The invention is from the field of engines. Specifically the invention is from the field of processes for converting heat energy into kinetic energy and engines designed to operate using these processes. Background of the Invention

An engine is a device or machine whereby using a specific process, energy is transformed from one form, i.e. thermal energy or heat, to another form. i.e. kinetic energy. Relevance of Efficiency

The efficiency of such a process and the device or machine to realise the process is of importance because engines are used in such large numbers worldwide that they have an influence on world climate and therefore inefficiency poses a real threat to nature and thus mankind. Also the cost factor for creating kinetic energy from heat energy is an important factor in an economy thus the efficiency of such processes is important.

Using Evaporation of Liquids

Most liquids can evaporate. By heating the liquid beyond its specific evaporation-temperature the liquid changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state. In the gaseous state the fluid is commonly called gas, steam or vapour depending on the type of liquid.

Each liquid has its specific evaporation temperature for ambient or standard-condition often referred to as 'STP'. One of the most common standard conditions are 25 degrees Centigrade and 100 kPa (= 1 bar). Under standard conditions one litre of water will evaporate to 1,673 litres of steam. If 1,673 litres of steam condenses and forms the liquid state of water, the volume will be reduced to one single litre - about 1600 times less. A process of evaporation of water will start under standard condition of lOOkPa at 100 degrees Centigrade. If the pressure is higher the process of evaporation will start at a proportionally higher temperature. For each pressure there is a specific temperature at which evaporation takes place. The value of this temperature can be looked up in specific steam tables for water and many other fluids. Water for example remains a liquid at 200 degrees Centigrade when the pressure is at or above 1,512 MPa.

When a liquid changes from the liquid state to the gaseous state additional energy has to be supplied for the evaporation process that is not used to increase the temperature but to enable the molecules to separate and form a gas. This energy, which is referred to as "evaporation heat" or "latent heat" because it doesn't heat the liquid, has a different specific value for each liquid. For water it is 2,257 kJ per kg water. In order to produce (dry) steam with a temperature of 200 degrees Centigrade it is necessary to supply the energy needed for the increase of temperature, i.e. around 735 kJ per kg water, plus the energy for the evaporation heat, i.e. 2,257 kJ per kg water. From the total amount of energy that had been added to the water to produce steam of 200 degrees Centigrade only 24.5% of the energy in the hot steam can be used when the hot steam cools down. 75.4% cannot be released in the form of heat. The same calculation for steam with a temperature of 800 degrees Centigrade needs 3,255 kJ per kg water plus the 2,257 kJ for the evaporation heat. Together this is 5,512 kJ per kg water. In this case around 60% of the heat that had been introduced into the water can be used. In both cases the same amount of energy for the evaporation has been added. But in the second case the percentage that can be used is higher due to a higher end- temperature. Therefore steam processes like turbines in power stations that use the Rankine process use the highest possible temperature of the steam in order to achieve better efficiencies.

If an engine can use the pressure of the process fluid, e.g. in the case of a steam engine or steam turbine, the pressure of the steam that enters the expansion chamber until complete expansion, it can use only use the percentage of the heat that does not include the evaporation heat. For lower temperatures as in the example above shown 75% of the heat energy in the process fluid is lost because in engines or turbines known today the enthalpy of condensation cannot be transformed in the process into kinetic energy. This loss is in addition to mechanical and other losses. It is for this reason that the Rankine process or Clausius-Rankine process, which are used today for most engines that work with a heated process fluid or steam, are operated at the highest possible starting temperature to keep the percentage of the amount of the (lost) heat of vaporisation as low as possible. The Term "Engine"

As used herein the term "engine" is used to describe a device as hardware that is designed to allow one or more specific processes that are unique for the purpose of transforming energy from one form to another to be realised. All known engines today - with the possible exception of the "Six-stroke engine" - are based upon and only use one single process to transform thermal energy into kinetic energy.

Engine Design

There is a fundamental difference between a specific process and the hardware design of an engine. This becomes clearer with the example of the internal combustion engine using the four-stroke process, as is commonly used today in most cars. The four-stroke process is in most cases realised in a piston engine, but it can also be realised in a Wankel rotary engine. Thus there is the same process but two fundamentally different designs of the engines. The opposite is also true. In piston engines different processes can be realised. For example consider the Lenoir gas engine with a two stroke process without compression, the four stroke process with compression, and as realised in the six-stroke engine (The development of piston engines over the years can be followed in the patent literature by considering, for example, US 1,333,176 to L. H. Dyer from 1920 and US 7,549,412 to S. Singh from 2006) also as a combination of a uniflow-steam-engine-process with a conventional four-stroke-engine process. From this it is clear that a new engine-process can be realised in existing engine concepts or designs.

