CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Application No. 63/399,624, filed August 19, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present application relates generally to pulsed control of electric machines to selectively deliver a desired output in a more energy efficient manner, and more particularly, to pulsed electric electrically excited synchronous machines, such as electrically excited synchronous machines.

[0003] The term "machine" as used herein is intended to be broadly construed to mean both electric motors and generators. Electric motors and generators are structurally very similar. Both include a stator having a number of poles and a rotor. When a machine is operating as a motor, it converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. When operating as a generator, the machine converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

SUMMARY

[0004] A variety of methods, controllers, and electric machine systems are described that facilitate pulsed control of a multiple electric machine (e.g., electric motors and generators) drive system to improve the energy conversion efficiency of the electric machines when operating conditions warrant. More specifically, an electric machine, comprising a power supply and an electrically excited synchronous machine is provided. The electrically excited synchronous machine comprises a stator with stator windings, a rotor, comprising rotor poles with field windings and a plurality of permanent magnets magnetically connected to the rotor pole. A power converter is coupled between the power supply and the electrically excited synchronous machine, the power converter is arranged to provide a pulsed operation by providing a pulsed AC current to the stator windings and a pulsed DC current to the rotor field windings, wherein the pulsed DC current to the rotor field windings causes the rotor poles to have a magnetic orientation that has a same magnetic orientation as the permanent magnets magnetically connected to the rotor poles.

[0005] In another embodiment, a method of operating an electrically excited synchronous machine comprising a stator with stator windings and a rotor, comprising a plurality of rotor poles with rotor field windings and a plurality of permanent magnets magnetically connected to the plurality of rotor poles is provided. A pulsed operation is provided, comprising providing a pulsed AC current to the stator windings and providing a pulsed DC current to the rotor field windings, wherein the pulsed DC current to the rotor field windings causes the rotor poles to have a magnetic orientation that has a same magnetic orientation as the permanent magnets of the plurality of permanent magnets magnetically connected to the rotor poles of the plurality of rotor poles.

[0006] These and other features of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below in the detailed description of the disclosure and in conjunction with the following figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] The invention and the advantages thereof may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: [0008] FIG. 1 is a representative Torque/Speed/Efficiency graph illustrating the energy conversion efficiency of a representative electric motor under different operating conditions. [0009] FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating a pulsed torque signal applied to an electric motor.

[0010] FIG. 3A is a torque versus efficiency map for a motor operating at a fixed speed during a transition from zero to peak efficiency torque.

[0011] FIG. 3B is a torque versus work lost for an exemplary motor operating at a fixed speed during a transition from zero to peak efficiency torque.

[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates a pulsed controlled electric machine in accordance with a nonexclusive embodiment.

[0013] FIG. 5A is a diagrammatic representation of a continuous three-phase AC waveform having a peak value of 50 Amperes for stator windings.

[0014] FIG. 5B is a diagrammatic representation of a continuous DC signal at 5 Amperes for rotor(field) windings.

[0015] FIGS. 5C and 5E are pulsed waveforms having a 50% duty cycle that provide the same power output as the continuous waveform of FIG. 5A.

[0016] FIGS. 5D and 5F are pulsed DC signals having a 50% duty cycle that provide the same power output as the continuous DC signal of FIG. 5B.

[0017] FIGS 6A-6C are signal diagrams illustrating the benefits of a non-exclusive embodiment.

[0018] FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating an example relationship between voltage rise time and current rise time for field windings of an EESM.

[0019] FIG. 8 is a graph of an example rotor flux and inductance versus current for rotor(field) windings of an EESM. [0020] FIG. 9A is a graph of flux density versus magnetic field for an example rotor. [0021] FIG. 9B provides graphs of flux density versus magnetic field for iron and air.

[0022] FIG. 10 is a schematic partial view of a cross-section of a rotor used in some embodiments.

[0023] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating steps for pulsed control operation of an electric machine in a vehicle in accordance with a non-exclusive embodiment.

[0024] FIG. 12A is a graph of rotor flux (Wb) versus rotor current (A) where rotor poles have an opposite magnetic orientation to the magnetic orientation of the magnetically connected rotor pole magnets.

[0025] FIG. 12B is a graph of rotor flux (Wb) versus rotor current (A) where rotor poles have a same magnetic orientation to the magnetic orientation of the magnetically connected rotor pole magnets.

[0026] FIGS. 13A-C provide schematic views of H bridge topologies illustrating how a current may be reversed when passing through field windings of rotor poles.

[0027] FIG. 14 is a graph of torque versus rotations per minute (rpm) speed for some embodiments in pulsed mode and continuous mode.

[0028] FIGS. 15A-B are a schematic views of a cross-section of an EESM used in some embodiments.

[0029] FIG. 16 is a schematic view of a cross-section of a rotor used in some embodiments. [0030] FIGS. 17A-B schematically illustrate a rotor pole used in some embodiments.

[0031] In the drawings, like reference numerals are sometimes used to designate like structural elements. It should also be appreciated that the depictions in the figures are diagrammatic and not to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0032] Modem electric machines have relatively high energy conversion efficiencies. The energy conversion efficiency of most electric machines, however, can vary considerably based on their operational load. With many applications, a machine is required to operate under a wide variety of different operating load conditions. As a result, machines typically operate at or near the highest levels of efficiency at certain times, while at other times, they operate at lower efficiency levels.

