TECHNICAL FIELD

[001] The present disclosure relates to means for handling uplink (UL) data or downlink (DL) data for a user equipment.

BACKGROUND

[002] Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa.

Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description.

[003] Current 3GPP 5GS study for Cellular Intemet-of-Things (CloT) is covered by TR

23.724 v 1.0.0 (hereafter“the TR”). Solution 19 in the TR (i.e., 5GS UP Optimization for Infrequent Small Data Transmission) will be likely recommended for normative work for release 16 (rel-l6) for infrequent small data transmission.

[004] FIG. 1 shows figure 6.19.4.2-1 of the TR, which shows an example of how mobile originated (MO) small data packet is delivered from a user equipment (UE). The description for the steps shown in FIG. 1 can be found in the TR and is reproduced in the table 1 below: TABLE 1

_

[005] As similar procedure also exists in TS 23.401 for Evolved Packet System (EPS).

[006] FIG. 2 shows figure 5.3.5A-1 of TS 23.401, which shows a UE initiated connection resume procedure. As explained in TS 23.401,“[t]his procedure is used by the UE to resume the ECM-connection if the UE and the network support User Plane CloT EPS

Optimisation and the UE has stored the necessary information to conduct the Connection

Resume procedure (see TS 36.300 [5]) otherwise the Service Request procedures are used, see clause 5.3.4.” The description for the steps shown in FIG. 2 can be found in TS 23.401 and is reproduced in the table 2 below:

TABLE 2

[007] There is also the Early Data Transmission logic where a UE sends a single uplink data packet to the RAN with an indication (Release Assistance Indication (RAI)) that the RAN can suspend the RRC connection immediately after the uplink packet delivery.

[008] FIG. 3 shows the message flow also from solution 19 in TR 23.724. More specifically, FIG. 3 shows figure 6. l9.4.2b-l of the TR, which shows an example of a single MO data transmission using 5GS user plane (TIP) Optimization and Early Data Transmission (EDT). The description for the steps shown in FIG. 3 can be found in the TR and is reproduced in the table 3 below:

TABLE 3

_

SUMMARY

[009] There currently exist certain challenge(s).

[0010] At resumption of the RRC connection, RAN (E-UTRAN or NG-RAN) conducts a Sl interface (through Sl AP protocol) or N2 interface (through NGAP protocol) Resume procedure with the Core Network (CN) (e.g., with a mobility management node, such as an LTE Mobility Management Entity (MME) or a 5G Access and Mobility Management function (AMF)) enabling Sl-U tunnel (RAN-SGW) or N3 tunnel (RAN-UPF) user plane info transfer. The S1AP/NGAP Resume procedure triggers the MME or the AMF to perform subsequent procedures (e.g. Step 3/4/5 shown in FIG. 1, or step 7/8 shown in FIG. 2) with the SGW or SMF/UPF respectively.

[0011] However, if there was user plane (UP) data transferred to RAN as part of the

Early Data Transmission (EDT) procedure (see FIG. 3 and its description above) and UE indicated in AS Release Assistance Indication (RAI) that no further UL data is expected nor the RAN is aware of any mobile terminated (MT) data pending in the CN, the RAN can subsequent to initiation of the EDT using RRC, decide to suspend the RRC connection and put the UE back into RRC IDLE or RRC INACTFVE state using the appropriate RRC procedure/message. In this case RAN would not wait for the CN to suspend the S1AP/NGAP connection, i.e. perform S1AP/NGAP Suspend procedure.

[0012] However, without Sl or N2 communication to the MME/ AMF, the RAN does not know if there is downlink (DL) data for the UE when RAN wants to suspend the RRC connection. Also, with the Sl or N2 communication, the period timer in MME/ AMF which is started when UE is suspended last time can’t be restarted. Moreover, with the Sl or N2 resume procedure to MME/ AMF, this creates unwanted signaling in the network to setup the Sl-U and N3 tunnel and the tunnel will be removed soon after RAN put UE back to RRC suspend mode. [0013] Certain aspects of the present disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to these or other challenges.

[0014] For example, in one particular non-limiting aspect, the RAN indicates to the CN

(e.g., MME/AMF) in, for example, the Sl AP/NGAP Resume procedure, that no further UL data is available to be sent. For example, the RAN may determine that no further data is available to be sent based on RAI from the UE through RRC signaling. The CN will then determine whether there is any DL user plane (UP) or control plane (CP) data for the UE. If there is no DL data for the UE, the MME/AMF replies to the RAN with a Resume response that indicates that RAN can immediately perform RRC suspend. The MME/AMF does not need to communicate with SGW or SMF/UPF (i.e. Skip step 3/4/5 in FIG. 1, or step 7/8 in FIG. 2) in this case. MME/AMF will re-start the periodic timer when the Sl AP/NGAP resume procedure is finished and S1/N2 is considered as suspended again after the response. And, if there is DL data, the MME/AMF will not indicate the immediate RRC suspend indication to RAN and RAN shall not perform RRC suspend immediately even if RAI is provided by EGE. Normal Suspend/Resume procedure will be performed by RAN late on when data/singling is delivered.

[0015] There are, proposed herein, various embodiments which address one or more of the issues disclosed herein.

[0016] TIE Embodiments

[0017] In one aspect there is provided a method performed by a TIE. In one embodiment, the method includes the TIE initiating an RRC connection resume procedure for resuming an

RRC connection. The method also includes, at the same time as or after initiating the connection resume procedure, the TIE transmitting ETL data to a RAN that is configured to forward the EIL data. The method further includes, after transmitting the ETL data, the UE receiving a connection resume response message.

[0018] In some embodiments, initiating the connection resume procedure comprises the

UE sending to the RAN an RRC Resume Request (the request may include UL data).

[0019] In some embodiments, the UE indicates to the RAN that the UE has only a single uplink packet to transmit. For example, the UE may include in the RRC Resume Request information indicating a single packet transmission. [0020] In some embodiments, the resume response message comprises an indication to suspend the RRC connection, and in response to receiving the resume response message comprising the suspend indication, the UE transitions to a power savings state (e.g., RRC IDLE or RRCJNACTIVE).

[0021] RAN Embodiments

[0022] In another aspect, there is a method performed by a RAN (e.g., performed by an eNB or gNB). In one embodiment, the method includes the RAN receiving a connection resume request transmitted by a EE for resuming an RRC connection. The method also includes, after receiving the connection resume request, the RAN transmitting a resume message to a mobility management node (e.g., MME or AMF). The method further includes, after transmitting the resume message to the mobility management node (MMN), the RAN receiving an

acknowledgment message transmitted by the MMN acknowledging the resume message. The method further includes, after receiving the resume acknowledgment message transmitted by the mobility management node, the RAN transmitting to the EE a connection resume response message that responds to the connection resume request message transmitted by the EE.

[0023] In some embodiments, the method further includes the RAN determining that the

EE has only a single uplink packet to transmit, wherein as a result of determining that the EE has only a single uplink packet to transmit, the RAN incudes in the resume message transmitted to the MMN information indicating no further EE data.