Rotary Engines

Nearly all rotary engines share their basic design with rotary lobe or rotary piston gear pumps. These kinds of pump come in many variations and most of these variations can also be used for an engine design. The patent US 904,749 to C.A. Bender from the year 1908 shows such a design that is used as a steam engine. In Bender's engine steam is expanded in a bent cuboid expansion chamber that is closed at its two face-sides by small rotors with a recess to allow a rotor blade that acts as a piston to pass through this recess. In many other similar rotary engines the task of allowing the continuous creation of closed expansion chambers is carried out by radially moving flaps that open and close to move into and out of the path of the piston-like rotor blade. There are many more similar designs - probably several thousands - for either steam engines or also other forms of engines, pumps and compressors.

It is a purpose of the present invention to provide a new process for converting thermal energy to kinetic energy with very high efficiency. It is another purpose of the present invention to provide engines that are designed to operate using the new process for converting thermal energy to kinetic energy with very high efficiency.

Further purposes and advantages of this invention will appear as the description proceeds.

Summary of the Invention

In a first aspect the invention is a rotary engine comprised of at least one independent partial engine adapted to perform a primary process. Each partial engine comprising:

a) a cold reservoir containing a process fluid in the liquid state;

b) a pump adapted to pressurize the liquid process fluid;

c) a heater system adapted to receive pressurized liquid process fluid from the pump and to heat the pressurized liquid process fluid;

d) a hot reservoir adapted to store overheated pressurized process fluid received from the heater system;

e) an expansion chamber having an entrance and exit side, the expansion chamber adapted to allow rotor blades to move through it, the rotor blades attached to a main rotor, which is attached to an output shaft of the engine;

f) two closing mechanisms that define the entrance and exit sides of the expansion chamber, wherein the first of the closing mechanisms is located before a primary inlet opening that allows process fluid to enter the expansion chamber and the second of the closing mechanisms is located after a primary outlet opening that allows the expanded gases of the process fluid to exit the expansion chamber; the closing mechanisms are adapted to trap batches of process fluid within the expansion chamber while allowing the rotor blades to pass from one expansion chamber into a following expansion chamber; g) a primary inlet valve in fluid communication with the primary inlet opening of the expansion chamber and adapted to receive the overheated pressurized process fluid from the hot reservoir and to allow a series of batches of the overheated pressurized process fluid of predetermined volume to enter the expansion chamber; and

h) a primary outlet valve in fluid communication with the primary outlet opening of the expansion chamber and adapted to allow the gas phase of the process fluid to leave the expansion chamber and to return to the cold reservoir, wherein the gas phase process fluid condenses to the liquid state.

The batch of the overheated pressurized process fluid transforms into the gas phase of the process fluid after it is allowed to enter the expansion chamber by the primary inlet valve. The resulting gas exerts a pressure on the back side of the rotor blade causing the rotor blade to move through the expansion chamber.

According to the invention the volume of the batch of the overheated pressurized process fluid allowed to enter the expansion chamber by the primary inlet valve is determined such that when the batch of the overheated pressurized process fluid is transformed into the gas phase the volume of the fully expanded gas phase process fluid will be equal to the volume of the expansion chamber. In the engine of the invention the primary inlet valve opens when the rotor blade passes the inlet opening to the expansion chamber and closes after the batch of the overheated pressurized process fluid is allowed to enter the expansion chamber. In the engine of the invention the primary outlet valve opens when the rotor blade passes the inlet opening of the expansion chamber and closes when the rotor blade approaches the outlet opening to the expansion chamber. This allows negative pressure created by the condensation of the gas phase process fluid in the cold reservoir to act, at the same time as the pressure of the expanding gas pushes on the back side of the rotor blade, on the front side of the rotor blade.

In embodiments of the rotary engine of the invention that comprise more than one partial engine, the expansion chambers of the partial engines are located one next to the other distributed around the circumference of the rotational engine.

In embodiments of the rotary engine of the invention the heater system is adapted to allows quasi continuous burning of fluids at very high temperatures by using controlled continuous pulsing explosions or detonations

In embodiments of the rotary engine of the invention the heater system comprises a solar heater. The opening and closing of the primary inlet valve and the primary outlet valve of the rotational engine of the invention are mechanically synchronized with the rotation of the main rotor.

In embodiments of the rotary engine of the invention the closing mechanisms are small rotors. The rotation of the small rotors, the opening and closing of the primary inlet valve and the primary outlet valve are mechanically synchronized with the rotation of the main rotor.