[0033] Battery powered electric vehicles provide a good example of an electric machine operating at a wide range of efficiency levels. During a typical drive cycle, an electrical vehicle will accelerate, cruise, de-accelerate, brake, corner, etc. Within certain rotor speed and/or torque ranges, the electric machine operates at or near its most efficient operating point, i.e., its "sweet spot". Outside these ranges, the operation of the electric machine is less efficient. As driving conditions change, the machine transitions between high and low operating efficiency levels as the rotor speed and/or torque change. If the electric machine could be made to operate a greater proportion of a drive cycle in high efficiency operating regions, the range of the vehicle for a given battery charge level would be increased. Since the limited range of battery powered electric vehicles is a major commercial impediment to their use, extending the operating range of the vehicle is highly advantageous. A need, therefore, exists to operate electric machines, such as motors and generators, at higher levels of efficiency.

[0034] The present application relates generally to pulsed control of electric electrically excited synchronous machines (also known as wound field synchronous machines) that would otherwise be operated in a continuous manner. By pulsed control, the machine is intelligently and intermittently pulsed on and off to both (1) meet operational demands while (2) improving overall efficiency. More specifically, under selected operating conditions, an electric machine is intermittently pulse-driven at more efficient energy conversion operating levels to deliver the desired average output more efficiently than would be attained by conventional continuous machine operation. Pulsed operation results in deliberate modulation of the electric machine torque; however, the modulation is managed in such a manner such that levels of noise or vibration are minimized for the intended application.

[0035] For the sake of brevity, the pulsed control of electric electrically excited synchronous machines as provided herein is described in the context of a three-phase electric electrically excited synchronous motor in a vehicle. This explanation, however, should not be construed as limiting in any regard. On the contrary, the pulse control as described herein can be used for many types of electric electrically excited synchronous motor machines, meaning both electric motors and generators. In addition, pulsed control of such electric electrically excited synchronous machines may be used in any application, not just limited to electric vehicles. In particular, pulsed control may be used in systems that require lower acceleration and deceleration rates than vehicle applications, such as electric motors for heating, cooling, and ventilating systems.

[0036] Pulsed engine control is described in U.S. Patent Application No. 16/353,159 filed on March 14, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos.: 62/644,912, filed on March 19, 2018; 62/658,739, filed on April 17, 2018; and 62/810,861 filed on February 26, 2019. Each of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Electrically Excited Synchronous Machines

[0037] Electrically excited synchronous machines are motors or generators that are able to convert electricity to mechanical movement or mechanical movement to electricity without permanent magnets. Electrically excited synchronous machines may be electrically excited synchronous motors (EESM) and electrically excited synchronous generators. EESM have an advantage over permanent magnet electric machines, since EESM have zero motor- loss at zero torque and at a certain non-zero speeds. While an equivalent permanent magnet electric machine will have a non-zero loss for the same operating speed and no-load due to the permanent magnet-flux.

Electrically excited synchronous machines also referred to as Wound Field Synchronous Machines or Externally Excited Synchronous Machines include:

- electrically excited synchronous rotors, where the field coil (also called field windings) is located in the rotor, whereas the armature phase windings are in the stator;

- or flux switching where both the field coil and the armature windings are located in the stator. In an electrically excited synchronous machine, the field coil is powered by a DC power source. In most electrically excited synchronous machines, the stator (armature) windings are powered by an AC power source. In most electrically excited synchronous machines, the field coil is on the rotor and the armature windings are on the stator. In such electrically excited synchronous machines, slip rings may be used to provide electrical contacts between the DC power source and the field windings on the rotor. In other embodiments, an airgap may be used to provide electrical contact. A DC motor would place the field windings on the stator and use a commutator connected to the rotor in order to convert DC power to AC power.

Three-Phase Electrically Excited Synchronous Machine

[0038] In a three-phase electrically excited synchronous machine, the stator may include a three-coil winding that is excited by a three-phase AC input and the field windings are on the rotor that is powered by a DC input. When the three-phase AC input is passed through the three-phase stator windings, a rotating magnetic field (RMF) is generated. The rotational rate of the RMF is known as the synchronous speed (N _s ) of the electric machine. The interaction of the rotor (field) winding and stator winding fields generates an electromagnetic force (EMF) causing the rotor rotation.

Vehicle Machine Efficiency Map

[0039] Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary vehicle electric machine efficiency map 10 under different load and speed conditions is illustrated. The map 10 plots torque (N*m) along the vertical axis as a function of electric machine speed (RPM) along the horizontal axis. The maximum steady-state output power is given by curve 12. The exemplary vehicle electric machine efficiency map is shown to help illustrate an increase in efficiency of an electrically excited synchronous machine (EESM) that may be provided by an embodiment.

[0040] The area under the peak-torque/speed curve 12 is mapped into a plurality of regions, each labeled by an operational efficiency percentage. For the particular motor shown, the following characteristics are evident:

• The most efficient or "sweet-spot" region of its operating range is the operating region labeled 14, which is generally in the range of 4,500-6,000 RPM with a torque output in the range of about 40-70 N*m. In region 14, the energy conversion efficiency is on the order of 96%, making it the “sweet spot”, where the electric machine is operating in its most efficient operating range.

• As the electric machine speed increases beyond approximately 6,000+ RPM, the efficiency tends to decrease, regardless of the output torque.

• As the output torque increases beyond 70 N*m or falls below 40 N*m, the efficiency percentage tends to decrease from its peak, in some situations rather significantly. For example, when the electric machine is operating at approximately 2,000 RPM and an output torque of 100 N*m, the efficiency is approximately 86%. When torque output falls below about 30 N*m, regardless of the electric machine speed, the efficiency drops, approaching zero at zero load.

• At any particular motor speed, there will be a corresponding most efficient output torque, which is diagrammatically illustrated by a maximum efficiency curve 16.