[0024] In some embodiments, the acknowledgment message comprises information indicating that there is currently no DL data for the EE (i.e., information indicating that the RAN can immediately suspend the RRC connection).

[0025] In some embodiments, the connection resume response message comprises information for causing the EE to immediately transition to a power savings state (i.e.,

RRC IDLE or RRC INACTIVE) (e.g., the connection resume response message contains an “immediate suspend indication”).

[0026] In another aspect, there is provided a method performed by a RAN (e.g., performed by an eNB or gNB). In one embodiment, the method includes the RAN receiving a connection resume request transmitted by a UE for resuming an RRC connection. The method also includes, after receiving the connection resume request, the RAN transmitting a resume message to a mobility management node (e.g., MME or AMF). The method further includes, after transmitting the resume message to the MMN, the RAN receiving an acknowledgment message transmitted by the MMN acknowledging the resume message, wherein the

acknowledgment message comprises information indicating that there is currently no DL data for the UE (i.e., information indicating that the RAN can immediately suspend the RRC connection).

[0027] In some embodiments, the method further includes the RAN determining that the

UE has only a single uplink packet to transmit, wherein as a result of determining that the UE has only a single uplink packet to transmit, the RAN incudes in the resume message transmitted to the MMN information indicating no further UL data.

[0028] In some embodiments, the method further includes the RAN transmitting to the

UE a connection resume response message that response to the connection resume request transmitted by the UE.

[0029] In some embodiments, the connection resume response message comprises information for causing the UE to immediately transition to a power savings state (i.e.,

RRC IDLE or RRC INACTFVE) (e.g., the connection resume response message contains an “immediate suspend indication”).

[0030] CN Embodiments

[0031] In another aspect, there is provided a method performed by a core network, CN,

(e.g., by a MMN of the core network). In one embodiment, the method includes the CN receiving a resume message concerning a UE, wherein the resume message was transmitted by a RAN (e.g., by a eNB or gNB) serving the UE and the resume message indicates that the UE currently has no further UL data to transmit. The method also includes, after receiving the resume message, the CN determining whether there currently exists DL data for the UE. The method further includes, after determining whether there currently exists DL data for the UE, the CN performing one of the following steps: (1) as a result of determining that currently there is no downlink data for the UE, the CN transmitting to the RAN an acknowledgment message acknowledging the resume message and comprising information indicating that there is currently no DL data for the UE (i.e., information indicating that the RAN can immediately suspend the RRC connection), or (2) as a result of determining that currently there is downlink data for the UE, the CN performing a certain process that comprises the CN sending a message to an SMF. [0032] In some embodiments, the method is performed by a MMN and the certain process further comprises: the MMN entering a CM-Connected state; the MMN stopping a timer associated with the UE; and/or the MMN transmitting to the RAN an acknowledgment message acknowledging the resume message and comprising information indicating that there is currently DL data for the UE (i.e., information indicating that the RAN should not immediately suspend the RRC connection).

[0033] An advantage of the above embodiments is that they reduce signaling in the network, thereby reducing load in the network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in a constitute a part of this application, illustrate certain non limiting embodiments of inventive concepts. In the drawings:

Figure 1 shows an example of how mobile originated (MO) small data packet is delivered from a user equipment (UE);

Figure 2 shows a UE initiated connection resume procedure; Figure 3 shows a message flow of an example of a single MO data transmission;

Figure 4 shows an example of how MO small data packet may be delivered from a UE to the network according to an embodiment of the present solution; Figure 5 shows a method performed by a UE according to an embodiment of the present solution;

Figure 6 shows a method performed by a Radio Access Network (RAN) node according to an embodiment of the present solution;

Figure 7 shows a method performed by a Radio Access Network (RAN) node according to an embodiment of the present solution; Figure 8 shows a method performed by a Core Network (CN) node according to an embodiment of the present solution;

Figure 9 shows a method performed by a Radio Access Network (RAN) node according to an embodiment of the present solution; Figure QQ1 illustrates a wireless network in which some embodiments of the present solution may be implemented;

Figure QQ2 illustrates an embodiment of a UE in accordance with some embodiments of the present solution;

Figure QQ3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment in which some embodiments of the present solution may be implemented in a virtualized manner;

Figure QQ4 is a schematic illustration of a communication system in accordance with an

embodiment of the present solution;

Figure QQ5 is a schematic illustration of a communication system in which some

embodiments of a UE, base station and/or host computer may be implemented;

Figure QQ6-QQ9 are flowcharts illustrating methods implemented in a communication system in accordance with some embodiments of the present solution;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0034] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art. [0035] FIG. 4 shows an example of how MO small data packet is delivered from the UE to the network according to one embodiment. The steps shown in FIG. 4 are described below:

[0036] In step la, the UE triggers RRC Connection Resume procedure. This step may be the same as step la of FIG. 1 or step la of FIG. 3. For example, as described above with respect to FIG. 1, the UE triggers RRC Connection Resume procedure including Resume ID which identifies the AS context stored in the NG-RAN. And as described above with respect to FIG. 3, step la may include the UE sending an RRC Connection Resume Request with UL data included as EDT with the RRC Connection Resume Request. In some embodiments, using the valid AS Context for the UE, the NG-RAN performs AS security check, DRB is established, and NG- RAN enables N3 UL TEID for data delivery. If the Resume ID indicates another NG-RAN within Xn connectivity, i.e., old NG-RAN, the NG-RAN performs direct context fetch via Xn. For the case that the old NG-RAN is not within Xn connectivity, RAN3 WG need to study whether indirect context fetch via AMF or another network function is to be defined. If NG-RAN fails to get valid AS context, it rejects RRC Connection Resume with an appropriate cause, so that the UE performs the related NAS procedure. UE can send UL data right after successful As Context retrieval. The NG-RAN forwards the UL data received from the UE to the UPF by using N3 UL TEID in the AS context. UE also includes the RAI indicating single uplink packet if it’s the case.

[0037] In step 2, The RAN notifies the AMF (or MME for EPS) that UE connection has been resumed by either: (i) sending a resume message (e.g., NGAP resume) which includes N2 SM info and PDU Session ID and N3 DL TEID for the PDU session in the N2 SM message in case there is more uplink data signaling is expected from UE or (ii) sending the resume message indicating no further uplink data if it’s the case. The RAN may determine whether more uplink data signaling is expected from UE based on AS RAI included in the resume request indicating single packet transmission or the if the expected UE behavior is available and stored in the UE context in RAN (with a Release Assistance Information present) indicating single packet (and the AS RAI is not present in step la).

[0038] In step 3, the AMF enters CM-Connected state and stop the UE periodic timer.

The AMF identifies the UE context, and forwards N2 SM message to the SMF if N3 DL TEID for the PDU session is included by RAN. If there is indication of no further uplink data from RAN, the AMF checks if there is any Downlink data. If there is no downlink data to be sent, the flow continues in step 6 below.

[0039] In step 4, the SMF identifies the UE and the PDU session. If there is N2 SM message in the Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMcontext request message, the SMF performs N4 Session Modification to update N3 DL TEID to the UPF. If there is DL data arrived for the EE, the EIPF forwards the data to the NG-RAN using N3 DL TEID.