Embodiments of the rotary engine of the invention comprise a heat exchanger located at the cold reservoir. The heat exchanger is adapted to take a part of the heat energy the gas phase process fluid entering the cold reservoir and the warm condensed process fluid in the cold reservoir and using the heat energy to preheat the fuel of the heater system, thereby keeping the temperature level in said cold reservoir below a maximum temperature.

Embodiments of the rotary engine of the invention comprise a configuration comprised of several parallel disks. Each disk comprises a rotor and several partial engines. The expansion chambers of each of the partial engines are located one next to the other distributed around the circumference of each rotor and the rotors of all of the discs are connected to a common output shaft.

In embodiments of the rotary engine of the invention each expansion chamber comprises at least one secondary inlet valve in fluid communication with a secondary inlet opening into the expansion chamber and at least one secondary outlet valve in fluid communication with a primary outlet opening into the expansion chamber. This makes it possible to perform a secondary process parallel to the primary process at the same time and in the same expansion chamber.

In embodiments of the rotary engine of the invention comprising secondary inlet and outlet valves the inlets and outlets of the primary and the secondary processes to the expansion chamber are aligned roughly in parallel at the same circumferential position relative to the closing mechanisms to optimize the space needed for them and to admit process fluid from both processes into the expansion chamber at the same location and to allow expanded gas to escape from the expansion chamber at the same location. In embodiments of the rotary engine of the invention comprising secondary inlet and outlet valves the secondary inlet valve and secondary outlet valve are not connected to or synchronised with the primary inlet valve, the primary outlet valve, or the main rotor and the valves of the primary and secondary processes are opened and closed independently of each other.

The secondary process is initiated to prevent stalling of the primary process, for example when there is a sudden power demand on the engine and/or during the start-up process of the engine.

Embodiments of the rotary engine of the invention can be made from thermoplastic material.

In a second aspect the invention is a process for a rotary engine. The process comprises the steps of:

a) activating a pump adapted to pressurize liquid process fluid from a cold reservoir;

b) activating a heater system adapted to receive pressurized liquid process fluid from the pump and to heat the pressurized liquid process fluid;

c) activating an inlet valve located at an inlet opening of an expansion chamber to allow a series of batches of predetermined volume of overheated pressurized process fluid to enter the expansion chamber, wherein the batches of the overheated pressurized process fluid transform into the gas phase of the process fluid and wherein the inlet valve is activated to open at a time when the gas will exert a positive pressure on the back side of a rotor blade causing the rotor blade to move through the expansion chamber;

d) activating an outlet valve located at an outlet opening of the expansion chamber such that the outlet valve opens when a rotor blade passes the inlet opening to the expansion chamber whereupon a first batch of overheated pressurized process fluid enters the expansion chamber and the outlet valve closes when the rotor blade approaches the outlet opening to the expansion chamber.

Activating the outlet valve at these times causes the fully expanded gas phase of the first batch of process fluid to remain in the expansion chamber until after the next following rotor blade passes into the expansion chamber, whereupon a second batch of overheated pressurized process fluid enters the expansion chamber and, only then, allows the fully expanded gas phase of the first batch of process fluid to return to the cold reservoir, wherein the gas phase of the first batch process fluid condenses to the liquid state. Since the outlet valve is open the negative pressure created by the condensation acts on the front side of the next rotor blade at the same time as the pressure of the expanding gas of the second batch of process fluid pushes on the back side of the next rotor blade. In this way both, the energy stored in the gas phase of the batches of process fluid and also the condensation enthalpy is used to move the rotor blades.

All the above and other characteristics and advantages of the invention will be further understood through the following illustrative and non-limitative description of embodiments thereof, with reference to the appended drawings. In the drawings the same numerals are sometimes used to indicate the same elements in different drawings.

Brief Description of the Drawings

— Fig. 1 schematically shows the basic components associated with the primary process for each expansion chamber in an engine of the invention; — Fig. 2A to Fig. 2F schematically show the sequence of opening and closing of the primary inlet valve and primary outlet valve of an expansion chamber in an engine of the invention; and — Figs. 3 A and 3B schematically show the arrangement of the primary and secondary inlet valves and primary and secondary outlet valves of an expansion chamber in an engine of the invention. Detailed Description of Embodiments of the Invention

The invention is a rotary engine comprised of at least one and usually a plurality of independent partial engines. Two different processes can be carried out in each independent partial engine both of which are used to operate the engines.