[0041] The map 10 as illustrated was derived from an electric machine used in a 2010 Toyota Prius. Map 10 is for an internal permanent magnet synchronous electric machine. It should be understood that this map 10 is merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting in any regard. A similar map can be generated for just about any electric machine, for example, a 3- phase induction electric machine, regardless of whether used in a vehicle or in some other application.

[0042] As can be seen from the map 10, the electric machine is generally most efficient when operating within the speed and torque ranges of the sweet spot 14. If the operating conditions can be controlled so that the electric machine operates a greater proportion of time at or near its sweet spot 14, the overall energy conversion efficiency of the electric machine can be significantly improved. [0043] From a practical point of view, however, many driving situations dictate that the electric machine operates outside of the speed and torque ranges of the sweet spot 14. In electric vehicles it is common to have no transmission and as such have a fixed ratio of the electric machine rotation rate to the wheel rotation rate. In this case, the electric machine speed may vary between zero, when the vehicle is stopped, to a relatively high RPM when cruising at highway speeds. The torque requirements may also vary widely based on factors such as whether the vehicle is accelerating or decelerating, going uphill, going downhill, traveling on a level surface, braking, etc.

[0044] As can be seen in FIG. 1 , at any particular electric machine speed, there will be a corresponding most efficient output torque which is diagrammatically illustrated by maximum efficiency curve 16. From a conceptual standpoint, when the desired electric machine torque is below the most efficient output torque for the current electric machine speed, the overall efficiency of the motor can be improved by pulsing the motor, so as to operate the electric machine for a proportion of time at or near its sweet spot and the remainder of the time at a low or zero torque output level. The average torque thus generated is controlled by controlling the duty cycle of sweet spot operation.

[0045] Referring to FIG. 2, a graph 20 plotting torque on the vertical axis versus time on the horizontal axis is illustrated. During conventional operation, the electric machine would continuously generate 10 N*m, indicated by dashed line 22, so long as the desired torque remained at this value. With the pulsed-control operation, the motor is pulsed with a current pulse signal, as represented by pulses 24, to deliver 50 N*m of torque for 20% of the time. The remaining 80% of the time, the machine is off. The net output of the motor, therefore, meets the operational demand of an average torque level of 10 N*m. Since the electric machine operates more efficiently when it is delivering 50 N*m than when it delivers a continuous torque of 10 N*m, the electric machine’s overall efficiency can thus be improved by pulsing the electric machine using a 20% duty cycle while still meeting the average torque demand. Thus, the pulsed operation provides a higher energy efficiency than the continuous operation.

[0046] In the above example, the duty cycle is not necessarily limited to 20%. As long as the desired electric machine output does not exceed 50 N*m, the desired electric machine output can be met by changing the duty cycle. For instance, if the desired electric machine output changes to 20 N*m, the duty cycle of the motor operating at 50 N*m can be increased to 40%; if the desired electric machine output changes to 40 N*m, the duty cycle can be increased to 80%; if the desired electric machine output changes to 5 N*m, the duty cycle can be reduced to 10% and so on. Generally, pulsed electric machine control can potentially be used advantageously any time that the desired electric machine torque falls below the maximum efficiency curve 16 of FIG. 1.

[0047] On the other hand, when the desired electric machine torque is at or above the maximum efficiency curve 16, the electric machine may be operated in a conventional (continuous or non-pulsed) manner to deliver the desired torque. Pulsed operation offers an opportunity for efficiency gains when the electric machine is required to deliver an average torque below the torque corresponding to its maximum operating efficiency point.

[0048] It should be noted that torque values and time scale provided in FIG. 2 are merely illustrative and are not intended to be limiting in any manner. In actual electric machine pulsing embodiments, the pulse duration used may widely vary based on the design needs of any particular system. Generally, however, the scale of the periods for each on/off cycle is expected to be on the order of 10 milliseconds (ms) to 0.10 seconds (i.e., pulsing at a frequency in the range of 10 to 100 Hz). Furthermore, there is a wide variety of different electrically excited synchronous electric machines, and each electrically excited synchronous electric machine has its own unique efficiency characteristics. Further, at different motor speeds, a given electric machine will have a different efficiency curve. The nature of the curve may vary depending on the particular electrically excited synchronous motor or a particular application. For example, torque output need not be flat topped as depicted in FIG. 2, and/or the torque need not go to zero during the off periods but may be some non- zero value. Regardless of the particular curve used, however, at some proportion of the time the electrically excited synchronous electric machine is operating is preferably at or near its highest efficiency region for a given electrically excited synchronous electric machine speed.

Efficiency Improvements with Improved faster Current Rise and Fall

[0049] The vast majority of current electric machine converters are typically designed for continuous, not pulsed operation. Such motors generally transition from the unenergized to an energized state relatively infrequently. As a result, little design effort is made in managing such transitions. To the extent any design effort is made in managing the transition, it is typically directed to achieving a smooth transition as opposed to a fast transition. The transition from the energized to energized states for most motors is therefore often rate limited (i.e., relatively not fast).

[0050] It has been discovered that for an electric machine system that regularly transitions from an unenergized electric machine state to a peak efficiency state such as with pulsed operation, even further efficiency improvements can be realized when the transitions occur as fast as possible. With fast transitions, for example, from zero torque to the peak efficiency torque, the overall average electric machine efficiency is improved because the electric machine spends less time in transition where efficiency is less than the peak. This relationship is depicted in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B

[0051] Referring to FIG. 3 A, a torque versus efficiency map for an exemplary electric motor operating at a fixed speed (e.g., 6000 RPMs) is illustrated. In the exemplary map, a range of torque outputs from 0.0 Nm to 250 Nm is plotted along the horizontal axis, while the efficiency of the motor from 0.0 percent to 100 percent is plotted along the vertical axis. The curve 26 depicts the transition of the motor from zero to peak efficiency torque. During this transition, as depicted by the shaded region 27, the peak efficiency torque has a much lower efficiency at the peak efficiency torque 28.

