Priority Claim

[0001 ] This application claims the benefit of priority to United States

Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/519,024, filed June 13, 2017, and entitled "ROBUST ULTRASOUND COMMUNICATION SIGNAL

FORM AT ^" . The above-identified p rov isional application is incorp orated herein by reference in its entirety .

Technical Field

[0002 j Aspects described herein relate generally to ultrasound data transmission. Asp ects are implemented in hardware, software, or a mix of hardware and software.

Background

100031 Due to the highly secure and effective nature of ult asound p rop agat ion, p roximit y detection ap p lications with ultrasound signals have been developed. The ap plications range from shoppingloy alty program, PIN sharing, 2-factor authentication, automatic conference room joining etc. The last application alone can save millions of dollars in p roductivity every y ear for organizations. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0004] The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific aspects to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other aspects may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, p rocess, and other changes.

Portions and features of some asp ects may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims. [0005] FIG. 1 is an exemp lary grap h of frame error rate, in accordance with some aspects.

[0006] FIG . 2 is a graph of packet error rate, in accordance with some aspects.

[ 00071 FIG . 3 is an illustration of frequency use, in accordance w ith some aspects.

[0008] FIG. 4 A illustrates WiFi overlap between different rooms, in accordance with some aspects.

[0009] FIG . 4B illustrates lack of overlap between different rooms using ultrasound, in accordance with some aspects.

[0010] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a transmitting data, in accordance with some aspects.

1001 1 | FIG. 6 illustrates block interleaving of data, in accordance with some aspects.

[0012] FIG. 7 is a table of frequency map ping, in accordance with some aspects.

[0013] FIG . 8 illustrates ultrasound signals, in accordance w ith some aspects.

[0014] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of receiving data, in accordance with some aspects.

[0015] FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of a computing device, w ithin w hich a set or sequence of instructions may be executed to cause the device to perform examples of any one of the methodologies discussed herein.

[0016] FIG. 1 1 illustrates ultrasound signals, in accordance with some aspects.

[0017] The accompany ing drawings are referred to within the following detailed descrip tion. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purp oses of ex lanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. to p rovide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of v arious embodiment s.

However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with

unnecessary detail .

Detailed Description

[0018] Use of the ultrasound band is limited. Accordingly , the over-t he- air (OTA ) p hy sical ( PH Y) signal may be standardized. Standardization allows for a common signal formats that may be used for data communication across various devices from different providers. Described herein is a signal format with a combination of cyclic redundancy check (CRC), encoding mapping modulation format, and preamble selections. This format may be robust to environment imp airment, simp le to decode and tolerant to device imperfection. The signal format can be transmitted using dual t one mult i-frequency (DTM F ). DTM F modulation makes it simp le to split tones to stereo speakers. Using stereo speakers may mitigate or remove audible noise due to second order non- linearity . In addition, DTM F w ith a guard interval combats typical indoor acoustic delay profile and propagation loss. Few frequencies of interest allow use of the Goertzel method, which is easier to imp lement and faster than fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). Additionally, DTM F may use lower SNR to decode than Orthogonal frequency -division multiplexing (OFDM ) scheme due to double channel dispersion. Gray map ping and interleaving make receiving data robust against bursty noise.

[0019] In aspects where a user wishes to wirelessly connect to perip herals that are w ithin close p roximity , such as a wireless display , sp eaker, p hone, etc., using existing radio frequency (RF ) signal strengths may not alw ay s guarantee a user connects to the wireless peripheral they intended. A user ^' s input may be needed to search through a sorted list of possible wireless candidates in proximity and in some cases, enter a PIN code to access the device.

[0020] To enable a quick and seamless experience, an ultrasonic audio communication protocol for short message passing between dev ices in "ear shot" p roximity may be used. Data, such as PINs or adv ertisement beacons, may be embedded into an inaudible signal. The signal may be transmitted through speakers such as PC or TV speakers. Devices within ear shot of the transmitting device in a conference room can 'hear' the ultrasound signal and decode the message. For example, a conference room may include the speakers that transmit data. Devices within the conference room may hear and decode the data. Devices located out side of the conference room may not be able to hear the ultrasound signal. Datatransmission between devices may be used to exchange files, smart docking, smart home uses, classroom attendance, etc.

[0021] Aspects described herein may deliver seamless connectivity with minimal dropouts and provisioning of devices to wireless peripherals. Such sy stems may save businesses time and p otentially money , which otherwise may be spent manually pairing to public utilities and/or require additional resources. In addition, ease of connecting to devices may bring valuable new user experiences.