The processes of the invention are basically two different and separate closed cycle processes that can both operate within the same geometric confinement, i.e. the same expansion chamber or expansion chambers, at the same time. The primary process performs the main function of converting heat to kinetic energy and is necessary in all engines of the invention. The secondary process is needed for start-up and to provide additional power in case the engine might go into a stall. In most engines of the invention both processes are needed to operate the engine. The Primary Process

The primary process is based on the change of process fluid from a liquid to a gaseous state and back as it moves around the engine in a closed cycle. Similar to identical cylinders in a conventional four-stroke combustion engine with a radial design, the engine of the invention is comprised of several identical partial engines each having its own expansion chamber in which separate individual closed process cycles take place. The expansion chambers of the partial engines are in series - one next to the other distributed around the circumference of the rotational engine. Each of the independent partial engines in the engine of the present invention has its own specific expansion chamber, its own specific cold- reservoir, hot reservoir, primary inlet valve and primary outlet valve and other basic components that are schematically shown in Fig. 1.

One single primary cycle of one of the independent partial engines that work together in series to make up the rotary engine of the invention is described now: A pump 12 receives process fluid from the cold reservoir 10 and pressurises it to the highest pressure that the primary cycle requires for running. The stream of pressurised process fluid is led to the heater system 14. The heater system 14 can be of many different types of arrangement for heating the process fluid, e.g. a burner, a boiler, or a solar heater. A particularly suitable embodiment of burner 14 for use in the engines of the present invention is one that is described in published PCT application WO 2011/0580 to the inventor of the present invention because, among other reasons, it has a very high efficiency.

From the heater system 14 the now overheated pressurised process fluid moves as a fluid or as a supercritical fluid into the hot reservoir 16. The hot reservoir is preferably located close to the inlet of the expansion chamber 20. From the hot reservoir 16 the overheated pressurised process fluid goes to the rotating inlet valve 18. The rotating inlet valve takes only a specific limited amount of the overheated pressurised process fluid and allows it to pass into the expansion chamber 20. One or more cavities or recesses in the inlet valve 18, with a specific size, function like one or several graduate beakers and allow only the precise amount of overheated pressurised process fluid into the expansion chamber that corresponds with total expansion of the then formed gas, steam or vapour inside the expansion chamber. Thus the rotating inlet valve creates or defines work-cycles, i.e. it lets in a batch, i.e. a precise amount of overheated pressurised process fluid, into the expansion chamber 20 and then interrupts the flow after which it lets in another batch, etc. Inside the expansion chamber 20 the overheated pressurized process fluid is able to transform from a fluid into a gas, steam or vapour due to the larger volume of space available and thus the consequent drop of pressure. The drop of pressure is caused firstly by the larger volume of space inside the expansion chamber 20 and secondly by the continuously increasing volume of the expansion chamber 20 due to the movement of the rotor blade 26.

The expansion chamber 20 has a bent cuboid form and is defined by walls that are all static or fixed except for the rotor blade 26 that is connected to the main rotor and moves through expansion chamber 20 as the main rotor rotates. As the gas expands in the chamber it pushes on and moves the rotor blade 26, as the rotor blade 26 moves the rotor to which the rotor blade is connected also moves, thus providing the output from the engine.

The sequence of opening and closing of the primary inlet valve 18 and primary outlet valve 28 of expansion chamber 20 is schematically shown in Fig. 2A to Fig. 2F. The expansion chamber 20 shown in Fig. 1 is one of a plurality of expansion chambers of the partial engines that surround the main rotor of the circular engine. In Fig. 2A to Fig. 2F are shown two complete adjacent expansion chambers 20i and 20i ₊ i and parts of more expansion chambers. The entrance and exit sides of each bent cuboid expansion chamber are each defined by a closing mechanism. In the circumferential direction the expansion chamber is configured as follows: on the entrance side a closing mechanism is located before an inlet opening that is adapted to allow the process fluid to enter the expansion chamber; spaced apart from the entrance side is the exit side comprising an outlet opening that is adapted to allow the process fluid to exit the expansion chamber; located after the outlet opening is located another closing mechanism. The closing mechanisms are adapted to trap batches of process fluid within the expansion chamber while allowing a rotor blade to pass from one expansion chamber into a following next expansion chamber. For illustrative purposes closing mechanisms are described as small rotors 22. An alternative closing mechanism could be radially moving flaps. Each small rotor 22 has at least one recess, which the rotor blades 26 can move into and out of, thereby allowing the rotor blades to pass from expansion chamber into the neighbouring one. The main rotor 24, to which rotor blades 26 are attached, is connected through an assembly of gears to the small rotors 22, the primary inlet 18, and primary outlet 28 valves of the partial engine so that the rotations and thus opening and closing of the primary inlet valve 18 to allow a batch of supercritical process fluid into expansion chamber 20 and the opening and closing of the primary outlet valve 28 to allow the fully expanded gas to be connected to the cold reservoir and thus, as will be discussed herein below, create a vacuum that applies on the front side of the rotor blade 26a, are mechanically synchronized with the rotation of the rotor. In Fig. 2A to Fig. 2F main rotor 24 rotates in a counter clockwise direction and successive similar parts are identified by subscripts. The tolerances to which the parts of the engine of the invention are manufactured are such that the contact between the surface of the main rotor 24 and the surfaces of the small rotors 22 as they roll over each other form a sufficient airtight seal preventing significant leakage of gas between adjacent expansion chambers.