[0052] Referring to FIG. 3B, a map is provided illustrating torque versus work lost for an exemplary motor operating at a fixed speed during a transition from zero to peak efficiency torque. In this map, the work losses (W) are plotted along the vertical axis, while the torque output of the motor is plotted along the horizontal axis. As demonstrated by the curve 29, the work losses of the motor increase as the torque output increases during the transition from zero to peak efficiency torque. Therefore, the faster that transition time from zero to peak efficiency torque, the less work is performed, and the less energy is consumed by the electric motor.

[0053] By substituting time in place of torque along the horizontal axis and then integrating the area under the curve 29, the energy consumed by the electric motor can be calculated for a given transition time. For instance, with an exemplary motor, 7234.5 Joules of energy was used with a transition time of 0.5 seconds, while only 723.4 Joules of energy were used with a transition time of 0.05 seconds. This comparison demonstrates that the faster the transition time from zero to peak efficiency torque, the lower the energy consumed in losses. It should be noted that with this example, it is assumed that no acceleration of the load has taken place, so no energy has been added to the load inertia. Just as efficiency is increased by decreasing rise time, efficiency is increased by decreasing fall time.

[0054] For different motors, the transition of the motor from zero to peak efficiency torque, the peak efficiency torque, and the work losses will all vary. The maps of FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B should therefore be viewed as merely exemplary and should not be construed as limiting in any regard.

Power Converter

[0055] Power inverters are known devices that are used with electric motors for converting a DC power supply, such as that produced by a battery or capacitor, into three-phase AC input power applied to motor stator windings. In response, the stator windings generate the RMF as described above.

[0056] Referring to FIG. 4, a diagram of a power controller 30 for pulsed operation of an electric machine is illustrated. The power controller 30 includes a power converter 32, a DC power supply 34, and an electric machine 36. In this non-exclusive embodiment, the power converter 32 comprises a pulse controller 38. The power converter 32 may be operated as a power inverter or power rectifier depending on the direction of energy flow through the system. When the electric machine is operated as a motor, the power converter 32 is responsible for generating three-phase AC power from the DC power supply 34 to drive the electric machine 36. The three -phased input power, denoted as phase A 37a, phase B 37b, and phase C 37c, is applied to the windings of the stator of the electric machine 36 for generating the RMF as described above. The lines depicting the various phases, 37a, 37b, and 37c are depicted with arrows on both ends indicating that current can flow both from the power converter 32 to the electric machine 36 when the machine is used as a motor and that current can flow from the electric machine 36 to the power converter 32 when the machine is used as a generator. When the electric machine is operating as a generator, the power converter 32 operates as a power rectifier, and the AC power coming from the electric machine 36 is converted to DC power being stored in the DC power supply. The line depicting the rotor field current, 37d carries a DC rotor field current that typically is unidirectional for both the motor and generator operating modes.

[0057] The pulse controller 38 is responsible for selectively pulsing the three-phased input power. During conventional (i.e., continuous) operation, the three -phased and rotor field coil input power is continuous or not pulsed. On the other hand, during pulsed operation, the three- phased and rotor field coil input power is pulsed. Pulsed operation may be implemented, in nonexclusive embodiments, using any of the approaches described herein, such as but not limited to the approaches described below.

[0058] Referring to FIG. 5A-5F, plots are provided for illustrating the difference between continuous and pulsed three-phased and rotor field current input power provided to the electric machine 36. In each plot, stator phase and rotor field currents are plotted on the vertical axis and time is plotted along the horizontal axis.

[0059] FIG. 5A illustrates conventional sinusoidal three-phased input current 42a, 42b, and 42c delivered to the stator windings of the electric machine 36. Phase B, denoted by curve 42b lags phase A, denoted by 42a by 120 degrees. Phase C, denoted by curve 42c, lags phase B by 120 degrees. The sine wave period is T. The three-phased input current 42a, 42b, and 42c is continuous (not pulsed) and has a designated maximum amplitude of approximately 50 amps. FIG. 5B illustrates the conventional DC rotor field current 42d delivered to the field windings. The rotor field current is continuous (not pulsed) and has an amplitude of 5 amps. It should be appreciated that 50 amps (for the phased current delivered to the stator windings) and 5 amps (for the rotor field current delivered to the field windings ) are only a representative maximum current, and the maximum current may have any value.

[0060] FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D illustrate an example pulsed three-phased current waveforms 44a, 44b, and 44c, shown in FIG. 5C, with a pulsed DC rotor field current 44d, shown in FIG. 5D that has a 50% duty cycle and peak amplitude of approximately 100 amps for the three- phased waveforms 44a, 44b, and 44c and approximately 10 amps for the DC rotor field current 44d. As in FIG. 5A the period of the base sine wave is T, however, now the sine wave is modulated on and off. The delivered currents in FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D deliver the same average torque as the continuously applied three -phased input current of FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B (assuming torque is proportional to currents, which is often the case). In FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D, the current pulses 44a-d are interleaved with “off’ periods of equal length. The length of each on and off period is 2T. In this example, the duty cycle is 50%. The frequency of the pulsed modulation may vary based on the type of electrical machine used, noise and vibration considerations, current operating rotor speed, and other factors.