[0022] In some aspects, dual tone multiple frequency ( D I M F) in near ultrasound frequency is used to transmit data along with a robust CRC, forward error correction (FEC), gray mapping and double preamble signal. Compared to other signals format like code division multiple access (CDMA) and OFDM, D I M F in near ultrasound frequency is robust against channel impairment, eps multipath, tolerant of device characteristics and asynchronous capture.

[0023] Ultrasound channel is doubly dispersive, both in frequency and time, due to large Dop pier shift. For examp le, with OFDM signal through ultrasound channel, a SNR of 22 dB is needed for PER of 10%. With DTMF, Goertzel algorithm and a Viterbi decoder, a 10% PER at better than -8dB can be achieved. These results may be seen in FIG. 1, which is an exemplary graph of frame error rate according to some aspects. These results may also be seen in FIG. 2, which is an exemplary graph of packet error rate according to some aspects. In FIG. 2, exemplary error rates in two different modes are illustrated as follows: mode 0 210 and mode 1 220. In Mode O, there was a 20-bit pay load with symbol length of 20ms and there was no guard interval. The packet error rate drop p ed to close to 0% at -3 dB . M ode 1 used a 20-bit p ay load with a 40ms symbol length and a 20ms guard interval. At a signal-to-noise ratio of -6.4 dB there is a 90% packet error rate. [0024 j Proximity p rovisioning may be enabled through ultrasonic communications between PCs, laptop s, tablets, phones, etc. Short messages (up to 64-bit packets) may be exchanged between client devices via ultrasound (e.g., Data Over Ultrasound). Data may be encoded in sound buffers using a modified DTM F mapping with modern communication techniques with high frequency tones that are inaudible to the human ear. According to some asp ects of this invention, frequencies from 1 8 kHz to 20 kHz are used. These frequencies are inaudible for users as well as have full play back and recording functionality for most common mobile devices' audio components. FIG. 3 is an illustration of frequency use according to some aspects. Frequency range 302 shows the frequencies that may be used, e.g. , 18 kH z to 19.6 kHz .

10025] Ultrasound is an at t ract ive alt ernat i ve to using existing RF solutions such as WiFi or Bluetooth (BT) ranging technologies, which use received signal strength indicators (RSSIs). Equipp ing each conference room with an RF transmitter may pollute WiFi bands, thereby negatively imp acting WiFi/BT performance. FIG. 4 A illustrates WiFi overlap between different rooms. Rooms 402, 404, 406, and 408 each have a RF transmitter 4 1 0, 420, 430, and 440, respectively . The range 4 1 2, 422, 432, and 442 for each of the transmitters 4 10, 420, 430, and 440 are also shown. Additionally , RF signals penetrate office walls with great ease. Consequently , the strongest RSS1 reading may not alway s be located in the same conference room a user is in.

10026] Other signal formats, such as CDMA and OFDM , may have a strong requirement on device linearity , and may otherwise generate audible annoy ance. OFDM can also be demanding on the channel estimation and equalization, and may need high S R to decode. OFDM suffers from p eak -to- av erage p ower ratio (PAPR) issues too.

100271 In some aspects, the near ultrasound data transmission is used to sup port conference rooms usages. FIG. 4B illustrates lack of overlap between different rooms using ultrasound, in accordance with some asp ects. The rooms 402, 404, 406, and 408 may each include a corresponding speaker 450, 460, 470, and 480. The speakers 450, 460, 470, and 480 outp ut ultrasound signals 452, 462, 472, and 482, respectiv ely . The ultrasound transmission sy stem may automatically provision an attendee ^' s mobile device(s) to the room ^' s peripherals. such as wireless display s or phone/loudspeakers. The ultrasound signals 452, 462, 472, and 482 may not p enetrate the walls into other rooms, thus, not polluting the other rooms. A device in any of the rooms 402, 404, 406, or 408 may be in "ear shot" of the corresp onding sp eaker 450, 460, 470, or 480, but not in "ear shot" of the speakers in other rooms.

10028] In some aspects, the sy stem" s communication signal parameters were chosen specifically to combat channel conditions in typical office conference room environments. This includes room sizes as large as 7x7 meters and larger. Table 1 below illustrates results of a brief validation procedure of 500 decoding attempts per laptop, with false alarm detection rate being 0% and the audio volume being set to "low" (e.g., about 27% and 13% on the two TVs).