Fig. 2A shows the relative orientation of the parts of the engine just after a batch of supercritical process fluid has entered process chamber 20i into the space between small rotor 22i and rotor blade 26i. At this stage primary inlet valve 18i is just beginning to close and primary outlet valve 28i of expansion chamber 20i is just starting to open to allow the fully expanded gas or steam phase from the previous batch of process fluid, which is confined in expansion chamber 20i between rotor blades 26i and small rotor 22i ₊ i to be connected to the cold reservoir and thus create a vacuum that applies on the front side of the rotor blade 26i.

Fig. 2B shows primary inlet valve 18i closed, after admitting a batch of supercritical process fluid 30 of predetermined volume into expansion chamber 20i. On entering the expansion chamber the batch of process fluid has transformed from a liquid or super-critical state into gas or steam, which pushes on the backside 26b of rotor blade 26i in a counter clockwise direction. At the same time primary outlet valve 28i is completely open allowing the batch of gas or steam from the previous batch to be connected to the cold reservoir 10i and thus create a vacuum that applies on the front side 26a of the rotor blade 26i.

In Fig. 2C, the gas or steam phase of the process fluid continues to expand pushing rotor blade 26i to the opening that connects the expansion chamber 20i to primary outlet valve 28i. At this stage nearly all of the expanded gas or steam from the previous batch of process fluid has been pushed out of the expansion chamber 20i by the front side 26a of rotor blade 26i through the primary outlet valve 28i and primary outlet valve 28i closes. The rotor blade 26i is starting to enter the recess of the small rotor 22i ₊₁ .

In Fig. 2D, rotor blade 26i has passed primary outlet valve 28i and has entered a recess in small rotor 22i ₊₁ on its way into expansion chamber 20i+i. Rotor blade 26i-i has passed through small rotor 22i and has now entered expansion chamber 20i and both primary entrance valve 18i and primary exit valve 28i are closed trapping the fully expanded gas or steam phase from the previous batch of process fluid in expansion chamber 20i. In Fig. 2E main rotor 24 continues to rotate and rotor blade 26i-i is aligned with the inlet to expansion chamber 20i. Primary inlet valve 18i and primary outlet valve 28i have almost been rotated to their open configurations.

Fig. 2F shows the moment immediately before a new cycle is started. Rotor blade 26i has passed through the small rotor 22i ₊₁ that has already closed the expansion chamber 20i+i. The small amount of expanded gases that pass through the recess of the small rotor 22i+i into the expansion chamber 20i+i help the rotor blade 26i to move until its backside has reached the inlet of inlet valve 18i+i without creating a counter-productive vacuum.

The next moment is the start of a new cycle and is identical to Fig. 2A. At this stage primary inlet valve 18i is open to allow a new batch of supercritical process fluid to enter process chamber 20i to the right of rotor blade 26i-i and primary outlet valve 28i is opening to allow the fully expanded gas or steam phase from the previous batch of process fluid, which is still confined in expansion chamber 20i between rotor blades 26i-i and small rotor 22 ₁₊₁ to be connected to the cold reservoir and thus create a vacuum that applies on the front side of the following rotor blade 26i-i.

The pressure that the pump 12 applies on the process fluid, the temperature to which the process fluid is heated by the heater system 14, the precise amount of overheated pressurised process fluid that the inlet valve 18 allows to pass into the expansion chamber 20, and the minimal and maximal volume of the expansion chamber are all chosen relative to each other to optimise the efficiency of the primary process of the engine system.

The basic calculations for pressures, temperatures and volumes are the same as for steam engines and thus common knowledge. If the engine is not sufficiently insulated against heat losses then it may be necessary or an advantage to calculate the complete expansion volume not just from the inlet 18i to the outlet 28i but up to the next inlet 18i+l and by this avoid pre-mature condensation during the time when the rotor blade leaves the expansion chamber through the recess in the small rotor until the primary outlet valve 18i opens. Good insulation of the engine however will prevent heat losses and thus also pre-mature condensation or partial condensation of the fully expanded gases in the expansion chamber. Because the heater system is not producing steam but an overheated process fluid the process fluid has to be hotter than the nominal gas, steam or vapour temperature in order to overcome the specific evaporation heat of the process fluid. Therefore in most cases the process fluid is a supercritical- fluid. The advantage of using a supercritical fluid versus steam lays first in the size of the hot reservoir 16, the pipe diameter, and the size of the inlet valve. With a pressure of 2MPa steam requires an 83.7 larger cross-section (of the pipes) or volume (of the heat reservoir or entrance valve) than is required for use with supercritical water. Other disadvantages of the use of steam instead of supercritical water are that the surfaces where heat losses can occur are exponentially bigger and the flow behaviour of a liquid has advantages when compared to pressurised steam, gas or vapour because it cannot create swinging or line sway, also with a liquid pressure peaks can be easily controlled, preferably in the hot reservoir that would then also function as a pressure buffer. With an engine in which the flow is interrupted by the inlet valves the latter advantage is important.