[0040] In step 5, the SMF sends Nsmf PDUSession UpdateSMcontext response. If there is any change for the PDU session e.g., in case of the QoS targets cannot be fulfilled for a QFI, the SMF informs this information in the N2 SM information.

[0041] In step 6, in case the flow is jumped from step 3, the AMF acknowledges the connection resume to the NG-RAN and indicating RRC suspend can be executed immediately by RAN. Otherwise, the AMF acknowledges the connection resume to the NG-RAN without the indication of immediately RRC suspend. AMF shall also include the N2 SM information provided by SMF, if any. If there is change of PDU session as received in N2 SM message from the SMF, NG-RAN can perform RRC reconfiguration. The AMF shall also provide the indication of single or dual packet information to NG-RAN (e.g. by including the Expected UE Behavior) in case the NG-RAN does not already have this information).

[0042] In step 7, based on the indication from AMF, NG-RAN either sends RRC resume response to UE with immediate suspend indication and RRC connection is considered as suspended. Or if NG-RAN expect DL data, the NG-RAN send RRC resume response without the immediate suspend indication and RRC connection is established and kept.

[0043] Similar logic can be applied to the procedure for EPS.

[0044] Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a wireless network, such as the example wireless network illustrated in Figure QQ1. For simplicity, the wireless network of Figure QQ1 only depicts network QQ106, network nodes QQ160 and QQl60b, and WDs QQ1 10, QQ1 lOb, and QQ1 lOc. In practice, a wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable to support communication between wireless devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the illustrated components, network node QQ160 and wireless device (WD) QQ1 10 are depicted with additional detail. The wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate the wireless devices’ access to and/or use of the services provided by, or via, the wireless network.

[0045] The wireless network may comprise and/or interface with any type of

communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and/or radio network or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, the wireless network may be configured to operate according to specific standards or other types of predefined rules or procedures. Thus, particular

embodiments of the wireless network may implement communication standards, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and/or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards;

wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the IEEE 802.1 1 standards; and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave and/or ZigBee standards.

[0046] Network QQ106 may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), packet data networks, optical networks, wide-area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks

(WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks to enable communication between devices.

[0047] Network node QQ160 and WD QQ1 10 comprise various components described in more detail below. These components work together in order to provide network node and/or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connections in a wireless network. In different embodiments, the wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and/or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections.

[0048] As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a wireless device and/or with other network nodes or equipment in the wireless network to enable and/or provide wireless access to the wireless device and/or to perform other functions (e.g., administration) in the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and may then also be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units and/or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS). Yet further examples of network nodes include multi- standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell/multicast coordination entities (MCEs), core network nodes (e.g., MSCs, MMEs), O&M nodes, OSS nodes, SON nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., E-SMLCs), and/or MDTs. As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node as described in more detail below. More generally, however, network nodes may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and/or operable to enable and/or provide a wireless device with access to the wireless network or to provide some service to a wireless device that has accessed the wireless network.

[0049] In Figure QQ1, network node QQ160 includes processing circuitry QQ170, device readable medium QQ180, interface QQ190, auxiliary equipment QQ184, power source QQ186, power circuitry QQ187, and antenna QQ 162. Although network node QQ160 illustrated in the example wireless network of Figure QQ1 may represent a device that includes the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and/or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Moreover, while the components of network node QQ160 are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, a network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component (e.g., device readable medium QQ 180 may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules).

[0050] Similarly, network node QQ160 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which network node QQ160 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, network node QQ160 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device readable medium QQ180 for the different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna QQ162 may be shared by the RATs). Network node QQ160 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless

technologies integrated into network node QQ160, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node QQ160.

[0051] Processing circuitry QQ170 is configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by processing circuitry QQ170 may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry QQ170 by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination.

[0052] Processing circuitry QQ170 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node QQ160 components, such as device readable medium QQ180, network node QQ160 functionality. For example, processing circuitry QQ170 may execute instructions stored in device readable medium QQ180 or in memory within processing circuitry QQ170. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits discussed herein. In some embodiments, processing circuitry QQ170 may include a system on a chip (SOC).

[0053] In some embodiments, processing circuitry QQ170 may include one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ172 and baseband processing circuitry QQ174. In some embodiments, radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry QQ172 and baseband processing circuitry QQ174 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ172 and baseband processing circuitry QQ174 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units

[0054] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB or other such network device may be performed by processing circuitry QQ170 executing instructions stored on device readable medium QQ180 or memory within processing circuitry QQ170. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry QQ170 without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry QQ170 can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry QQ170 alone or to other components of network node QQ160, but are enjoyed by network node QQ160 as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally.

[0055] Device readable medium QQ180 may comprise any form of volatile or non volatile computer readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer- executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry QQ170. Device readable medium QQ180 may store any suitable instructions, data or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry QQ170 and, utilized by network node QQ 160. Device readable medium QQ180 may be used to store any calculations made by processing circuitry QQ170 and/or any data received via interface QQ190. In some embodiments, processing circuitry QQ170 and device readable medium QQ180 may be considered to be integrated.

[0056] Interface QQ190 is used in the wired or wireless communication of signaling and/or data between network node QQ160, network QQ106, and/or WDs QQ1 10. As illustrated, interface QQ190 comprises port(s)/terminal(s) QQ194 to send and receive data, for example to and from network QQ106 over a wired connection. Interface QQ190 also includes radio front end circuitry QQ 192 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, antenna QQ162. Radio front end circuitry QQ192 comprises filters QQ198 and amplifiers QQ196.

Radio front end circuitry QQ192 may be connected to antenna QQ162 and processing circuitry QQ170. Radio front end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna QQ162 and processing circuitry QQ170. Radio front end circuitry QQ192 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry QQ192 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters QQ198 and/or amplifiers QQ196. The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna QQ162.

Similarly, when receiving data, antenna QQ162 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry QQ192. The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry QQ170. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components.

[0057] In certain alternative embodiments, network node QQ160 may not include separate radio front end circuitry QQ192, instead, processing circuitry QQ170 may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna QQ162 without separate radio front end circuitry QQ 192. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of RF transceiver circuitry QQ172 may be considered a part of interface QQ190. In still other embodiments, interface QQ190 may include one or more ports or terminals QQ194, radio front end circuitry QQ192, and RF transceiver circuitry QQ172, as part of a radio unit (not shown), and interface QQ190 may communicate with baseband processing circuitry QQ174, which is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[0058] Antenna QQ162 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals. Antenna QQ162 may be coupled to radio front end circuitry QQ190 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly. In some embodiments, antenna QQ162 may comprise one or more omni-directional, sector or panel antennas operable to transmit/receive radio signals between, for example, 2 GHz and 66 GHz. An omni-directional antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals from devices within a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line of sight antenna used to transmit/receive radio signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of more than one antenna may be referred to as MIMO. In certain embodiments, antenna QQ162 may be separate from network node QQ160 and may be connectable to network node QQ160 through an interface or port.