TABLE 1

[0029] The sy stem uses wireless communication techniques to achieve reliable short message transfers between transmitting and receiving devices. In some aspects, the sy stem utilizes a CRC FEC/Gray mapping/Dual Tone Mufti- Frequency (D I M F ) modulation/cy clic broadcast . In some aspects, the signal design delivers robust communication link between a broadcasting device and any number of receiving devices simultaneously at 37 bp s.

100301 FIG 5 is a flow diagram of a process 500 for transmitting data according to some embodiments. At 502, data, such as a PIN " 123456" is received. At 504, a bit packet of the data is created from the data. In an example, the six-digit PIN is converted into a 20-bit packet. Other packet lengths may also be used based on the length of the data. For example, an 8-digit PIN could be converted into a 27-bit p acket or an 1 1 -digit PIN could be converted into a 37-bit packet. At 506, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is added for packet error detection. In an aspect, the CRC is seven bits in length and is added to the packet. At 508, the bit stream is passed into a forward error correction (FEC) encoder. In an example, the forward error correction encoder is a convolutional encoder. The convolutional encoder provides error correcting capabilities by introducing p arity bits. In an example, the FEC encoder adds 45 bits to create an encoded packet of 72 bits.

[0031 ] At 510, after encoding the encoded p acket is am through a block interleaver to combat burst errors. FIG . 6 illustrates block interleaving of data according to some embodiments. M ost common causes of burst errors in conference room environments occur when a door is closed loudly, momentarily saturating receiver' s microphone input.

[0032] At 512, the interleaved encoded p acket is converted into data symbols and mapped to DTMF frequencies. In an example, the interleaved encoded packet is divided into 6-bit data sy mbols, creating 1 2 six bit data sy mbols. FIG. 7 is a table of frequency ma ping according to some aspects. In an example, gray coding facilitates in minimizing the raw bit error rate by arranging adjacent sy mbols to differ by just one bit .

100331 At 5 14, an audio buffer is created from the DTMF table. Creating the audio buffer may include pulse shaping. FIG. 8 illustrates ultrasound signals according to some embodiments. Each data symbol is mapped to two

frequencies. In an example, the data sy mbols are 40ms in duration with 20ms silence gap s to reduce or mitigate inter symbol interference and delay spread. A preamble is used to indicate the packet' s starting position. In an aspect, the preamble is similar to data symbols in duration, but use DTMF frequencies 18 kHz and! 8.097 kHz with a similar 20ms gap interval. In an asp ect, the preambles are transmitted sequentially . In another aspect, the preambles are transmitted at different times. For example, the first preamble may be transmitted followed by one or more data sy mbols, and then the second p reamble may be transmitted. As an example, the first p reamble may be transmitted and then six data sy mbols may be transmitted. Next, the second preamble may be t ran s m i 11 ed i l 1 ovv ed by six data sy mbols. This transmission order may continue for the next encoded packet .

100341 One feature of DTM F that can be useful is that a transmitter may also sp lit the dual tones, one to each of the stereo channels. Such arrangement can substantially reduce or remove audible noise generated by the 3rd order intermodulation from ultrasound frequency . This makes the solution device (TV) friendly . Accordingly , when a data sy mbol is transmitted, one frequency of the data sy mbol is transmitted from one speaker and the other frequency of the data sy mbol is transmitted from the other speaker. At 5 16, the audio signal is outp ut through one or more speakers.

100351 In an example broadcast sy stem, the transmitter may play the buffer continuously in a loop . This p eriodic signal may be utilized in receiver side to reduce time in batch processing mode. For example, to decode the above 72-bit encoded packet, a recording of any 0.84 seconds trace (in a low D op pier environment ) can be sufficient. FIG. 1 1 illustrates ultrasound signals for a 20-bit packet according to some asp ects.