When the pressurised overheated process fluid reaches the expansion chamber and transforms into a gas, steam, or vapour (depending on the process fluid), the gas, steam or vapour applies pressure on all walls of the expansion chamber. Because only the rotor blade 26 is movable, the pressure that is applied on the back surface 26b of the rotor blade 26 leads to the movement of the rotor blade 26 and as the rotor blade 26 moves it turns the main rotor 24 and thus the thermal energy of the process fluid is translated into kinetic energy. As the rotor blade 26 moves the volume of the expansion chamber increases, and the pressure of the gas, steam or vapour decreases in indirect proportion to the increase in volume. At the maximal expansion, when the rotor blade 26 has reached the outlet opening with the outlet valve 28 the gas, steam or vapour is completely expanded but still in a gaseous state as designed. As opposed to most engines, the primary outlet valve 28 in the engine of the invention is closing - not opening - when the rotor blade 26 reaches the outlet opening. The rotor blade 26 then continues to move with the rotation of the main rotor caused by the process being carried out in other expansion chambers of the engine. As the rotor blade 26 passes the primary outlet valve 28, it passes through the recess or opening in the small rotor 22 and thus leaves the expansion chamber. Because the gas, steam or vapour is already expanded, there is only a very small amount of it that also leaves the expansion chamber through the recess in the small rotor 22. This small amount of expanded gases allows the rotor blade to move into the next expansion chamber without creating a vacuum.

At the exact same time, when the rotor blade 26i is leaving the expansion chamber the following next rotor blade 26i+i is starting to enter the expansion chamber that is still filled with the expanded gas, steam or vapour of the previous work-cycle at the other side. The outlet valve 28 is still closed at this stage. The primary outlet valve 28 opens when the following rotor blade passes the inlet valve 18, which is opening and thus starting the next work-cycle with the expansion of the next batch of overheated supercritical process fluid. The completely expanded gas, steam or vapour is thus then connected through the open outlet valve 28 to the cold reservoir 10 through a channel that could be a pipe or hose or just an opening, integrated into the housing. The fluid in the cold reservoir 10 is below the evaporation temperature of the gas, steam or vapour and thus there is a low pressure or vacuum inside the cold reservoir that is sucking the gas, steam or vapour from the expansion chamber. A heat exchanger 30 that takes a part of the heat energy of the warm condensed process fluid can be used to preheat the fuel of the heater system and at the same time help reduce the temperature of the gas entering the cold reservoir thus preventing the cold reservoir from heating up too much over time. In such a case the use of a heat exchanger 30 in the cold reservoir 10 would keep the energy that is taken out of the cold reservoir 10 inside the engine system by re-introducing it at the heater system 14.

An additional vacuum is then created by the completely expanded gases or steam reaching the cold surface of the heat exchanger 30 between the primary outlet valve 28 and the cold reservoir 10 and thus condensing into a fluid. The volume of completely expanded steam - as an example - is reduced by a factor of about one thousand six hundred fifty seven (1,657) when it undergoes transformation from the gas to the liquid state. Because the outlet valve 28 had been closed until the start of the next work- cycle when the next rotor blade reaches the position behind the inlet valve, the vacuum is directed to the front side 26a of the rotor blade 26 and thus acts in each work-cycle on the front side 26a (see Fig. 1) of the rotor blades. By closing and opening the outlet valve accordingly, the vacuum of the cold reservoir is only connected to the expansion chamber when it can contribute to create kinetic energy by applying a negative pressure on the front-side 26a of the rotor-blade. At all other times the cold reservoir and with it the low pressure or vacuum is disconnected from the expansion chamber by the outlet valve in closed position. By using the vacuum of the condensation inside the expansion chamber in front of the rotor blade 26 not only the pressure difference is used but additionally also at least a large part of the evaporation enthalpy or condensation enthalpy that would otherwise be lost is also used to create kinetic energy of the rotor. The engine concept of the invention, as described herein for the primary process, can use nearly all the energy that is generated by the heater system and stored in the pressurised overheated process fluid until complete expansion and complete condensation of the process fluid. Thus the closed work-cycle of the invention can reach a high efficiency, even when the primary process is realised at lower temperatures where - as described herein above - the percentage of the energy that is needed for evaporation of the process fluid is significant higher than for processes with higher end temperatures. By using a pressurised process fluid and overheating it already at the heater system instead of producing a gas, steam or vapour, as it is done in the Rankine cycle and Clausius-Rankine cycle, the volume of the overheated pressurised or supercritical process fluid stays small. As an example steam at 0.2 MPa pressure would have a volume that is 80 times larger than that of the same mass of supercritical pressurised overheated water. Because the volume of process fluid is small, both the recess in the inlet valve 18 and the rotating inlet valve itself can be kept small. Thus it is possible to arrange without difficulty several expansion chambers serially, i.e. one next the other, and to provide a very compact engine, thereby saving material and significantly increasing the power per mass ratio of the engine.