[0059] Antenna QQ162, interface QQ190, and/or processing circuitry QQ170 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and/or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. Similarly, antenna QQ162, interface QQ190, and/or processing circuitry QQ170 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment.

[0060] Power circuitry QQ187 may comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry and is configured to supply the components of network node QQ160 with power for performing the functionality described herein. Power circuitry QQ187 may receive power from power source QQ186. Power source QQ186 and/or power circuitry QQ187 may be configured to provide power to the various components of network node QQ160 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component). Power source QQ186 may either be included in, or external to, power circuitry QQ187 and/or network node QQ160. For example, network node QQ160 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry QQ 187.

As a further example, power source QQ186 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry QQ187. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail. Other types of power sources, such as photovoltaic devices, may also be used.

[0061] Alternative embodiments of network node QQ160 may include additional components beyond those shown in Figure QQ1 that may be responsible for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and/or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, network node QQ160 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into network node QQ160 and to allow output of information from network node QQ160. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for network node QQ160.

[0062] As used herein, wireless device (WD) refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and/or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise noted, the term WD may be used interchangeably herein with user equipment (UE). Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and/or other types of signals suitable for conveying information through air. In some embodiments, a WD may be configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a WD may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the network. Examples of a WD include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, a mobile phone, a cell phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless cameras, a gaming console or device, a music storage device, a playback appliance, a wearable terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, a tablet, a laptop, a laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), a laptop-mounted equipment (LME), a smart device, a wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE), a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, etc.. A WD may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3 GPP standard for sidelink communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle- to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and may in this case be referred to as a D2D communication device. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another WD and/or a network node. The WD may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the WD may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances (e.g. refrigerators, televisions, etc.) personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, a WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation. A WD as described above may represent the endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Furthermore, a WD as described above may be mobile, in which case it may also be referred to as a mobile device or a mobile terminal.

[0063] As illustrated, wireless device QQ110 includes antenna QQ111, interface QQ114, processing circuitry QQ120, device readable medium QQ130, user interface equipment QQ132, auxiliary equipment QQ134, power source QQ136 and power circuitry QQ137. WD QQ110 may include multiple sets of one or more of the illustrated components for different wireless technologies supported by WD QQ110, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, just to mention a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or set of chips as other components within WD QQ110.

[0064] Antenna QQ111 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals, and is connected to interface QQ114. In certain alternative embodiments, antenna QQ111 may be separate from WD QQ110 and be connectable to WD QQ110 through an interface or port. Antenna QQ111, interface QQ114, and/or processing circuitry QQ120 may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a network node and/or another WD. In some embodiments, radio front end circuitry and/or antenna QQ111 may be considered an interface.

[0065] As illustrated, interface QQ114 comprises radio front end circuitry QQ112 and antenna QQ111. Radio front end circuitry QQ112 comprise one or more filters QQ118 and amplifiers QQ116. Radio front end circuitry QQ114 is connected to antenna QQ111 and processing circuitry QQ120 and is configured to condition signals communicated between antenna QQ111 and processing circuitry QQ120. Radio front end circuitry QQ112 may be coupled to or a part of antenna QQ111. In some embodiments, WD QQ110 may not include separate radio front end circuitry QQ112; rather, processing circuitry QQ120 may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna QQ111. Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ122 may be considered a part of interface QQ114. Radio front end circuitry QQ112 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry QQ112 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters QQ118 and/or amplifiers QQ116. The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna QQ111. Similarly, when receiving data, antenna QQ111 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry QQ112. The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry QQ120. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components.

[0066] Processing circuitry QQ120 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other WD QQ110 components, such as device readable medium QQ130, WD QQ110 functionality. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits discussed herein. For example, processing circuitry QQ120 may execute instructions stored in device readable medium QQ130 or in memory within processing circuitry QQ120 to provide the functionality disclosed herein. [0067] As illustrated, processing circuitry QQ120 includes one or more of RF transceiver circuitry QQ122, baseband processing circuitry QQ124, and application processing circuitry QQ126. In other embodiments, the processing circuitry may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. In certain embodiments processing circuitry QQ120 of WD QQ110 may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry QQ122, baseband processing circuitry QQ124, and application processing circuitry QQ126 may be on separate chips or sets of chips. In alternative embodiments, part or all of baseband processing circuitry QQ124 and application processing circuitry QQ126 may be combined into one chip or set of chips, and RF transceiver circuitry QQ122 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In still alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ122 and baseband processing circuitry QQ124 may be on the same chip or set of chips, and application processing circuitry QQ126 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In yet other alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry QQ122, baseband processing circuitry QQ124, and application processing circuitry QQ126 may be combined in the same chip or set of chips. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry QQ122 may be a part of interface QQ114. RF transceiver circuitry QQ122 may condition RF signals for processing circuitry QQ120.

[0068] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by a WD may be provided by processing circuitry QQ120 executing instructions stored on device readable medium QQ130, which in certain embodiments may be a computer- readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry QQ120 without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry QQ120 can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry QQ120 alone or to other components of WD QQ110, but are enjoyed by WD QQ110 as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally.

[0069] Processing circuitry QQ120 may be configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being performed by a WD. These operations, as performed by processing circuitry QQ120, may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry QQ120 by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored by WD QQ1 10, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination.

[0070] Device readable medium QQ130 may be operable to store a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry QQ120. Device readable medium QQ130 may include computer memory (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM) or Read Only Memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., a hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer executable memory devices that store

information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry QQ120. In some embodiments, processing circuitry QQ120 and device readable medium QQ130 may be considered to be integrated.

[0071] User interface equipment QQ132 may provide components that allow for a human user to interact with WD QQ1 10. Such interaction may be of many forms, such as visual, audial, tactile, etc. User interface equipment QQ132 may be operable to produce output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to WD QQ1 10. The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface equipment QQ132 installed in WD QQ1 10. For example, if WD QQ1 10 is a smart phone, the interaction may be via a touch screen; if WD QQ1 10 is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., the number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alert (e.g., if smoke is detected). User interface equipment QQ132 may include input interfaces, devices and circuits, and output interfaces, devices and circuits. User interface equipment QQ132 is configured to allow input of information into WD QQ1 10, and is connected to processing circuitry QQ120 to allow processing circuitry QQ120 to process the input information. User interface equipment QQ132 may include, for example, a microphone, a proximity or other sensor, keys/buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. User interface equipment QQ132 is also configured to allow output of information from WD QQ1 10, and to allow processing circuitry QQ120 to output information from WD QQ110. User interface equipment QQ132 may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibrating circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits, of user interface equipment QQ132, WD QQ110 may communicate with end users and/or the wireless network, and allow them to benefit from the functionality described herein.

[0072] Auxiliary equipment QQ134 is operable to provide more specific functionality which may not be generally performed by WDs. This may comprise specialized sensors for doing measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communications etc. The inclusion and type of components of auxiliary equipment QQ134 may vary depending on the embodiment and/or scenario.

