6.hg.l

(TRIB2 ) (CYPIBI ) (PNPT1 )

TC0200008 TC0200174 TC0400048 0.96 0.92 0.92 5.66 -0.79 0.75 -0.84 2.hg.l 9.hg.l 4.hg.l

(TRIB2 ) (CYPIBI ) (HERC6 )

TC0200174 TC0200304 TCI 200205 0.96 0.94 0.89 7.62 0.77 -1.13 -0.63

9.hg.l 7.hg.l 9.hg.l

(CYPIBI ) (n407780 ) (OASL )

TC0200186 TC0200300 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -7.42 -0.04 -0.52 1.26 6.hg.l 8.hg.l l.hg.1

(PNPT1 ) (n332762 ) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200186 TC0200502 TC2200019 0.96 0.94 0.89 -7.01 0.11 -0.88 1.25 6.hg.l O.hg.1 l.hg.1

(PNPT1 ) (CMPK2 ) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200186 TC0400048 TC2200019 0.95 0.92 0.90 -5.12 -0.14 -0.56 1.12 6.hg.l 5.hg.l l.hg.1

(PNPT1 ) (HERC5 ) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200300 TC0200502 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -7.15 -0.36 -0.29 1.26

S.hg.l O.hg.1 l.hg.1

(n332762 ) (CMPK2 ) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200300 TC0400137 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -7.18 -0.53 -0.07 1.25

S.hg.l 2.hg.l l.hg.1

(n332762 ) (uc003hrl.l (KREMEN

) 1) TC0200300 TC0400137 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -6.64 -0.52 -0.11 1.23

S.hg.l 3.hg.l l.hg.1

(n332762 ) (PPM1K) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200300 TCI 000063 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -7.21 -0.37 -0.21 1.22

S.hg.l 9.hg.l l.hg.1

(n332762 ) (IFIT1 ) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200300 TCI 800022 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -5.15 -0.37 -0.38 1.26

S.hg.l 3.hg.l l.hg.1

(n332762 ) (ZCCHC2 ) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200300 TC2000057 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -7.65 -0.53 -0.03 1.27

S.hg.l 5.hg.l l.hg.1

(n332762 ) (SIGLECl (KREMEN

) 1)

TC0200300 TC2200002 TC2200019 0.95 0.94 0.89 -8.41 -0.60 0.08 1.34

S.hg.l 9.hg.l l.hg.1

(n332762 ) (USP18) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200401 TC1400112 TC2200019 0.95 0.92 0.90 -16.96 -0.66 0.94 0.68

7.hg.l 4.hg.l l.hg.1

(TCONS_0 (PYGL ) (KREMEN

0003184- 1)

XLOC_001

966)

TC0200502 TC0400048 TC2200019 0.96 0.90 0.92 -6.10 -1.32 0.41 1.19

O.hg.l 5.hg.l l.hg.1

(CMPK2 ) (HERC5 ) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200502 TC0400137 TC2200019 0.96 0.92 0.90 -5.41 -0.80 -0.07 1.17

O.hg.l 2.hg.l l.hg.1

(CMPK2 ) (uc003hrl.l (KREMEN

) 1)

TC0200502 TC0400137 TC2200019 0.96 0.92 0.90 -5.60 -0.81 -0.04 1.18

O.hg.l 3.hg.l l.hg.1

(CMPK2 ) (PPM1K) (KREMEN

1)

TC0200502 TC2000057 TC2200019 0.95 0.92 0.90 -6.57 -0.89 0.09 1.24

O.hg.l 5.hg.l l.hg.1

(CMPK2 ) (SIGLECl (KREMEN

) 1) Table 20 - 50 RNA triplets that presented the highest accuracy improvement compared to the single RNA determinants. AUC_1, AUC_2 and AUC_3 are the respective AUCs of RNA #1, RNA #2 and RNA #3. The accuracy of combining RNA#1, RNA#2 and RNA#3 is depicted in the column AUC triplet, and the improvement of the combination over that of the individual RNA 's is captured in the AUC delta (AUC_delta = Λ L/C triplet - max(AUC_l, AUC_2, AUC_3). The columns of Feature #1 and Feature #2 include the probe set ID and either the gene symbol (for coding RNAs) or mRNA accession (for non-coding RNAs) in brackets.