[0061] This example in FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D illustrates an application in which the “on” electric machine drive pulses are evenly spaced while the electric machine is operated at a steady state desired output level. Such an approach works well in many circumstances but is not a requirement. The duty cycle need not be 50% but can be adjusted to match the desired average output torque. In FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D the phase of the on/off pulses is synchronized with the applied power; however, the phase of the on/off pulses need not be synchronized with the phase of the applied power in some embodiments. Thus, the relative sizes and/or timing of the electric machine drive pulses can be varied as long as they average out to deliver the desired average torque.

[0062] This example shows how both the stator winding AC current and the DC field winding current may be pulsed. The pulsing is designed to allow the electrically excited synchronous machine to operate at an efficient torque level while reducing the amount of power needed to provide a desired torque level.

[0063] FIG. 5E and FIG. 5F illustrate another example of pulsed three-phased current waveforms 46a, 46b, and 46c, shown in FIG. 5E, with a pulsed DC field current 46d, shown in FIG. 5F that has a 50% duty cycle and peak amplitude of approximately 100 amps for the three- phased waveforms 46a, 46b, and 46c and approximately 10 amps for the DC rotor field current 46d. As in FIG. 5A the period of the base sine wave is T, however, now the sine wave is modulated on and off. The delivered current in FIG. 5E and FIG. 5F delivers the same average torque as the continuously applied three -phased input current of FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B (assuming torque is proportional to currents, which is often the case). In FIG. 5E and FIG. 5F, the current pulses 46a-d are interleaved with “off’ periods of equal length. The length of each on and off period is T/2. In this example, the duty cycle is 50%. The frequency of the pulsed modulation may vary based on the type of electrical machine used, noise and vibration considerations, current operating rotor speed, and other factors.

Power Converter Circuit

[0064] The inherent inductance of the electric machine can transitorily delay/slow the voltage/power steps between the on and off motor states. During continuous (non-pulsed) operation, these transitory effects tend to have a relatively minimal impact on overall electric machine operation. However, when rapid pulsing is used as contemplated herein, the transitory effects can have a larger net impact, and therefore, there is an incentive to reduce the leading and falling edge pulse transition times. This is particularly important for the rotor field current that exhibits a significantly higher time constant than the stator phased current.

[0065] As previously noted, the goal of pulsed electric machine control is to operate the electric machine 36 at substantially its most efficient level for the current machine speed during “on” periods and to cut-off power (provide zero or negligible power) during the “off’ periods. For example, the power supplied during the off periods may be less than 10%, 5%, 1 %, 0.5%, or 0.1% of the power supplied during the “on” period. The operating point while operating during the “on” period may have an efficiency within 5%, 2%, or 1% of a maximum operating efficiency point of the electric machine at the current electric machine speed. The transitions thru the low efficiency operating region between the “off’ and “on” periods should be as fast as possible to maximize efficiency. Thus, the power transitions between the electric machine power “on” and “off’ states ideally have a leading edge that transitions vertically straight up and a following edge that vertically transitions straight down. Such "perfect" pulses 60 are diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 6A, which illustrates the ideal electric machine drive current versus time for pulsed control having a duty cycle of 50%. In this figure, the current pulse represents the rotor field winding current. While the current pulse is shown as flat topped, this will not necessarily be the case. [0066] In the real world, a number of practical limitations make generation of such perfect pulses difficult to achieve. For instance, inductive aspects of both the electric machine 36 and the power converter 32 circuitry slow down the current rise and fall times. The actual response of a particular machine will vary with the electrical characteristics of the electric machine 36, the rotational speed of the electric machine, and the available bus voltages. In general, the actual rise and fall of pulses occur more gradually, meaning the transitions occur over time. The nature of the rise and fall in the real world is diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 6B. As seen therein, there is a ramp-up period (rise time) 62 required for the current to actually rise from zero to the desired “on” power level and a ramp-down period (fall time) 64 required for the current to actually fall from the “on” power level down to zero.

[0067] During the power ramp-up and ramp-down periods, the electrically excited synchronous electric machine 36 continues to consume or generate power. However, the electrically excited synchronous machine operates less efficiently during these transition periods. In general, the electrically excited synchronous machine efficiency will drop as the operating current drops from its maximum efficiency condition (curve 16 FIG. 1) towards zero, with the energy conversion efficiency getting noticeably worse as the current level approaches zero. Thus, the pulse distortion represented by the current ramp-up and ramp-down periods detracts from efficiency gains resulting from the pulsed operation. In general, the smaller the ratio of the rise/fall times to the pulse length, the less the transitory switching effects impact the machine’s energy conversion efficiency during pulsing.

[0068] It should be appreciated that the transitory effects shown in FIG. 6B are illustrative and do not necessarily reflect actual rise/fall times associated with the operation of any particular electrically excited synchronous machine. The relative scale of the rise time to the pulse length ratio can vary widely based on the characteristics of the electrically excited synchronous machine used (which primarily dictates the rise and fall times), the frequency of the pulsing (which is primarily dictated by the control scheme used) and the pulse width (which is dictated by the control scheme and machine load). The voltage available to power the electrically excited synchronous electric machine and machine rotation speed will also impact the pulse rise and fall times. If the pulsing is slow compared to the electrically excited synchronous machine response, the rise/fall times may be a small fraction of the pulse width and the transitory switching effects may have a minimal impact on machine performance. Conversely, if the pulsing is very rapid and/or the electrically excited synchronous machine response is low, the rise/fall times may be a significant fraction of the pulse width and can even exceed the pulse width in some situations. If not managed carefully, the transitory efficiency losses associated with switching can significantly reduce or even eliminate any theoretical gains that can be attained by pulsed operation. Thus, it is important to consider the transitory switching effects associated with the pulsed operation when determining the pulsing frequency and control schemes that are appropriate for any particular application.