[0073] Power source QQ136 may, in some embodiments, be in the form of a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic devices or power cells, may also be used. WD QQ110 may further comprise power circuitry QQ137 for delivering power from power source QQ136 to the various parts of WD QQ110 which need power from power source QQ136 to carry out any functionality described or indicated herein. Power circuitry QQ137 may in certain embodiments comprise power management circuitry. Power circuitry QQ137 may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source; in which case WD QQ110 may be connectable to the external power source (such as an electricity outlet) via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power circuitry QQ137 may also in certain embodiments be operable to deliver power from an external power source to power source QQ136. This may be, for example, for the charging of power source QQ136. Power circuitry QQ137 may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from power source QQ136 to make the power suitable for the respective components of WD QQ110 to which power is supplied.

[0074] Figure QQ2 illustrates one embodiment of a UE in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, a user equipment or UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter). UE QQ2200 may be any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a NB-IoT UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and/or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. UE QQ200, as illustrated in Figure QQ2, is one example of a WD configured for communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as 3GPP’s GSM, UMTS, LTE, and/or 5G standards. As mentioned previously, the term WD and UE may be used interchangeable. Accordingly, although Figure QQ2 is a UE, the components discussed herein are equally applicable to a WD, and vice-versa.

[0075] In Figure QQ2, UE QQ200 includes processing circuitry QQ201 that is operatively coupled to input/output interface QQ205, radio frequency (RF) interface QQ209, network connection interface QQ211, memory QQ215 including random access memory (RAM) QQ217, read-only memory (ROM) QQ219, and storage medium QQ221 or the like,

communication subsystem QQ231, power source QQ233, and/or any other component, or any combination thereof. Storage medium QQ221 includes operating system QQ223, application program QQ225, and data QQ227. In other embodiments, storage medium QQ221 may include other similar types of information. Certain UEs may utilize all of the components shown in Figure QQ2, or only a subset of the components. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.

[0076] In Figure QQ2, processing circuitry QQ201 may be configured to process computer instructions and data. Processing circuitry QQ201 may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute machine instructions stored as machine- readable computer programs in the memory, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored program, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry QQ201 may include two central processing units (CPUs). Data may be information in a form suitable for use by a computer.

[0077] In the depicted embodiment, input/output interface QQ205 may be configured to provide a communication interface to an input device, output device, or input and output device. UE QQ200 may be configured to use an output device via input/output interface QQ205. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from UE QQ200. The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. UE QQ200 may be configured to use an input device via input/output interface QQ205 to allow a user to capture information into UE QQ200. The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, another like sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and an optical sensor.

[0078] In Figure QQ2, RF interface QQ209 may be configured to provide a

communication interface to RF components such as a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna. Network connection interface QQ21 1 may be configured to provide a communication interface to network QQ243a. Network QQ243a may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network QQ243a may comprise a Wi-Fi network. Network connection interface QQ21 1 may be configured to include a receiver and a transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communication network according to one or more communication protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, SONET, ATM, or the like. Network connection interface QQ21 1 may implement receiver and transmitter functionality appropriate to the communication network links (e.g., optical, electrical, and the like). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately.

[0079] RAM QQ217 may be configured to interface via bus QQ202 to processing circuitry QQ201 to provide storage or caching of data or computer instructions during the execution of software programs such as the operating system, application programs, and device drivers. ROM QQ219 may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to processing circuitry QQ201. For example, ROM QQ219 may be configured to store invariant low-level system code or data for basic system functions such as basic input and output (I/O), startup, or reception of keystrokes from a keyboard that are stored in a non-volatile memory. Storage medium QQ221 may be configured to include memory such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, or flash drives. In one example, storage medium QQ221 may be configured to include operating system QQ223, application program QQ225 such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine or another application, and data file QQ227. Storage medium QQ221 may store, for use by UE QQ200, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.

[0080] Storage medium QQ221 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), floppy disk drive, flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro- DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as a subscriber identity module or a removable user identity (SIM/RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. Storage medium

QQ221 may allow UE QQ200 to access computer-executable instructions, application programs or the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied in storage medium QQ221, which may comprise a device readable medium. [0081] In Figure QQ2, processing circuitry QQ201 may be configured to communicate with network QQ243b using communication subsystem QQ231. Network QQ243a and network QQ243b may be the same network or networks or different network or networks.

Communication subsystem QQ231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with network QQ243b. For example, communication subsystem QQ231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN) according to one or more communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.QQ2, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMAX, or the like. Each transceiver may include transmitter QQ233 and/or receiver QQ235 to implement transmitter or receiver functionality, respectively, appropriate to the RAN links (e.g., frequency allocations and the like). Further, transmitter QQ233 and receiver QQ235 of each transceiver may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately.

[0082] In the illustrated embodiment, the communication functions of communication subsystem QQ231 may include data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. For example, communication subsystem QQ231 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, Bluetooth communication, and GPS communication. Network QQ243b may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local -area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network QQ243b may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and/or a near-field network. Power source QQ213 may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to components of UE QQ200.

[0083] The features, benefits and/or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of UE QQ200 or partitioned across multiple components of UE QQ200. Further, the features, benefits, and/or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software or firmware. In one example, communication subsystem QQ231 may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Further, processing circuitry QQ201 may be configured to communicate with any of such components over bus QQ202. In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that when executed by processing circuitry QQ201 perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functionality of any of such components may be partitioned between processing circuitry QQ201 and communication subsystem QQ231. In another example, the non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and the computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.

[0084] Figure QQ3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization

environment QQ300 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized radio access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device or any other type of communication device) or components thereof and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks).

[0085] In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments QQ300 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes QQ330. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node), then the network node may be entirely virtualized.

[0086] The functions may be implemented by one or more applications QQ320 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications QQ320 are run in virtualization environment QQ300 which provides hardware QQ330 comprising processing circuitry QQ360 and memory QQ390. Memory QQ390 contains instructions QQ395 executable by processing circuitry QQ360 whereby application QQ320 is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and/or functions disclosed herein.

[0087] Virtualization environment QQ300, comprises general-purpose or special-purpose network hardware devices QQ330 comprising a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry QQ360, which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated

Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or special purpose processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory QQ390-1 which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions QQ395 or software executed by processing circuitry QQ360. Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs) QQ370, also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interface QQ380. Each hardware device may also include non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage media QQ390-2 having stored therein software QQ395 and/or instructions executable by processing circuitry QQ360. Software QQ395 may include any type of software including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers QQ350 (also referred to as hypervisors), software to execute virtual machines QQ340 as well as software allowing it to execute functions, features and/or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein.

[0088] Virtual machines QQ340, comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer QQ350 or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the instance of virtual appliance QQ320 may be implemented on one or more of virtual machines QQ340, and the implementations may be made in different ways.

[0089] During operation, processing circuitry QQ360 executes software QQ395 to instantiate the hypervisor or virtualization layer QQ350, which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM). Virtualization layer QQ350 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to virtual machine QQ340.

[0090] As shown in Figure QQ3, hardware QQ330 may be a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware QQ330 may comprise antenna QQ3225 and may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware QQ330 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or customer premise equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration (MANO) QQ3100, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications QQ320.