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC12002572.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.88 0.89 0.96 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (n332510) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC02000082.hg.l TCI 8000223. h 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (TRIB2 ) g.l (ZCCHC2)

)

TCO 1000794. TC02003008.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (n332762 ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC02005020.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (CMPK2 ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC08000814.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (LY6E ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC14000584.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (IFI27 ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC14001821.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (n334829 ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC18000223.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (ZCCHC2 ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC02003047.hg.l TCI 8000223. h 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (n407780 ) g.l (ZCCHC2)

)

TCO 1000794. TC01001738.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.90 0.89 0.96 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (CR1) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC01000795.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.86 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (IFI44 ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC01003963.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.68 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L _MIR1182_FAM8 g-1

) 9A_NM_198552 (KREMEN1 )

(FAM89A)

TCO 1000794. TC04000485.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (HERC5 ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC04001372.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (uc003hrl.l ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC07001916.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (PARP12) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC12000885.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.88 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (0AS3 ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC12000886.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (0AS2 ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 )

TCO 1000794. TC15002251.hg.l TC22000191.h 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.95 0.06 hg.l (IFI44L (n332456 ) g-1

) (KREMEN1 ) C-reactive protein (CRP) and T F-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) are known to be potential useful biomarkers for distinguishing between patients with bacterial versus viral infections (see for example WO2013/117746, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference ). The investors further combined either CRP or TRAIL proteins with various RNAs (included in Tables 16A-C) in order to generate a synergistic effect and improve their diagnostics accuracy using logistic regression models. The accuracy measures of the best performing combinations are depicted in Table 21.

Table 21 - pairs of either CRP or TRAIL proteins and RNAs that presented the best sensitivity. The columns of Feature #1 and Feature #2 include the probe set ID and either the gene symbol (for coding RNAs) or mRNA accession (for non-coding RNAs) in brackets. Logistic regression model parameters (constant and single RNAs coefficient) are depicted.

CRP TCI 2000 0.95 0.89 0.88 4.14 0.04 -0.62 885.hg. l

(0AS3 )

TC0200 TRAIL 0.96 0.89 0.88 13.69 -1.30 -0.02 1866.hg.

1

(PNPTl

)

CRP TCOIOOI 0.96 0.89 0.87 -26.80 0.04 1.61 738.hg. l

(CR1 )

CRP TC04000 0.94 0.89 0.85 3.40 0.04 -0.52 485.hg. l

(HERC5

)

TCI 400 TRAIL 0.95 0.89 0.85 5.91 -0.36 -0.04 0584.hg.

1 (IFI27

)

TCI 400 TRAIL 0.95 0.89 0.85 6.30 -0.37 -0.04 1821.hg.

1

(n33482

9 )

TCI 800 TRAIL 0.93 0.89 0.85 8.87 -0.52 -0.03 0223.hg.

1

(ZCCHC

2 )

CRP TC02001 0.96 0.87 0.98 10.75 0.03 -1.36 866.hg. l

(PNPTl )

CRP TC02001 0.96 0.87 0.97 -14.86 0.05 1.15 749.hg. l

(CYPIB I

)

CRP TCI 4001 0.96 0.87 0.97 2.82 0.04 -0.58 821.hg. l

(n334829

)

CRP TC22000 0.96 0.87 0.97 3.10 0.04 -0.63 029.hg. l

(USP18 )

CRP TCI 4001 0.97 0.87 0.95 -34.73 0.04 2.21 124.hg. l

(PYGL )

TC2200 TRAIL 0.95 0.87 0.95 6.23 -0.51 -0.03 0029.hg.

1

(USP18 )

CRP TC02004 0.95 0.87 0.93 4.03 0.04 -0.90 017.hg. l

(TCONS

_0000318

4-

XLOC_0

01966 )

CRP TC22000 0.96 0.87 0.93 3.69 0.04 -0.75 519.hg. l

(USP41 )

TCOIOO TRAIL 0.95 0.87 0.93 -17.18 1.30 -0.03 1738.hg.

1 (CR1 )

TC0400 TRAIL 0.95 0.87 0.93 9.08 -0.78 -0.03 0484.hg.

1

(HERC6

)

TC2200 TRAIL 0.96 0.87 0.93 -10.08 1.15 -0.03 0191.hg.

1

(KREM

ENl )

TC2200 TRAIL 0.94 0.87 0.93 6.59 -0.54 -0.03 0519.hg.

1

(USP41

)

Sub-group analysis

The inventors evaluated the accuracy measures of various RNAs in distinguishing between patients presenting with viral and gram negative bacterial infections (Table 22), and between Pneumonia caused by viral or bacterial infections (Table 23).