100361 In another aspect, the sy mbol is transmitted over two different frequency channels. One frequency channel is described above and is between 1 8kHz and 20kHz. The second frequency channel is created by up shifting the frequencies of the data sy mbols and preambles. For example, the second frequency channel may be created by up shifting frequencies by 2kHz. The audio signal may then be a combination of both frequency channels. Accordingly , the encoded packet may be transmitted simultaneously on both frequency channels. 100371 FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a process 900 receiv ing data according to some aspects. At 902, sound inp ut is receiv ed by a receiv er. In an examp le, one or more microp hones are used. Four channels may be used to receiv e the ultrasound signal. For receiv ers, a multi-channel microphone may be used to receiv e the signal. At 904, automatic gain control (AGC) may be used to adjust the ultrasound signal. At 906, the receiv ed signal is passed through a band pass filter, to protect the conv ersation p rivacy of users. For example, the frequencies used for human speech may be filtered out of the signal. At 908, D op p ier detection can be performed on the received signal. At 910, a signal -to- noise ratio (SNR) estimation can be completed. At 912, a DTMF decoder maps the signal parts back to a bit stream through one or more tone detection algorithms like Goertzel (or other algorithms that are faster than FFT). At 914, the bit stream is passed through a multi-channel maximal-ratio combining (MRC). At 916, the bit stream is deinterleaved. At 918, the bit stream can be decoded using e.g., a Viterbi decoder. At 920, the CRC is checked to ensure thepacket is valid. In an example, the SNR may also be checked to validate thepacket. At 922, the data is retrieved. After the pay load is deciphered, an application in the user space may consume the decoded messages for whatever the application intends. For example, the pay load may be used to pair a device to another device.

[0038] Example Machine Description

[0039] Fig. 10 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of computing device 1000, within which a set or sequence of instructions may be executed to cause the device to perform examples of any one of the methodologies discussed herein. In alternative aspects, the machine 1000 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g, networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 1000 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments. In an aspect, the machine 1000 may act as a p eer machine in p eer-to-p eer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. The machine 1000 may be a user equipment (UE), evolved Node B (eNB), Wi-Fi access point (AP), Wi-Fi station (ST A), personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set -top box(STB), a personal digital assistant (PD A), a mobile telephone, a smart phone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine.

Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term "machine ^" shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing software as a sendee (SaaS), other computer cluster configurations.

[0040] Examples, as described herein, may include, or may operate on, logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. M odules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In an aspect, circuits may be arranged (e.g., internally or with resp ect to external entities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module. In an asp ect, the whole or part of one or more computer sy stems (e.g., a standalone, client or serv er comp uter sy stem ) or one or more hardware processors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g., instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a module that op erates to perform specified operations. In an aspect, the software may reside on a machine-readable medium. In an example, the software, when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causes the hardware to perform the sp ecified op erations.

[0041] Accordingly , the term "module" is understood to encompass a tangible entity , be that an entity that is p hy sically constructed, sp ecifically configured ( e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily ) configured (e.g., p rogrammed) to operate in a specified manner or to perform part or all of any operation described herein. Considering aspects in which modules are temporarily configured, each of the modules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time. For example, where the modules comprise a general-purp ose hardware p rocessor configured using software, the general-p urpose hardware processor may be configured as respective different modules at different times. Software may accordingly configure a hardware p rocessor, for examp le, to constitute a p articular module at one instance of time and to constitute a different module at a different instance of time.

[00421 M achine (e.g., computer sy stem ) 1000 may include a hardware processor 1002 (e.g., a central p rocessing unit (CPU), a grap hics processing unit (GPU ), a hardware p ocessor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 1004 and a static memory 1006, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 1008. The machine 1000 may further include a display unit 1010, an alphanumeric inp ut device 10 12 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (Li I ) navigation device 10 14 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the display unit 1010, input device 10 1 2 and UI navigation device 1014 may be a touch screen display . The machine 1000 may additionally include a storage device (e.g, drive unit ) 1016, a signal generation dev ice 1 0 1 8 (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device 1020, and one or more sensors, such as a global positioning sy stem (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor. The machine 1000 may include an output controller 1028, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g, infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.). 10043] The storage device 1016 may include a machine readable medium 1022 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 1024 (e.g., software) embody ing or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. The instructions 1024 may also reside, completely or at least partially , within the main memory 1004, w ithin static memory 1006, or w ithin the hardware processor 1002 during execution thereof by the machine 1000. In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor 1002, the main memory 1004, the static memory 1006, or the storage device 1016 may constitute machine readable media.

[0044] While the machine-readable medium 1022 is illustrated as a single medium, the term "machine-readable medium" may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 1024.

10045] The term " machine-readable medium ^" may include any medium that is cap able of storing, encoding, or carry ing instructions for execution by the machine 1000 and that cause the machine 1000 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carry ing data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non- limiting machine readable medium examples may include solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine readable media may include: non-volatile memory , such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g.. Electrically Programmable Read-Only M emory (EPROM ), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only M emory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks;

magneto-op tical disks; Random Access Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. In some examp les, machine readable media may include non-transitory machine-readable media. In some examp les, machine readable media may include machine readable media that is not a transitory propagating signal.