The engine of the invention with its primary process can be realised with several expansion chambers in serial arrangement, one expansion chamber next to the other arranged as a disk in the same geometric plane. A single expansion chamber delivers a decreasing force on the rotor blade during a single work-cycle and thus a decreasing force on the engine shaft. If there are several expansion chambers in series, then the forces transmitted to the engine shaft are more evenly distributed than with just one or two expansion chambers. It is also possible to build the engine with a configuration comprised of several parallel disks, wherein each disk comprises a rotor and several expansion chambers arranged as discussed herein above and the rotor of each of the discs is connected to a common output shaft. This configuration might be advantageous especially when bigger engines are built. This arrangement of serial and parallel expansion chambers allows the engine to be run with one or more discs shut off to compensate for fluctuations in the energy-content of the fuel or of the power consumption of the consumer, e.g. the electrical grid, or to increase the precision of the output energy by using it for pulse-pause modulation. Also for start-up of the engine this arrangement could be useful because each disk and even each expansion chamber can work independently from the others.

The primary process of this invention reaches a very high efficiency by using all the energy that is stored in the overheated pressurised process fluid. By adjusting the inlet valve 18 to the precise amount of overheated pressurised process fluid that is necessary to completely expand in the expansion chamber 20 and by using the outlet valve 28 to synchronise the condensation with the expansion of the following work-cycle an optimum transformation of heat energy into kinetic energy is achieved.

The correct synchronisation of the inlet-valve 18 and the outlet valve 28 can easily be realised by connecting these rotating valves with the properly selected gears connected to the main shaft. For example, for the embodiment shown in the Fig. 2A to Fig. 2F the gear translation is 3.5:1 from the main shaft to the inlet primary valve 18 and the primary outlet valve 28. The Secondary Process

Because it is designed to work at optimum efficiency, the primary process has no power reserve. Especially when the engine is being operated to drive a generator for the electrical grid a sudden increase in power-demand - often in the form of a sudden drop of the frequency - occurs and is transferred through the generator into the engine. Without any reserve an engine based only on the primary process could stall. By adding to each expansion chamber at least one additional secondary inlet valve and at least one additional secondary outlet valve it is possible to perform a secondary process parallel to the primary process at the same time and in the same engine part, i.e. expansion chamber, when the primary process is working. Figs. 3A and 3B schematically show the arrangement of the primary and secondary inlet valves and primary and secondary outlet valves of an expansion chamber in an engine of the invention. The inlets and outlets of the primary and secondary processes are aligned roughly in parallel at the same circumferential position relative to the closing mechanisms to optimize the space needed for them.

The inlet valve 34 into each expansion chamber 10 is in addition to the inlet valve 18 of the primary process into the same expansion chamber. The valves of the primary and secondary processes are opened and closed independently of each other. They admit process fluid from both processes into the expansion chamber at the same location and allow expanded gas to escape from the expansion chamber at the same location.

Fig. 3A shows the secondary inlet valves 34 and the secondary outlet valves 36 open. In Fig. 3B these valves are shown closed. The secondary inlet valve 34 and secondary outlet valve 36 are not connected to, or synchronised with the main shaft as are the inlet valve 18 and outlet valve 28 of the primary process.

In many, but possibly not all, uses for the engine of this invention the addition of the secondary process might is useful or even necessary. In a situation in which, for example, the engine of this invention is used as a stationary power-generator engine and due to a sudden increase of power demand on the electrical grid some reserve power is necessary to prevent the engine from stalling, these additional secondary valves 34 could be opened to allow additional overheated pressurised process fluid into the expansion chambers. In contrast to the primary process where only a precise amount of process fluid is let into the expansion chamber at the beginning of a work cycle, the secondary inlet valve 34 or valves can let in overheated pressurised process fluid as long as they remain open. Because the amount of the gas, steam or vapour that is present is now much larger than with the small amount that the inlet valve of the primary process allows to enter the expansion chamber, it is useful to have also at least one secondary outlet valve 36 with an adequate cross section to allow the at least partly expanded gases of the secondary process to leave the expansion chamber 20.