[0069] Various embodiments provide a pulsed control electrically excited synchronous machine with rise times and fall times of less than 5 ms. However, using a conventional power system with a conventional electrically excited synchronous machine, a build or decay of no more than 5 ms is not obtained. In various embodiments, the pulsed control provides pulses with a frequency of at least 10 Hz and a period no more than 100 ms and where the rise time is less than 10% of the period.

[0070] For rotor field windings, current rise times and fall times are related to a time constant that is a function of L/R, where L is the inductance of the rotor field windings and R is the resistance in the rotor field windings. In a typical EESM, the rise and fall times of the rotor field windings would be on the order of 100 ms, which is many times greater than the desired rise and fall times of 5 ms. FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating an example relationship between voltage rise time and current rise time for rotor field windings of an EESM. A voltage curve 704 shows that voltage has a fast rise time and then is kept constant. A current curve 708 shows how current first slowly rises with a shallow linear slope and then at about 0.2 seconds accelerates. As shown in FIG. 7 the rise of the current is much slower than the rise of the voltage, where the voltage reaches the maximum voltage in about 0.005 seconds and where the current reaches a maximum value in over 0.025 seconds.

[0071] FIG. 8 is a graph of an example rotor flux and inductance versus current for rotor field windings of an EESM. The rotor inductance curve (H) 804 shows that as the current increases inductance decreases. The rotor flux curve (Wb) 808 shows that as current increases flux increases. The rotor flux curve 808 has an approximate linear rise at a first slope from 0 to about

2.5 amps. The rotor flux curve 808 has an approximate linear rise at a second slope from about

7.5 amps to 15 amps. The first slope is greater than the second slope. Between about 2.5 amps and 7.5 amps the rotor flux curve 808 transitions from the first slope to the second slope. The curve formed by the transition region is called a magnetic knee.

[0072] FIG. 9A is a graph of flux density versus magnetic field for an example rotor. A flux field curve 904 has a first linear slope 908 from about 170 H to about 350 H and a second linear slope 912 from about 600 H to about 1000 H. The first linear slope 908 is provided by the relationship B~|i _a poH. The second linear slope is caused by magnetic saturation and is provided by the relationship B~p, _o H+J _sa t. FTG. 9B provides graphs of flux density versus magnetic field for iron and air. Flux field curve 920 is a graph of flux density versus magnetic field for iron. Flux field curve 924 is a graph of flux density versus magnetic field for air. A magnetic field knee is the transition between the first linear rise with a slope of greater than 1 and the second linear rise with a slope of less than 1. The center of the magnetic field knee 906 may be defined as part of the magnetic field knee, where the slope is equal to one. In the alternative, the magnetic field knee could define this as the rapidly changing slope between the 2 approximately constant slopes. In the specification and claims, the magnetic field knee region is defined as the magnetic field in a range with a minimum equal to the center of the magnetic field knee minus 0.5 Tesla to a maximum equal to the center of the magnetic field knee plus 0.1 Tesla. In some embodiments, a narrower magnetic field knee region is the magnetic field in a range with a minimum equal to the center of the magnetic field knee minus 0.2 Tesla to a maximum equal to the center of the magnetic field knee plus 0.05 Tesla.

[0073] Referring back to FIG. 5F in order to allow current to transition between 0 amps and 10 amps in the rotor, in the example shown in FIG. 7 it would take more than 25 ms to make such a transition. Some embodiments provide transition times of on the order of 5 ms. Some embodiments provide transition times of less than 5 ms.

[0074] In some embodiments, permanent magnets are added to rotor field windings, where the permanent magnets induce a magnetic field in the rotor field windings that is near magnetic saturation. FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of part of a rotor 1004 and a stator 1008 of an electric machine 1000 used in some embodiments. Magnetically connected between a first rotor pole 1012 and a second rotor pole 1016 is a first rotor pole magnet 1020. The second rotor pole 1016 is magnetically connected to the first rotor pole magnet 1020 and a second rotor pole magnet 1024. In some embodiments, the first rotor pole magnet 1020 and the second rotor pole magnet 1024 are permanent magnets. In some embodiments, the first rotor pole magnet 1020 and the second rotor pole magnet 1024 are electromagnets. The stator 1008 comprises a plurality of stator poles with stator teeth 1030. Stator windings 1034 are wrapped around the stator teeth 1030.

[0075] In some embodiments, the first rotor pole magnet 1020 and the second rotor pole magnet 1024 are sufficiently strong and sufficiently connected to the first rotor pole 1012 and the second rotor pole 106, the cause the first rotor pole 1012 and the second rotor pole 1016 to be in a magnetic saturation transition region. As shown in the example in FIG. 9A, magnetic saturation for the rotor to provide the flux field curve 904 reaches magnetic saturation at about 600 A/m, where the flux field curve 904 begins the second linear slope 912. The flux field curve 904 ends the first linear slope 908 at about 300 A/m. The magnetic saturation transition region is defined as the region of a rapidly changing slope connecting the first linear slope to the second linear slope where the onset of magnetic saturation begins.

[0076] Since the rise time is a function of L/R, by placing the first rotor pole 1012 and the second rotor pole 1016 in the magnetic saturation region near magnetic saturation, the change in the magnetic field is low causing inductance to be low allowing for a fast rise time. In some embodiments, the rise time is about 5 ms. In some embodiments, the rise time is less than 5 ms.