[0046] The instructions 1024 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 1026 using a transmission medium via the network interface device 1020 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay , internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP ), user datagram protocol (UDP), hy pertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc. ). Example communication networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g. the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e , cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1 1 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) family of standards, a Universal M obile Telecommunications Sy stem (UM T S) family of standards, p eer-to-p eer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device 520 may include one or more phy sical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 526. In an example, the network interface device 520 may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-outp ut (SIM O), multip le-input multiple-output ( M I MO), or multip le-input single-outp ut (M ISO) techniques. In some examples, the network interface device 520 may wirelessly communicate using M ultiple User M IM O techniques. The term "transmission medium ^" shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is cap able of storing encoding or carry ing instructions for execution by the machine 500, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software.

[0047] Additional notes and asp ects:

[0048] Example 1 is an apparatus for ultrasound transmission, the apparatus comp rising p rocessing circuitry configured to: create a bit p acket from inp ut data, add a cy clic redundancy check (CRC) to the bit packet based upon the inp ut data; encode the bit p acket with forward error correction; block interleave the encoded bit packet to create a bit stream; divide the bit stream into symbols; map each sy mbol to a dual tone mult i frequency (DTM F ); create a first audio buffer based upon the DTMF; and provide the audio buffer.

[0049] In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 includes, wherein the DTM F comprises a first tone and a second tone, wherein the first audio buffer includes the first tone, and wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to create a second audio buffer that includes the second tone and provide the second audio buffer.

[0050] In Example 3, the subject matter of Example 2 includes, a first speaker, wherein the first audio buffer is provided to the first speaker and the first sp eaker is configured to output the first audio buffer; and a second sp eaker, wherein the second audio buffer is provided to the second speaker, and wherein the second speaker is configured to output the second audio buffer.

100 11 In Example 4, the subject matter of Examples 1 -3 includes, wherein the p rocessing circuitry further configured to create a p reamble at a start of the first audio buffer.

[0052] In Example 5, the subject matter of Example 4 includes, wherein the preamble comprises two symbols.

[0053] In Example 6, the subject matter of Example 5 includes, wherein the two sy mbols of the p reamble are transmitted sequentially .

[0054] In Example 7, the subject matter of Examples 5 - 6 includes, wherein the two symbols of the preamble are transmitted non-sequential!y .

[0055] In Example 8, the subject matter of Examples 1 -7 includes, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to introduce a guard interval between sy mbols.

[0056] In Example 9, the subject matter of Examples 1-8 includes, wherein each sy mbol comp rises six bits.

100571 In Example 10, the subject matter of Examples 1-9 includes, wherein the p rocessing circuitry is further configured to repeatedly control a broadcast the audio buffer.

[0058] In Example 1 1 , the subject matter of Examp les 1 - 10 includes, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: receive pairing data from a device based upon the audio buffer; and pair the device with the ap p aratus based up on the received p airing data. [0059] Example 12 is a method for ultrasound transmission, the method comprising: creating a bit packet from input data; adding a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) to the bit p acket based up on the input data; encoding the bit packet with forward error correction; block interleaving the encoded bit packet to create a bit stream; dividing the bit stream into symbols; mapping each symbol to a dual tone multi frequency (DTMF); creating a first audio buffer based upon the DTMF; and p roviding the audio buffer.

10060] In Example 13, the subject matter of Examp le 12 includes, wherein the DTM F comprises a first tone and a second tone, wherein the first audio buffer includes the first tone, and wherein the method further comprises creating a second audio buffer that includes the second tone and provide the second audio buffer.

100611 In Example 14, the subject matter of Examp le 13 includes, outputtingthe first audio buffer to a first speaker; and outputtingthe second audio buffer to a second speaker.

[0062] In Example 15, the subject matter of Examples 12- 14 includes, creating a preamble at a start of the first audio buffer.

[0063] In Example 16, the subject matter of Example 15 includes, wherein the preamble comprises two sy mbols.

[0064] in Example 17, the subject matter of Example 16 includes, wherein the two symbols of the preamble are transmitted sequentially .

[0065] In Examp le 1 8, the subject matter of Examp les 16- 1 7 includes, wherein the two symbols of the preamble are transmitted non-sequentially .

[0066] In Example 19, the subject matter of Examples 12-18 includes, introducing a guard interval between symbols.

[0067] In Example 20, the subject matter of Examples 15- 19 includes, wherein each sy mbol comprises six bits.

