SUBSTRATES

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application number

62/562,720 filed on September 25, 2017, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0002] This invention is directed to a sol-gel coating composition for use as a metal corrosion protective layer, a method for providing a metal surface with a sol -gel corrosion protective layer, a metal surface obtainable by such process, and the use thereof. [0003] Colloids, which include gels, sols and emulsions, are usually defined as homogenous, non-crystalline disperse systems consisting of large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance, with at least one characteristic dimension in the range of about 10 ^-7 to 10 ^-4 centimeters. The particles do not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a suspension. More particularly, in sol-gel technology, sols are dispersions of any solid in a liquid. Gels, are systems, such as common jelly, in which one component provides a sufficient structural framework for rigidity and other components from the space between the structural units or spaces. In a gel, the dispersed component and the dispersion medium both extend continuously throughout the system. The system has equilibrium-elastic (time-dependent) deformation and thus the shear modulus of rigidity enables gels to act like solids even though in most other physical respects they behave like liquids. Therefore, it is possible to produce from liquid components a solid, crosslinked material.

[0004] As in the case of conventional dispersions, a sol, e.g. the disperse phase, is relatively freely movable, this is no longer the case in a gel, where the particles are interconnected in net-like manner and are therefore difficult to displace relative to one another. Thus, the essence of sol-gel technology is the transition between free disperse and crossl inked dispersed phase. As a rule the transition from sol to gel in materials is irreversible, the dispersed, solid constituent being distributed in net or honeycomb-like manner in the dispersant, usually water, the dispersant being expelled by condensation in order to give a solid crosslinked material.

[0005] A frequent and major disadvantage of known coating systems based on sol-gel formulations is the presence of chloride and a high fraction of organic, generally volatile and also toxic solvents, which are obtained as a by product of the hydrolysis of the si lanes or are added as diluents. The use of an amount of water insufficient for full hydrolysis of the silanes, and the utilization of acidic hydrolysis catalysts, allows sol-gel systems to be prepared which are stable on storage for months, but contain solvent. It is also known that increasing the amount of water leads to full hydrolysis of the alkoxy groups and hence to a drastic reduction in the storage stability of the systems, and/or to rapid formation of gel after the end of the hydrolysis process, more particularly when such systems are intended to have a very high solids content.

[0005] Another disadvantage of known coating systems based on sol-gel formulations for protecting metal surfaces includes the complex bath chemistry that is accompanied with a sol-gel coating, and the often required application of a multilayer system in order to have sufficient corrosion protection. Furthermore, an after treatment with relatively high temperatures (>150° C.) is required to provide a dense layer with satisfactory corrosion protection. In addition, it is very complicated to include additional functionalities to the sol-gel process and maintain sufficient corrosion protection. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] FIG. 1 illustrates 168 hr. salt spray corrosion (ASTM B 1 17) on an aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 clad panel treated with (A) commercially available bench mark sol-gel; and (B) the sol-gel composition of this invention;

[0007] FIG. 2 illustrates 3000 hr. salt spray corrosion (ASTM Bl 17) on an aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 bare with (A) treated with commercially available bench mark sol- gel/primer/topcoat and (B) treated with sol-gel of this invention/primer/topcoat;

[0008] FIG. 3 illustrates 1000 hr, 40°C, 80% RH filiform corrosion on an aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 bare with (A) treated with commercially available bench mark sol- gel/primer/topcoat and (B) treated with sol-gel of this invention/primer/topcoat;

[0009] FIG. 4 TEM image of the invented sol gel showing the zirconate silica nano particles

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a sol-gel composition comprising:

(a) a first part comprising at least one zirconium compound of the general formula:

Zr(OC(O)R) ₄ wherein R represents an alkyl group of 1-6 carbon atoms; and a hydrated inorganic silica gel with particle size less than 50 nm; and b) a second part comprising an organosilane compound having the general formula: SiX _a (OR) _4-a wherein R represents an alkyl group of 1 -6 carbon atoms, X represents an alkyl glycidoxy group and _a represents an integer of 1-3.

[0011] The sol-gel is an organic-inorganic hybrid sol formed from at least one organic precursor and at least one inorganic precursor such that the organic and inorganic components are hybridized in the resulting coating structure. That is, the organic and inorganic components are chemically bonded together to create a fully hybridized organic-inorganic structure. Further stability of the hybrid sol-gel can be obtained with the addition of 2,4-pentanedione.

[0012] Another aspect of this invention is a metal substrate comprising a sol-gel composition chemically bonded to the substrate wherein the sol gel composition comprises:

(a) a first part comprising at least one zirconium compound of the general formula: wherein R represents an alkyl group of 1-6 carbon atoms; and a hydrated inorganic silica gel with particle size less than 50 nm; and b) a second part comprising an organosilane compound having the general formula: SiX ₈ (OR)4-a wherein R represents an alkyl group of 1 -6 carbon atoms, X represents an alkyl glycidoxy group and _a represents an integer of 1-3. [0013] In one embodiment, the sol-gel coating composition has of dry film thickness of at least 50 nm, up to a range of 1 urn.

[0014] According to another aspect of the present invention there is a two-part coating composition comprising: (a) a sol-gel composition as described above; and (b) a resin having acetoacetate and acrylate functionalities.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] It has been found, in accordance with this invention, that a sol-gel coating composition applied to a metal surface, preferably aluminum, aluminum alloys, or steel, including galvanized steel and stainless steel, can be better protected from corrosion by first applying a sol-gel coating material which comprises: (a) a first part comprising at least one zirconium compound of the general formula:

Zr(OC(O)R) ₄ wherein R represents an alkyl group of 1 -6 carbon atoms; and hydrated inorganic silica gel with particle size less than 50 nm; and b) a second part comprising an organosilane compound having the general formula: SiX _a (OR)4-a wherein R represents an alkyl group of 1 -6 carbon atoms, X represents an alkyl glycidoxy group and _a represents an integer of 1-3.