Operational Flow Diagrams

[0077] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram 70 illustrating steps for pulsed control operation of an electric machine with characteristics such as those depicted in FIG. 1. In the initial step 72, the current electric machine output and current electric machine speed are ascertained.

[0078] In decision step 74, a determination is made based on the current electric machine output and current electric machine speed if the electric machine should be operated in a continuous mode or a pulsed mode. In other words, a determination is made if the desired electric machine torque is above or below the most efficient output torque for the current electric machine speed (i.e., the maximum efficiency curve 16 of the electric machine map illustrated in FIG. 1).

[0079] If below, the electric machine may advantageously be operated in the pulsed mode. In step 78, the power output or magnitude of the “on” pulses that provide for substantially maximum efficiency operation at the current electric machine speed is determined. In step 80, the desired pulse duty cycle for operation in the pulsed mode is determined so that the average output power or torque matches the desired output.

[0080] In step 82, the electric machine is operated in the pulsed mode using the determined pulse duty cycle and pulsed power output. The use of the power controller 30 in conjunction with the rotor pole magnets in various embodiments reduces the rise and fall times of the pulses, further improving motor efficiency.

[0081] During the pulsing operation, the current in the rotor windings is pulsed. In some embodiments, the rotor windings are pulsed to have the same magnetic orientation as magnetically connected rotor pole magnets. For example, in FIG. 10, the first rotor pole 1012 is pulsed so that the north pole is towards the center of the rotor 1004 and the south pole is away from the center of the rotor 1004 so that the south pole of the first rotor pole 1012 is adjacent to the south pole of the first rotor pole magnet 1020 and the second rotor pole magnet 1024. The adjacent second rotor pole 1016 has an opposite orientation from the first rotor pole 1012 so that the second rotor pole 1016 has south poles towards the center of rotor 1004 and north poles away from the center of the rotor 1004 and so that the north pole of the second rotor pole 1016 is adjacent to the north pole of the second rotor pole magnet. Since the current pulsing of the rotor windings gives the same magnetic orientation as magnetically connected rotor pole magnets the rotor poles are magnetically saturated or nearly magnetically saturated by the rotor pole magnets allowing for a fast rise time and a fast fall time, as indicated in FIG. 6C.

[0082] As evident in FIG. 6C, the ramp-up rise time 66 on the pulse leading edge is faster/shorter as compared to the corresponding ramp-up time 62 shown in FIG. 6B. Similarly, the ramp-down time 68 of the pulse trailing edge is faster/shorter as compared to the corresponding ramp-down time 64 shown in FIG. 6B. Therefore, it should be appreciated that electric machines designed with pulsed control in mind or modified to improve the transient response of the machine to power pulses, can benefit even more from pulsed operation than existing machines.

[0083] The above steps 72-82 are continuously performed while the electric machine is in operation. At any particular electric machine speed, there will be a corresponding most efficient output torque which is diagrammatically illustrated by maximum efficiency curve 16 in FIG. 1. As the instantaneous electric machine output request and/or current electric machine speed change, a decision is made to operate the electric machine in either the continuous or pulsed mode as appropriate. From a conceptual standpoint, when the desired electric machine torque is below the most efficient output torque for the current electric machine speed, the overall efficiency of the electric machine can be improved by pulsing the electric machine. As a result, for electric machine-powered vehicles, the overall efficiency of the vehicle is improved, meaning the vehicle range between battery recharging is extended.

[0084] If above, the electric machine is operated in the continuous mode. In step 76, the electric machine is operated in the continuous mode 76 if the current electric machine torque is above the most efficient output torque for the current electric machine speed.

[0085] In some embodiments, in providing a continuous mode, the current through the rotor windings is reversed compared to the current through the rotor windings in pulsed mode. As a result, the rotor poles have an opposite magnetic orientation to the magnetic orientation of the magnetically connected rotor pole magnets. Since the rotor poles and rotor pole magnets have opposite orientations, the rotor pole magnets provide a negative Hux bias to the rotor poles allowing the rotor poles to provide a higher peak torque. The rotor pole magnets create a negative flux in the rotor poles so that the overall flux in the rotor poles is at higher currents. Since the rotor poles have an opposite magnetic orientation to the magnetic orientation of the magnetically connected rotor pole magnets the rotor pole magnets do not decrease the rise time. However, for continuous operation, a fast rise time is not needed since pulsing is not used.

[0086] FIG. 17A schematically illustrates a rotor pole 1704 with a part of a first bridge rotor pole magnet 1708 and a second bridge rotor pole magnet 1712. In FIG. 17A the rotor field current provides a magnetic field that has the same orientation as the first bridge rotor pole magnet 1708 and the second bridge rotor pole magnet 1712 that is used with a DC current. FIG. 17B schematically illustrates the rotor pole 1704 with a part of the first bridge rotor pole magnet 1708 and the second bridge rotor pole magnet 1712. In FIG. 17B the rotor field current provides a magnetic field that has the opposite orientation as the first bridge rotor pole magnet 1708 and the second bridge rotor pole magnet 1712 that is used with a DC current.

[0087] FIG. 12A is a graph of rotor flux (Wb) versus rotor current (A) where rotor poles have an opposite magnetic orientation to the magnetic orientation of the magnetically connected rotor pole magnets. Curve 1208 is a graph of rotor flux with respect to rotor current for a rotor pole without rotor pole magnets. Curve 1204 is a graph of rotor flux with respect to current for a rotor pole with a rotor pole magnet. A positive current on the rotor winding creates a magnetic flux that opposes the magnetic field of the rotor magnets. Therefore, rotor flux linkage reduces with magnets on the rotor for positive rotor currents.