[0068] In Example 2 1 , the subject matter of Examp les 12 -20 includes, rep eatedly controlling a broadcast of the audio buffer.

[0069] In Example 22, the subject matter of Examples 12-21 includes, receiving pairing data from a device based upon the audio buffer; and p airing the device with the app aratus based up on the received pairing data. [00701 Example 23 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions upon execution of the instructions by processing circuitry , to: create a bit p acket from inp ut data; add a cy clic redundancy check (CRC) to the bit p acket based up on the input data; encode the bit p acket with forward error correction; block interleave the encoded bit packet to create a bit stream; divide the bit stream into sy mbols; map each sy mbol to a dual tone multi frequency (DTMF); create a first audio buffer based upon the DTM F; and provide the audio buffer.

[0071 ] In Example 24, the subject matter of Examp le 23 includes, wherein the DTM F comprises a first tone and a second tone, w herein the first audio buffer includes the first tone, and wherein instruction cause the processing circuitry to create a second audio buffer that includes the second tone and p rovide the second audio buffer.

[0072] In Example 25, the subject matter of Examp le 24 includes, wherein instruction cause the processing circuitry to: output the first audio buffer to a first speaker; and output the second audio buffer to a second sp eaker.

[ 00731 In Example 26, the subject matter of Examp les 23-25 includes, wherein instruction cause the processing circuitry to create a preamble at a start of the first audio buffer.

10074] In Example 27, the subject matter of Examp le 26 includes, w herein the preamble comprises two symbols.

10075] In Examp le 28, the subject matter of Examp le 27 includes, wherein the two s mbols of the preamble are transmitted sequentially .

10076] in Example 29, the subject matter of Examples 27-28 includes, wherein the tw o sy mbols of the preamble are transmitted non-sequentially .

100771 In Example 30, the subject matter of Examp les 23-29 includes, w herein instruction cause the processing circuitry to introduce a guard interval between sy mbols.

[0078] In Example 3 1 , the subject matter of Examples 23-30 includes, wherein each sy mbol comp rises six bits.

100791 In Example 32, the subject matter of Examp les 23-3 I includes, wherein instruction cause the processing circuitry to repeatedly control a broadcast the audio buffer. [0080 j In Example 33, the subject matter of Examples 23 -32 includes, wherein instruction cause the processing circuitry to: receive pairing data from a device based up on the audio buffer; and pair the device with the apparatus based up on the received p airing data.

[0081] Example 34 is at least one machine-readable medium including instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry , cause the processing circuitry to perform operations to implement of any of Examples I -33.

10082] Examp le 35 is an apparatus comprising means to implement of any of Examples 1 -33.

[0083] Example 36 is a sy stem to implement of any of Examples 1-33.

[0084] Example 37 is a method to implement of any of Examples 1-33.

[0085] The above detailed description includes references to the

accompany ing drawings, which form a part of the detailed descrip tion. The drawings show, by way of illustration, sp ecific embodiments that may be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as "examples." Such examples may include elements in addition to those shown or described.

However, also contemplated are examples that include the elements shown or described. Moreover, also contemplate are examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof), either with resp ect to a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with resp ect to other examples (or one or more asp ects thereof) shown or described herein.

[0086] Publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference, in the event of inconsistent usages between this document and those documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in the incorporated referenced ) are sup p lementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls.

[0087] In this document, the terms "a" or "an" are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, indep endent of any other instances or usages of "at least one" or "one or more." In this document, the term "or" is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that " A or B ^" includes "A but not B," "B but not A," and "A and B," unless otherwise indicated. In the appended claims, the terms "including" and "in which" are used as the plain- English equivalents of the respective terms "comprising" and "wherein." Also, in the following claims, the terms "including" and "comprising" are open-ended, that is, a sy stem, device, article, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms "first," "second," and "third," etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to suggest a numerical order for their objects.

[0088] The aspects as described above may be implemented in various hardware configurations that may include a processor for executing instructions that perform the techniques described. Such instaictions may be contained in a machine-readable medium such as a suitable storage medium or a memory or other p roces s or-e\ecut ab 1 e medium.

[0089] The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with others. Other embodiments may be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art up on reviewing the above description. The Abstract is to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. However, the claims may not set forth every feature disclosed herein as embodiments may feature a subset of said features. Further, embodiments may include fewer features than those disclosed in a particular example. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with a claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. The scope of the embodiments disclosed herein is to be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.