With the secondary process additional pressure and thus forces are created inside the expansion chambers 20 that are manifested as pressure on the rotor-blades 26 and thus as additional force on the main shaft. This additional force is used as a reserve for the engine that would otherwise - without the secondary process - be without any reserve and thus unstable. If the secondary process were carried out in a separate additional engine part, i.e. expansion chamber, the secondary process might not be able to provide the necessary reserve because the expansion chamber would be cold and thus the overheated pressurised fluid cannot work as it could in an already hot engine. With engines of small size this problem might be insignificant, but with large engines in which the thermal expansion of cold parts can be on the order of millimetres when the parts reach operating temperature, the problem does matter. Therefore it is a great advantage to use the already heated expansion chambers of the primary process also for the secondary process.

The secondary inlet valve 34 can be connected to the hot reservoir 16 of the primary process. If the secondary process is only used for few seconds - for example if there is a sudden power demand on an electrical grid as described in the example above - then the amount of additional overheated pressurised process fluid required is not large, because such a power drop usually lasts less than one or two seconds. Accordingly the secondary outlet valve 36 could then be connected to the cold reservoir 10.

Also other concepts are possible, where the secondary process has its own cold reservoir, its own heater-system and its own hot reservoir. This can be for each single expansion chamber or it can also be for several expansion chambers together as the utilisation of the condensation is not of great importance for the small time of use of the secondary process and thus the separation of each work-cycle is not as important as it is for the primary process.

The secondary process does not reach a high efficiency. Because the secondary process is designed only to help the primary process in situations where stalling of the engine could otherwise occur, the secondary process will only be used from time to time. If in the example of the sudden power demand in an electric-power-grid, there were such situations twice a day, each lasting for two seconds, then the secondary process is used just 0.0025% of the time that the primary process is operating. Even this small usage however can be of vital importance to prevent a blackout of an electrical grid. Thus the secondary process enables the use of the highly efficient but instable primary process for electricity generation. The secondary process could also be used for a faster heating up of large engines that run using the primary process of this invention. The higher amount and thus higher mass of overheated pressurised process fluid introduced into the expansion chambers by the secondary process would lead to a significantly faster heating up of the engine mass. A well-defined and controlled heat-up procedure of larger engines is necessary because with bigger engines the thermal expansion of parts is in the range of millimetres while in smaller engines it is smaller than the clearances between moving parts (usually around 0.02 to 0.05 mm) and thus can be ignored.

The engine of this invention is activated by a pressurised and overheated process fluid that changes in the inlet of the expansion chamber from a liquid state to a gaseous state. In order to attain a specific pressure of this gas, steam or vapour formed from the transformation process at this specific point in the inlet of the expansion chamber, a specific temperature of the process fluid at this specific location - in the entrance of the expansion chamber - is necessary. Also it is necessary to add the additional energy that is necessary to transform the process fluid from the fluid into the gaseous state. This additional energy is called the latent heat of vaporisation and it does not contribute to a rise in temperature. When the gas at a later stage transforms back to a liquid state this energy is released again as condensation-enthalpy, or enthalpy of condensation. As explained in the Background section herein above this energy is not released as heat and this is the reason that the Rankine process or Clausius-Rankine process that are used today for most engines that work with a heated process fluid are operated at the highest possible starting temperature to keep the percentage of the amount of the (lost) heat of vaporisation as low as possible. As described above the primary process of the present invention is able to transform not only the heat energy of the pressurised hot gas, steam or vapour of the process fluid but also the condensation enthalpy into kinetic energy. Thus the process and engine system of this invention can also be used for processes wherein a process fluid is heated only to a relative low temperature and the process and engine-system will still have an efficiency of above 50 . This is very important, for example, enabling the use of solar technology on an inexpensive low-tech level to heat a process fluid. Because the engines of this invention can operate efficiently at low temperatures, it is feasible to produce such engines with sufficient precision from common thermoplastic material. If necessary, the stiffness and stability of the thermoplastic parts can be reinforced by metal and or ceramic material - either as an inlay during the extrusion process or afterwards as cast or solids parts. This would allow mass production of inexpensive engines with high efficiency.

Although embodiments of the invention have been described by way of illustration and in particular that a specific design of the rotary engine is described herein it will be understood by skilled persons that many variations of the basic engine design are possible allowing the invention to be carried out with many variations, modifications, and adaptations, without exceeding the scope of the claims.