[0091] Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.

[0092] In the context of NFV, virtual machine QQ340 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of virtual machines QQ340, and that part of hardware QQ330 that executes that virtual machine, be it hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and/or hardware shared by that virtual machine with others of the virtual machines QQ340, forms a separate virtual network elements (VNE).

[0093] Still in the context of NFV, Virtual Network Function (VNF) is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more virtual machines QQ340 on top of hardware networking infrastructure QQ330 and corresponds to application QQ320 in Figure QQ3.

[0094] In some embodiments, one or more radio units QQ3200 that each include one or more transmitters QQ3220 and one or more receivers QQ3210 may be coupled to one or more antennas QQ3225. Radio units QQ3200 may communicate directly with hardware nodes QQ330 via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station.

[0095] In some embodiments, some signaling can be effected with the use of control system QQ3230 which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware nodes QQ330 and radio units QQ3200.

[0096] With reference to FIGURE QQ4, a communication system in accordance with an embodiment is shown. The illustrated communication system includes telecommunication network QQ410, such as a 3 GPP -type cellular network, which comprises access network QQ41 1, such as a radio access network, and core network QQ414. Access network QQ41 1 comprises a plurality of base stations QQ4l2a, QQ4l2b, QQ4l2c, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area QQ4l3a, QQ4l3b, QQ4l3c. Each base station QQ4l2a, QQ4l2b, QQ4l2c is connectable to core network QQ414 over a wired or wireless connection QQ415. A first UE QQ491 located in coverage area QQ4l3c is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station QQ4l2c. A second EGE QQ492 in coverage area QQ4l3a is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station QQ4l2a. While a plurality of EIEs QQ491, QQ492 are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole EGE is in the coverage area or where a sole EGE is connecting to the corresponding base station QQ412.

[0097] Telecommunication network QQ410 is itself connected to host computer QQ430, which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud- implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. Host computer QQ430 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections QQ421 and QQ422 between telecommunication network QQ410 and host computer QQ430 may extend directly from core network QQ414 to host computer QQ430 or may go via an optional intermediate network QQ420. Intermediate network QQ420 may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; intermediate network QQ420, if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, intermediate network QQ420 may comprise two or more sub -networks (not shown).

[0098] The communication system of Figure QQ4 as a whole enables connectivity between the connected EIEs QQ491, QQ492 and host computer QQ430. The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection QQ450. Host computer QQ430 and the connected EIEs QQ491, QQ492 are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via OTT connection QQ450, using access network QQ41 1 , core network QQ414, any intermediate network QQ420 and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. OTT connection QQ450 may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which OTT connection QQ450 passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, base station QQ412 may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from host computer QQ430 to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE QQ491. Similarly, base station QQ412 need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE QQ491 towards the host computer QQ430.

[0099] Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to Figure QQ5. In communication system QQ500, host computer QQ510 comprises hardware QQ515 including communication interface QQ516 configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system QQ500. Host computer QQ510 further comprises processing circuitry QQ518, which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, processing circuitry QQ518 may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Host computer QQ510 further comprises software QQ511, which is stored in or accessible by host computer QQ510 and executable by processing circuitry QQ518. Software QQ511 includes host application QQ512. Host application QQ512 may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as UE QQ530 connecting via OTT connection QQ550 terminating at UE QQ530 and host computer QQ510. In providing the service to the remote user, host application QQ512 may provide user data which is transmitted using OTT connection QQ550.

[00100] Communication system QQ500 further includes base station QQ520 provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware QQ525 enabling it to communicate with host computer QQ510 and with UE QQ530. Hardware QQ525 may include communication interface QQ526 for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system QQ500, as well as radio interface QQ527 for setting up and maintaining at least wireless connection QQ570 with UE QQ530 located in a coverage area (not shown in Figure QQ5) served by base station QQ520.

Communication interface QQ526 may be configured to facilitate connection QQ560 to host computer QQ510. Connection QQ560 may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in Figure QQ5) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, hardware QQ525 of base station QQ520 further includes processing circuitry QQ528, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Base station QQ520 further has software QQ521 stored internally or accessible via an external connection.

[00101] Communication system QQ500 further includes UE QQ530 already referred to. It’s hardware QQ535 may include radio interface QQ537 configured to set up and maintain wireless connection QQ570 with a base station serving a coverage area in which UE QQ530 is currently located. Hardware QQ535 of UE QQ530 further includes processing circuitry QQ538, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. UE QQ530 further comprises software QQ531, which is stored in or accessible by UE QQ530 and executable by processing circuitry QQ538. Software QQ531 includes client application QQ532. Client application QQ532 may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE QQ530, with the support of host computer QQ510. In host computer QQ510, an executing host application QQ512 may communicate with the executing client application QQ532 via OTT connection QQ550 terminating at UE QQ530 and host computer QQ510. In providing the service to the user, client application QQ532 may receive request data from host application QQ512 and provide user data in response to the request data. OTT connection QQ550 may transfer both the request data and the user data. Client application QQ532 may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides.

[00102] It is noted that host computer QQ510, base station QQ520 and UE QQ530 illustrated in Figure QQ5 may be similar or identical to host computer QQ430, one of base stations QQ4l2a, QQ4l2b, QQ4l2c and one of UEs QQ491, QQ492 of Figure QQ4, respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in Figure QQ5 and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of Figure QQ4.

[00103] In Figure QQ5, OTT connection QQ550 has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between host computer QQ510 and UE QQ530 via base station QQ520, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from UE QQ530 or from the service provider operating host computer QQ510, or both. While OTT connection QQ550 is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network).

[00104] Wireless connection QQ570 between UE QQ530 and base station QQ520 is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of OTT services provided to UE QQ530 using OTT connection QQ550, in which wireless connection QQ570 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may reduce network congestion by eliminating unnecessary signaling in the core network, and, thereby reduce network latency.

[00105] A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection QQ550 between host computer QQ510 and UE QQ530, in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection QQ550 may be implemented in software QQ511 and hardware QQ515 of host computer QQ510 or in software QQ531 and hardware QQ535 of UE QQ530, or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which OTT connection QQ550 passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software QQ511, QQ531 may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of OTT connection QQ550 may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect base station QQ520, and it may be unknown or imperceptible to base station QQ520. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating host computer QQ5l0’s measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that software QQ511 and QQ531 causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using OTT connection QQ550 while it monitors propagation times, errors etc.

[00106] Figure QQ6 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a

communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to Figures QQ4 and QQ5. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to Figure QQ6 will be included in this section. In step QQ610, the host computer provides user data. In sub step QQ61 1 (which may be optional) of step QQ610, the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step QQ620, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step QQ630 (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step QQ640 (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

[00107] Figure QQ7 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a

communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to Figures QQ4 and QQ5. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to Figure QQ7 will be included in this section. In step QQ710 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional sub step (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step QQ720, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step QQ730 (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission.