[0016] The first part of at least one zirconium compound can include compounds such as tetravalent zirconium acid esters, particularly zirconium tetraacetate, which is stable in water, and hydrated inorganic silica gel with particle size less than 50 nm (Figure 4.) The hydrated inorganic silica gel with particle size less than 50 nm is critical to corrosion resistance. The first and second parts are mixed together and homogenized just prior to applying to the substrate. When the two parts combined and applied to the substrate, the zirconium compound, inorganic silica gel, and organic si lane form chemically binds to the surface and adhering to the surface. The pH of the initial sol- gel is preferably between 3 and 6.

[0017] The thickness of the sol gel film is preferably 50 nm to 1 um. Improved corrosion resistance of the sol gel coating can be achieved by using amino functional silane as the catalyst for the condensation of zirconate, silica gel, and epoxy silane to form dense network. The sol gel coating can then be subsequently topcoated with one or more films of topcoat, preferably but not exclusively, epoxy/amine, acetoacetate acrylic/acrylate, polyurethane, acrylic, polyester, melamine, or mixtures of thereof, as water-based or solvent based liquid systems or solvent-free powder coating systems. The sol gel curing can be achieved at room temperature without catalyst when directly topcoated with epoxy/amine coating. Applied to the sol-gel coat with particular preference is a topcoat based on one of the aforementioned organic resin systems.

[0018] As a result, the thin, inventive sol-gel coating of the metal surface it is possible, surprisingly, to achieve a further distinct improvement in the corrosion-inhibiting action of a surface coating system. Moreover, the adhesion of the topcoating system to the metal substrate is distinctly improved by the sol-gel coat. Even the sol-gel coat alone with film thickness of 100 nm shows an excellent anticorrosive action, which can be utilized as a form of temporary corrosion control on metal surfaces, as, for example, when primed metal substrates are in storage prior to final utilization or final coating. [0019] The metal substrate comprises any metal and metal alloy and particularly those used for the automotive, aerospace and aviation industries. In particular, the metal substrate may comprise any one or a combination of the following: aluminium; aluminium alloy; magnesium; magnesium alloy; steel; stainless steel; zinc or zinc alloy or titanium or titanium alloy. The coating is also suitable to coat other substrates exposed to weathering corrosion.

EXAMPLES

[0020] EXAMPLE 1

[0021] Preparation of Hybrid Sol-Gel:

[0022] Allow alkoxy zirconate to be stabilized with either carboxylic acids or 2,4- pentanedione in IPA. The stabilized zirconate is then fully hydrolyzed by adding excess amount of water. This zirconium sol-gel formed will then be added with agitation tetraalkyl silicate as the source inorganic silica gel. The zirconium silica hybrid sol-gel is formed after silicate is fully hydrolyzed and formed nano particles via partial condensation. Allow epoxy functional silane to hydro lyze in the sol-gel before application

[0023] Aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 (clad and/or bare) panels were wet sanded for deoxidation. The panels were then rinsed with clean DI water and wiped to dry using acetone. The panels were then spray in sequence with sol-gel pretreatment, epoxy/amine primer and/or acetoacetate acrylic/acrylate basecoat, and urethane topcoat. The pretreatment could be coated with the basecoat after 3 hours room temperature dry.

[0024] For comparison, one commercially available pre-treatment sol-gel coating

("Boegel" by 3M) and 12 different sol-gel samples were utilized for comparative analysis. RESULTS

[0025] Panels were prepared in triplicates for testing purposes. System consisted of a benchmark Boegel pretreatment, Sol-gel (control process) pretreatment, or 12 variations of pretreatment based on the control process of Sol-Gel, epoxy/amine primer and/or acetoacetate acrylic/acrylate basecoat, and urethane topcoat. Panels were cured for 2 weeks prior to testing. Panels were tested for 3000 hour salt spray exposure, 1000 hour filiform exposure, and 30 day Skydrol resistance.

Skvdrol Results

[0026] Panels had edges taped and a 1 -inch scribe mark made on the panel. Half of the panel with the scribe was immersed in Skydrol solution for 30 days. Panels were then removed from the Skydrol solution and cleaned with IP A to remove the Skydrol oil. Panels were then inspected for blisters or defects at and around the scribe mark. Panels were then tested for hardness on a scratch tester. A 1200 gram weight was used while a needle is pulled along the coating of the panel.

[0027] All panels passed Skydrol testing. The scratch test penetrated the topcoat on all panels, but did not penetrate the primer.

1000 fair. Filiform Results

[0028] Edges and back of the panels were taped for filiform exposure. A broken T scribe was etched into the panel penetrating into the substrate. Panels were then exposed to HCl vapors face down for 1 hour at ambient temperature. Panels were removed from the acid vapor exposure and stood in open air for 15 minutes. The panels were then placed in a thermotron set at 40 C and 82% relative humidity in a vertical position for 1000 hours. Panels were then removed from the Thermotron and filiform readings were taken.

[0029] This invented sol gel showed better corrosion resistance with smaller blisters than the current commercially available benchmark.

[0030] Salt spray performance results utilizing AMS3095A certification testing was determined. The edge and back of the panels were taped for salt spray exposure. A broken T scribe was etched into the panel penetrating into the substrate. Panels were then exposed to 3000 hours of salt spray conditions. Panels are rated with a maximum blister size on the horizontal and vertical scribe. No blister can be larger than 3 mm in size. All panels passed according to the AMS3095A specification. The maximum allowed blister size is 3 mm. All panels passed with readings under 2 mm. This invented sol gel showed better corrosion resistance with much shorter creepage than the current commercially available benchmark.