Table 22 - Accuracy measures of selected RNAs in distinguishing between viral

(n=79) and gram negative bacteria (n=16)

TC 12001843.hg. l LTA4H NM_000895 0.95 0.94 0.92

TC22000029.hg. l USP18 NM_017414 0.94 0.94 0.84

TC22000519.hg. l USP41 ENST00000454608 0.94 0.94 0.84

TCONS_00003184-

TC02004017.hg. l XLOC_001966 0.93 0.88 0.92

TC04001373. hg. l PPM IK NM_152542 0.93 0.94 0.86

TCI 4001821. hg. l — n334829 0.93 0.88 0.90

TC17001129.hg. l GAS7 NM_201433 0.92 0.88 0.87

TC21000739.hg. l — n333319 0.92 0.88 0.84

TC12000886.hg. l 0AS2 NM_001032731 0.92 0.94 0.79

TC14000584.hg. l IFI27 NM_001130080 0.92 0.88 0.89

TC18000060.hg. l IMPA2 NM_014214 0.92 0.88 0.84

TC08000814.hg. l LY6E NM_001127213 0.92 0.81 0.94

TC21000189.hg. l MX1 NM_001144925 0.92 0.88 0.85

TC01000794.hg. l IFI44L NM_006820 0.91 0.88 0.79

TC10000639.hg. l IFIT1 NM_001548 0.91 0.81 0.91

TC07001916.hg. l PARP12 NM_022750 0.91 0.81 0.87

TC22000191. hg. l KREMEN1 NM_001039570 0.91 0.88 0.85

TC02005020.hg. l CMPK2 NM_207315 0.91 0.88 0.85

TCI 5002251. hg. l — n332456 0.91 0.88 0.89

TC04001372.hg. l — uc003hrl. l 0.90 0.94 0.79

TC12002059.hg. l OASL NM_003733 0.90 0.81 0.89

TC14001124.hg. l PYGL NM_001163940 0.90 0.81 0.85

Table 23 - Accuracy measures of selected RNAs in distinguishing between patients presenting with Pneumonia caused by viral (n=7) or bacterial (n=16) infections

TC04001267.hg. l SULT1B 1 NM_014465 0.98 0.88 0.86

TC04001372.hg. l — uc003hrl. l 0.89 0.75 0.86

TC04001373.hg. l PPM IK NM_152542 1.00 1.00 1.00

TC04001718.hg. l DDX60 NM_017631 0.96 0.88 1.00

TC07001916.hg. l PARP12 NM_022750 0.99 0.94 0.86

TC08000814.hg. l LY6E NM_001127213 0.97 0.94 1.00

TC10000639.hg. l IFIT1 NM_001548 0.99 0.94 0.86

TC11000812.hg. l DGAT2 NM_001253891 0.96 0.94 1.00

TC12000884.hg. l 0AS 1 NM_001032409 0.99 0.94 0.86

TC12000885.hg. l OAS3 NM_006187 0.99 0.94 0.86

TC12000886.hg. l OAS2 NM_001032731 0.97 0.94 1.00

TC 12001843.hg. l LTA4H NM_000895 1.00 1.00 1.00

TC12002059.hg. l OASL NM_003733 0.98 0.94 1.00

TC12002572.hg. l — n332510 1.00 0.94 1.00

TC14000584.hg. l IFI27 NM_001130080 0.99 0.94 0.86

TC14001124.hg. l PYGL NM_001163940 1.00 1.00 1.00

TCI 4001821. hg. l — n334829 0.99 0.94 0.86

TCI 5002251. hg. l — n332456 0.94 0.94 0.71

TC17001129.hg. l GAS7 NM_201433 0.98 0.94 0.86

TC18000060.hg. l IMPA2 NM_014214 1.00 1.00 1.00

TCI 8000223.hg. l ZCCHC2 NM_017742 0.98 0.94 1.00

TC20000575.hg. l SIGLECl NM_023068 0.98 0.94 1.00

TC21000189.hg. l MX1 NM_001144925 0.99 0.94 0.86

TC21000739.hg. l — n333319 1.00 0.94 1.00

TC22000029.hg. l USP18 NM_017414 0.97 0.94 1.00

TC22000191. hg. l KREMEN1 NM_001039570 0.93 0.88 1.00

TC22000519.hg. l USP41 ENST00000454608 0.97 0.94 1.00

Diagnosing early bacterial infections

Delayed or no antibiotic treatment in cases of bacterial disease is very common (24%-40% of all bacterial infections), and can lead to disease-related complications resulting in increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Thus, timely identification of patients with bacterial infection is of great importance to guide correct patient management. Indeed, the inventors identified specific RNAs that are highly accurate at disease onset and thus might be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis of bacterial infections (for example CYPlB land HERC6; Table 24). Table 24 - RNAs that are highly accurate at disease onset

The expression levels of selected RNAs in patients presenting with different strains of viruses as compared to patients with bacterial infection or non-infectious patients were evaluated (including healthy; Figures 7A-I). Interestingly, specific RNAs/genes were more differently expressed in certain types of viruses, and thus might server as specific indicators for this type of virus as part of a diagnostic assay. Examples of specific RNAs and the viral strain/s in which it is mostly differentially expressed are included in Table 25.

Table 25 - RNAs that might serve as potential indicators for a specific type of viral strain.

Additional RNA determinants that were found to be discriminative for distinguishing between viral and bacterial infections are summarized in Table 26 herein below.

Table 26

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting.

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