[0088] FIG. 12B is a graph of stator flux (Wb) versus rotor current (A). With positive rotor current, rotor poles have a same magnetic orientation as the magnetic orientation of the magnetically connected rotor pole magnets. Curve 1212 is a graph of stator flux with respect to rotor current for a rotor pole with rotor pole magnets. Curve 1216 is a graph of stator flux with respect to rotor current for a rotor pole without magnets. A positive current on the rotor winding creates a magnetic flux that opposes the magnetic field of the rotor magnets. Both of the magnetic flux sources combinedly link the stator winding, which generates higher torque.

[0089] In some embodiments, the current direction through the rotor field windings of the rotor poles during the pulsed operation is opposite of the current direction through the rotor field windings of the rotor poles during the continuous operation. FIGS. 13A-C provide schematic views of H bridge topologies illustrating how a current may be reversed when passing through rotor field windings of rotor poles 1304. FIG. 13A has all open switches so that no current passes from a voltage source 1308 through the rotor field windings on the rotor poles 1304 to ground 1312. FIG. 13B has two closed switches so that current passes from the voltage source 1308 through the rotor field windings on the rotor poles in a first direction to ground 1312. FIG. 13C has two closed switches so that current passes from the voltage source 1308 through the rotor filed windings in a second direction opposite the first direction to ground 1312. [0090] FIG. 14 is a graph of torque versus rotations per minute (rpm) speed for some embodiments in pulsed mode and continuous mode. Continuous curves 1404 and 1408 are torque envelope curves for the continuous mode. Pulsed curves 1412 and 1416 are torque envelope curves for the pulsed mode.

[0091] Some embodiments have a fast rise time and a fast fall time during the pulsing mode. In some embodiments, the fast rise time is the same length as the fast fall time. In some embodiments, the fast rise time is symmetric with the fast fall time. In some embodiments, the fast rise time and/or fall time of the rotor field windings are the same length and/or symmetric to the fast rise time and/or fall time of the stator windings.

[0092] FIG. 15A is a schematic view of part of a rotor 1504 and a stator 1508 of an electric machine 1500 used in some embodiments. The EESM comprises a rotor 1504 and stator 1508. The rotor 1504 has a plurality of rotor poles. Each rotor pole 1512 of the plurality of rotor poles is surrounded by a rotor coil 1516 of a plurality of rotor coils. A permanent magnet 1532 of a plurality of permanent magnets is placed at an end of each rotor pole 1512 of the plurality of rotor poles. In some embodiments, each permanent magnet 1532 of the plurality of permanent magnets is offset from a center line C along a length of the middle of the rotor pole 1512. In addition, spaces 1536 on the sides of the permanent magnet 1532 form airgaps. The north and south poles of the permanent magnet 1532 are positioned to be parallel or antiparallel or approximately parallel or antiparallel to the center line C or a line from a rotational axis of the rotor to the permanent magnet 1532, so that either the north pole or south pole is facing the end surface of the rotor pole 1512 and the closest part of the stator 1508.

[0093] FIG. 15B is a schematic view of part of a rotor 1504 and a stator 1508 of an electric machine 1500 shown in FIG. 15B with magnetic flux lines 1540 caused by the permanent magnet 1532. The air gaps provided by the spaces 1536, shown in FIG. 15A, on the sides of the permanent magnet 1532, reduces the leakage flux, increasing the magnetic flux from the permanent magnet 1532 into the stator 1508. Introducing more flux into the stator enhances the motor's efficiency. This is because the added permanent magnet reduces the necessary rotor current to produce the same level of output power. Nonetheless, it is crucial to exercise caution to ensure that the extra permanent magnet doesn't obstruct the rotor flux to an extent that would result in an overall decrease in efficiency. The flux lines through the rotor pole 1512 is substantially parallel or antiparallel to the flux lines created by the rotor coil 1516, as shown in FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B. In some embodiments, the permanent magnet 1532 has a sufficient magnetic strength to cause a flux in the rotor pole 1512 to be near a magnetic saturation transition region of the rotor pole 1512, but is not strong enough so that the electric machine 1500 may be used as a permanent magnet electric machine and is not strong enough to cause a significant back EMF. In some embodiments, rotor poles adjacent to the rotor pole 1512 would have permanent magnets that have an antiparallel orientation than the permanent magnet 1532, so that the south pole of the permanent magnets are closest to the stator 1508. The thickness of the permanent magnets 1532 are small such that the inner surface 1542 of the permanent magnets are at higher (or great) radius from the central axis of the shaft or the rotorl504 than the radius from the central axis of the shaft or rotor and the outer most turn 1546 of rotor coil 1516. In addition, FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B show that the magnetization direction indicated by the north and south poles and the flux lines of the permanent magnet 1532 is in the same direction as a radius R, shown in FIG. 15B, that passes from the central axis of the shaft or rotor X to the permanent magnet 1532.

[0094] FIG. 16 is a schematic view of a cross-section of a rotor 1604 used in some embodiments. In this embodiment, each rotor pole 1612 is surrounded by rotor coil 1616 and 1620. Rotor coil 1620 inserted through the rotor slot. A first bridge rotor pole magnet 1624, and a second bridge rotor pole magnet 1628. The first bridge rotor pole magnet 1624 and the second bridge rotor pole magnet 1628 span between a rotor and an adjacent rotor with an opposite magnetic orientation to the rotor.

[0095] While this disclosure has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, there are alterations, modifications, permutations, and various substitute equivalents, which fall within the scope of this disclosure. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and apparatuses of the present disclosure. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, modifications, permutations, and various substitute equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present disclosure.