[00108] Figure QQ8 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a

communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to Figures QQ4 and QQ5. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to Figure QQ8 will be included in this section. In step QQ810 (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step QQ820, the UE provides user data. In sub step QQ821 (which may be optional) of step QQ820, the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In sub step QQ81 1 (which may be optional) of step QQ810, the EE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the EE initiates, in sub step QQ830 (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step QQ840 of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the EE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

[00109] Figure QQ9 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a

communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a EE which may be those described with reference to Figures QQ4 and QQ5. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to Figure QQ9 will be included in this section. In step QQ910 (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE In step QQ920 (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step QQ930 (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station.

[00110] Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according one or more

embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00111] Figure WW 1 illustrates a schematic block diagram of network node QQ160 according to an embodiment. As illustrated in Figure WW1, network node QQ160 includes a deciding unit WW02, an IE generating unit WW04, and a transmitting unit WW06 for performing steps UU02, UU04, and U06, respectively.

[00112] Figure WW2 illustrates a schematic block diagram of wireless device QQ110 according to an embodiment. As illustrated in Figure WW2, wireless device QQ110 includes: a DCI reception unit WW12 for performing DCI (PDCCH) reception assuming the PDCCH is for activation and for determining whether the content of the PDCCH matches an activation command; a field checking unit WW14 for checking a particular field in the PDCCH (e.g., the bit that is in the position of the NDI field for a activation command) to determine whether the field is set to a value of 0; and a first PDCCH unit WW16 for treating the PDCCH as an activation command as a result of the DCI reception unit determining that the content of the PDCCH matches an activation command and the checking unit WW 14 determines that the field is set to a value of 0.

[00113] The term unit may have conventional meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices and/or electronic devices and may include, for example, electrical and/or electronic circuitry, devices, modules, processors, memories, logic solid state and/or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for carrying out respective tasks, procedures, computations, outputs, and/or displaying functions, and so on, as such as those that are described herein

SOME EMBODIEMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED ABOVE MAY BE SUMMARIZED IN THE FOLLOWING MANNER:

UE Embodiments

Al. A method (500, see FIG. 5) performed by a UE, the method comprising:

the UE initiating an RRC connection resume procedure for resuming an RRC connection (step s502);

at the same time as or after initiating the connection resume procedure, the UE transmitting UL data to a RAN that is configured to forward the UL data (step s504); and

after transmitting the UL data, the UE receiving a connection resume response message (step s506).

A2. The method of embodiment Al, wherein initiating the connection resume procedure comprises the UE sending to the RAN an RRC Resume Request (the request may include UL data as shown in step la of figure 3).

A3. The method of embodiment Al or A2, wherein the UE indicates to the RAN that the UE has only a single uplink packet to transmit.

A4. The method of any one of embodiments A1-A3, wherein

the resume response message comprises an indication to suspend the RRC connection, and

in response to receiving the resume response message comprising the suspend indication, the UE transitions to a power savings state (e.g., RRC IDLE or RRC INACTIVE).

RAN Embodiments

Bl. A method (600, see FIG. 6) performed by a RAN (e.g., performed by an eNB or gNB), the method comprising:

the RAN receiving a connection resume request transmitted by a UE for resuming an RRC connection (step s602); after receiving the connection resume request, the RAN transmitting a resume message to a mobility management node (e.g., MME or AMF) (step s604);

after transmitting the resume message to the mobility management node (MMN), the RAN receiving an acknowledgment message transmitted by the MMN acknowledging the resume message (step s606); and

after receiving the resume acknowledgment message transmitted by the mobility management node, the RAN transmitting to the UE a connection resume response message that responds to the connection resume request message transmitted by the UE (step s608).

B2. The method of embodiment B l, further comprising:

the RAN determining that the UE has only a single uplink packet to transmit, wherein as a result of determining that the UE has only a single uplink packet to transmit, the RAN incudes in the resume message transmitted to the MMN information indicating no further UL data.

B3. The method of embodiment B l or B2, wherein the acknowledgment message comprises information indicating that there is currently no DL data for the UE (i.e., information indicating that the RAN can immediately suspend the RRC connection).

B4. The method of embodiment B3, wherein the connection resume response message comprises information for causing the UE to immediately transition to a power savings state (i.e., RRC IDLE or RRC INACTFVE) (e.g., the connection resume response message contains an “immediate suspend indication”).

B5. A method (700, see FIG. 7) performed by a RAN (e.g., performed by an eNB or gNB), the method comprising:

the RAN receiving a connection resume request transmitted by a UE for resuming an RRC connection (step s702);

after receiving the connection resume request, the RAN transmitting a resume message to a mobility management node (e.g., MME or AMF) (step s704); and after transmitting the resume message to the MMN, the RAN receiving an

acknowledgment message transmitted by the MMN acknowledging the resume message (step s706), wherein

the acknowledgment message comprises information indicating that there is currently no DL data for the UE (i.e., information indicating that the RAN can immediately suspend the RRC connection).

B6. The method of embodiment B5, further comprising:

the RAN determining that the UE has only a single uplink packet to transmit, wherein as a result of determining that the UE has only a single uplink packet to transmit, the

RAN incudes in the resume message transmitted to the MMN information indicating no further UL data.

B7. The method of embodiment B5 or B6, further comprising the RAN transmitting to the UE a connection resume response message that response to the connection resume request transmitted by the UE.

B8. The method of embodiment B7, wherein the connection resume response message comprises information for causing the UE to immediately transition to a power savings state (i.e., RRC IDLE or RRC INACTIVE) (e.g., the connection resume response message contains an “immediate suspend indication”).

Group C Embodiments

Cl. A wireless device, the wireless device comprising:

processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments; and

power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the wireless device.

C2. A base station, the base station comprising: processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments;

power supply circuitry configured to supply power to the wireless device.

C3. A user equipment (UE) for, the UE comprising:

an antenna configured to send and receive wireless signals;

radio front-end circuitry connected to the antenna and to processing circuitry, and configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna and the processing circuitry; the processing circuitry being configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments;

an input interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to allow input of information into the UE to be processed by the processing circuitry;

an output interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to output information from the UE that has been processed by the processing circuitry; and

a battery connected to the processing circuitry and configured to supply power to the UE.

C4. A communication system including a host computer comprising:

processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and

a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE),

wherein the cellular network comprises a base station having a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station’s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments.

C5. The communication system of the pervious embodiment further including the base station.

C6. The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station. C7. The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein:

the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and

the UE comprises processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.

C8. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:

at the host computer, providing user data; and

at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the base station performs any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments.

C9. The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising, at the base station, transmitting the user data.

C 10. The method of the previous 2 embodiments, wherein the user data is provided at the host computer by executing a host application, the method further comprising, at the UE, executing a client application associated with the host application.

C l 1. A user equipment (UE) configured to communicate with a base station, the UE comprising a radio interface and processing circuitry configured to performs the of the previous 3 embodiments.

C 12. A communication system including a host computer comprising:

processing circuitry configured to provide user data; and

a communication interface configured to forward user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE),

wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE’s components configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments. C13. The communication system of the previous embodiment, wherein the cellular network further includes a base station configured to communicate with the UE.

C14. The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, wherein:

the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing the user data; and

the UE’s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.

Cl 5. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:

at the host computer, providing user data; and

at the host computer, initiating a transmission carrying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the base station, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.

Cl 6. The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising at the UE, receiving the user data from the base station.

Cl 7. A communication system including a host computer comprising:

communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a user equipment (UE) to a base station,

wherein the UE comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the UE’s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.

Cl 8. The communication system of the previous embodiment, further including the UE.

Cl 9. The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface configured to communicate with the UE and a communication interface configured to forward to the host computer the user data carried by a transmission from the UE to the base station.

C20. The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein:

the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application; and

the UE’s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data.

C21. The communication system of the previous 4 embodiments, wherein:

the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing request data; and

the UE’s processing circuitry is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data in response to the request data.

C22. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising:

at the host computer, receiving user data transmitted to the base station from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.

C23. The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising, at the UE, providing the user data to the base station.

C24. The method of the previous 2 embodiments, further comprising:

at the UE, executing a client application, thereby providing the user data to be transmitted; and

at the host computer, executing a host application associated with the client application.

C25. The method of the previous 3 embodiments, further comprising:

at the UE, executing a client application; and at the EE, receiving input data to the client application, the input data being provided at the host computer by executing a host application associated with the client application,

wherein the user data to be transmitted is provided by the client application in response to the input data.

C26. A communication system including a host computer comprising a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a user equipment (EE) to a base station, wherein the base station comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry, the base station’s processing circuitry configured to perform any of the steps of any of the Group B embodiments.

C27. The communication system of the previous embodiment further including the base station.

C28. The communication system of the previous 2 embodiments, further including the UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with the base station.

C29. The communication system of the previous 3 embodiments, wherein:

the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application; the EE is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing the user data to be received by the host computer.

C30. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment (EE), the method comprising:

at the host computer, receiving, from the base station, user data originating from a transmission which the base station has received from the EE, wherein the EE performs any of the steps of any of the Group A embodiments.

C31. The method of the previous embodiment, further comprising at the base station, receiving the user data from the EE. C32. The method of the previous 2 embodiments, further comprising at the base station, initiating a transmission of the received user data to the host computer.

CN Embodiments

Dl . A method (800, see FIG. 8) performed by a core network, CN, (e.g., by a MMN of the core network), the method comprising:

the CN receiving a resume message concerning a UE, wherein the resume message was transmitted by a RAN (e.g., by a eNB or gNB) serving the UE and the resume message indicates that the UE currently has no further UL data to transmit (step s802);

after receiving the resume message, the CN determining whether there currently exists DL data for the UE (step s802); and

after determining whether there currently exists DL data for the UE, the CN performing one of the following steps:

as a result of determining that currently there is no downlink data for the UE, the CN transmitting to the RAN an acknowledgment message acknowledging the resume message and comprising information indicating that there is currently no DL data for the UE (i.e., information indicating that the RAN can immediately suspend the RRC connection) (step s806), or

as a result of determining that currently there is downlink data for the UE, the CN performing a certain process that comprises the CN sending a message to an SMF (step s808).

D2. The method of embodiment Dl, wherein the method is performed by a MMN, wherein the certain process further comprises:

the MMN entering a CM-Connected state;

the MMN stopping a timer associated with the UE; and/or

the MMN transmitting to the RAN an acknowledgment message acknowledging the resume message and comprising information indicating that there is currently DL data for the UE (i.e., information indicating that the RAN should not immediately suspend the RRC connection). [00114] While various embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above described exemplary embodiments. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

[00115] Additionally, while the processes described above and illustrated in the drawings are shown as a sequence of steps, this was done solely for the sake of illustration. Accordingly, it is contemplated that some steps may be added, some steps may be omitted, the order of the steps may be re-arranged, and some steps may be performed in parallel.

[00116] ABBREVIATIONS

[00117] At least some of the following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. If there is an inconsistency between abbreviations, preference should be given to how it is used above. If listed multiple times below, the first listing should be preferred over any subsequent listing(s).

3 GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

5G 5th Generation

ARQ Automatic Repeat Request

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel

BCH Broadcast Channel

CA Carrier Aggregation

CC Carrier Component

CCCH SDU Common Control Channel SDU

CDMA Code Division Multiplexing Access

CGI Cell Global Identifier

CIR Channel Impulse Response

CP Cyclic Prefix

CPICH Common Pilot Channel

CQI Channel Quality information

C-RNTI Cell RNTI

CSI Channel State Information

CS-RNTI Configured Scheduling RNTI DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

DCI Downlink Control Information

DL Downlink

DM Demodulation

DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal

DRX Discontinuous Reception

DTX Discontinuous Transmission

DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel

DUT Device Under Test

E-CID Enhanced Cell-ID (positioning method)

E-SMLC Evolved-Serving Mobile Location Centre

ECGI Evolved CGI

eNB E-UTRAN NodeB

ePDCCH enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel

E-SMLC evolved Serving Mobile Location Center

E-UTRA Evolved UTRA

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

FFS For Further Study

GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network

gNB Base station in NR

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

GSM Global System for Mobile communication

HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

HO Handover

HSPA High Speed Packet Access

HRPD High Rate Packet Data

Ll Layer 1

LPP LTE Positioning Protocol

LTE Long-Term Evolution

MAC Medium Access Control

MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services

MBSFN Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single Frequency Network

MBSFN ABS MBSFN Almost Blank Subframe MDT Minimization of Drive Tests

MIB Master Information Block

MME Mobility Management Entity

MSC Mobile Switching Center

NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel

NR New Radio

OCNG OFDMA Channel Noise Generator

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OSS Operations Support System

OTDOA Observed Time Difference of Arrival

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel

P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel

PCell Primary Cell

PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PGW Packet Gateway

PHICH Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel

PFMN Public Fand Mobile Network

PMI Precoder Matrix Indicator

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

PRS Positioning Reference Signal

PSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel

PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

RACH Random Access Channel

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

RAN Radio Access Network

RAT Radio Access Technology

RFM Radio Fink Management

RNC Radio Network Controller

RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier RRC Radio Resource Control

RRM Radio Resource Management

RS Reference Signal

RSCP Received Signal Code Power

RSRP Reference Symbol Received Power OR Reference Signal Received Power

RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality OR Reference Symbol Received Quality

RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator

RSTD Reference Signal Time Difference

SCH Synchronization Channel

SCell Secondary Cell

SDU Service Data Unit

SFN System Frame Number

SGW Serving Gateway

SI System Information

SIB System Information Block

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio

SON Self Optimized Network

ss Synchronization Signal

sss Secondary Synchronization Signal

TDD Time Division Duplex

TDOA Time Difference of Arrival

TOA Time of Arrival

TSS Tertiary Synchronization Signal

TTI Transmission Time Interval

UE User Equipment

UL Uplink

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module

UTDOA Uplink Time Difference of Arrival

UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

WCDMA Wide CDMA

WLAN Wide Uocal Area Network